© 1987-2005 - 050118

Production Logging

Survey Planning

© 1987-2005 - 050118

Objectives

Planning is very important for a successful production logging job.

Extensive communication between the service and operating
companies.
Planning starts with defining the objectives of the proposed survey.
Monitoring Well Performance
Evaluation Of Completion Performance
Well Problem Diagnosis
The specific objective will guide the selection of the sensors to be
employed, and the logging program to be used.
 © 1987-2005 - 050118

Program

The next step is to predict :

• The downhole expected injection or production rates (make

approximate hand calculation of expected spinner response
in full flow, and estimated tool responses)

• The number of phases or fluid types expected

• The well status.

This analysis will reveal if the tool resolution is adequate to
define the problem and to select the type of survey to be
run.

© 1987-2005 - 050118

Pre-Job

Discuss Logging Program:

• Why is survey being run?

• Objectives of the survey?
• Contingency or back up plans
• Any other operations eg workover or logging linked to the
present job results?
• Who in the client organization will take decisions?
• When are final results to be presented?
• Expected job start date
 © 1987-2005 - 050118

Pre-Job

Wellhead pressure
Expected GOR
Expected flowrates, BHP and BHT
Acid, H2S, CO2 content
Hydrates possibility?
Well deviation
Know The Completion String
Minimum restrictions
Liner size
Distance from tubing shoe to top perforation
Distance from bottom perforation to Total Depth
Wellhead connection type

© 1987-2005 - 050118

Pre-Job

Well sketch with:

Perforation Details
Deviation
Casing Sizes and Weights
Completion String,depths and sizes

Tool sketch with:

Tool Lengths
Tool Measure Points
Tool ODs
Accessory description and position
Tool String Weights
Spinner type and cage size
 © 1987-2005 - 050118

Program

FLOWING LOGGING PASSES

Record of Pressure, Temperature, Flowmeter and

Fluid Density over zones of interest

Determines a quantitative flow profile.

Gives a flowing temperature profile which can be used

to ascertain fluid movement both in front of and
behind the casing.

Multiple passes at different cable speeds are made for

in-situ flowmeter calibration

© 1987-2005 - 050118

Log vs Time

STATIONARY LOGGING

Station Log For Fluid Densities

Transient Pressure Record

Record of Pressure, temperature, flowmeter and fluid

density at a fixed point in the well as a function of time to
verify stability of flow regime, and log wellbore contacts
and record individual phase densities.

Often used to record P vs. t for transient analysis of build

ups and drawdowns where required.
 © 1987-2005 - 050118

By Well Status

Flowing Survey
Made with well flowing (or injecting) with stable conditions downhole
yields :
Fluid entry or injection points
Nature and volumetric flowrate of each phase over different zones in
the well (monophasic or diphasic flow)

Well Shut In
Well shut in at surface, stable conditions downhole:
Check on flowmeter calibration prior to open well
Evidence of crossflow or leaks
Borehole fluid interfaces and downhole fluid densities
Shut in temperature profile

© 1987-2005 - 050118

After Job

• Correlation Log identified

• Production and pressure data
• PVT data
• Log Objectives/purpose of survey
• Summary of log technique/method
• Sequence of events and record of files
• Comments on unusual or anomalous responses
• Note of any events affecting interpretation
• Summary of results

See attached spreadsheet (in course notes) for information

required for interpretation.
 © 1987-2005 - 050118

PL Planning Tools

for job design and feasibility studies

© 1987-2005 - 050118

Planning a PL Job

Production logs provide measurements or derivations of

average fluid density
temperature
pressure
flow rate
at any or all points in a well.
Interpretation consists of identifying and drawing logical inferences
from any departures of measured flow rates from those assumed to
exist.
Such assumptions are ideally based on measured surface
flowrates converted to downhole conditions.

The selection of the best logging suite to meet a given set of

conditions should be made on the basis of all available knowledge.
 © 1987-2005 - 050118

Tool Selection Criteria

What are the objectives of the logging program?

What are the well and reservoir conditions?
What are the expected fluids and what are the expected
flowrates?
Any environmental constraints (flaring, fluids disposal, etc)
How much will the customer pay?
What tools are actually available?

© 1987-2005 - 050118

Data Required for Pre-Job Planning

1. Surface Flowrates at Standard Conditions

qosc oil flowrate (stock-tank oil)
qgsc gas flowrate, or GOR/GWR
qwsc water flowrate, or water cut
 © 1987-2005 - 050118

Data Required for Pre-Job Planning

2. Downhole fluid parameters

Direct measurements desired, but approximations can be
obtained as shown)
pwf well flowing pressure (downhole)
Twf well flowing temperature (downhole)
qwsc water flowrate, or water cut
And either gravities or salinity
γg gas specific gravity (air – 1.0)
γo oil API gravity
CNaCl water salinity (or derive from Rw)
Or densities
ρgsc gas density at sc
ρosc oil density at sc
ρwsc water density at sc (or derive from Rw)

© 1987-2005 - 050118

Data Required for Pre-Job Planning

3. Mechanical Features
Permanent depth datum of the well
Well trajectory
Casing sizes and weights
Tubing sizes and weights
Minimum restriction in tubing string
(if unknown, need dummy run)
Depth, size and orientation of perforations
Production method
Depth and nature of packers, plugs, etc.
 © 1987-2005 - 050118

Data Required for Pre-Job Planning

4. Intrinsic fluid parameters (preferably direct laboratory measurements):

ρob oil density at bubble point pressure, pb
Pb bubble point pressure
Rsb Solution GOR at pb
Bob Oil formation volume factor at pb
Co oil compressibility (obtained from pob)
Rs Solution GOR
Bo oil FVF
ppc gas pseudo-critical pressure
Tpc gas pseudo-critical temperature
z gas deviation factor
Bg gas FVF
Rsw solution gas-water ratio
Bw water FVF
gas composition analysis (including CO2, N2, H2S)
Some of these parameters may be calculated from the gas composition or
estimated from various correlations.

© 1987-2005 - 050118

Tool Response Modelling

 © 1987-2005 - 050118

PL Planning Tools

Average fluid velocity vs

flow rate for various pipe
sizes with no PL tool in flow
stream

© 1987-2005 - 050118

PL Planning Tools

Average fluid velocity

vs flow rate for various
pipe sizes with
1-11/16˝ PL tool in flow
stream
 © 1987-2005 - 050118

Tool Lift Prediction

© 1987-2005 - 050118

Instructions for Use

This spreadsheet is based on an industry standard equation.

Lift(N) = F * SG(g/cc)*1000 * V2(m/s) * pi * d(m) * l/2(m). (F = Friction Factor)
7/32 line 3/16 line Slickline
Friction Factor (F): .007 .005 .0035
Line Weights in air: 95 lbs/1000ft 65 lbs/1000ft 25 lbs/1000ft

For Injection Wells input a negative flowrate.

If calculating forces while RIH or logging use pressure control/line friction and
pressure at tool depth.
Surface pull is estimate of pull due to line hanging between top of pressure
control and winch.
Z Factors for Bg are generic, ovewrite in cells V7 and V15 if known.
Overide downhole density of oil if known. Constant density of mixture in well is
assumed.
As flow rates are generally high when you need to be concerned about tool lift,
the value of lost production and the well are high. Do not take risks, allow a
good safety margin.
To test ability to Run In Hole with well static use input 0.001 for Oil, Gas or
Water flowrate.
N. D. Ryan. TOOLIFT Rev. 1.2
SONDEX LIMITED SEPTEMBER 1999
 © 1987-2005 - 050118

Sondex Spinner Types

Fullbore Spinner Fullbore Spinner Continuous Spinner Continuous Spinner In-line Spinner Diverter
3-arm 6-arm Jewelled Flowmeter

© 1987-2005 - 050118

SLB Spinner Selection Tool

 © 1987-2005 - 050118

Spinner Characteristics

TOOL TYPE Nominal Practical Equivalent

Slope Impeller Limiting
Limitation Fluid
Velocity

Rps/ft/min Rps Ft/min

CFB Flexible Shaft 0.05 25 500

CFB Rigid Shaft 0.05 60 1200

CFS All sizes 0.05 100 2000

CFJ/ILS 1½ / 111/16" 0.04 125 3472

CFJ/ILS 2⅛" 0.03 125 4310

CFS/CFJ 1⅜" 0 125 1420

© 1987-2005 - 050118

Spinner Threshold Velocities

Water Light Oil Heavy Oil Gas (2000 psi)

CFB 1.8 - 2.5 ft/min 2.3 - 3.0 ft/min 4.3 - 7.0 ft/min 7.0 - 12.5 ft/min

CFJ 3.5 - 5.5 ft/min 4.0 - 6.0 ft/min 6.0 - 10.0 ft/min 8.5 - 15.5 ft/min

CFS 5.0 - 8.0 ft/min 5.5 - 8.5 ft/min 7.5 - 12.5 ft/min 10.0 - 18.0 ft/min

ILS 5.0 - 8.0 ft/min 5.5 – 10.0 ft/min 7.5 - 14.5 ft/min 12.0 - 20.0 ft/min
 © 1987-2005 - 050118

Spinner Sizes

TOOL BODY OUTER Spinner Shroud Pitch Pitch

Diameter Dia (ins) Dia (ins) Dia (ins) (ins/rev) rps/ft/min
(ins)
Caged Fullbore Flowmeter 6 arm
CFB78 1½ 4½ 2.60 N/A 4 0.05
CFB54 111/16 4½ 2.60 N/A 4 0.05
CFB76 1½ 5 3.15 N/A 4 0.05
CFB57 111/16 5 3.15 N/A 4 0.05
CFB77 1½ 5½ 3.30 N/A 4 0.05
CFB60 111/16 5½ 3.30 N/A 4 0.05
CFB75 1½ 7 4.24 N/A 4 0.05
CFB51 111/ 16 7 4.24 N/A 4 0.05
CFB63 111/16 9⅝ 6.08 N/A 4 0.05

© 1987-2005 - 050118

Spinner Sizes

TOOL BODY OUTER Spinner Shroud Pitch Pitch

Diameter Dia (ins) Dia (ins) Dia (ins) (ins/rev) rps/ft/min
(ins)
Continuous Flowmeter Spinner
CFS24 1½ 1½ 1.22 1.29 4 0.05
CFS22 1½ 111/16 1.4 1.49 4 0.05
CFS23 1½ 2⅛ 1.772 1.935 4 0.05
CFS17 111/16 111/16 1.4 1.49 4 0.05
CFS18 111/16 111/16 1.772 1.935 4 0.05
CFS19 111/16 3⅛ 4 0.05

Continuous Flowmeter Jewelled Bearing

CFJ04 1½ 1½ 1.22 1.29 5.6 0.04
CFJ07 1½ 111/16 1.4 1.49 5.6 0.03
CFJ08 111/16 2⅛ 1.772 1.935 7 0.03
CFJ05 111/16 111/16 1.4 1.49 5.6 0.04
CFJ02 111/16 2⅛ 1.772 1.935 7 0.03
 © 1987-2005 - 050118

Spinner Sizes

TOOL BODY OUTER Spinner Shroud Pitch Pitch

Diameter Dia (ins) Dia (ins) Dia (ins) (ins/rev) rps/ft/min
(ins)
Continuous Flowmeter Jewelled Bearing
CFJ04 1½ 1½ 1.22 1.29 5.6 0.04
CFJ07 1½ 111/16 1.4 1.49 5.6 0.03
CFJ08 111/16 2⅛ 1.772 1.935 7 0.03
CFJ05 111/16 111/16 1.4 1.49 5.6 0.04
CFJ02 111/16 2⅛ 1.772 1.935 7 0.03
In-Line Spinner
ILS12 111/16 111/16 1.4 1.49 5.6 0.04
ILS13 111/ 16 2⅛ 1.772 1.935 7 0.03
Diverter Basket Flowmeter Tool
DBT11 1½ 1½ 1.22 1.29 5.6 0.04
DBT08 (Inc Battery)
111/16 111/16 1.4 1.49 5.6 0.04
DBT09 111/16 2⅛ 1.772 1.935 7 0.03
DBT10 111/16 2⅞

© 1987-2005 - 050118

Tool Selection

Well Mechanical Problems

U ltras onic T hic k nes s
M ulti-F inger C aliper
Spinner F low m eter

F luid C apac itanc e

T em perature

F luid D ens ity

G am m a R ay
G as H oldup

X-Y C aliper
Pres s ure

Primary Sensor
CCL

Secondary Sensor

Locate cross flow and thief zones

Locate packer, tubing and casing leaks
Locate source of unexpected water production
Locate source of unexpected gas production
Locate regions of scale or wax deposition
Locate chanelling behind pipe
Locate deformation of tubulars
Check on perforation depths
 © 1987-2005 - 050118

Tool Selection

Well Production/Injection

Ultrasonic Thickness
Multi-Finger Caliper
Spinner Flowmeter

Fluid Capacitance
Profiling

Temperature

Fluid Density

Gamma Ray
Gas Holdup

X-Y Caliper
Primary Sensor

Pressure

CCL
Secondary Sensor

Production profile in oil wells

Production profile in gas wells
Production profile in multiphase flow
Locate hydrocarbon production in loaded up wells
Injection well performance
Locate oil - water contacts
Correct flowrate in open hole completions
Locate gas - liquid contacts
Determine layer pressures

© 1987-2005 - 050118

Tool Selection

Miscellaneous
Ultrasonic Thickness
Multi-Finger Caliper
Spinner Flowmeter

Fluid Capacitance
Temperature

Fluid Density

G amma Ray
G as Holdup

Primary Sensor
X-Y Caliper
Pressure

Secondary Sensor
CCL

Identify lithologyin cased holes

Identify build-up of radioactive scale
Make depth correlation
Locate cement tops
Evaluate cement & squeeze performance
Determine geothermal gradient
Measure subsurface shut-in & flowing pressure