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Kinetics Physics Classes

Director – Triloki Raghav
Mob No. - 9997716805

Atom
# J.J. Thomson Atomic Model:-

Acc. to him, the positive charge of the atom is uniformly distributed throughout the
volume of the atom and the negative charged electrons are embedded in it like
seeds in a watermelon. This model was called “plum pudding model of the atom”.

Failure of Thomson’s model-

1. He could not explain the origin of spectrum series in hydrogen and other atoms.
2. He could not explain the scattering of α-particles in Rutherford’s experiment.

# Geiger-Marsden Experiment or Rutherford’s α-particles scattering

experiment:-

Theory- N.C.E.R.T. page no. 416

Schematic diagram of this experiment Alpha Particles.................................. These
flashes may be viewed through a microscope.
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Observations-

Graph

1. It was observed that very large no. Of α-particles passes through the atom without any
significant deviation from their original path.
2. Some of α-particles are scattered with significant deviation. (14 α-particles out of 10000
α-particles)
3. Very few α-particles are deflected back i.e. through 1800. (1 α-particle out of 8000 α-
particles)

Conclusion –

Acc. to Rutherford the scattering can be explained only on the basis that
The most of the part of atom must be empty and every atom must have tinny central core
(which is named as nucleus) in which entire positive charge and entire mass of atom is
concentrated.

Rutherford’s atomic model-

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1. Every atom contain tinny central core (called nucleus) in which entire positive charge and
almost entire mass of an atom is concentrated and most of the part of an atom is empty.
2. A sufficient no. Of electron (These electron have as much negative charge as nucleus
have positive charge) are revolving around the nucleus and necessary centripetal force is
required for the revolution for electron is provided by its electrostatic attraction ( or
Columbian attraction of nucleus) .

# Closest distance approach (r0):- ro

α-particles Nucleus (+Ze)
A B
(+2e)
When α-particle is projected towards nucleus for Haddon collision with some kinetic energy
then its kinetic energy continuously decreases as α-particle move towards nucleus (due to
repulsive force). At a certain point its total kinetic energy become zero and α-particle can’t
move further towards nucleus then the distance between nucleus and that point is called
closest distance approach.

Mathematically,

In above fig, Kinetic energy is converted into electric potential energy at point B.

i.e.
K.E. at A = Electric potential energy at B
k (+Ze)(+2e) U = qv
K.E. = q(kQ)
r0 U=
r
𝑘𝑄𝑞
U= 𝑟
2𝑘𝑍𝑒 2
K.E. =
𝑟0

Note- 1 The calculation of r0 help to predict the approximate size of nucleus because it is
obvious that radius of nucleus would be less then r0
Again, by increasing the kinetic energy of α-particle, r0 can be made smaller which
improve accuracy in the determination of size of nucleus.

Note - 2 ratom = 10-10 m (1 Å = 10-10m)

rnucleus = 10-15 m (1fm = 10-15m)

𝑅atom 10−10
On dividing, = = 105 m
𝑅𝑛𝑢𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑢𝑠 10−15

# Impact parameter (b):-

It is the perpendicular distance of initial velocity vector of α-particle from the axial line of
nucleus, when α-particle is far away from nucleus.
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Note-1 If b= 0 then θ = 180o

If b= ∞ then θ = 0o

Failure of Rutherford’s atomic model –

1. As from electromagnetic theory, we know accelerated charge particle emit energy in

the form of E. M. Waves. As in an atom e- is also accelerated (having centripetal
acceleration) so e- should emit continuous energy in the form of E.M. Waves so the
path of electrons must be spherical (because energy of electrons should decrease
continuously due to emition of energy continuously) and finally electron should fall in
to nucleus.

In short, he could not explain the stability of electron inside atom.

2. He could not explain the hydrogen spectrum as observed by Lyman, Balmer and
Paschen.

# Bohr’s atomic model:-

He gave following three postulates---

1. Every atom contain tinny central core called nucleus in which entire positive
charge and almost entire mass of an atom is concentrated and sufficient no. Of
electrons are revolving around the nucleus in different circular orbits and the
necessary centripetal force (Fc) required for the revolution is provided by the
electrostatic force of attraction (fe) from the nucleus.
i.e. Fc = Fe
In addition to above, He introduced the concept of stationary orbit or non-
radiative orbit which means during the revolutions, electrons does not emit any
type of energy. In other word he found that electromagnetic theory is not
applicable at atomic level.
2. Acc. To him, only those orbits are permitted or possible in which angular
ℎ
momentum of revolving electron in integer multiple of .
2𝜋
i.e. Mathematically,
nh
mvr =
2π
Here, n = 1,2,3,.............. called principal quantum no.
In other word, angular momentum of revolving electron is quantised.
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3. Acc. To him, energy is emitted or absorbed in the form of photon only when
electron jump of one of its permitted orbit to another permitted orbit. The
difference in the energies (In which transition of electron take place) is emitted
when electrons jump from higher energy level to lower energy level and is
observed when electron jump from lower energy level to higher energy level .

Mathematically,
Eemitted or Eabsorved = Eh-El Here, Eh = Energy in higher orbit
hѴ = Eh-El El = Energy in lower orbit

Note: - The minimum amount of energy required to removing the most loosely bound
electron of an isolated neutral gaseous atom or molecule is known as ionisation
energy.

# Some calculation using Bohr’s atomic model:-

From 1st postulate

Fc =Fe ------r------ e-
mv2 k(Ze)(e)
+Ze
=
r r2

kze2
mv2 = ---------------- (1)
r

From 2nd postulate

nh
Mvr =
2π

nh
V= ------------- (2)
2πmr

1. Radius of orbit revolving electron(e-) -

Putting ‘v’ from (2) in (1), we get

mn2 h2 kZe2
=
4π2 m2 r 2 r
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n2 h 2
r=
4π2 mkZe2

n2 h 2
rn =
4π2 mkZe2

From above we can see for given atom, rn ∝ n2

r1 : r2 : r3: ............... = 12 : 22 : 33 : .................
r1 : r2 : r3: ............... = 1 : 4 : 9 : .................
i.e. from above we can see, “orbits are not equispaced.

Special case: - Radius of 1st orbit of Hydrogen (H) atom.

i.e. Putting n = 1 and Z = 1

r1 = 0.529 Å (Radius of 1st orbit of H atom is also called Bohr’s atom.)

2. Speed of revolving electron(e-) -

Divide eqn (2) by (1)

mv 2 kZe2 2πmr
= ×
v r nh
2πkZe2
V=
nh

2πkZe2
Vn =
nh

𝟏
We can see, V ∝
𝒏

Special Case: - Speed of electron in 1st orbit of Hydrogen (H) atom.

i.e. Putting n = 1 and Z = 1

V1 = 2.18 × 106 m/s

3. Time Period of revolution-

𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 =
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑
2πr
T=
T

1
Frequency (Ѵ) =
T

v
Ѵ=
2πr

4. Total Energy of revolving electron (E) –

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1
K.E. of e-, K.E. = 𝑚𝑣 2
2
1 kze2
K.E. = ( ) -------------- (see eqn 1)
2 r

U = qv
𝑘𝑞𝑞
P.E. of e-, P.E. = U=q(r)
kq
𝑟
k(+Ze)(−e)
P.E. =
r
−kZe2
P.E. =
r
i.e.
P.E.
= −2
K.E.
i.e.
P.E. = − 2 K.E.

Total Energy, E = K.E. + P.E.

E = (−2K.E.) + (K.E.)
E = − K.E.
i.e.
kZe2
E=−
2r
kZe2 4π2 mkZe2
E=− ×
2r n2 h 2
2 2
−2π mk e 4 𝑧2
E= ×
ℎ2 𝑛2
z2
E = −13.6 ev
n2

z2
En = −13.6 eV
n2

Here (−) ive sign in total energy implies that electron is bounded with some attractive
force and that attractive force is Columbian attraction on electron due to nucleus.

Special case: - Energy of revolving electron in Hydrogen (H) atom.

i.e. Putting n = 1, we get
For H atom,
−13.6
En = eV
n2
−13.6
In 1st orbit, E1 = eV = − 13.6 eV, as energy is min. It is max. Stable state and
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also called as ground state.
−13.6
In 2nd orbit, E2 = eV = − 3.4 eV, It is called 1st excited state.
22
−13.6
In 3rd orbit, E3 = eV = − 1.51 eV, It is called 2nd excited state.
32
−13.6
In 4th orbit, E4 = eV = − 0.85 eV, It is called 3rd excited state.
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−13.6
In ∞ orbit, E∞ = eV = 0 eV
∞2

Excited State

5. Wavelength emitted or absorbed when electron makes transition –

From 3rd postulate, we comes to know that,
Eemitted or Eabsorbed = Eh −El
Or hѴ = Eh-El
ℎ𝑐 z2 z2 C
𝜆
= (−13.6
nh2 ) – (−13.6 2) nl
(Ѵ= )
λ

1 −13.6𝑍 2 1 1
= ( − )
𝜆 ℎ𝑐 n2l n2h

1 1 1
= R𝑍 2 ( − )
𝜆 n2l n2h
13.6
Here R (Rydberg constant) =
ℎ𝑐
7 -1
R = 1.097 × 10 m

Special Case - Wavelength emitted or absorbed in Hydrogen (H) atom.

i.e. Putting Z = 1, we get
1 1 1
= R( − )
𝜆 n2l n2h

# Lyman Series: - Acc. to Bohr, Lyman series is obtained when e- jump from higher
energy orbit to 1st orbit.
i.e. nl = 1 and nh = 2,3,4,.........
then
1 1 1
= R( 2 − )
𝜆 1 n2h
This series/spectrum is obtained in Ultraviolet region.

# Balmer Series: - Acc. to Bohr, Balmer series is obtained when e- jump from
higher energy orbit to 2nd orbit.
i.e. nl = 2 and nh = 3,4,5,.........
then
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1 1 1
= R( − )
𝜆 22 n2h
This series/spectrum is obtained in visible region.

# Paschen Series: - Acc. to Bohr, Paschen series is obtained when e- jump from
higher energy orbit to 3rd orbit.
i.e. nl = 3 and nh = 4,5,6,.........
then
1 1 1
= R( − )
𝜆 32 n2h
This series/spectrum is obtained in infrared region.

# Bracket Series: - Acc. to Bohr, Bracket series is obtained when e- jump from
higher energy orbit to 4th orbit.
i.e. nl = 4 and nh = 5,6,7,.........
then
1 1 1
= R( − )
𝜆 42 n2h
This series/spectrum is obtained in infrared region.

# Pfund Series: - Acc. to Bohr, Pfund series is obtained when e- jump from higher
energy orbit to 5th orbit.
i.e. nl = 5 and nh = 6,7,8,.........
then
1 1 1
= R( − )
𝜆 52 n2h
This series/spectrum is obtained in infrared region.

Note -1 After calculation of λ –

ℎ𝑐
a. Energy emitted or Energy absorbed , E=
𝜆
𝑐
b. Ѵemitted/ Ѵabsorbed, V =
𝜆
1
c. Wave number, ṽ =
𝜆

Note- 2
a. For a given series, the energy emitted is maximum when electron jumps from
‘∞’ to’ nl’ of that series. Since energy is maximum so frequency would also be
ℎ𝑐
maximum (E=hѴ) and wavelength emitted would be minimum (E= ).
𝜆
b. For a given series, the energy emitted is minimum when electron jumps from
‘nl +1’ to’ nl’ of that series. Since energy is minimum so frequency would also
ℎ𝑐
be minimum (E=hѴ) and wavelength emitted would be maximum (E= ).
𝜆
1
c. Use = 911.6 Å
𝑅
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# Proof of Bohr’s quantization condition from De- Broglie hypothesis:-

Acc. to De-Broglie, electron inside atom should be seen as wave and particle
both.

Energy of electron is confined within orbit, and then standing waves are formed

Then,
From concept of standing wave only wave in integer no. are formed
i.e.
2πr = nλ (Here n = 1, 2, 3 ........)
h h
2πr = n ( ) (from de-Broglie, λ = )
mv mv

𝑛ℎ
Mvr =
2𝜋
Hence proved.