Azad A Ameen

[email protected]

LEC02 2019-2020
 OPERATING SYSTEM

Categories
OPERATING SYSTEMS 2
 Batch Operating System

Time-sharing Operating System

Distributed Operating System

Network Operating System

Real Time Operating System

Conclusion
OPERATING SYSTEMS 3
Types of Operating Systems
• The main categories of modern OS may be classified into five groups
which are distinguished by the nature of interaction that takes place
between the computer and the user:
1) Batch Operating System
2) Time-sharing Operating System
3) Distributed Operating System
4) Network Operating System
5) Real Time Operating System

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Batch Operating System (1)
• In this type of system, there is no direct interaction between user and the
computer.
• The user has to submit a job (written on cards or tape) to a computer
operator.
• Then computer operator places a batch of several jobs on an input
device.
• Jobs are batched together by type of languages and requirement.
• Then a special program, the monitor, manages the execution of each
program in the batch.
• The monitor is always in the main memory and available for execution.

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Batch Operating System (2)

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Batch Operating System (3)
Disadvantages of batch OS:
1) Wastage of CPU time (CPU is often idle, because the speed of the
mechanical I/O devices is slower than the CPU)
2) No user interaction (Lack of interaction between the user and the job)
3) No mechanism to prioritize processes (Difficult to provide the desired
priority)

• Examples of Batch based Operating System: Payroll System, Bank

Statements

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Time-sharing Operating System (1)

OPERATING SYSTEMS 10
Time-sharing Operating System (2)
• A time sharing operating system is that in which each task is given some
time to execute and all tasks are given time so that all processes run
seamlessly without any problem. Suppose there are many users attached
to a single system then each user has given time of CPU. No user can feel
to have trouble in using the system.
• Time-sharing is a technique which enables many people, located at
various terminals, to use a particular computer system at the same time.
– Time-sharing or multitasking is a logical extension of multiprogramming.

• Processor's time which is shared among multiple users simultaneously is

termed as time-sharing.

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Time-sharing Operating System (3)
• The main difference between
Multiprogrammed Batch Systems and
Time-Sharing Systems is that:
– in case of Multiprogrammed batch systems,
the objective is to maximize processor use,
– whereas in Time-Sharing Systems, the
objective is to minimize response time.

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Time-sharing Operating System (4)
• Multiple jobs are executed by the
CPU by switching between them,
but the switches occur so
frequently.
• Thus, the user can receive an
immediate response.

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Time-sharing Operating System (5)
• Advantages of Timesharing operating systems: −
1) Each task gets an equal opportunity (chance)
2) Less chances of duplication of software
3) CPU idle time can be reduced

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Time-sharing Operating System (6)
• Disadvantages of Time-sharing operating systems:-
1) Problem of reliability.
2) Question of security and integrity of user programs and data.
3) Problem of data communication.

• Examples of Time-Sharing OSs are: Multics, Unix etc

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Distributed Operating System (1)
• Distributed systems use multiple central processors to serve multiple real-
time applications and multiple users.
• Data processing jobs are distributed among the processors accordingly.
• The processors communicate with one another through various
communication lines (such as high-speed buses or telephone lines).

• These are referred as loosely coupled systems or distributed systems.

– Processors in a distributed system may vary in size and function.
– These processors are referred as sites, nodes, computers, and so on.

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Distributed Operating System (2)

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Distributed Operating System (3)
• The advantages of distributed systems:
1) With resource sharing facility, a user at one site may be able to use the resources
available at another.
2) Speedup the exchange of data with one another via electronic mail.
3) If one site fails in a distributed system, the remaining sites can potentially continue
operating.
4) Better service to the customers.
5) Load on host computer reduces
6) Reduction of delays in data processing.
7) These systems are easily scalable as many systems can be easily added to the network

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Distributed Operating System (4)
• Disadvantages of Distributed Operating System:
1) Failure of the main network will stop the entire communication
2) To establish distributed systems the language which are used are not well defined
yet
3) These types of systems are not readily available as they are very expensive. Not only
that the underlying software is highly complex and not understood well yet

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Distributed Operating System (5)
• Types of Distributed Operating Systems
• Following are the two types of distributed operating systems used:
1) Client-Server Systems
2) Peer-to-Peer Systems

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Distributed Operating System (6)
• Server Systems can be broadly
categorized as: Compute Servers and File
Servers.
1) Compute Server systems: provide an
interface to which clients can send
requests to perform an action, in response
to which they execute the action and
send back results to the client.
2) File Server systems: provide a file-system
interface where clients can create,
update, read, and delete files.

OPERATING SYSTEMS 22
Network Operating System (1)
• These systems runs on a server and
provides the capability to manage data,
users, groups, security, applications, and
other networking functions.
• The primary purpose of the NOS is: to
allows shared access of files, printers,
security, applications, and other
networking functions over a small private
network.

OPERATING SYSTEMS 24
Network Operating System (2)
• The advantages of network operating systems:
1) Centralized servers are highly stable.
2) Security is server managed.
3) Upgrades to new technologies and hardware can be easily integrated into the
system.
4) Remote access to servers is possible from different locations and types of systems.

OPERATING SYSTEMS 25
Network Operating System (3)
• The disadvantages of network operating systems:
1) High cost of buying and running a server.
2) Dependency on a central location for most operations.
3) Regular maintenance and updates are required.

• Examples of Network Operating System are: Microsoft Windows Server

2003, Microsoft Windows Server 2008, UNIX, Linux, Mac OS X, Novell
NetWare, and BSD etc.
• HW

OPERATING SYSTEMS 26
Real Time Operating System (1)
• These types of OSs serves the real-time systems.
– The time interval required to process and respond to inputs is very small.
– This time interval is called response time.

• Real-time systems are used when there are time requirements are very
strict
– like missile systems, air traffic control systems, robots etc.

• A real-time system is defined as a data processing system in which the

time interval required to process and respond to inputs is so small that it
controls the environment.

OPERATING SYSTEMS 28
Real Time Operating System (2)
• A real-time operating system must have well-defined, fixed time
constraints, otherwise the system will fail
• There are two types of real-time operating systems.
1) Hard real-time systems:
• Hard real-time systems guarantee that critical tasks complete on time.
• In hard real-time systems:
1. secondary storage is limited or missing
2. the data is stored in ROM
3. virtual memory is almost never found.

OPERATING SYSTEMS 29
Real Time Operating System (3)
2) Soft real-time systems
• Soft real-time systems are less restrictive.
• A critical real-time task gets priority over other tasks and retains the
priority until it completes.
• Soft real-time systems have limited utility than hard real-time systems.
– For example, multimedia, virtual reality, Advanced Scientific Projects like undersea
exploration and planetary rovers, etc.

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Real Time Operating System (4)
• Advantages of RTOS:
1) Maximum Consumption: Maximum utilization of devices and system, thus more
output from all the resources
2) Task Shifting: Time assigned for shifting tasks in these systems are very less.
1) For example in older systems it takes about 10 micro seconds in shifting one task to
another and in latest systems it takes 3 micro seconds.
3) Focus on Application: Focus on running applications and less importance to
applications which are in queue.
4) Real time operating system in embedded system: Since size of programs are small,
RTOS can also be used in embedded systems like in transport and others.
5) Error Free: These types of systems are error free.
6) Memory Allocation: Memory allocation is best managed in these type of systems.

OPERATING SYSTEMS 31
Real Time Operating System (5)
• Disadvantages of RTOS:
1) Limited Tasks: Very few task run at the same time and their concentration is very less on
few applications to avoid errors.
2) Use heavy system resources: Sometimes the system resources are not so good, and they
are expensive as well.
3) Complex Algorithms: The algorithms are very complex and difficult for the designer to
write on.
4) Device driver and interrupt signals: It needs specific device drivers and interrupt signals
to response earliest to interrupts.
5) Thread Priority: Thread priority is not good as RTOS do less switching of tasks

• Examples of Real-Time Operating Systems are: Scientific experiments,

medical imaging systems, industrial control systems, weapon systems, robots,
air traffic control systems, etc.

OPERATING SYSTEMS 32
 Conclusion

OPERATING SYSTEMS 33
 Homework's

OPERATING SYSTEMS 34
References
Operating System Concepts

10th Edition, 2018

Silberschatz, Abraham,
Galvin, Peter B.
Gagne, Greg
Chapter 1 : P31-84

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 End of Lecture

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OPERATING SYSTEMS 37