Introduction >» Mostly C program is a set of instructions which are normally executed sequentially in order , but sometimes we will have situations where we will have to change the order of execution based on certain conditions or repeat a group of statements until some conditions are met. Decision making capability of C language is used in such situation (Control statements)1. Simple IF statement if(test expression) { Statement-block; } Statement x;2. The if ... else statement if(test_expression) ( True block statement(s) 3 else { 3 False Block statements) |Nested if... else statement {M( test condition 1) t ifitest condition 2) t ‘Statement 1;4. The else if ladder if(condition_expression_One) Steer : else if (condition_expression_Two) ‘statement2; ‘ese if (condition_expression_Three) «statement else statement4;switch statement ‘Multiway decision statement Best used when number of alternatives increases switch statement tests the value of a given variable against a list of case values and when a match Is found a block of statement associated with that case Is executed switch(expression) { case label 1 : block1; break; case label 2 : block2; break; case label n : block n; break; default : default block; break;JUMPS IN LOOPS Break and continue: break and continue are unconditional control construct. i, break This statement is useful to terminate a loop and transfer control out of loop under special break statement works with while, do....while, for and switch statements. Following pr diagrammatically represents the working mechanism of break statement. main() ‘while(condition! ==true) { statement]; statement2; iffcondition2=—tue) { ) statement4; { sutementS;JUMPS IN LOOPS Break and continue: break and continue are unconditional control construct. ii, Continue Statement is helpful to skip particular set of statements in loop body and to continue execution from the beginning of loop. Following syntax clearly depicts how control shifts to beginning of a loop on finding continue statement «mo hlfcontont == ue ‘statoment1; statement2; if(condition2= =true)goto statement Syntax goto label ; label : statement; Forward Jump goto label Label: Statements; statement5; Backward Jump statement; if(condition) goto label; statement2; statement 3; statement4; label: — Label: Statements; goto labcl: The goto statement breaks the normal flow of execution in the program and takes the control to statement5, without executing the statements 3 and 4.return statement > The return statement is used in a function to return value to the calling function. The return statement can be written anywhere and often inside the function definition. Still, after the execution of the first return statement, all the other return statements will be terminated and will be of no use. ‘The reason why we have the two syntaxes for the return statement is that the return statement can be ust in two ways. rie is that you can use it to terminate the execution of the function when the function is not returning ar value. return; Second, it is to return a value with function calls, and here, the datatype of expression should be the sam as the datatype of function. return expression; Here the expression can be any variable, number, or expression. All the return examples given below are valid inC. return x; return 0; return x++; return(x+y);Loop (Iterative) Statements Definition of Loop: Is a programming structure used to repeatedly carryout 2 particular instructon/statement uni condition is tue. Each single repetition lf the lop is known asa eration of the lop. ‘Three important component of any loop are 1. Intitization (example: ct, +0 ete) 2 Test Contin (example: ctr<=500, | I= ete) 3. Updating oop contrel values (example: etrctrot, it) Loop (Iterative) Statements (Contd...) Pretertand os tet ope Cesta en he epi ch se cle rete lms ao Kn et omar thew etc ge a he ed fea eh eae tome a pst et ap Sete while loop Its. pre-test loop (also nown as entry controlled loop) > This lop has following stan: while (condition) statement-block; Inthe syntax ven above while’ fsa key word and conition is at begining of the oop > Ifthe test conditions true the body of while lop wil be executed. > After execution ofthe body, the test condition is once agin evaluated and ti tee, ‘executed once again. > This process irepeated until condition finally becomes false and control comes out oF the oop. While loop wie nin { >. statement lok, }do.... while loop do.... while loop: It is a post-test loop (also called exit controlled loop) it has two keywords do and while. The General syntax: do { statement-block; } while (condition);for loop It is another pre-test loop (also called entry controlled loop) that provides concise loop control structure. It has one keyword for. One important aspect of for loop is all the three components of a loop (viz. ii testing condition and updation (increment/decrement))is given in the head of for loop. General Syntax: (iti te coin pain) { \ Bylo 1 A set of statements will be executed for a set number of times Flowchart of for loop for loop (Contd...) ‘The execution of for statement is as follows. 1. In this loop first initialization of control variable is done first, using assignments such as i=1, count=0. The variable 1 count are called loop control variable. 2. The value of control variable is tested using the test condition. The test condition is evaluated. If the condition is true, the body of the loop is executed; otherwise loop will be terminated. } 3. When the body of the loop is executed, the control transferred back to the for statement to update the loop variable. And then condition is checked once again. If condition is true once again body will be executed once again. This process continues till the value of the control variable fails to satisfy the test condition.Anested loop means a inside another loop statement. That is why nested loops are also called “loop inside loops" We can define any number of loops inside another loop. Nested for Loop Nested for loop can be used to control the number of times that a particular set of statements will be executed. ‘Another outer loop could be used to control the number of times that a whole loop is repeated NOTE: Loops should be property indented so that a reader can easily determine which statements are contained within each of the statement [Although this feature will work with any loop such as while,do-while and for, it fs most commonly used with the for loop, because this is easiest to control. => = ‘ —_p & Ses a 2 | fortinitialization;condition;increment) { Statement of inside loop 1 Statement of outer loop