Unit 4

Ch 13: STRINGS
 Introduction
• A string is a null-terminated character array.
• Declaration Syntax: char str[size];
• Example: char str[] = “HELLO”; H E L L O \0
• Char str[]=“H”; H \0
• Char ch=‘H’; H
• Char str[]=“ ”; \0
• The name of the character array (or the string) is a pointer to
the beginning of the string.
• If we declare str as, char str[5] = “HELLO”;
• The size of the string should be equal to maximum number
of characters in the string plus one.
 Introduction (Contd..)
• Similar to arrays, subscripts are used to access the elements
of the character array. The subscript starts with a zero.
• The other way to initialize a string :
char str[ ]={‘H’,’E’,’L’,’L’,’O’,’\0’};
• We can also declare a string with size much larger than the
number of elements that are initialized.
• char str[10]=”HELLO”;
H E L L O \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0

• Consider the following declaration:

char str[3];
str = “HELLO”; //Error
 Reading Strings
Strings can be read from the user by using three ways
• using scanf() function
scanf(“%s”, str);
• using gets() function
gets(str);
• using getchar(), getch() or getche() function repeatedly
i=0;
ch = getchar(); //Get a character
while(ch!=’\n’)
{
str[i] = ch; //Store the read character in str
i++;
ch = getchar(); //Get another character
}
str[i] = ‘\0’; //terminate str with null character
• In this method, mandatory to append with a null character.
 Writing Strings
The string can be displayed on screen using three ways
• using printf() function
printf(“%s”, str);
• using puts() function
puts(str);
• using putchar()function repeatedly
i=0;
while(str[i] != '\0’)
{
putchar(str[i]); //print the character on the screen
i++;
}
 Writing Strings
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{int i, p;
char str[] = "HELLO";
printf("\n%s",str); // output HELLO
printf("\n%5s",str); // output HELLO
printf("\n%.5s",str); // output HELLO
printf("\n%.2s",str); // output HE
printf("\n%2.3s",str); // output HEL
printf("\n%-2.3s",str); // output HEL
printf("\n%.4s",str); // output HELL
printf("\n%5.3s",str); // output --HEL
printf("\n%-5.3s",str); // output HEL--
return 0;
}
Write a program to print #include <stdio.h>
the following pattern. main()
H {
int i, p;
HE
char str[] = "HELLO";
HEL
HELL for(i=0;i<5;i++)
HELLO {
HELLO p = i+1;
HELL printf("\n %-5.*s", p, str);
HEL }
for(i=4;i>=0;i--)
HE
{
H p = i+1;
Note: printf("\n %-5.*s", p, str);
printf(“%*.*s”, w, p, str); }
printf() will print first p return 0;
characters of str in the field }
width of w.
 Operations on Strings

• Finding the length of a String

• Converting characters of a String into Uppercase
• Converting characters of a String into Lowercase
• Concatenating two Strings to form a new string
• Comparing two strings
 Finding the length
of a String Write a program to find the
length of a string.

Algorithm to calculate the length #include <stdio.h>

int main()
of a string
{
char str[100], i = 0, length;
Step 1: [INITIALIZE] SET I = 0 printf("\n Enter the string :");
Step2:Repeat Step3 while STR[I]!='\0' gets(str);
Step 3: SET I = I + 1 while(str[i] != '\0')
[END OF LOOP] i++;
Step 4: SET LENGTH = I length = i;
Step 5: END printf("\n The length of the
string is : %d", length);
return 0;
}
Converting characters of a String into
Uppercase
Algorithm to convert the characters of string into upper case
Step1: [Initialize] SET I=0
Step 2: Repeat Step 3 while STR[I] != ‘\0’
Step 3: IF STR[I] >= ‘a’ AND STR[I] <= ‘z’
SET Upperstr[I] = STR[I] - 32
ELSE
SET Upperstr[I] = STR[I]
[END OF IF]
[END OF LOOP]
Note:
Step 4: SET Upperstr[I] = ‘\0’ ASCII Code
Step 5: EXIT For A-Z - 65 to 91
For a-z - 97 to 123
WAP to convert characters of a string to
uppercase.
#include <stdio.h> upper_str[j] = '\0';
int main() printf("\n The string converted
{ into upper case is : ");
char str[100], upper_str [100]; puts(upper_str);
int i=0, j=0; return 0;
printf("\n Enter the string:"); }
gets(str);
while(str[i] != '\0')
{
if(str[i]>='a' && str[i]<='z')
upper_str[j] = str[i] -32;
else
upper_str[j] = str[i];
i++;
j++;
}
 Converting characters of a String into
Lowercase
Algorithm to convert the characters of string into
lower case

Step1: [Initialize] SET I=0

Step 2: Repeat Step 3 while STR[I] != ‘\0’
Step 3: IF STR[1] > =‘A’ AND STR[I] <= ‘Z’
SET Lowerstr[I] = STR[I] + 32
ELSE
SET Lowerstr[I] = STR[I]
[END OF IF]
SET I = I +1
[END OF LOOP]
Step 4: SET Lowerstr[I] = ‘\0’
Step 5: EXIT
 Write a program to convert characters of a
string into lower case.
#include <stdio.h>
int main() lower_str[j] = '\0’;
{ printf("\n The string converted into
char str[100], lower_str [100]; lower case is : ");
int i = 0, j=0; puts(lower_str);
printf("\n Enter the string :"); return 0;
gets(str); }
while(str[i] != '\0')
{
if(str[i]>='A'&& str[i]<='Z')
lower_str[j]= str[i] + 32;
else
lower_str[j] = str[i];
i++;
j++;
}
Concatenating two Strings to form a new
string
Algorithm to Concatenate Two Strings
1. Initialize I =0 and J=0
2. Repeat step 3 to 4 while I <= LENGTH(str1)
3. Set new_str[J] = str1[I]
4. Set I =I+1 and J=J+1
[END of step2]
5. SET I=0
6. Repeat step 6 to 7 while I <= LENGTH(str2)
7. Set new_str[J] = str1[I]
8. Set I =I+1 and J=J+1
[END of step5]
9. SET new_str[J] = ‘\0’
10. EXIT
 WAP to concatenate two Strings.
#include <stdio.h>
int main() i=0;
while(str2[i] != '\0')
{
char str1[100], str2[100],str3[100]; {
str3[j] = str2[i];
int i=0, j=0;
printf("\n Enter the first string:"); i++;
gets(str1); j++;
}
printf("\n Enter the second
string:"); str3[j] = '\0';
printf("\n The concatenated
gets(str2);
while(str1[i] != '\0') string is:");
{ puts(str3);
return 0;
str3[j] = str1[i];
i++; }
j++;
}
 Comparing two strings
Note:
Algorithm to compare two strings i) S1 and S2 are equal
Step1: [Initialize] SET I=0, SAME =0 ii) S1 > S2 , when in dictionary
Step 2: SET Len1=Length(STR1),
order S1 will come after S2
Len2=Length(STR2)
Step 3: IF len1 != len2, then
iii) S1 < S2 , when in dictionary
Write “Strings Are Not Equal” order S1 precedes S2
ELSE Step 4: IF SAME = 0, then
Repeat while I<Len1 IF STR1[I] >
IF STR1[I] == STR2[I]
SET I = I + 1 STR2[I], then
ELSE Write “String1 is
Go to Step 4 greater than
[END OF IF] String2”
[END OF LOOP] ELSE IF STR1[I]<STR2[I],then
IF I = Len1, then
SET SAME =1 Write “String2 is
Write “Strings are equal” greater than
[END OF IF] String1”
[END OF IF]
 Write a program to compare two strings.
if(i==len1)
#include <stdio.h>
{ same=1;
#include <string.h>
printf("\n The two strings are
equal");
main()
}
{
}
char str1[50], str2[50];
if(len1!=len2)
int i=0, len1 = 0, len2 = 0, same = 0;
printf("\n The two strings are not
printf("\n Enter the first string : ");
equal");
gets(str1);
if(same == 0)
printf("\n Enter the second string : ");
{
gets(str2);
if(str1[i]>str2[i])
len1 = strlen(str1);
printf("\n String1 is greater than
len2 = strlen(str2);
string2");
if(len1 == len2)
else if(str1[i]<str2[i])
{ while(i<len1)
printf("\n String2 is greater than
{ if(str1[i] == str2[i])
string1");
i++;
}
else break;
return 0;
}
}
 Unit 4
Ch 15: STRUCTURES
 Structures
• Structure is a user-defined data type that can store related
information.

• Major difference between a structure and an array is that an

array stores the information of the same data type whereas, a
structure stores information of different data types.

• A structure is, therefore, a collection of variables under a

single name.
 Structure Declaration
Syntax of structure declaration:
struct struct_name
{
datatype var_name;
datatype var_name;
................
};
Example of a structure declaration:
struct student
{
int r_no;
char name[20];
char course[20];
float fees;
};
 Declaring a variable of the structure
• In order to use the structure we have to declare the variable of a structure.
Two ways of declaring the variable of the structure are:
1) struct employee
{
int id;
char name[10];
float salary;
};
struct employee emp1;

2) struct employee
{
int id;
char name[10];
float salary;
}emp1,emp2;

• Note: memory is allocated when the variable of the structure is declared.

Memory allocation for a structure variable
 Typedef declarations
• Typedef is a keyword that enables the programmer to create a new datatype name
for an existing datatype.
• By using typedef, no new data is created but an alternate name is given to a
known datatype.
Syntax for using typedef is:
typedef existing_datatype new_datatype
• Typedef statement doesn’t occupy any memory, it simply defines a new type.
Example: typedef int INTEGER;
INTEGER num=6;
• When we precede a struct with a typedef, then struct variable becomes a new
type.
typedef struct student
{
int roll_no;
char name[20];
};
• We can straight away declare the variable of this new datatype student as:
student stud1;
 Initializing of structures

Syntax of initializing a structure: Example:

Struct struct_name Struct student
{ {
datatype member_name1; int r_no;
char name[20];
datatype member_name2;
float fees;
}struct_var={constant1,constant2,....};
}stud1={123,”RAJU”,25000};
OR OR
Struct struct_name Struct student
{ {
datatype member_name1; int r_no;
datatype member_name2; char name[20];
}; float fees;
Struct struct_name struct_var = { constant1 };
,Constant2,....}; Struct student stud1={123,”RAJU”,25000};
 Accessing the members of a structure
• A structure member variable is generally accessed by a ‘.’(dot)operator.
Syntax of accessing a structure or a member of a structure:
Struct_var.member_name
Example(direct initialisation)
• Stud1.r_no=123;
• Stud1.name=“RAHUL”;
• Stud1.fees=66000;
Taking the values from the user input for variable stud1:
• scanf(“%d”,&stud1.r_no);
• scanf(“%f”,&stud1.fees);
• scanf(“%s”,&stud1.name);
To print the values of structure variable stud1:
• printf(“%f”,stud1.fees);
 Copying structures
• We can assign a structure to another structure of the same type.
• For example, if we have two structure variables stud1 and
stud2 of type struct student,
Struct student stud1= { 01, ”RAHUL”,”BCA” ,45000};
Struct student stud2;
• Then we can copy the member variables of stud1 to stud2 as:
Struct student stud2 = stud1;
 Comparing structures
• C doesn’t permit comparison of 1 structure variable with
another.

if(stud1 > stud2) this is wrong

• But individual members of 1 structure can be compared with

an individual member of another structure.

Example: comparison of fees of 2 students:

if (stud1.fees > stud2.fees) //this is right