SF

PsfOM b'O gljgtd lrGtg

;dfj]zL lzIff
 lzIff P]g, @)@* cg';f/M æ;dfj]zL lzIffÆ eGgfn] b]xfosf] lzIff ;Demg'k5{ M
– b[li6ljxLg, Go"g b[li6o'Qm, alx/f, ;':t>j0f, cl6Hd, af}l4s, zf/Ll/s jf ckfª\utf ePsf afnaflnsfnfO{ lgoldt z}lIfs k4ltsf]
cwLgdf /xL lbOg] lzIff .
– ;fdflhs, cfly{s jf ef}uf]lns sf/0fn] k5fl8 kfl/Psf JolQmnfO{ lje]b/lxt jftfj/0fdf lbOg] lzIff .
 ;dfhdf /x]sf x/]s ju{, If]q, ;d'bfo, ;Dk|bfo, hfthfltnufot lzIffaf6 jl~rt /x]sf ju{nfO{ pgLx¿sf] cfjZostf / rfxgfcg';f/sf]
lzIff k|bfg u/L u'0f:t/Lo hLjgofkg ug{ ;Sg] agfO{ lzIffsf] dfWodaf6 /fHosf] d"n k|jfxdf ;dflxt ug]{ lzIf0fsf] cfw'lgs ljlw g}
;dfj]zL lzIff xf] .
kl/efiff
 o'g]:sf]] -;g\ @)))_ cg';f/ ;dflxt lzIff eg]sf] ljBfno / sIffdf /x]sf ljljw cfjZostf ePsf l;sf?nfO{ nlIft hjfkmb]xL lzIff g}
;dflxt lzIff xf] .
 kf]6\; (1997) sf cg';f/, æd"n k|efjdf ;xeflutfsf] j[l4 / alxis/0fsf] sdL ug'{ g} ;dflxt lzIff xf] .Æ
 yf]d; (1997) sf cg';f/, æ;a} ljBfyL{nfO{ l:jsfg]{ jf ;d]6\g] ljBfnonfO{ ;dflxt lzIff eGg'k5{ .Æ
 ;g\ !(($ h'g -& b]lv !)_ lbgsf] ;fnfdfGsf (Salamanca) df ePsf] ljz]if lzIff;DaGwL ;Dd]ngn] ;dflxt lzIffsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{
k|of]udf Nofpg ljz]if hf]8 lbof] . o; ;Dd]ngdf (@ /fi6« / @% j6f cGt/f{li6«o ;+3;+:yfsf sl/a #)) k|ltlglwx¿ ;xefuL ePsf lyP .
 g]kfndf cf=j= @)%#÷)%$ b]lv emfkf, wgs'6f, tgx'F, sf:sL, bfª / ;'v]{tdf ;dflxt lzIff sfo{qmd ;'? ePsf]
lyof] . -klxnf] emfkf lhNnf dflgG5 ._
 cf=j= @)%^÷)%& df ;'? eof] / ;f] sfo{qmdsf] k/LIf0f t/fO{df af‚s], kxf8df pbok'/ / sfe|], lxdfnL If]qdf l;Gw'kfNrf]s lhNnfsf !@
ljBfnodf k/LIf0fsf] ¿kdf rn]sf] lyof] . -klxnf] lhNnf afFs] xf] ._
kf7\oqmddf ;dfj]zL k4ltdf !% nlIft ;d"x /x]sf]
• dlxnf  ckfª\utf ePsf afnaflnsf
• blnt afnaflnsf  ;LdfGts[t / lk5l8Psf hfthflt
• ljleGg efiffefifL afnaflnsf  ;8s afnaflnsf
• >lds afnaflnsf  a]rlavgdf k/L p4f/ ul/Psf afnaflnsf
• b}jLk|sf]k kLl8t afnaflnsf  åGåkLl8t afnaflnsf
• of}gzf]lift tyf b'/frf/ u|l;t afnaflnsf  ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf kl/jf/sf afnaflnsf
• sfdbf/ jf dhb'/sf afnaflnsf  h]ndf /x]sf afnaflnsf
• s'i7/f]uL / cGo ;+qmfds /f]uu|:t afnaflnsf .
ckfª\utfsf] juL{s/0f
zf/Ll/s ckfª\utf
:gfo' df+;k]zL / hf]gL{x¿ tyf x8\8Lsf] agfj6 Pjd\ ;~rfng sfo{x¿df ePsf] ;d:ofsf sf/0f JolQmdf zf/Ll/s cª\ux¿sf] ;~rfng,
k|of]u / lxF88'ndf cfPsf] ;d:of zf/Ll/s ckfª\utf xf] .
b[li6;DaGwL ckfª\utf
b[li6;DaGwL ;d:ofsf sf/0f JolQmdf s'g} klg j:t'sf] cfs[lt, cfsf/ / /ªsf] 1fg gx'g] l:ylt b[li6;DaGwL ckfª\utf xf] . b[li6;DaGwL
ckfª\utf b'O{ k|sf/sf] x'G5 M b[li6ljxLgtf / Go"gb[li6 .
-s_ b[li6ljxLgtf (Blind) M s'g} JolQm cf}iflw, zNolrlsT;f tyf r:df k|of]u h:tf pkrf/af6 klg b'j} cfFvfn] !) lkm6sf] b"/Laf6 xftsf]
cf}+nf 5'6\ofpg ;Sb}g jf :g]n]g (Snellen) rf6{sf] klxnf] nfOgsf] cIf/ -#÷^)_ k9\g ;Sb}g eg] To:tf] JolQmnfO{ b[li6ljxLg dflgg]5 .
-v_ Go"g b[li6o'Qm (Low vision) M s'g} JolQm cf}iflw, zNolrlsT;f tyf r:df k|of]u h:tf pkrf/af6 klg @) lkm6sf] b"/Laf6 cf}+nf 5'6\ofpg
;Sb}g jf :g]n]g (Snellen) rf6{sf] rf}yf nfOgsf] cIf/ -^÷!*_ k9\g ;Sb}g eg] JolQmnfO{ Go"g b[li6o'Qm dflgg]5 .
;'gfO;DaGwL ckfª\utf
;'gfO;DaGwL ckfª\ux¿sf] agfj6 Pjd\ :j/sf] klxrfg, :yfg prf/r9fj tyf :j/sf] dfqf / u'0f 5'6\ofpg] sfo{df JolQmdf ePsf] ;d:of
;'gfO;DaGwL ckfª\utf xf] . ;'gfO;DaGwL ckfª\utf b'O{ k|sf/sf] x'G5 M alx/f / ;':t>j0f .
-s_ alx/f (Deaf) : g;'Gg], c:ki6 af]Ng g;Sg] / ;~rf/sf nflu ;fª\s]lts efiff k|of]u ug'{kg]{ JolQm alx/f xf] . :jf:Yo hfFrsf b[li6n] *)
8]l;aneGbf dflysf] Wjlg klg ;'Gg g;Sg] JolQmnfO{ alx/f dflgPsf] 5 .
-v_ ;':t>j0f (Hard of Hearing) M sfg sd dfq ;'Gg] t/ af]Ng eg] ;kmf;Fu af]Ng ;Sg] / ;'GgnfO{ sfgdf >j0f oGq /fVg'kg]{ JolQm
;':t>j0f xf] . :jf:Yo hfFrsf b[li6n] %^ 8]l;an b]lv *) 8]l;an;Ddsf] Wjlg ;'Gg ;Sg] t/ ;f] tnsf] ;'Gg g;Sg] JolQmnfO{
;':t>j0f dflgPsf] 5 .
>j0f b[li6ljxLg (Deaf Blind)
b[li6;DaGwL / ;'gfO;DaGwL ckfª\utf ePsf] JolQm >j0 fb[li6ljxLg ckfª\utf ePsf] JolQm dflgPsf] 5 . o:tf] ckfª\utf ePsf] JolQmn]
:k;{af6 dfq s]xL s'/f yfxf kfpg] / ;~rf/ ug]{ x'G5 . >j0f b[li6ljxLg ;+j]bgzLn ckfª\utf dflgG5 .
:j/ af]nfO;DaGwL ckfª\utf
:j/ af]nfO;DaGwL cª\ux¿df pTkg cK7\of/f]sf sf/0f af]Nbf :j/sf] ptf/r9fjdf sl7gfO, af]nL :ki6 gx'g', af]Nbf zAb / cIf/ bf]xf]l/g'nfO{
:j/ af]nfO;DaGwL ckfª\utf dflgPsf] 5 .
dfgl;s ckfª\utf
dl:tis / dfgl;s cª\ux¿df cfPsf ;d:of tyf ;r]tg, cled'vLs/0f, k'mtL{ :d/0fzlQm efiff u0fgf h:tf af}l4s sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf
;Gbe{df cfpg] ;d:ofsf sf/0f pd]/ / kl/l:yltcg';f/ Jojxf/ ug{ g;Sg' tyf af}l4s l;sfOdf l9nf x'g'nfO{ dfgl;s ckfª\utf dflgPsf] 5 .
dfgl;s ckfª\utf tLg k|sf/sf x'G5g\ . af}l4s ckfª\utf, ;':t dgl:ylt dfgl;s c:j:ytf / cl6Hd .
-s_ af}l4s ckfª\utf÷;':t dgl:ylt M !* jif{sf] pd]/ cufj} af}l4s ljsf; gePsf] sf/0fn] pd]/ jf jftfj/0f ;fk]If lqmofsnfk ug{ sl7gfO
x'g] JolQmnfO{ af}l4s ckfª\utf ;':t dgl:ylt dflgPsf] 5 .
-v_ dfgl;s c:yj:ytfM dfgl;s c:j:ytf jf sdLsdhf]/L jf ljs[ltsf sf/0f b}lgs hLjgofkg ug{ sl7gfO x'g] czQmtfnfO{ dfgl;s
c:j:ytf dflgPsf] 5 .
-u_ cl6Hd (Autism) : hGdhft s'g} JolQmsf] pd]/sf] ljsf;;Fu} ;fdfGo Jojxf/ gb]lvg], c:jefljs k|ltlqmof b]vfpg] Pp6} Jojxf/ nuftf/
bf]xf]¥ofO/xg], c¿;Fu 3'nldn gx'g] jf tLj| k|ltlqmof hgfpg] cj:yfnfO{ cl6Hd dflgPsf] 5 .
ax'ckfª\utf
Pp6} JolQmdf dfly pNn]v ePsf b'O{ jf b'O{eGbf a9L k|sf/sf ckfª\utfsf] ;d:ofnfO{ ax'ckfª\utf dflgPsf] 5 .
ljz]if lzIffsf] Oltxf;
/f]6/L Snan] s'df/ gfds Ps JolQmnfO{ ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfsf] j:6g{l:yt lj=;+= @)!*
kls{G; OlG:6Ro'6 km/ b AnfOG8 gfds ;+:yfdf Ps dlxgfsf] z}lIfs tflnd
lng k7fPsf] ;do
8f= O;fAn]u|fG8 gfds g]qxLg cd]l/sL dlxnf g]kfn e|d0fdf cfPsf] ;do lj=;+= @)@)
n]af]/]6/L :s'ndf cGwf ljBfyL{nfO{ PsLs[t ¿kdf cGwf lzIff sfof{qmd lj=;+= @)@!
;~rfng
afn dlGb/ gS;fndf alx/f afnaflnsfx¿sf nflu alx/f :s'n :yfkgf lj=;+= @)@# h]7 @(
g]kfn cGwf ckf+u ;+3sf] :yfkgf lj=;+= @)@^
g]kfn cGwf ckf+u ;+3 :yfkgf ug]{ JolQm vu]Gb|axfb'/ a:g]t
cGwf ckf+u ;+3sf] p2]Zo ckf+utf ljBfyL{nfO{ Jofj;flos lzIff
lbg
;fdflhs ;]jf /fli6«o ;dGjo kl/ifb\sf] :yfkgf lj=;+= @)#$ df
;':t dgl:ylt ePsf afnaflnsfsf] nflu lgd{n afn ljsf; s]Gb| @)#&
dGqfnon] qmlds ¿kdf cfkm}+n] ljz]if lzIff ;~rfng ug]{ lg0f{o lj=;+= @)$^
tTsfnLg ;/sf/n] ljz]if lzIff ljBfnosf lzIfs sd{rf/Lsf] tna eQf a]xf]g{ cf=j= @)$*÷)$(
;'?
of]hgfa4 ¿kdf ljz]if lzIff sfo{qmd @)@* af6
ljz]if lzIff kl/ifb\sf] u7g -tTsfnLg lzIffdGqL 1fg]Gb|axfb'/ sfsL{ cWoIf_ lj=;+= @)#) c;f/ @!
ljBfyL{x¿sf] ckf+utfsf] lsl;d x]/L 5'§f5'6} ljBfnosf] Joj:yf u/L vf;– ljz]if ljBfno
vf; lsl;dsf] ckf+utfnfO{ Vofndf /fvL ul/g] lzIf0f l;sfO ;~rfng ug]{
ljBfno
xfn ljz]if ljBfnosf] ;ª\Vof ## j6f -!* j6f alx/f, !$ j6f af}l4s
ckfª\utf / ! j6f b[li6_
w]/}h;f] xNsf, dWodvfn] ckf+utf / b[li6ljxLg ckf+utfx¿nfO{ ;fwf/0f PsLs[t ljBfno
ljBfnojf6 lbOg] lzIff
PsLs[t ljBfnosf] ;ª\Vof @# j6f -!^ j6f b[li6ljxLg, % j6f alx/f
/ @ j6f zf/Ll/s ckfª\utf_
;|f]t sIff hDdf ;ª\Vof #*) j6f -!&$ j6f alx/f, !@$ af}l4s
ckfª\utf / *! j6f b[li6ljxLg_
g]kfnn] klxnf] k6s cGt/f{li6«o ckfª\u jif{ dgfPsf] ;fn @)#* -;g\ !(*!_
afnd}qL lzIffsf] cjwf/0ff / k|of;
 afnd}qL ljBfno k|f¿k M @)^&.)*.)(
afnd}qL ljBfno /fli6«o k|f¿ksf If]q, ;"rs / Go"gtd dfkb08sf] ;+Vof
l;=g+= If]q ;"rs Go"gtd dfkb08 ck]lIft dfkb08 ;+Vof
!= k|efjsfl/tf !% !% !%
@= ;dfj]lztf ( ( (
#= n}ª\lus kIf !! !! !!
$= ;xeflutf # !$ !$
%= :jf:Yo ;'/Iff / arfj6 # !# !^
^= ljBfnosf] ef}lts cj:yf @) $$ $&
&= lzIf0f l;sfO k|lqmof !# !^ !$
 *= dft[efiff lzIf0f l;sfO & & *
(= ljBfno Joj:yfkg !# @) !*
hDdf ($ !$( !%@
afnd}qL ljBfnosf dfkb08 / ;"rs
k|efjsfl/tf;DaGwL Go"gtd / ck]lIft dfkb08x¿
If]q ljifoj:t'÷;"rs Go"gtd ck]lIft
cf};t sIffut cf};t pknlAw %) k|ltzt !)) k|ltzt
;DaGwdf ljifout cf};t pknlAw %) k|ltzt !)) k|ltzt
ljBfno 5f8\g] b/ !) k|ltzt ) k|ltzt
tx kf/ ug]{ b/ () k|ltzt !)) k|ltzt
sIff bf]xf]¥ofpg] b/ % k|ltzt ) k|ltzt
s'n ljBfyL{df sd / a9L !) k|ltzt ) k|ltzt
pd]/ ;d"xsf ljBfyL{sf] b/
lzIf0f ljlw k|jt{gfTds lzIf0f ax'ljlwsf] k|of]u ePsf] lzIfsx¿n] lzIf0f ljlw;DaGwL tflnd k|fKt u/]sf], ;xeflutfTds
;DaGwdf ljlwsf] k|of]u ljlwsf] k|of]u u/]sf] / k|o'Qm ljlwsf] cg'udg u/]sf]
;dosf] lzIfs pkl:ylt ljBfno v'n]sf] lbgdWo] (@ k|ltzt !)) k|ltzt
;b'kof]u sIffsf]7fdf lzIfs tf]lsPsf] s'n ;dosf] !)) k|ltzt s'n ;dosf] !)) k|ltzt / cfjZostfg';f/ cltl/Qm ;dosf] pkof]u
;DaGwdf ljBfyL{ pkl:ylt s'n @!) lbg k|ltjif{ s'n @@) lbg k|ltjif{
lzIfs lzIfs pQ/bfloŒj ljBfyL{sf] l;sfO pknlAwk|lt ljBfyL{sf] JolStut pknlAwsf] cfwf/df cleefjsx¿;Fu ;xsfo{
bfloTj, lzIfsx¿ pQ/bfoL ePsf] u/L of]hgf agfPsf] / sfof{Gjog;d]t u/]sf]
;xof]u lzIfssf nflu k];fut x/]s lzIfsn] jflif{s ¿kdf sDtLdf x/]s lzIfsn] tflndaf6 k|fKt u/]sf] 1fg, ;LknfO{ sIffsf]7fdf k|of]u u/],
;DaGwdf ;xof]u ! k6s dfudf cfwfl/t tflnd k|fKt gu/]sf] ;dLIff u/]sf], ;f] ;dLIff ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿df hfgsf/L lbg] u/]sf] /
u/]sf] ;'wf/sf nflu k[i7kf]if0f;d]t cfbfgk|bfg x'g] u/]sf]
ljBfno ljBfno lg/LIf0f ;DalGwt lg/LIfsaf6 x/] s lzIfssf] ;DalGwt lg/LIfsaf6 x/]s lzIfssf] jif{sf] sDtLdf @ k6s lg/LIf0f
lg/LIf0f jif{ s f] sDtLdf @ k6s sIff ePsf], @ k6s k|wfgfWofksaf6 ePsf], @ k6s ;dsIfLaf6 sIff
;DaGwdf cjnf] s g, k' g a{ ng u/] s f] cjnf]sg eO{ k[i7kf]if0f cfbfgk|bfg ePsf]
d"Nofª\sg lzIfs d"Nofª\sg x/]s jif{ lzIfsx¿sf] sIffut x/]s jif{ lzIfsx¿sf] sIffut jf ljifout pknlAwsf cfwf/df
;DaGwdf jf ljifout pknlAwsf cfwf/df d"Nofª\sg ul/Psf] / ;f]sf] cfwf/df k'/:sf/ tyf k[i7kf]if0fsf] Joj:yf
d"Nofª\sg ul/Psf] / ;f]sf] ljj/0f ePsf]
k|sfzg u/]sf]
lg/Gt/ ljBfyL{ d"Nofª\sg cfwf/e"t txsf qmdzM sIff & ;Dd cfwf/e"t txsf] sIff & ;Dddf ljBfyL{x¿sf] JolStut
sfof{Gjog ePsf] clen]v;lxtsf] Joj:yf eO{ cf}krfl/s k/LIff k|0ffnLsf] cGTo ePsf]
.
;dfj]zLs/0f;DaGwL Go"gtd / ck]lIft dfkb08x¿
If]q ljifoj:t'÷;"rs Go"gtd ck]lIft
kx'Fr afnaflnsfsf] 3/ / ljBfnosf] b"/L cfwf 306fsf] lxF8\g] af6f] jf @ ls=ld= !% ldg]6sf] lxF8\g] af6f] jf !
;DaGwdf ls=ld=
ckfª\utfsf cfwf/df ;a} ckfª\utf ePsfnfO{ ljBfnosf] kx'Frsf nflu ;a} ckfª\utf ePsfnfO{
;xof]usf] Joj:yf ljBfnosf] kx'Fr
hft hfltut cfwf/df !)) k|ltzt !)) k|ltzt
wd{, ;+:s[ltsf] cfwf/df !)) k|ltzt !)) k|ltzt
cfly{s ¿kdf sdhf]/ tyf cGo sdhf]/ ju{sf] !)) k|ltzt !)) k|ltzt
ljBfno egf{
lzIffdf n}ª\lus kIf;DaGwL Go"gtd / ck]lIft dfkb08x¿
If]q ljifoj:t'÷;"rs Go"gtd ck]lIft
5fqj[lQ ;DaGwdf %) k|ltzt 5fqj[lQ ;a} 5fqfx¿dWo] %) k|ltzt 5fqfn] %) k|ltzt 5fqf 5fqj[lQ !)) k|ltzt
5fqj[lQ kfPsf] k'u]sf]
blnt 5fqj[lQ jt{dfg lgod sfg'gn] Joj:yf u/]cg';f/ tTsfnLg lgod sfg'gn] Joj:yf
ljt/0f ePsf] u/]cg';f/ ljt/0f ePsf]
hghflt 5fqj[lQ jt{dfg lgod sfg'gn] Joj:yf u/]cg';f/ tTsfnLg lgod sfg'gn] Joj:yf
ljt/0f ePsf] u/]cg';f/ ljt/0f ePsf]
;lxbsf 5f]/f5f]/Lsf nflu 5fqj[lQ jt{dfg lgod sfg'gn] Joj:yf u/]cg';f/ tTsfnLg lgod sfg'gn] Joj:yf
ljt/0f ePsf] u/]cg';f/ ljt/0f ePsf]
ckfª\u 5fqj[lQ jt{dfg lgod sfg'gn] Joj:yf u/]cg';f/ tTsfnLg lgod sfg'gn] Joj:yf
ljt/0f ePsf] u/]cg';f/ ljt/0f ePsf]
s0ff{nL 5fqj[lQ jt{dfg lgod sfg'gn] Joj:yf u/]cg';f/ tTsfnLg lgod sfg'gn] Joj:yf
ljt/0f ePsf] u/]cg';f/ ljt/0f ePsf]
n}lÍs ;xeflutf 5fq / 5fqfsf] ;xeflutf a9fpg 5fqsf] t'ngfdf (& k|ltzt 5fqf ePsf] 5fq / 5fqfsf] ;dfg ;xeflutf ePsf]
;DaGwdf dlxnf lzIfs Joj:yfkg ug{ u/fpg dlxnf lzIfs lgo'lQm;DaGwL gLltsf] k"0f{ ljBfnox¿df sDtLdf krf; k|ltzt
sfof{Gjog ePsf] dlxnf lzIfs ePsf]
 ljBfno Joj:yfkgdf dlxnfsf] Joj:yfkg ;ldltdf sDtLdf ! hgf ljBfno ;Da4 ;a}
;xeflutf a9fpg dlxnf ;b:o ePsf] ;ldltx¿df %) k|ltzt dlxnfx¿
;xefuL ePsf]
n}lÍs r]tgfd"ns ljBfnodf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] ?lr jif{sf] ! k6s u/]sf] :yfgLo kl/j]z / cfjZostfcg';f/ jif{sf]
sfo{qmd a9fpg @ jf ;f] eGbf a9L / ;f] sfo{qmdsf]
k|efjsfl/tf;DaGwL n]vfhf]vf u/]sf]
afnaflnsf, kl/jf/ / ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutf;DaGwL Go"gtd / ck]lIft dfkb08x¿
If]q ljifoj:t'÷;"rs Go"gtd ck]lIft
afnaflnsfsf] ;xeflutf afnSnasf] u7g ePsf] afnSna u7g ePsf] / ;f] Snan] ;~rflnt
sfo{qmdx¿sf] cg'udg tyf ;dLIff u/]sf]
kl/jf/sf] ;xeflutf cleefjs lzIfs ;ª\3sf] u7g ePsf] cleefjs lzIfs ;ª\3åf/f ljBfnosf]
u'0f:t/ ;'wf/;DaGwL sfo{qmdx¿ u/]sf]
ljBfno ;'wf/ of]hgf lgdf{0ff cleefjssf] ljBfno ;'wf/ of]hgfdf ;dfj]z ePsf
;xeflutf ePsf] cleefjsx¿sf] ;'emfjsf] sfof{Gjog ePsf]
cleefjs e]nf jif{sf] ! k6s a:g] u/]sf] cleefjs e]nf jif{sf] @ jf ;f] eGbf a9L a:g]
u/]sf]
cleefjs lzIfs ;+3sf] # dlxgfdf ! k6s cleefjs lzIfs ;ª\3sf] @ dlxgfdf ! k6s
a}7s a:g] u/]sf] a}7s a:g] u/]sf]
s]xL cleefjs ljBfnodf afnaflnsfsf] k|uflt ;lqmo / lhDd]jf/ cleefjsnfO{ k'/:s[t ug]{
a'em\g cfpg] u/]sf] u/]sf] / x/]s cleefjs ljBfnodf
afnaflnsfsf] k|ult a'e\mg cfpg] u/]sf]
;d'bfosf] ;xeflutf jif{sf] ! k6s ;fd'bflos e]nf u/]sf] cfjZostfcg';f/ jif{df @ k6seGbf a9L
;fd'bflos e]nf u/]sf] / e]nfsf lg0f{ox¿
sfof{Gjog u/]sf] .
;xeflutf ;DaGwdf ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] a}7s @ dlxgfdf ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] a}7s ! dlxgfdf
a:g] u/]sf] a:g] u/]sf]
ljBfnodf ^–^ dlxgfdf ;fd'bflos e]nf ug]{ ljBfnosf] gLlt lgdf{0f, sfof{Gjog /
ul/Psf] cg'udgdf ;d'bfosf ;b:ox¿ k"0f{ ;lqmo
ePsf]
:jf:Yo, ;'/Iff / arfj6;DaGwL Go"gtd / ck]lIft dfkb08x¿
If]q ljifoj:t'÷;"rs Go"gtd ck]lIft
:jf:Yo :jf:Yo k/LIf0f jif{sf] ! k6s ljBfnodf tflnd k|fKt jif{sf] @ k6s ljBfnosf ;a} afnaflnsfsf] :jf:Yo k/LIf0f u/]sf] /
;DaGwdf :jf:YosdL{af6 afnaflnsfsf] :jf:Yo x/]s afnaflnsfsf] JolStut :jf:Yo ljj/0f b'?:t /fv]sf]
k/LIf0f u/]sf]
k|fylds pkrf/ afs; pknAw ePsf] / ;f] k|fylds pkrf/ afs; pknAw ePsf], k|fylds pkrf/ s;/L ul/G5 eGg]
afs;leq k|fylds pkrf/, h'sfsf] cf}iflw ljifodf ;a} lzIfs÷lzlIfsf Pjd\ 7"nf afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ tflnd lbPsf],
/ ;'O{sf] Joj:yf ePsf] jif{sf] Ps k6s cfFvf, d'v / sfgsf] k/LIf0f ug]{ u/]sf] / l;sfOdf ljz]if
;d:of ePsf afnaflnsfsf] zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s / ;+j]ufTds cj:yfsf]
k/LIf0f ug]{ u/]sf]
lgoldt h'sfsf] cf}iflw ljt/0f ePsf]
afnaflnsfn] kf]l;nf] vfhf ljBfno :jo+n] kf]l;nf] vfhfsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] / afnaflnsfsf]
NofP÷gNofPsf] hfFr ug]{ u/]sf] kf]if0fsf] :t/ k|To]s #÷# dlxgfdf hfFRg] u/]sf]
kmf]xf]/ a6'Ng] lglZrt 7fpF jf kmf]xf]/ kmfNg] kmf]xf]/ a6'Ng] lglZrt 7fp‚ jf kmf]xf]/ kmfNg] efF8f]sf] Joj:yf ePsf]
efF8f]sf] Joj:yf ePsf]
;'/Iff ;'/Iff cg'e"lt ljBfnodf ef}lts, zf/Ll/s b08 ;hfo ljBfnodf zf/Ll/s b08÷;hfo lbg gkfOg] / afnaflnsfsf] k[i7e"ld /
;DaGwdf lgif]w ul/Psf] Ifdtfsf] cfwf/df s;}nfO{ dfgl;s si6, b'Jo{jxf/, 3[0ff ug{ gkfOg]
gLlt lgod agfO{ nfu" u/]sf] / ;f]sf] cg'udg tyf d"Nofª\sg u/]sf]
ef}lts cj:yf;DaGwL Go"gtd / ck]lIft dfkb08x¿
If]q ljifoj:t'÷;"rs Go"gtd ck]lIft
e"sDk lg/f]ws ejg ePsf], e"sDk lg/f]ws /ª\u/f]ug;lxtsf] kSsL ejg ePsf],
ef}lts
k"j{wf/

3fdkfgL 5]Sg] 5fgf ePsf], lr;f], tftf] kfgL / cfjfh k'|km l;lnª\u 5fgf ePsf],
 Knf:6/ ul/Psf] jf /fd|f];Fu lnlkPsf] leQf ePsf], Knf:6/ / /ª\u/f]ug ul/Psf] leQf ePsf],
ejg tyf sIffsf]7f n]Vg / k9\g afwf gk'Ug] vfnsf] kof{Kt pHofnf] ePsf kof{Kt xfjf v]Ng] tyf k|sfz cfpg] e\mofn / ;'/Iffsf] nflu
sf]7fx¿ ePsf], lu|n jf 808L nufPsf]
ljBfyL{sf] kx'Frdf ePsf], ;'/lIft em\ofn9f]sf h'g aGb ug{ /
vf]Ng ldNg] ePsf]
k|lt %) ljBfyL{sf nflu ! sIffsf]7f ePsf], k|lt $) ljBfyL{sf] nflu ! sIffsf]7f ePsf],
k|ltljBfyL{ )=&% ju{ld6/ If]qkmn ePsf], k|ltljBfyL{ !=)) ju{ld6/ If]qkmn ePsf],
ejg tyf sIffsf]7f afn tyf ckfª\utfd}qL ePsf], ejg, sIffsf]7f / cGo ef}lts k"jf{wf/x¿ afnd}qL tyf
ckfª\utfd}qL ePsf],
% Â * lkm6sf] sfnf]kf6L Joj:yf ePsf], %Â * lkm6sf] x\jfO6af]8{sf] Joj:yf ePsf],
sIff # ;Ddsf sIffsf]7fsf leQfdf ljBfyL{n] e]6\g] u/L sIff # ;Ddsf] sIffsf]7fsf leQfdf ljBfyL{ e]6\g] u/L
sfnf]kf6L lgdf{0f ePsf], ;]tf]kf6Lsf] lgdf{0f ePsf],
;a} ljBfyL{x¿ Ps} k6sdf Pp6f v]n v]Ng ;Sg] ePsf], k'm6an;d]t v]Ng ;lsg] cfsf/sf] v]n d}bfg ePsf],
v]n d}bfg v]nd}bfg ;kmf;'U3/ / xl/ofnL ePsf], v]nd}bfg ;kmf;'U3/ xl/ofnL, afnd}qL / n}ª\lusd}qL
ljBfnosf] xftdf rfsfr'nL, lkª, lrKn]6Lx¿ /fVg ;Sg] ePsf],
d}bfg ePsf], ljBfnosf] xftdf rfsfr'nL lkª, lrKn]6L h:tf ;fdu|Lsf]
Joj:yf ePsf],
kmlg{r/ k|lt $ ljBfyL{sf nflu ! ;]6 8]:s a]Gr ePsf], k|To]s ljBfyL{sf nflu ! ;]6 pko'St s';L{, 6]a'n ePsf],
ljBfyL{sf] pd]/cg';f/ 8]:s a]Grsf] prfO ePsf], ljljw lsl;dsf] a;fO Joj:yf ug{ ldNg] xn'sf vfnsf]
8]:s a]Gr ePsf],
ljBfyL{n] k|of]u ug{ 8]:s !% OGr rf}8f ePsf], ljBfyL{n] k|of]u ug{] 8]:s !* OGr rf}8f ePsf],
a'ssg{/sf nflu ! pko'St ;fOhsf] ¥ofssf] Joj:yf a'ssg{/;lxt sIff ! b]lv # ;Dd ljifout l;sfO s'gfsf]
ePsf], -sIffsf] cfsf/ x]/L_ Joj:yf ePsf],
Ps l8:Kn]af]8{sf] Joj:yf ePsf], $ j6f;Dd l8:Kn]af]8{sf] Joj:yf ePsf],
k':tsfno ljBfnosf] Ps sf]7fdf kf7\oqmd ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L ;lxt ljifout lx;fan] ;fGble{s k':tsx¿sf] clen]vLs/0f /
%)) eGbf a9L k':ts ePsf], ljt/0f k|0ffnL;lxtsf] !%)) eGbf a9L k':ts /x]sf] !
k':tsfno ePsf],
k|of]uzfnf ljBfnosf] Pp6f sf]7fdf ljifout k|of]u ljifout ;fdu|L;lxtsf] Psk6sdf %) hgf;Ddn]
;fdu|Lx¿;lxtsf] Psk6sdf @% hgf;Ddn] k|of]ufTds k|of]ufTds sfo{ ug{ ;Sg] u/L Joj:yf ePsf],
sfo{ ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf ePsf],
zf}rfno k|lt %) 5fq tyf 5fqfsf] nflu 5'§f5'§} zf}rfno ePsf], k|lt @) 5fq tyf 5fqfsf nflu 5'§f5'§} zf}rfno ePsf],
lg/Gt/ ;kmfOsf] Joj:yf ePsf], ‰ofn9f]sf;lxtsf] lg/Gt/ :j:Yo x'g] lglZrttf;lxtsf] ;kmfOsf]
r's'n nufpg / vf]Ng ;lsg] zf}rfno ePsf]. Joj:yf ‰ofn9f]sf;lxtsf] r's'n ;lhnf]l;t nfpg /
vf]Ng ;lsg] zf}rfno ePsf],
kvf{n jf 3]/faf/f ljBfnosf] xftfnfO{ ;d]6\g] u/L ^ lkm6 cUnf] 3]/faf/f ljBfnosf] xftfnfO{ ;d]6\g] u/L dha't lkn/;lxtsf] ^ lkm6
ePsf], cUnf] tf/af/ jf kvf{n ePsf],
ljBfno xftf ejg, v]n d}bfg, j[If/f]k0f au}Frfsf nflu hldg 5'6\ofO{ ejg, v]n d}bfg, j[If/f]k0f, zf}rfno au}Frfsf] nflu
Joj:yfkg ;f]cg';f/ lgdf{0f ul/Psf], hldgsf] of]hgfa4 n]cfp6 -kfls{ª, s/];faf/L_ / lgdf{0f
u/L Jojl:yt ¿kdf pkof]udf NofPsf],
vfg]kfgL ljBfno xftfleq lkpgof]Uo kfgL ePsf], ljBfnosf] x/]s sIffsf]7fdf lkmN6/;lxt lkpg] kfgL
ePsf],
sfof{no sfof{no k|of]hgsf nflu 5'§} sf]7fsf] Joj:yf ePsf], k|wfgfWofks lzIfs, :6fkm / k|zf;lgs k|of]hgsf nflu
kmlg{r/;lxtsf] 5'§f5'§} sf]7f ePsf],
:jf:Yo hfFr sIf ljBfnosf] k|zf;lgs sIfdf Pp6f b/fhsf] Joj:yf u/L cfsl:ds la/fdLsf nflu a]8sf] ;d]t Joj:yf ePsf] /
cfwf/e"t pkrf/sf cf}iflw / hfFr pks/0fsf] Joj:yf hfFr tyf pkrf/ sIfsf] klg Joj:yf ePsf],
ePsf]
ljB't\ h8fg tyf ;f}o{ pmhf{ tyf hn pmhf{, Aof6«L cflb dfWodaf6 x/]s sIffsf]7fdf ljB't\sf] nfOg ePsf] / cfjZostfcg';f/
ljB'tLo ;fdu|L / kª\vf, k|f]h]S6/, sDKo'6/ cflbsf] pknAwtf ePsf] tyf
Od]n,
;'ljwfsf] Joj:yf ljBfnoleq ljB't\ h8fg ePsf], OG6/g]6;d]tsf] ;'ljwf ePsf],
rd]gf u[x ljBfnoglhs} vfhf vfg] 7fpFsf] Joj:yf ePsf], ljBfno xftfleq rd]gfu[xsf] Joj:yf ePsf],
au}Frf / s/];faf/L au}Frf / s/];faf/Lsf] nflu hldg 5'6\ofO{ ljBfno ;'wf/ cfocfh{gsf nflu klg x'g] u/L au}Frf / s/];faf/Lsf] lgdf{0f
of]hgfleq ;d]l6Psf], u/]/ To;sf] ;b'kof]u u/]sf],
ljBfno;Dd cfOk'Ug] ckfª\ux¿;lxt ;lhn} ljBfnodf cfpg ;Sg] u/L af6f] lxnf], w"nf] gePsf] af6f]sf] Joj:yf ePsf]
af6f] agfOPsf]
lzIf0f–l;sfO;DaGwL go"gtd / ck]lIft dfkb08x¿
If]q ljifoj:t'÷;"rs Go"gtd ck]lIft
of]hgf lgdf{0f jflif{s sfo{of]hgf lgdf{0f eO{ jflif{s sfo{of]hgfsf x/]s ultljlwsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog,
sfo{of]hgf
;DaGwdf
jflif{s

o;}sf cfwf/df ljBfno cfjlws ;dLIff, lg/Gt/ cg'udg / d"Nofª\sg tyf lzIf0f
ultljlw ;~rfng ePsf], l;sfO lqmofsnfknfO{ of]hgfsf] s]Gb|df /fv]sf],
 kf7\ok':ts z}lIfs ;qsf] ;'?d} x/]s x/]s ljifosf] kf7\ok':tsnufot :yfgLo tj/df ag]sf cGo
ljifosf] kf7\ok':ts kf7\o;fdu|Lx¿ kfPsf],
ljBfyL{x¿n] kfPsf],
z}lIfs e|d0f jif{sf] Psk6s ljBfnoaf6 k|To]s jif{ x/]s sIffnfO{ z}lIfs e|d0fdf n}hfg] u/]sf],
z}lIfs e|d0f n}hfg] u/]sf],
lzIfs tflndsf] lzIfsn] tflndaf6 l;s]sf lzIfsn] tflndaf6 l;s]sf s'/fx¿nfO{ sIffsf]7fdf k|of]u
k|of]u s'/fx¿nfO{ sIffsf]7fdf k|of]u
u/]sf] / k|wfgfWofks tyf ;DalGwt lg/LIfsaf6 lgoldt
u/]sf], cg'udg ePsf],
cfw'lgs k|ljlwsf] lzIf0f–l;sfO sDKo'6/df lzIf0f–l;sfOdf sDKo'6/, OG6/g]6 cflbsf] k|of]u ul/Psf / ;f]
k|of]u

k|of]u cfwfl/t l;sfO ePsf], k|of]unfO{ j:t'lgi7 / glthfd'vL agfpg ;a} lzIfsx¿n]
tflnd k|fKt u/L sfof{Gjogdf ptf/]sf],
dft[efiff lzIf0f–l;sfO;DaGwL Go"gtd / ck]lIft dfkb08x¿
If]q ljifoj:t'÷;"rs Go"gtd ck]lIft
lzIfssf] tof/L slDtdf k|f=lj=txsf lzIfs -! b]lv # sIff_ nfO{ cfjZos ;ª\Vofdf dft[efiffsf lzIfsx¿ tof/ kf/]sf],
lzIfs ÷lzIf0f

;DalGwt dft[efiffsf] tflnd lbPsf],

ax'eflifs ;a} lzIfsx¿n] ax'eflifs tflnd k|fKt u/]sf], ;a} lzIfsx¿n] ax'eflifs k'gtf{huL tflnd k|fKt u/]sf] tyf
lzIf0f cfjZostfcg';f/ k|of]u u/]sf],
ljBfno Joj:yfkg;DaGwL Go"gtd / ck]lIft dfkb08x¿
If]q ljifoj:t'÷;"rs Go"gtd ck]lIft
a}7s x/]s @ dlxgfdf a}7s x'g] u/]sf] / a}7sdf *) k|ltzt dlxgfsf] Psk6s a}7s x'g] u/]sf] / a}7sdf !))%
;b:o pkl:yt ePsf] ;b:o pkl:yt ePsf],
egf{ k|lj|mofdf ;dfj]zLs/0fnfO{ dWogh/ u/]sf], egf{ k|lj|mofdf ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] dfGotfnfO{ sfof{Gjog
u/]sf],
cfly{s Joj:yfkg ax';|f]t -:yfgLo, lghL, ;/sf/L÷u}/;sf/L k|0ffnL vr{ k|0ffnLnfO{ of]hgfa4 u/]sf] / ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿dfem
cjnDag u/]sf], cfo–Joosf] of]hgf tyf sfof{Gjog;d]t kf/bzL{ u/]sf],
sIff – lzIf0f tyf lzIfs ljBfyL{ cg'kft ldn]sf k|fl/Des txsf sIff ! sIff– lzIf0f tyf ax'sIff – lzIf0f;DaGwL tflnd k|fKt
ax'sIff – lzIf0f ;Ddsf ljBfnox¿df sIff – lzIf0f tyf ax'sIff lzIf0f lzIfsx¿åf/f lzIf0f eO/x]sf] / ;f]sf] cg'udg;d]t
nfu" ePsf], ePsf],
;fdflhs Gofo / lzIffdf ;dfj]zLs/0f
 { ;dfhdf ;xL s'/fsf] /Iff / pkof]u ug{, åGå k"0f{ cj:yfd lgikIftfk"j{s ;dfof]hg ug'{, kIfkft/lxt Jojxf/ k|bz{g ug'{, :ki6 / ;xL 9ª\uaf6
lqmofsnfkx¿ cjnDag ug'{, ;defj k|s6 ug'{ / ts{df cfwfl/t jf:tljstf / ;xL sfo{ ug'{ ;fdflhs Gofo x'G5 M
 ;fdflhs Gofo k|j4{g ug{sf lglDt k|bfg ul/g] lzIffnfO{ ;fdflhs Gofosf ¿kdf lzIff elgG5 .
;fdflhs Gofo lzIffsf] ;}4flGts cfwf/x¿
-s_ b}ljs tyf wfld{s l;4fGt -v_ ;d"x efjgfsf] l;4fGt
-u_ dfS;{jfbL l;4fGt -3_ dfgj clwsf/ Pjd\ dfgjtfjfbL l;4fGt
-ª_ sfG6sf] ;fdflhs Gofosf] l;4fGt -r_ ;fdflhs ;Demf}tfsf] l;4fGt
-5_ pkof]lutfsf] l;4fGt -h_ ;fwg ;|f]t kl/rfngsf] l;4fGt
-em_ /fhg}lts k|lqmofsf] l;4fGt -`_ sfg'gL l;4fGt
-6_ If]qs]lGb|t l;4fGt
;fdflhs Gofosf b[li6sf]0fx¿
!= ljt/0fsf/L÷;dfgtfdf cfwfl/t Gofo : ;dfgtfdf cfwfl/t b[li6sf]0fn] ;dfhdf /x]sf s;}nfO{ klg s'g} klg lgxF' jf sf/0fn] -ju{, If]q,
lnª\u, hflt, efiff, wd{, ;+:s[lt, pd]/ cflb_ lje]b ul/g' x'‚b}g eGg] dfGotf /fv]sf] x'G5 .
@= k'glj{t/0fsf/L÷;dtfdf cfwfl/t Gofo : o; cjwf/0ffdf ;dfgtfdf cfwfl/t Gofon] jf:tljs Gofosf] :yfkgf ug{ ;Sb}g eGg] dfGotf
/fv]sf] x'G5 . o;n] c;dfg cj:yfdf ;dfg Jojxf/ ubf{ jf cj;/x¿ lbFbf c;dfgtf a9]/ hfG5 eGg] dfGotf /fv]sf] x'G5 . o;
cjwf/0ffcg';f/ dfG5]sf] Ifdtf, bIftfsf cfwf/df lgikIftfsf] dfGotfcg';f/ Gofo k|bfg ug'{k5{ eGg] dfGotf /fVb5 .
#= k'gM:yflkt Gofo : /fHo ;~rfngsf qmddf ljutdf ePsf ;fdflhs lje]bsf sf/0f pTkL8gdf k/]sf ju{, If]q, hfthfltnfO{ To; vfnsf]
lje]b / zf]if0faf6 d'St ub}{ c¿;/x ;dfgtf / ;dtfsf] k|Tofe"lt lbnfpg] sfo{nfO{ k'gM:yflkt Gofosf ¿kdf cYof{pg ;lsG5 . ljåfg\x¿n]
cYof{OPsf] kfOG5 .
jt{dfg ;+ljwfgdf ;fdflhs Gofo
wf/f $@= ;fdflhs Gofosf] xs M
-!_ ;fdflhs ¿kn] k5fl8 k/]sf dlxnf, blnt, cflbjf;L, cflbjf;L hghflt, dw];L, yf¿, cNk;+Vos, ckf+utf ePsf JolQm,
;LdfGtLs[t, d'l:nd, lk58f ju{, n}+lus tyf of}lgs cNk;+Vos, o'jf, ls;fg, >lds, pTkLl8t jf lk5l8Psf] If]qsf gful/s
tyf cfly{s ¿kn] ljkGg v; cfo{nfO{ ;dfj]zL l;4fGtsf cfwf/df /fHosf] lgsfodf ;xeflutfsf] xs x'g]5 .
-@_ cfly{s ¿kn] ljkGg tyf nf]kf]Gd'v ;d'bfosf gful/ssf] ;+/If0f, pTyfg, ;zQmLs/0f / ljsf;sf nflu lzIff, :jf:Yo, cfjf;
/f]huf/L, vfBfGg / ;fdflhs ;'/Iffdf ljz]if cj;/ tyf nfe kfpg] xs x'g]5 .
-#_ ckf+utf ePsf gful/snfO{ ljljwtfsf] klxrfg;lxt dof{bf / cfTd;Ddfgk"j{s hLjgofkg ug{ kfpg] / ;fj{hlgs ;]jf tyf
;'ljwfdf ;dfg kx'Frsf] xs x'g]5 .
-$_ k|To]s ls;fgnfO{ sfg'gadf]lhd s[lif sfo{sf nflu e"lddf kx'Fr, k/Dk/fut ¿kdf k|of]u / cjnDag ul/Psf] :yfgLo aLplahg /
s[lif k|hfltsf] 5gf]6 / ;+/If0fsf] xs x'g]5 .
-%_ g]kfndf cu|ufdL nf]stflGqs kl/jt{gsf] nflu ePsf ;a} hgcfGbf]ng, ;z:q ;+3if{ / qmflGtsf qmddf hLjg pT;u{ ug]{ ;lxbsf
kl/jf/, a]kQf kfl/Psf JolQmsf kl/jf/, nf]stGqsf of]4f, åGåkLl8t / lj:yflkt, ckf+utf ePsf JolQm, 3fOt] tyf kLl8tnfO{
Gofo Pjd\ plrt ;Ddfg;lxt lzIff, :jf:Yo, /f]huf/L, cfjf; / ;fdflhs ;'/Iffdf sfg'gadf]lhd k|fyldstfsf ;fy cj;/ kfpg]
xs x'g]5 .
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] efu $ df /fHosf lgb]{zs l;4fGt tyf gLltx¿df pNn]v ePsf ;fdflhs Gofo;Fu ;DalGwt gLltx¿ o; k|sf/ 5g\M
wf/f %! sf] -`_ df ePsf] ;fdflhs Gofo / ;dfj]zLs/0f;DaGwL gLlt M
-!_ c;xfo cj:yfdf /x]sf Psn dlxnfnfO{ ;Lk, Ifdtf / of]Uotfsf] cfwf/df /f]huf/Ldf k|fyldstf lb+b} hLljsf]kfh{gsf nflu ;d'lrt
Joj:yf ub}{ hfg],
-@_ hf]lvddf k/]sf, ;fdflhs / kfl/jfl/s alxis/0fdf k/]sf tyf lx+;fkLl8t dlxnfnfO{ k'gM:yfkgf, ;+/If0f, ;zQmLs/0f u/L :jfjnDaL
agfpg],
-#_ k|hgg cj:yfdf cfjZos ;]jf ;'ljwf pkef]usf] ;'lglZrttf ug]{,
-$_ afnaRrfsf] kfngkf]if0f, kl/jf/sf] x]/rfx h:tf sfd / of]ubfgnfO{ cfly{s ¿kdf d"Nof+sg ug]{],
-%_ afnaflnsfsf] ;jf{]Qd lxtnfO{ k|fylds ¿kdf Wofg lbg],
-^_ d'St sd}of, sdn/L, x?jf, r?jf, xlnof, e"ldxLg, ;'s'Daf;Lx¿sf] klxrfg u/L a;f]af;sf nflu 3/38]/L tyf hLljsf]kfh{gsf nflu
s[lifof]Uo hldg jf /f]huf/Lsf] Joj:yf ub}{ k'gM:yfkgf ug]{,
-&_ /fli6«o ljsf;df o'jf ;xeflutf clej[l4 ub}{ /fhgLlts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts clwsf/x¿sf] k"0f{ pkof]usf] jftfj/0f l;h{gf
ug]{, o'jfsf] ;zQmLs/0f / ljsf;sf nflu lzIff, :jf:Yo, /f]huf/Lnufotsf If]qdf ljz]if cj;/ k|bfg ub}{ JolQmTj ljsf; ug{] tyf
/fHosf] ;jf+{uL0f ljsf;df of]ubfgsf nflu pko'Qm cj;/ k|bfg ug]{,
-*_ cflbjf;L hghfltsf] klxrfg;lxt ;Ddfgk"j{s afFRg kfpg] clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ug{ cj;/ tyf nfesf nflu ljz]if Joj:yf ub}{ o;
;d'bfo;Fu ;/f]sf/ /fVg] lg0f{ox¿df ;xefuL u/fpg] tyf cflbjf;L hghflt / :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] k/Dk/fut 1fg, ;Lk, ;+:s[lt, ;fdflhs
k/Dk/f / cg'ejnfO{ ;+/If0f / ;+j4{g ug]{],
-(_ cNk;+Vos ;d'bfonfO{ cfÇgf] klxrfg sfod /fvL ;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts clwsf/ k|of]usf] cj;/ tyf nfesf nflu ljz]if Joj:yf ug]{,
-!)_ dw];L ;d'bfo, d'l:nd / lk58f ju{nfO{ cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts cj;/ / nfesf] ;dfg ljt/0f tyf To:tf ;d'bfoleqsf
ljkGg gful/ssf] ;+/If0f, pTyfg, ;zQmLs/0f / ljsf;sf cj;/ tyf nfesf nflu ljz]if Joj:yf ug]{,
-!!_ pTkLl8t tyf lk5l8Psf] If]qsf gful/ssf] ;+/If0f, pTyfg, ;zQmLs/0f, ljsf; / cfwf/e"t cfjZostf kl/k"lt{sf cj;/ tyf nfesf
nflu ljz]if Joj:yf ug]{,
-!@_ ;fdflhs ;'/Iff / ;fdflhs Gofo k|bfg ubf{ ;a} ln+u, If]q / ;d'bfoleqsf cfly{s ¿kn] ljkGgnfO{ k|fyldstf k|bfg ug]{,
-!#_ :j:y, ;Ifd / cg'zfl;t gful/s tof/ ug{ v]ns'b tyf v]nf8Ldf of]hgfa4 nufgL ug]{ / v]ns'bnfO{ /fli6«o Pstf ;'b[9 ug]{ Pjd\
cGt/f{li6«o If]qdf /fli6«o ;Ddfg clej[l4 ug{]{ dfWodsf] ¿kdf ljsf; ug]{,
-!$_ ;fd'bflos tyf /fli6«o jf cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+3;+:yfsf] nufgL / e"ldsfnfO{ hjfkmb]xL / kf/bzL{ agfpFb} To:tf ;+:yfx¿sf] :yfkgf,
:jLs[lt, ;~rfng, lgodg / Joj:yfkgsf nflu Psåf/ k|0ffnL ckgfpg] / /fli6«o cfjZostf / k|fyldstfsf If]qdf dfq To:tf
;+3;+:yfx¿nfO{ ;+nUg u/fpg] .
lzIffdf ;dfj]zLs/0f
 z}lIfs k|lqmofdf ljleGg hfthflt, wd{, ju{, lnª\u, efiff, ;d'bfo / ;Dk|bfosf dflg;x¿sf] ;xeflutfsf] ;'lglZrttfsf ;fy} kx'Fr
;'lglZrt ug'{ g} lzIffdf ;dfj]zLs/0f xf] .
 lzIffdf ;dfj]zLs/0fn] ;dfhdf k5fl8 k/]sf ju{x¿nfO{ ;dtfsf cfwf/df ;sf/fTds lje]b u/L ;dfg cj;/ pknAw u/fpg] sfo{nfO{
hf]8 lbG5 .
 /fHosf] d"n k|jfxdf ;dflxt x'g g;s]sf jf k5fl8 k/]sf jf kfl/Psf dlxnf, cflbjf;L, hghflt, dw];L, blntnufot ;LdfGts[t ju{sf
nflu Ifltk"lt{sf] l;4fGtsf cfwf/df /fHosf] d"n k|jfxdf Nofpg ckgfOPsf] nf]stflGqs ljlw g} ;dfj]zLs/0f xf] .
 z}lIfs If]qdf /fHodf k5fl8 k/]sf JolQmnfO{ ;dfj]z ug'{ g} ;dfj]zLs/0f xf] . ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] cjwf/0ff ;g\ !(^) df cd]l/sfaf6 ePsf]
xf] . ;dfj]zLs/0f zAbsf] k|of]u ug]{ klxnf] JolQm Takis Fotopaulous x'g\ .
lzIffdf n}ª\lus ;dtf, ;dfgtf / dlxnf lzIff
n}ª\lus cjwf/0ff
;fdfGotof n}ª\lus zAbsf] k|of]u of}g zAb;‚u ;DalGwt eP/ x]g]{ ul/G5 . of}g zAbn] k'?if jf dlxnf x'g'sf] cj:yfnfO{ bzf{p‚5 eg]
n}ª\lus zAb of}gdf cfwfl/t eP tfklg o;sf] cy{ If]q / dxŒj Jofks ¿kdf km}lnPsf] 5 . n}ª\lus ljifo ljsf;sf] Ps dxŒjk"0f{ ljifosf
¿kdf cufl8 cfPsf] 5 .;x;|fAbL ljsf;sf cf7 nIox¿dWo] nIo g+= # n}ª\lus ;dfgtf tyf dlxnf z;lQms/0f / nIo g+= % df dft[ :jf:Yo
;'wf/ ljifonfO{ ;d]6]sf] 5 .
dlxnf ljsf;sf cfofdx¿
 ljsf;df dlxnf M ljsf;df dlxnfsf] ;xeflutf ;g\ !(&) af6 cfPsf] xf] . h;n] dlxnfsf] ;xeflutfdf hf]8 lbPsf] lyof] .
 dlxnf / ljsf; M dlxnf / ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ff ;g\ !(*) af6 cfPsf] xf] .
 n}ª\lus / ljsf; M n}ª\lus / ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ff ;g\ !(() af6 cfPsf] xf] . dlxnf / k'?ifsf] ;dljsf;df hf]8 lbPsf] .
lzIffdf ;dfg cj;/sf] cjwf/0ff (Concept of Equal Opportunity)
• ;a} dfgj hfltx¿sf nflu lzIff Ps cfwf/e"t cfjZostf xf] . ;a} JolStsf] ;jf{ª\uL0f ljsf; u/fpgsf nflu lzIff Ps dxŒjk"0f{ cfwf/
xf] . s'g} e]befjlagf g} lzIff k|To]s JolStnfO{ k|bfg ug'{ g} lzIffsf nflu ;dfg cj;/
xf] . lzIffdf ;dfg cj;/ x'gsf nflu kx'Fr (Access), u'0f (quality) / wf/0ff (Retention) ePsf] x'g'k5{ .
n}ª\lus ;dtf
dlxnf / k'?ifaLr ljBdfg ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts / cGo kIfsf leGgtfsf cfwf/df cj;/, kx'‚r, pkof]u / lgoGq0fdf /x]sf] c;dfgtfnfO{
lg/fs/0f u/L k"0f{ ;dfgtfsf l:yltdf Nofpgsf nflu cjnDag ul/g] pkfonfO{ n}ª\lus ;dtf
elgG5 .
n}ª\lus ;dfgtf
dlxnf / k'?ifaLr ;fwg ;|f]tsf] pkof]u / lgoGq0fdf x'g] ;dfgtf, ;fdflhs, cfly{s / /fhg}lts If]qdf x'g] ;dfg ;xeflutf dfgj
ljsf;sf ;]jf ;'ljwfdf ;dfg cj;/ / kx'‚rsf] cj:yf g} n}ª\lus ;dfgtf xf] .
cGt/f{li6«o k|of;x¿
;g\ !(!) – cGt/f{li6«o gf/L lbj; dfr{ * df dgfpg ;'?
;g\ !($% cS6f]a/ @$ – ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3sf] a8fkqn] dlxnf / k'?ifaLr ;dfgtfsf] l;4fGtnfO{ :jLsf/
;g\ !($^ – ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3sf] kxndf dlxnfsf] l:ylt;DaGwL cfof]u u7g
;g\ !($( – dlxnfsf] a]rlavg tyf j]Zofj[lQ zf]if0f;DaGwL dxf;lGw kfl/t
;g\ !(%) – dlxnfsf] gful/stfsf] clwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGw kfl/t
;g\ !(%! – cGt/f{li6«o >d ;ª\u7gn] dlxnf / k'?if b'j}nfO{ kfl/>ldsdf e]befj ug{ gkfOg] dxf;lGw kfl/t
;g\ !(%@ – dlxnfsf] /f]huf/Ldf clwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGw kfl/t
;g\ !(%* – cGt/f{li6«o >d ;ª\u7gn] /f]huf/L / k];fdf x'g] e]befj;DaGwL dxf;lGw kfl/t
;g\ !(^) – lnª\u;d]tsf cfwf/df s'g} klg e]befj ug{ gkfOg], lzIffdf e]befjlj?4sf] dxf;lGw kfl/t
;g\ !(^@ – ljjfxsf nflu Go"gtd pd]/ tyf ljjfx btf{;DaGwL dxf;lGw hf/L
;g\ !(&% – ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3sf] dxf;efn] cGt/f{li6«o gf/L jif{sf ¿kdf 3f]if0ff
;g\ !(&% – k|yd cGt/f{li6«o gf/L ;Dd]ng d]lS;sf]
;g\ !(&^ b]lv ;g\ !(*% – ;Ddsf] cjlwnfO{ ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3Lo dlxnf bzssf ¿kdf sfod
;g\ !(&( l8;]Da/ !* – dlxnflj?4 x'g] ;a} k|sf/sf e]befj pGd"ng;DaGwL dxf;lGw kfl/t
;g\ !(*) – bf];|f] cGt/f{li6«o gf/L ;Dd]ng 8]gdfs{sf] sf]kgx]ugdf ePsf]
;g\ !(*! ;]K6]Da/ ( – dlxnflj?4 e]befj pGd"ng dxf;lGw nfu" ePsf]
;g\ !((! clk|n @@ – g]kfnn] dlxnflj?4 e]befj pGd"ngdxf;lGw cg'df]bg
;g\ !(*% – g}/f]aLdf ePsf] t];|f] ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3Lo ljZj dlxnf ;Dd]ngn] /fhgLlts bnx¿n]
dlxnfx¿nfO{ ljleGg If]qdf dgf]gog tyf lgo'lQm ug'{kg]{ ;fy} pgLx¿sf] /fhgLlts Pj+ ;fdflhs
clwsf/nfO{ sfof{Gjog ug'{kg]{ s'/fdf hf]8
;g\ !((# – leogfdf ;DkGg bf];|f] dfgjclwsf/ ;Dd]ngn] dlxnf clwsf/nfO{ dfgjclwsf/sf ¿kdf
dfGotf k|bfg
;g\ !(($ – OlhK6sf] sfo/f]df ;DkGg hg;ª\Vof tyf ljsf;;DaGwL lzv/ ;Dd]ngn] k|hgg clwsf/nfO{
dlxnf clwsf/sf ¿kdf :yflkt
;g\ !((% – rf}yf] cGt/f{li6«o gf/L -a]Olhª_ ;Dd]ngsf cfwf/df dlxnflj?4 x'g] ;a} k|sf/sf] e]befj
pGd"ng ug]{ dxf;lGwsf] sfof{Gjog ug]{ l;nl;nfdf /fli6«o sfo{of]hgf @)^! sfof{Gjogdf NofOPsf]
;g\ !((( – dlxnflj?4 x'g] ;a} k|sf/sf e]befj pGd"ng;DaGwL dxf;lGwsf k|fjwfg ePdf ;f]sf]
sfof{Gjogsf nflu OR5fwLg cfn]v hf/L
;g\ @))) – Beijing +5 cGt/f{li6«o gf/L ;Dd]ng h'g %–(
;g\ @))@ – j]Zofj[lQsf nflu dlxnf / afnaflnsfsf] a]rlavglj?4 cle;lGw hf/L
;g\ @))% – Beijing +10 cGt/f{li6«o gf/L ;Dd]ng
;g\ @)!) – Beijing +15 cGt/f{li6«o gf/L ;Dd]ng dfr{ !–!@
n}ª\lus ;dfgtfsf nflu g]kfnn] u/]sf k|of;x¿
;g\ !((! – g]kfnn] leotgfddf ;DkGg dlxnfx¿sf] dfgjclwsf/ ;+/If0fsf] cGt/f{li6«o b:tfj]hsf ¿kdf /x]sf]
dlxnflj?4sf ;a} e]befj pGd"ng ug]{ dxf;lGw (CEDAW) !(&( sf] cg'df]bg
;g\ !(%% l8;]Da/ !$ – g]kfn ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3sf] ;b:o ePkl5 dlxnfx¿dfly /x]sf] zf]if0f, cGofo, cTofrf/ / lje]bnfO{ x6fp‚b}
pgLx¿nfO{ ljsf;df ;xeflutf u/fpg'kg]{ efjgf hfu[t
;g\ @)!) – g]kfnn] dlxnf lx+;flj?4sf] jif{sf ¿kdf dgfPsf]
lj=;+= @))$ – dfr{ * df cGt/f{li6«o gf/L lbj; dgfpg ;'?
lj=;+= @))$ – j}wflgs sfg'g @))$ df dlxnf / k'?if b'j}nfO{ ;dfg clwsf/ x'g] Joj:yf
lj=;+= @))% – dlxnf ;ª\3sf] :yfkgf
lj=;+= @))^ – g]kfn cGtl/d zf;g ljwfg @))^ df dlxnf / k'?if b'j}nfO{ ;dfg clwsf/ x'g] Joj:yf
lj=;+= @))* – kb\dsGof SofDk; -klxnf] dlxnf SofDk;_
lj=;+= @)!! – /f=lz=of]=cf= n] ;xlzIffdf hf]8 lb‚b} k|fylds txdf s]6f / s]6Lsf] ;+Vof a/fa/ x'g] s'/fdf hf]8 lbof]
lj=;+= @)!@ – ;xlzIff gLlt cjnDag
lj=;+= @)!# – dlxnf :jfjnDagsf nflu sf7df8f}+df u[xlj1fg tflnd s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf
lj=;+= @)!% – hgk|ltlglwTj;DaGwL P]gn] dlxnf / k'?ifnfO{ lgjf{rg If]qdf ;dfg clwsf/ k|bfg
lj=;+= @)!% – åfl/sfb]jL 7s'/fgL k|yd g]kfnL dlxnf ;f+;b / klxnf] dGqL
lj=;+= @)!% / @)!( – ;+ljwfgn] dlxnfsf] xslxt ;+/If0fsf] ljz]if Joj:yf u/]sf]
lj=;+= @)!& – ;fnkl5 k~rfotL Joj:yf / k~rfotcGtu{t dlxnf ;ª\u7gsf] Joj:yf
lj=;+= @)@) – gof‚ d'n'sL P]gsf] 3f]if0ffkl5 sfg'gL ¿kdf 5'jf5"t, hfltkftLnfO{ cGTo ug'{sf ;fy} afnljjfx, cgd]n ljjfx,
ax'ljjfxnfO{ u}/sfg'gL 3f]if0ff
lj=;+= @)@& – o'lg;]kmsf] ;xof]udf z}lIfs sfo{qmddf dlxnfsf] ;dfg kx'Fr sfo{qmd nfu"
lj=;+= @)#& – g]kfnsf] dlxnf / 5fqfsf] lzIff sfo{qmd ;'? -o'lg;]kmsf] ;xof]udf @)@& ;fnsf] sfo{qmdsf] gfd kl/jt{g_
lj=;+= @)$& – g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f !# df lnª\usf cfwf/df e]befj gul/g], dlxnf pTyfg / ljsf;df
/fHon] ljz]if Joj:yf ug]{ egL pNn]v
lj=;+= @)$( – /fli6«o lzIff cfof]un] k|fylds txdf Pshgf dlxnf lzIfssf] Joj:yf ug{ hf]8 lbof]
lj=;+= @)$( – /fli6«o lzIff cfof]un] lzIfs tflnddf &) k|ltzt dlxnfsf nflu ;'/lIft ug'{kg]{ s'/fdf hf]8 lbof]
lj=;+= @)%* – pRr:t/Lo /fli6«o lzIff cfof]un] ljBfnosf] ;Dk"0f{ txdf sDtLdf Pshgf dlxnf lzIfs /fVg ;'emfj lbof]
lj=;+= @)%@ c;f]h ^ – dlxnf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfnosf] :yfkgf
lj=;+= @)%$ – !@ j6f ljifoj:t' ;dfj]z u/L æn}ª\lus ;dfgtf tyf dlxnf ;zQmLs/0f /fli6«o sfo{of]hgf, @)%$ tof/ u/L
sfof{Gjog
lj=;+= @)%% – :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g @)%% df kl/ifb\df sDtLdf $) k|ltzt dlxnf x'g'kg]{ Joj:yf
lj=;+= @)%& – dlxnf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfnosf] gfd kl/jt{g u/L dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfno
agfOPsf]
lj=;+= @)%& – dlxnf ljsf; ljefusf] :yfkgf u/L &% j6} lhNnfdf dlxnf ljsf; zfvfsf] :yfkgf
lj=;+= @)%* kmfu'g @# – dlxnf cfof]usf] u7g
lzIff P]g @)@* – ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltdf cleefjsdWo]af6 dlxnf ;b:o clgjfo{ x'g'kg]{ Joj:yf . lzIff P]gdf lhNnf
lzIff ;ldltdf dlxnfsf] k|ltlglwTj x'g] / ufp‚ lzIff ;ldltdf dlxnfsf] k|ltlglwTj x'g] Joj:yf ul/Psf]
lzIff lgodfjnL, @)%( – k|fylds ljBfnodf tLg hgf;Dd lzIfs b/aGbL eP sDtLdf Pshgf, ;ft hgf;Dd lzIfs b/aGbL eP
sDtLdf b'O{hgf / ;f]eGbf a9L ePdf sDtLdf tLg hgf dlxnf lzIfssf] kb /xg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5
lj=;+= @)^# h]7 $ – k|ltlglw;efsf] 3f]if0ffn] /fHosf ;a} ;+/rgf / k|lqmofdf ## k|ltzt dlxnf x'g'kg]{ k|fjwfg /fv]sf]
lj=;+= @)^# – n}ª\lus ;dljsf;sf nflu aflnsf lzIffsf] /0fgLlt
lj=;+= @)^# – /fli6«o dlxnf cfof]u u7g ug]{ ;DaGwdf ag]sf] P]g
lj=;+= @)^# – n}ª\lus ;dfgtf sfod ug{ ag]sf] s]xL g]kfn P]g ;+zf]wg ug{ ag]sf] P]g
lj=;+= @)^$ – dlGqkl/ifb\n] /fHosf ;a} ;+/rgf / k|lqmofdf ## k|ltzt dlxnf ;xeflutf ug]{ lg0f{o u/]sf]
lj=;+= @)^$ – lghfdtL ;]jf P]gsf] bf];|f] ;+zf]wg, @)^$ df v'nf k|ltof]lutfåf/f k"lt{ x'g] kbdWo] $% k|ltzt kb dlxnf,
cflbjf;L, hghflt, dw];L, blnt, ckfª\u / lk5l8Psf If]qnfO{ 5'6\ofOPsf]df pQm $% k|ltztnfO{ ztk|ltzt
dfgL ;f] dWo] dlxnfnfO{ ## k|ltzt kb cf/If0f ul/Psf] 5 . To:t} k/LIf0fsfn, a9'jf cflbdf klg yk ljz]if
Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . ;f]xLcg';f/ lzIfs ;]jfdf klg sfod ul/Psf] 5 .
lj=;+= @)^^ – 3/]n' lx+;f s;'/ / ;hfo P]g
lj=;+= @)^& – cGt/f{li6«o dlxnf lx+;flj?4sf] cleofg -d+l;/ ( b]lv @%_
lj=;+= @)^& kmfu'g @& – dlxnf lx+;f;DaGwL x6nfOg ;]jf ;~rfng
lj=;+= @)&@ – g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f #* df dlxnf xssf] Joj:yf

dlxnf lzIff
hgfgf kf7zfnf :yfkgf ldlt lj=;+= !(%* j}zfv #) -b]jzdz]/sf] kfnfdf_
sGof kf7zfnf :yfkgf ldlt lj=;+= !(*) c;f/ @@
g]kfndf dlxnf lzIffsf] k|]/0ff k|bfg ug]{ JolQm u+uf jfO{
u+uf jfO{n] g]kfndf ;'? u/]sf] lzIff cfwf/e"t k|fylds lzIff -lj=;+= !($%_
g]kfndf dlxnf lzIffsf] ;'?jft ug]{ k|wfgdGqL jL/zdz]/
kBsGof ljBf>dsf] :yfkgf lj=;+= @))$
sGof lgs]tg ljBfnosf] :yfkgf lj=;+= @))% -nlntk'/_
u|fd;]ljsf ljBfno lj=;+= @))% -dgf]x/f_
lzIfs lzIf0f s]Gb|;Fu cfa4 eO{ lkm8/ 5fqfjf;sf] :yfkgf lj=;+= @)@% -o'g]:sf] / gf]/f8sf] ;xof]udf_
lj=;+= @)@% df lkm8/ 5fqfjf; vf]lnPsf :yfgx¿ x]6f}+8f, ;'v]{t, h'Dnf, 8f]6L, afun'ª / Onfd
lzIffdf dlxnfx¿sf nflu ;dfg cj;/ sfo{qmdsf] :yfkgf lj=;+= @)@& -o'lg;]kmsf] ;xof]udf_
lzIffdf dlxnfx¿sf nflu ;dfg cj;/ sfo{qmdcGtu{t dlxnf lzIff lj=;+= @)@* -k[YjLgf/fo0f SofDk; kf]v/faf6_
sfo{qmdsf] ;'?jft
lzIffdf dlxnfx¿sf nflu ;dfg cj;/ sfo{qmd lj:tf/ ePsf If]qx¿ lj=;+= @)#) -wgs'6f_, lj=;+= @)## -g]kfnuGh_ / lj=;+= @)#^ -h'Dnf_
lzIffdf dlxnfx¿sf nflu ;dfg cj;/ sfo{qmdn] ;~rfng u/]sf] P n]en -P;Pn;L pQL0f{ dlxnf_, aL n]en -sIff !) kf; dlxnf_
tflnd
lzIffdf dlxnfx¿sf nflu ;dfg cj;/ sfo{qmdnfO{ Ph's];g km/ lj=;+= @)#&
uN;{ PG8 cf]dg ckm g]kfnsf] gfddf kl/jt{g
dlxnfnfO{ lzIffdf ;dfg cj;/ k|bfg ug]{ p2]Zon] wgs'6f, h'Dnf, cf=j= @)#&÷#*
g'jfsf]6, kfNkf / cf]vn9'+ufdf dlxnf 5fqfjf; lgdf{0f
dlxnfnfO{ lzIffdf ;dfg cj;/ k|bfg ug]{ p2]Zon] hn]Zj/, x]6f}+8f, bfª, cf=j= @)#(÷$)
8f]6L, x'Dnf, afun'ª / ;'v]{tdf 5fqfjf; ejg lgdf{0f
;]tL kl/of]hgfcGtu{t r]nLa]6L sfo{qmd ;~rfng lj=;+= @)#*
lzIfs k|lzIf0f sfo{qmddf lbOg] 5fqj[lQdf dlxnfnfO{ &) k|ltzt /fli6«o lzIff cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg, @)$(
;'lglZrt ug{ l;kmfl/;
k|To]s ljBfnodf sDtLdf Ps hgf dlxnf lzIfssf] Joj:yf ug{ /fli6«o lzIff cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg, @)$(
l;kmfl/;
lzIff dGqfnodf dlxnf lzIff zfvfsf] :yfkgf lj=;+= @)$(
cfwf/e"t tyf k|fylds lzIff kl/of]hgfcGtu{t dlxnf lzIff PsfOsf] lj=;+= @)$(
:yfkgf
k|To]s txdf sDtLdf Ps hgf dlxnf lzIfs clgjfo{ ug{ ;'emfj pRr:t/Lo /fli6«o lzIff cfof]u @)%%
n}+lus pQ/bfoL ah]6sf] ;'?jft
kf7 M %
cf=j= @)^$÷^%
cgf}krfl/s lzIff
 cf}krfl/s lzIffsf] 3]/feGbf aflx/ /x]/ l;sf?sf] ?lr, cfjZostf / Ifdtfsf] cfwf/df ;~rflnt x'g] lzIffnfO{ cgf}krfl/s lzIff elgG5 .
 cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf] dfWodaf6 lzIff k|fKt ug{ pd]/sf] xb xF'b}g . lzIffsf] ;+/rgf ;/n x'G5 . o; lsl;dsf] lzIffsf] p2]Zo 1fgsf]
clej[l4 ug]{, ;Lk l;sfpg], d"Nox¿sf] ljsf; ug]{, Jofj;flos bIftf a9fpg] lsl;dsf] x'G5 .
 /f]gfN8 8f]/ (Ronald Dore), sf cg';f/ k|df0fkq /f]uaf6 d'St /xg] lzIff g} cgf}krfl/s jf hLjg ko{Gt lzIff xf] .
 Olnr / km]/f] (Illich and Freire) sf cg';f/, ‘cf}krfl/s lzIffsf] l7s pN6f] cgf}krfl/s lzIff xf] .’
 kfpnf] km]/]sf cg';f/, æcgf}krfl/s lzIff Banking approach xf] .Æ
g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df cgf}krfl/s lzIff
g]kfndf cfwf/ lzIfs s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf;Fu} k|f}9 lzIff sfo{qmd lj=;+= @))$, cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf] ;+:yfut k|f/De
klxnf]k6s k|f}9 ;fIf/tf sfo{qmdnfO{ hf]8 lj=;+= @)!! sf] g]kfndf lzIff gfds k|ltj]bg
cd]l/sfsf] ;xof]udf College of Education sf] cfof]hgfdf k|f}9 lzIff lj=;+= @)!#
Ao'/f]sf] :yfkgf
g]kfndf cfjlws of]hgf;Fu} cgf}krfl/s lzIff sfo{qmd ;~rflnt lj ;=+ @)!#
k|f}9 lzIffnfO{ sfo{d"ns agfpg] k|of; lj=;+= @)@@
k|f}9 lzIffnfO{ sfo{d"ns agfpg'kg]{ s'/fdf hf]8 lbg] k|ltj]bg /fli6«o lzIff k4lt of]hgf– @)@*
 lj=;+= @)#% df /fli6«o ;fIf/tf sfo{qmdsf] ljsf; eof] .
 lj=;+= @)#& df lzIff dGqfnodf k|f}9 lzIffsf] zfvf :yfkgf eof] .
 lj=;+= @)#* df ;]tL lzIff kl/of]hgfn] k|f}9 ;fIf/tfsf cltl/Qm lszf]/ tyf dlxnfx¿nfO{ nlIft u/L r]nLa]6L lzIff sfo{qmd ;~rfngdf
Nofof] .
 lj=;+= @)$@ df k|fylds lzIff kl/of]hgfdfkm{t * b]lv !$ jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf ljBfno guPsfnfO{ lzIff ;bg klxnf] / bf];|f] ;~rfng u/L
;d]l6Psf] lyof] .
 lj=;+= @)$% df ;'v]{t lhNnfaf6 lhNnf ;fIf/tf cleofg ;'? eof] .
 lj=;+= @)$( df dGqfnodf /x]sf] k|f}9 lzIff zfvfnfO{ cgf}krfl/s lzIff zfvfdf ¿kfGt/0f ul/of] .
 @)%% sf] k|ltj]bgn] cfufdL % jif{df &) k|ltzt g]kfnLx¿nfO{ ;fIf/ agfpg'k5{ egL pNn]v ul/of] .
 lj=;+= @)%# df cgf}krfl/s lzIff kl/ifb\sf] :yfkgf / cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf] kf7\oqmd ;j{k|yd :jLs[t ePsf] xf] .
 lj=;+= @)%^ df cgf}krfl/s lzIff s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf eP;Fu} cgf}krfl/s lzIff ;f] s]Gb|n] ;'? ug{ yfNof] .
 cfj @)%^÷)%& af6 cfocfh{g sfo{qmd ;'? ePsf] xf] .
 lj=;+= @)^@ df3 @$ ;fd'bflos cWoog s]Gb| ;~rfng Pjd\ Joj:yfkg;DaGwL lgb]{lzsf hf/L ePsf] xf] .
 lj=;+= @)^# df3 @% cgf}krfl/s lzIff gLlt hf/L eof] .
 lj=;+= @)^% af6 /fli6\o ;fIf/tf cleofg ;'? eof] .
 lj=;+= @)^& df lg/If/sf] gfd;lxt tYofª\s ;ª\sng ul/Psf] xf] .
 lj=;+= @)^( df %! nfv lg/If/nfO{ ;fIf/ u/fpg] nIo;lxt ;fIf/ g]kfn cleofg ;'? ePsf] xf] .
 lj=;+= @)!* sf] k|ltj]bgn] ! j6f k|To]s lhNnfdf u|fd k':tsfno :yfkgf ug{ ;'emfj k|:t't ul/of] .
 o'g]:sf]n] ;g\ !*&* df ;fdfGotof k9\g] n]Vg / b}lgs hLjgdf cfOkg]{ ul0ftLo hf]8 36fp ug{ ;Sg] JolQmnfO{ ;fIf/ dfg]sf] 5 .
 o'lg;]kmsf cg';f/ ;x/L If]qdf Go"gtd\ @))) / u|fdL0f If]qdf Go"gtd\ !%)) zAb hfGg' g} ;fIf/ /xg' xf] h;n] ;dfhdf k|efjsf/L ¿kdf
hLjgofkg ug{, ljsf; ug{sf nflu cfjZos k9fO, n]vfO / ul0ftLo Ifdtf /fVgsf] nflu ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 .
 cfw'lgs k4ltcg';f/ ;fIf/tfnfO{ ;fdfGo k9fO, n]vfO tyf xl/x;fasf cltl/Qm cfkm\gf] jftfj/0f;Fu x'g] cGt/lqmof ug]{ Ifdtfsf ¿kdf
o'g]:sf]n] kl/eflift u/]sf] 5 .
 kfpnf] k|m]/]n] ;fIf/tf lzIffnfO{ zAb k9\g], n]Vg]eGbf klg ;fdflhs ljZj k9\g] a'em\g] Ifdtfsf ¿kdf JofVof u/]sf 5g\ .
 cgf}krfl/s k|f}9 ljBfno !#&, v'nf lgdflj #&, dflj *$, ;fd'bflos cWoog s]Gb| @!%! j6f ;~rfngdf /x]sf 5g\ .
 ;fd'bflos cWoog s]Gb|dfk{mt sIff ;~rfng / Joj:yfkg M o;cGtu{t Pshgf ;fd'bflos cWoog s]Gb|sf] kl/rfnsaf6 Go"gtd lxdfndf
!) hgf, kxf8df !% hgf / t/fO{ tyf pkTosfdf @) hgfsf] ;d"x agfO{ @ r/0fdf lg/Gt/ lzIffsf] sIff ;~rfng ug]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . of]
sfo{qmdsf] 9fFrf ;fIf/ 3f]if0ff gePsf lhNnfx¿sf] xsdf nfu" x'g]5 .
cgf}krfl/s lzIff s]Gb|af6 xfn ;~rflnt j}slNks lzIff sfo{qmdx¿
l;=g+= sfo{qmd nlIft ;d"x cjlw sfo{qmdsf] :j¿k
!= /fli6«o ;fIf/tf !%–$% jif{ cf=j= 5f]6f] cjlwdf sfo{d"ns ;fIf/tfdf cfwfl/t
cleofg @)^$÷^% cfwf/e"t ;fIf/tf lzIff tLg cf/ (3 R)
-cfwf/e"t k|f}9 ;Dd ^ dlxgf k|bfg u/L tLj| ultdf lg/If/tf 36fpg]
;fIf/tf lzIff_ -gf]6M 3R- Reading, Writing, Arithmetic)
!%–^) jif{ cf=j=
@)^%÷^^
b]lv # dlxgf
!% jif{dfly cf=j=
@)&%÷&^
b]lv # b]lv
a9Ldf $
dlxgf
;fIf/f]Q/ lzIff
s_ k|f}9 ;fIf/f]Q/ gj;fIf/ jf cfwf/e"t ;fIf/tf xfl;n u/]sf # dlxgf cfwf/e"t ;fIf/tf k"/f u/]sfnfO{ ;fIf/f]Q/
@= lzIff lzIffsf] cj;/ k|bfg ug]{
v_ dlxnf lzIff k|yd !%–$% jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf qmdZfM lg/If/ / gj;fIf/ ^, ^ dlxgf cfwf/e"t ;fIf/tf tx k"/f u/]sf gj;fIf/
/ bf];|f] k|f}9 dlxnf cf=j= @)^$÷^% ;Dd ;~rflnt dlxnfx¿nfO{ lzIffsf] cj;/ k|bfg ug]{
cfod"ns sfo{qmd !% jif{dflysf k|f}9 dlxnf lg/Gt/ /f]huf/d"ns :yfgLo Joj;fodf ;+nUg u/L
#= pTkfbg a9fpg]
;fd'bflos l;sfO :yfgLo ;d'bfosf afl;Gbfx¿ lg/Gt/ :yfgLo ;d'bfosf l;sfO cfjZostfsf]
s]Gb| kl/k"lt{sf sfo{qmd / cfocfh{g sfo{qmdsf]
;+of]hg u/L :yfgLo:t/df cgf}krfl/s lzIff
$= sfo{qmd ;~rfng, sfof{Gjog tyf
cg'udg;Ddsf sfo{ ug]{ u}/gfkmfd"ns
;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ;+:yf
;Lk ljsf; sfo{qmd gj;fIf/x¿ !@ lbg cfwf/e"t tyf ;fIf/f]Q/ lzIffsf
-k|f}9 dlxnf tyf k'?if_ ;xefuLx¿nfO{ dfudf cfwfl/t eO{
%=
Joj;fopGd'v ;Lkd"ns tflnd k|bfg u/L
:j/f]huf/ l;h{gf ug]{ .
 klxnf] ;fd'bflos cWoog s]Gb| a}t8Lsf] >Lsf]6 / sf7df8f}+df ;~rfng ePsf] lyof] . ;fd'bflos cWoog s]Gb| Joj:yfkg ;ldltdf !)
;b:o x'G5g\ . o; s]Gb|nfO{ ;/sf/n] jflif{s ?= ! nfv cg'bfg lbG5 . ;fd'bflos cWoog s]Gb|sf] cg'dlt / :jLs[lt klxnf cgf}krfl/s
lzIff s]Gb|n] lb‚b} cfPsf]df xfn lzIff tyf dfgj ;|f]t ljsf; s]Gb|n] k|bfg ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .
;fIf/tf lzIff
 a[xt\ g]kfnL zAbsf]zcg';f/ ;fIf/ eGgfn] cIf/ lrg]sf] jf hfg]sf], lnlk lrg]sf], clnslt n]vk9 ug{ ;Sg] cNklzlIft egL n]lvPsf]
kfOG5 .
 cgf}krfl/s lzIff tyf /li6«o ;fIf/tf cleofg sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog lgb]{lzsfsf cg';f/ cfkm\gf] dft[efiff jf /fli6«o efiffdf n]lvPsf
b}lgs hLjg;Fu ;DalGwt 5f]6f / ;fwf/0f jfSox¿ a'em]/ n]vk9 ug{ ;Sg] / a'em]sf s'/f Pscfk;df /fd|/L ;~rf/ ug{ ;Sg] tyf
;fwf/0f x/lx;fa ug{ ;Sg] JolQmnfO{ ;fIf/ JolQm dflgg]5 .
 Cambridge Advanced learner's Dictionary sf cg';f/, æk9g / n]Vg ;Sg] Ifdtf g} ;fIf/tf xf]Æ .
UNESCO åf/f k|sflzt ATLPCE-P6LPnkL;LO{_ df ;fIf/tfsf b'O{ lsl;dsf cjwf/0ffx¿ b]lvG5 . h'g o; k|sf/ 5g\M–
i) lzIfssf] lg/Gt/ lgb]{zglagf g} l;sfO ug{sf nflu cfjZos k9fO, n]vfO / ;ª\Vof;DaGwL ;Lk ePsf] JolQmnfO{ ;fIf/ JolQm elgG5 .
ii) k9fO, n]vfO / ;ª\Vof;DaGwL ;Lksf] cltl/Qm sfo{d"ns ¿kdf ;fdflhs, cfly{s / ;f+:s[lts cfjZostfsf] 1fg ePdf To;nfO{
sfo{d"ns ;fIf/tf (Functional Literacy)elgG5 .
;fIf/tf cleofg
;fIf/tf cleofgsf] k|f/De lj=;+= @)$%, ;'v]{taf6
;fIf/tf cleofg ndh'8= / slknj:t'df yk @)$&
;fIf/tf cleofg ;~rfng tfKn]h'8, Onfd, k;f{, lrtjg, :ofªhf, bf8, cf= j= @)%^÷)%&
;'v]{t, c5fd, s~rgk'/
;fIf/tf cleofgsf nflu ufp‚sf x/]s j8fdf ! j6f ;fIf/tf sIff ;~rfng
;fIf/tf cleofgsf nflu gu/kflnsfsf x/]s j8fdf # sf b/n] ;fIf/tf sIff ;~rfng
;fIf/tf cleofgsf nflu !% efiffdf kf7\ok':ts 5flkPsf
;fIf/tf cleofg sfo{qmd !% b]lv ^) jif{nfO{ lg/If/nfO{ # dlxg] sfo{qmd, ^ lbg b}lgs @ 306f /
hDdf !%) w06f
;fIf/tf cleofgsf] bft[lgsfoM ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3, o'lg;]km, o'g]:sf]
;fIf/ g]kfn jif{ @)&^ sf] cjwf/0ffkq :jLs[t @)&% k'; !^
 /fli6\o ;fIf/tf cleofg sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog lgb]{lzsf @)^%.)*.)* df :jLs[t ePsf] xf] .
g]kfnn] tof/ u/]sf] ;fIf/tfsf] dfkb08
ljBfno jf dxfljBfnoeGbf aflx/af6 k|bfg ul/g] lzIffnfO{ cgf}krfl/s lzIff elgG5 . cgf}krfl/s lzIff s]Gb|n] ;fIf/ g]kfn cleofgsf]
cjwf/0ffcg';f/ cfwf/e"t ;fIf/tfsf dfkb08 !@ j6f tof/ kf/]sf] 5, h;nfO{ lgDg a'‚bfdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 M
 /fi6«efiff jf dft[efifsf j0f{÷cIf/sf] k9fO / n]vfO,  n]gb]gsf x/lx;fa /vfO,
 g]kfnL jf dft[efiffdf n]lvPsf d"No;"rL / lansf]  ;/n lrq, kf]:6/, ;fOgaf]8{ / 6«flkms ;ª\s]t
k9fO, k9fO / a'emfO,
 cfÇgf] / kl/jf/sf ;b:osf] gfd, pd]/ n]vfO / k9fO,  ;fd'bflos sfo{qmddf cfÇgf] ljrf/;lxt
 df]afOn / Sofns'n]6/sf cª\s / cIf/ lrg]/ k|of]u ;lqmo ;xeflutf b]vfpg,
ug{,  38L x]/]/ ;do atfpg,
 ) b]lv ( ;Ddsf cª\s cIf/ n]vfO,  leQ]kfqf] x]/L ltlyldlt atfpg,
 ! b]lv !)) ;Dd u0fgf,  a}+s ef}r/ e/fO / r]s lvrfO .
g]kfn ;/sf/ dlGqkl/ifb\af6 :jLs[t ‘;fIf/ g]kfn jif{, @)&^ cjwf/0ffkq’ n] ljleGGf txdf b]xfocg';f/sf ;fIf/tf cleofg;DaGwL ;ldltx¿sf]
Joj:yf u/]]sf] 5 M
-s_ ;fIf/tf cleofg s]Gb|Lo ;dGjo ;ldlt u7gM
!= dGqL, lzIff, lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfno cWoIf
@= ;b:o, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u -lzIff x]g]{_ ;b:o
#= ;lrj, ;ª\3Lo dfldnf tyf ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno ;b:o
$= ;lrj, lzIff, lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfno ;b:o
%= ;lrj, cy{ dGqfno ;b:o
^= ;lrj, dlxnf afnaflnsf tyf Ho]i7 gful/s dGqfno ;b:o
&= ;x;lrj, lzIff, ljBfno lzIff dxfzfvf, lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfno ;b:o
*= dxflgb]{zs, lzIff tyf dfgj ;|f]t ljsf; s]Gb| ;b:o
(= ;fdflhs ljsf; dGqfnosf ;lrjx¿dWo] cWoIfaf6 dgf]gLt Pshgf ;b:o
!)= g]kfn lzIfs dxf;ª\3sf cWoIf ;b:o
!!= lzIff kqsf/ ;d"xsf cWoIfx¿ b'O{hgf ;b:o
!@= pkdxflgb]{zs, lzIff tyf dfgj ;|f]t ljsf; s]Gb| ;b:o ;lrj
-v_ ;fIf/tf cleofg k|b]z ;dGjo ;ldltM
!= dGqL, ;fdflhs ljsf; dGqfno ;+of]hs
@= ;lrj, ;fdflhs ljsf; dGqfno ;b:o
#= lhNNff ;dGjo ;ldltsf k|d'vdWo] ;+of]hsaf6 dgf]gLt Pshgf ;b:o
$= gu/kflnsf k|d'v jf pkk|d'v cyjf ufpFkflnsf cWoIf jf pkfWoIfdWo]af6
sDtLdf Pshgf dlxnf kg]{ u/L ;+of]hsaf6 dgf]gLt b'O{hgf ;b:o
%= lgb]{zs, lzIff ljsf; lgb]{zgfno ;b:o ;lrj
-u_ ;fIf/tf cleofg lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldltM
!= lhNnf ;dGjo ;ldlt k|d'v ;+of]hs
 @= k|d'v lhNNff clwsf/L ;b:o
#= lhNNff ;dGjo clwsf/L ;b:o
$= gu/kflnsf k|d'v jf pkk|d'v cyjf ufpFkflnsf cWoIf jf pkfWoIfdWo]af6
sDtLdf Pshgf dlxnf kg]{ u/L ;+of]hsaf6 dgf]gLt b'O{hgf ;b:o
%= g]kfn lzIfs dxf;ª\3sf lhNNff cWoIf ;b:o
^= :yfgLo ;fdflhs ;+:yf tyf u};;dWo] ;+of]hsaf6 dgf]gLt Pshgf ;b:o
&= lzIff ljsf; ;dGjo OsfO k|d'v ;b:o ;lrj
-3_ ;fIf/tf cleofg gu/kflnsf÷ufpFkflnsf ;ldlt M
!= gu/kflnsfsf k|d'v÷ufpFkflnsfsf cWoIf ;+of]hs
@= gu/kflnsfsf pkk|d'v÷ ufpFkflnsfsf pkfWoIf pk;+of]hs
#= gu/kflnsf jf ufpFkflnsfsf] ;fdflhs ljsf; ;ldlt jf lzIff ;ldltsf] ;+of]hs ;b:o
$= k|d'v k|zf;sLo clws[t ;b:o
%= gu/kflnsf÷ufpFkflnsfsf j8fWoIfx¿ dWo]af6 ;+of]hsaf6 dgf]gLt Pshgf ;b:o
^= ljBfnosf k|wfgfWofksx¿ dWo]af6 ;+of]hsn] tf]s]sf Pshgf ;b:o
&= ;fd'bflos l;sfO s]Gb|sf cWoIfx¿ dWo]af6 ;+of]hsaf6 dgf]gLt Pshgf ;b:o
*= :yfgLo ;fdflhs ;+:yf tyf u};;dWo] ;+of]hsaf6 dgf]gLt Pshgf ;b:o
(= lzIff zfvf k|d'v ;b:o ;lrj
k|fljlws ;fIf/tf
 ;"rgf / ;~rf/sf] k|of]uaf6 ;"rgf lng / lbg ;Sg] Ifdtf x'g'nfO{ k|fljlws ;fIf/tf elgG5 .
 g]kfndf sl/a @% k|ltzt l8lh6n ;fIf/tf 5g\ .
 ;"rgf k|ljlw gLlt, @)&@ n] ;g\ @)@) ;Dd &% k|ltzt g]kfnLnfO{ l8lh6n ;fIf/ agfpg] / () k|ltzt hgtf;dIf a|f]8 AofG8 ;]jfsf]
kx'Fr ;'lglZrt ug]{ /x]sf] lyof] .
 ljB'tLo ;/sf/sf] cjwf/0ffcg'¿k *) k|ltzt gful/s nlIft ;]jfx¿ cgnfOgdfkm{t k|bfg ug]{ .
 ;"rgf tyf k|ljlw gLlt, @)&@ n] ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlwsf] k|of]uaf6 g]kfnnfO{ ;"rgf tyf 1fgdf cfwfl/t ;dfh ¿kfGt/0f ug]{ /x]sf] 5
.
j}slNks sfo{qmdsf] cjwf/0ff
 æj}slNks lzIffÆ eGgfn] cf}krfl/s lzIff k|fKt ug{ cj;/ gkfPsf / OR5's ;d"xnfO{ km/s ;+/rgf / ;ª\ul7t 9fFrfdfk{mt Jojl:yt
ul/Psf] z}Ifl0fs sfo{qmd ;Demg'k5{ . o;n] v'nf tyf b"/ lzIffnufotsf ljB'tLo tyf cGo dfWodaf6 lbOg] lzIff;d]tnfO{ hgfpF5 .
 ljBfno lzIffn] dfq ;a} s]6fs]6Lx¿nfO{ ;d]6\g g;s]sf] tYonfO{ b[li6ut u/L g]kfndf ;g\ !(*) sf] bzsb]lv g} j}slNks ljBfno
lzIff sfo{qmd ;~rfngdf NofOPsf] kfOG5 . ;]tL c~rndf ;~rflnt u|fdL0f ljsf;sf nflu lzIff kl/of]hgf ;]tLn] ;g\ !(*! b]lv
;]tL c~rn If]qsf lzIffdf kl5 k/]sf ;d'bfosf ljBfnodf egf{ x'g g;s]sf jf egf{ eP/ klg aLr}df ljBfno 5f8]sf ^–!$ jif{ pd]/
;d"xsf aflnsfx¿sf nflu j}slNks ljBfno sfo{qmdsf ¿kdf r]n:a]6L lzIff sfo{qmd ;~rfngdf NofPsf] lyof] .
j}slNks k|fylds lzIff (Flexible Schooling Programme)
j}slNks lzIffcGtu{t lgDg sfo{qmdnfO{ lng ;lsG5 .
afn lzIff
cf=j= @)^!÷^@ b]lv afn lzIff sfo{qmd cgf}krfl/s lzIffcGtu{t afn lzIff sfo{qmd )^!÷^@ ;Dd ;~rflnt ePsf]df cf=j= @)^@÷)^#
b]lv aLr}df ljBfno 5f8\g] afnaflnsfsf nflu afn lzIff sof{qmdsf ¿kdf ;~rfng ePsf] kfOG5 . oL sfo{qmdsf] JofVof o; k|sf/ ul/Psf]
5M
-s_ lzIff ;bg k|yd, afn lzIff k|yd
ljleGg sf/0fn] ljBfnodf egf{ x'g g;s]sf jf xfnnfO{ ljBfnodf sIff ! df egf{ eP/ ;f] sIff k"/f gu/L aLr}df ljBfno 5f8]sf *
jif{b]lv !$ jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf afnaflnsfx¿sf nflu afn lzIff klxnf] sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/G5 . of] sfo{qmd Go"gtd b}lgs b'O{ 306fsf
b/n] xKtfdf ^ lbg cyf{t\ !%) lbgdf hDdf $%) 306f ;~rfng u/L ( dlxgfdf ;DkGg x'g] sfo{qmd, ^ dlxgfdf ;DkGg ug]{ sfo{qmd /x]sf]
kfOG5 . sIff # a/fa/, cf j @)$@÷)$# df ;'? cf j )^!÷^@ ;Dd
-v_ lzIff ;bg bf];|f], afn lzIff bf];|f]
afn lzIff k|yd tx k"/f ul/;s]sf afnaflnsfnfO{ afn lzIff bf];|f] txsf] sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/G5 . of] sfo{qmd Go"gtd b}lgs b'O{
306fsf] b/n] xKtfdf ^ lbg cyf{t\ !%) lbgdf hDdf $%) 306f ;~rfng u/L ( dlxgfdf ;DkGg ul/‚b} cfPsf]df @)^!÷^@ b]lv of] sfo{qmd
^ dlxgfdf ;DkGg ug{ k|oTg ePsf] 5 . sIff % a/fa/, cf j @)$@÷$# af6 ;'? cf=j )^!÷^@ ;Dd
-u_ aLr}df ljBfno 5f8\g] afnaflnsfsf nflu afn lzIff sfo{qmd
ljleGg sf/0fn] cf}krfl/s lzIffsf] k|fylds tx ljz]ifu/L sIff !–# ;Dd egf{ eO{ aLr}df ljBfno 5f8]sf afnaflnsfx¿nfO{
:yfgLo:t/df cg's"n jftfj/0f tof/ u/L k'gM ljBfno k|j]z u/fpg] / pgLx¿nfO{ ljBfnodf g} /lx/xg] jftfj/0fsf] ;'lglZrttfsf] l;h{gf
u/L aLr}df ljBfno g5f8\g] k|j[lQsf] ljsf; u/fO{ ljBfno 5f8\g] b/ 36fpg of] sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/Psf] 5 .
k|fylds lzIff lj:tf/ sfo{qmd
;a} afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ ;dfg ¿kn] lzIffsf] cj;/ / kx'‚r k'¥ofpg] p2]Zon] j}slNks ljBfno sfo{qmdcGtu{t k|fylds lzIff lj:tf/
sfo{qmd ;~rfngdf /x]sf] kfOG5 . ;fdfGotM 3/ /x]sf] 7fp‚eGbf 6f9f ljBfno eO{ ;/b/ cfwf 306feGGbf a9L ;do;Dd k}bn lx‚8]/ ljBfno
k'Ug'kg]{ kl/l:Yflt /x]sf] :yfgdf of] sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/G5 . o; sfo{qmddf nfdf] b"/Lsf] hª\un, eL/, kfvf / gbL vf]nf t/]/ hfg'kg]{ :yfgsf ^–
* jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf afnaflnsfx¿ ;+nUg x'G5g\ / oxf‚ sIff !, @ / # ;Ddsf cfwf/e"t lzIff # jif{;Dd ;xefuLs} cg's"n ;dodf pknAw
u/fOg] Joj:yf o; k|fylds lzIff lj:tf/ sfo{qmddf ul/+b} cfPsf] 5 .
lg/Gt/ lzIff
lzIff lg/Gt/ rln/xg] k|lqmof xf] . lzIff / l;sfO;Fu;‚u} lg/Gt/ ¿kdf rln/xg] k|lqmof xf] . lg/Gt/ lzIffnfO{ sfod /fVgsf nflu
;fd'bflos cWoog s]Gb|sf] Joj:yf u/L l;sfOsf] cj;/x¿ k|bfg ul/Psf] x'G5 . hLjgofkgsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ 1fg / ;Lksf] vf]hL u/L
lg/Gt/ ¿kdf l;sfOdf nflu/xg' g} lg/Gt/ lzIff xf] . lg/Gt/ lzIffsf lsl;dsf 5g\ M
s= cf}krfl/s lzIffdf lg/Gt/tf: ljBfnosf] k"j{k|fylds txb]lv qmdzM cWoog ub}{ pRr lzIff;Ddsf txx¿df cWoog ug]{ k|lqmof
cf}krfl/s lzIffdf lg/Gt/tf xf] . cf}krfl/s lzIffdf k|j]z u/]kl5 cf}krfl/s lzIff aLrdf g} g5f]8L k"/f ug'{ cf}krfl/s lzIffdf lg/Gt/tf
xf] .
v= cgf}krfl/s lzIffdf lg/Gt/tf: cf}krfl/s lzIffsf] cj;/af6 jl~rt ePsfnfO{ cfwf/e"t lzIff k|bfg u/L cf}krfl/s lzIffdf k|j]zsf] af6f]
vf]n]/ lzIffdf lg/Gt/ cWoogk|lt k|]l/t ug]{ lzIff cgf}krfl/s lzIffdf lg/Gt/ lzIff xf] .
u= clgjfo{ lg/Gt/ lzIff
3= :j}lR5s lg/Gt/ lzIff
lg/Gt/ lzIffdf hLjgko{Gt l;sfOcGtu{tsf cf}krfl/s, cgf}krfl/s, clgoldt tLg} k|sf/sf lzIff k5{g\ . gofF 1fg cg'ej / l;sfO k|fKt
ug{sf nflu ul/g] l;sfOsf ;Dk"0f{ k|lqmofx¿ g} lg/Gt/ lzIffcGtu{t k5{g\ .
lzIff lgodfjnL -@)%(_ n] cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf ljleGg sfo{qmdx¿dWo] lg/Gt/ lzIff klg pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . cf=j= @)&@÷)&# af6
cgf}krfl/s lzIff s]Gb| -tTsfnLg_ n] lg/Gt/ lzIff sfo{qmdsf] Kofs]h tof/ u/L sfo{qmd ;~rfngdf NofPsf] 5 .
v'nf tyf b"/ lzIff
 v'nf lzIff eGgfn] lzIfs / ljBfyL{aLr cf}krfl/s ¿kdf lgoldt cGt/lqmof gx'g] ljBfyL{x¿ ;lqmo eO{ l;Sg] / cf}krfl/s ;+/rgfdf
;~rflnt x'g] lzIffnfO{ a'emfp‚5 .
g]kfnsf] v'Nff lzIff kl/k]|Iodf
 lj=;+= @))& r}q !% ut] sf7df8f}+sf] 8Nn'df /fqL kf7zfnf vf]nL @))* af6 cWoog cWofkg ;'? eP;Fu} v'nf ljBfnosf] cjwf/0ff
cfPsf] dflgG5 . o; ljBfnodf k9\g]n] # jif{sf] cWoogkl5 P;=Pn=;L= lbg kfpg] Joj:yf @)@* df aGb eof] .
 lj= ;+= @)!$ df sn]h Pkm Ph's];gsf] k|f}9 lzIff zfvfaf6 o'jfx¿sf nflu k|;fl/t sfo{qmdnfO{ klxnf] b"/ lzIff k4ltsf] ¿kdf lng]
ul/G5 . lj=;+= @)!( af6 of] sfo{qmd xKtfsf] @ k6s k|;f/0f x'g yfNof] .
 lj= ;+= @)#% df USAID sf] ;xof]udf /]l8of] lzIff lzIfs tflnd kl/of]hgf :yfkgf eO{ lj=;+= @)#& efb| $ af6 tflnd ;~rfng .
 lj= ;+= @)$( sf] /fli6«o lzIff cfof]un] g]kfndf v'nf ljZjljBfnosf] :yfkgfsf nflu ;'emfj .
 lj= ;+= @)%) df b"/ lzIff s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf ePkZrft\ sfo{qmdsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ .
 gjf}+ of]hgf @)%$–@)%( df v'nf ljZjljBfnosf] :yfkgf ug]{ gLlt .
 lj= ;+= @)^# df3 @% ut]af6 dlGqkl/ifb\af6 kfl/t /fli6«o cgf}krfl/s gLltn] æljleGg pd]/ / af‚sL JolStx¿nfO{ cfjZostfcg';f/ k|fl1s
tyf Jofjxf/ls 1fg, ;Lk / ;"rgf k|bfg u/L cgf}krfl/s lzIff If]qsf] lj:tf/ ug]{Æ pNn]v .
 lj= ;+= @)%* df lqe'jg ljZjljBfnon] Psjif]{ aL= Pª sfo{qmdcGtu{t æk"j{afNofj:yf ljsf;Æ ljifodf v'nf lzIff sfo{qmdsf] yfngL .
lj=;+= @)%( df z}lIfs of]hgf tyf Joj:yfkg ljifodf klg v'nf lzIff sfo{qmd ;'? t/ @)^! af6 aGb ePsf] .
 lj= ;+= @)%* df k"jf{~rn ljZjljBfnon] "Open Learning Institute" n] pQm sfo{qmdnfO{ kf]v/f, e/tk'/, lj/f6gu/ cflb If]qdf klg
lj:tf/ .
 z}lIfs ;q @)^$ b]lv lgDg dfWolds txsf] sIff ^ b]lv * ;Ddsf nflu @ jif]{ sf];{ tof/ u/L v'nf lgDg dfWolds ljBfnosf sIff
;~rfng .
 z}lIfs ;q @)^$ b]lv v'nf k4ltdfkm{t dfWolds txsf] ! jif]{ sfo{qmd ;~rfng .
 cf=j @)^*÷)^( af6 lq= lj= lj= / z}lIfs hgzlQm ljsf; s]Gb|sf] ;+o'Qm k|of;df b"/ lzIffaf6 Pd= Pª sfo{qmd ;~rfng .
 v'nf ljZjljBfno k"jf{wf/ ljsf; ;ldlt @)^( df u7g eof] . pQm ;ldltn] ljZjljBfno P]g hf/L ug{ ;'emfj lbPsf] lyof] .
 lj=;+= @)&@ df lqe'jg ljZjljBfnodf v'nf tyf b"/ lzIff s]Gb| :yfkgf u/L ul0ft / c+u|]hL ljifodf Pd=Pª sfo{qmd ;'? .
 lj=;+= @)&# c;f/ #) df v'nf ljZjljBfno P]g hf/L eO{ (! cf}+ lbgaf6 nfu" ePsf] lyof] .
 lj=;+= @)&$ h]7 #) af6 v'nf ljZjljBfno ;~rfng eof] eg] @)&$ df3 @$ ut] v'nf ljZjljBfno ;efsf] klxnf] a}7s a:of] . ;f]
a}7sn] ^* j6f sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{ cg'dlt lbof] . Joj:yfkg / sfg'g, ;fdflhszf:q / lj1fg, :jf:Yo tyf k|ljlw ;ª\sfodf l8Knf]df,
df:6;{, Pd=lkmn= / kL=Pr=8L= sfo{qmd ;~rfngdf /x]sf 5g\ . lj=;+= @)&^ sf] z}lIfs ;qaf6 Joj:yfkg / sfg'g ;ª\sfodf kL=Pr=8L=
;'? ePsf] xf] .
 er'{cn sIff cf=j= @)&@÷&# sf] ah]6af6 e"sDk k|efljt !! lhNnfsf !)) ljBfnodf ;~rfng eof] . h;sf] ljlwjt\ pb\3f6g @)&#
k'; @$ ut] ePsf] lyof] .
 cf=j= @)&#÷&$ df !#) ljBfnodf er'{cn sIff ;'? eof] eg] @)&$÷&% df !^% ljBfnodf er'{cn sIff ;'? ePsf] lyof] .
b"/ lzIff (Distance Education)
 lj=;++= @)!$ df o'jfx¿sf nflu sn]h ckm Ph's];gsf] k|f}9 lzIff zfvfaf6 xKtfdf Ps k6s /]l8of] k|;f/0f ul/Psf] sfo{qmdnfO{ g} v'nf
tyf b"/ lzIff k4ltsf] klxnf] k|of; dfGg ;lsG5 .
 lj=;+= @)!( b]lv z}lIfs /]l8of] sfo{qmd xKtfdf b'O{ k6s k|;f/0f ug{ yflkof] .
 lj=;+= @)#) j}zfv !) ut] b]lv ljBfyL{s]lGb|t kf7\oqmd / kf7\o ;fdu|Ldf cfwfl/t /]l8of] sfo{qmdsf] k|;f/0f ul/Psf] lyof] . To
 lj=;+= @)#% df /]l8of] lzIff lzIfs tflnd cfof]hgfsf] :yfkgf ePsf] / o;nfO{ o"=P;=P=cfO{=8L= sf] cfly{s ;xof]udf lzIff dGqfnon]
;+:yfut ¿k lbg] sfo{ u/]sf] lyof] .
 lj=;+= @)^& efb| $ af6 b"/ lzIff k|0ffnLsf ¿kdf /]l8of] g]kfnaf6 lzIfsx¿nfO{ tflnd sfo{qmd ;~rfng u¥of] .
 lj=;+= @)$) df o; sfo{qmdsf] dWofjlw d"Nofª\sgkl5 k|fylds lzIfsx¿sf] z}lIfs of]Uotf a9fpg'kg]{ / cª\u|]hL ljifosf] 6\o';g
sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug'{kg]{ k|ltj]bg k]; ul/of] .
 lj=;+= @)$$ df k|fylds lzIfsx¿sf] of]Uotf P;Pn;L x'g'kg]{ lg0f{o ePkl5 lj=;+= @)$% c;f/ !@ ut]b]lv lj=;+= @)%) ;Dd o;
cfof]hgfn] b"/ lzIff ljlwdfkm{t k|fylds lzIfs tflnd sfo{qmd ;~rfng u¥of] .
 /fli6«o lzIff cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg @)$( cg';f/ lzIff dGqfnocGtu{t b"/ lzIff s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf lj=;+= @)%) df eof] / o;n] k|fylds txsf
lzIfsx¿nfO{ /]l8of]dfkm{t ;]jfsfnLg tflnd / z}lIfs ;Gb]z÷r]tgfd"ns sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng u/]sf] kfOG5 .
b"/ lzIffsf] ljsf;
b"/ lzIffsf] cgf}krfl/s yfngL Hofb} k'/fgf] xf] . cf}krfl/s ¿kdf b"/ lzIff ;~rfngdf cfPb]lv cfh;Dd cfOk'Ubf o;sf] k|ljlw, k4lt,
tl/sf ty ljlwdf cfd"n kl/jt{g cfO;s]sf] 5 . ;fdfGotof o;sf] ljsf; / lj:tf/nfO{ 6fon/n] lgDglnlvt kf‚r k':tfdf ljefhg u/]sf] 5 M
-s_ klxnf] k':tf M b"/ lzIffsf] ;'?jft kqfrf/dfkm{t ePsfn] o;nfO{ k|yd k':tf elgof] . o;df d'b|0f ;fdu|Lx¿nfO{ v'nf tyf b"/ lzIffsf]
dxŒjk"0f{ lzIf0f l;sfO ;fdu|Lsf ¿kdf k|of]u ul/of] .
-v_ bf];|f] k':tf M bf];|f] k':tfcGtu{t ax';~rf/sf] k|of]usf ;fy} d'b|0f, >Job[Zo ;fdu|L, Sof;]6, lel8of], l8S;, 6]k/]s8{/ tyf sDKo'6/df cfwfl/t
cGo l;sfO ;fdu|Lx¿ k5{g\ .
-u_ t];|f] k':tf M o; k':tfnfO{ 6]nL l;sfOsf ¿kdf lnOG5 . o;df b"/ lzIffsf k|bfos / l;sf?aLr cGt/lqmofsf] cj;/ x'G5 / o;sf nflu
/]l8of], 6]lnlehg k|;f/0f, >Job[Zo ;efsf] k|of]u eof] .
-3_ rf}yf] k':tf M o; o'udf nlrnf] l;sfO k|0ffnL, cGt/lqmofTds dlN6ldl8of, sDKo'6/ tyf OG6/g]6sf] k|of]u ul/g] ePsfn] ck|ToIf
e]63f6;d]t l;sfO x'G5 . To;}n] o;nfO{ sfNklgs sIffsf]7fsf] k':tfsf ¿kdf ;d]t lrlgG5 .
-ª_ kf‚rf}‚ k':tf M o; o'udf af}l4s nlrnf] l;sfO k|0ffnLsf] k|of]uaf6 l;sfO ;|f]t ;fdu|LnfO{ :jrflnt ¿kdf ;~rflnt u/L l;sfO x'G5 . o;/L
Ps k6s agfPsf ;fdu|L k'gM k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] ePsfn] sd vlr{nf] x'G5 . x'g t ljsl;t b]zx¿df klg k"0f{ ¿kdf o;sf] k|of]u x'g ;s]sf]
5}g . of] cgnfOg lzIffsf] kl/is[t ¿k klg xf] .
k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos lzIff
 ljz]if k|sf/sf] 1fg / ;Lk k|bfg ug]{ jf ljlzi6 vfnsf] 1fg / ;Lk k|bfg ug]{ lzIffnfO{ k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos lzIff elgG5 .
k|ljlws lzIffsf] ljsf;qmd
;'Gwf/f d]l8sn :s'nsf] :yfkgf lj=;+= !(%& c;f/ -jL/zdz]/_
/fhsLo cfo'j]{lbs ljBfno lj=;+= !(*% -rGb|zdz]/_
6]lSgsn :s'nsf] :yfkgf lj=;+= !(*& kmfu'g !( -eLdzdz]/_
OlGhlgol/ª zfvfsf] :yfkgf lj=;+= !((*
OlGhlgol/ª zfvfaf6 cf]e/l;o/ k9fO ;'? lj=;+= !(((
cf}krfl/s ¿kdf k|fljlws lzIffsf] ;'?jft lj=;+= !(((
OlGhlgol/ª zfvf OlGhlgol/ª :s'ndf kl/0ft lj=;+= @)!^
lq=lj=sf] OlGhlgol/ª ;+:yfgcGtu{t ;~rfng lj=;+= @)#) -k'Nrf]s OlGhlgol/ª SofDk;_
e]8fj[lQ s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf lj=;+= @)@) -h'4zdz]/_
l;len d]l8sn :s'nsf] :yfkgf lj=;+= !(() -sDkfpG8/ / 8«];/ tof/ ug]{ p2]Zon]_
x]6f}+8f jg k|lzIf0f s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf lj=;+= @))$
/]Gh/, kmf]/]:6/ / kz' lrlsT;s tflnd ;~rfng lj=;+= @))$
k|fljlws lzIffdf rf;f] /fVg] k|wfgdGqL jL/zdz]/
jL/zdz]/n] cfÇgf 5f]/fnufot ^ hgfnfO{ OlGhlgol/ª k9\g hfkfg lj=;+= !($@
k7fPsf
5fqj[lQsf] ;'?jft ug]{ k|wfgdGqL jL/zdz]/
g]kfnsf] klxnf] j}1flgs u]x]Gb|zdz]/
/]~h/ sf]if k9g 5fqj[lQ kfpg] klxnf] g]kfnL jf;'b]j pk|]tL -lj=;+= !(%$_
stfO{ a'gfO{ :s'nsf] :yfkgf lj=;+= !(((
dxfTdf ufGwLn] k|rngdf NofPsf] cfwf/ lzIff;DaGwL tflnd lng !@ lj=;+= @))#
hgfnfO{ k6gf k7fP .
pBf]u kl/ifb\sf] :yfkgf, hgtfnfO{ ;Lk l;sfpg] / s'l6/ pBf]u ;~rfng lj=;+= !((#
h'4zdz]/åf/f gofF ;8s gfr3/sf] :yfkgf lj=;+= !(($
g]kfnL sk8f 3/]n' Ond krf{/s c8\8fsf] :yfkgf lj=;+= !((^
cfwf/ :s'ndf k9fpg] lzIfs tof/ ug{ sf7df8f}+sf] tfxfrndf klxnf] lj=;+= @))$ h]7 !)
lzIfs k|lzIf0f s]Gb| :yfkgf
b]ze/df !$ cf]6f cfwf/ :s'n :yfkgf lj=;+= @))$ df c;f]h !^
b]ze/df !$ cf]6f cfwf/ :s'nsf] pb\3f6g lj=;+= @))$ sflQs & ut] a'waf/ (October !($&)
;a} cfwf/ :s'nx¿ cª\u|]hL :s'ndf kl/0ft @)!@
jg ljefucGtu{t x]6f}+8fsf] jg k|lzIf0f s]Gb|df /]Gh/ tyf km/]:6/x¿sf] lj=;+= @))$
tflnd ;'?
jg k|lzIf0f s]Gb||nfO{ jg lj1fg cWoog ;+:yfdf kl/0ft lj=;+= @)#)
vfFbL ljBfno -u|fdf]wf]s ljBfno_ :yfkgf lj=;+= @))$
h]ndf tflnd s]Gb| -wfuf] sfTg] tflnd_, lqk'/]Zj/ lj=;+= @))$
h'4 hftLo snf;fnf -5fpgLsf] Do'lhod_ :yfkgf lj=;+= @))$
cfwf/ lzIffsf] lg/LIf0f, /]vb]v / k|zf;gsf] sfo{ ug{ lzIff ljefucGtu{t lj=;+= @))#
cfwf/ lzIff uf]Zjf/f gfdsf] c8\8fsf] :yfkgf
lzIff ljefucGtu{t :jf:Yo kmf‚6 v8f ul/of] lj=;+= @))^
k|fljlws Pjd\ Jofj;flos tflndsf nflu a'6jn 6]lSgsn OlG:Ro'6sf] lj=;+= @)!(
:yfkgf
k'tnL;8s /fdzfxkydf ;ª\uLt dxfljBfnosf] :yfkgf lj=;+= @)!@ kmfu'g @@
;+uLt dxfljBfnosf] k|yd lk|lG;kn o1/fh zdf{
g]kfndf gl;{ªsf] k9fO ;'? lj=;+= @)#$
g]kfndf lrlsT;fsf] k9fO ;'? lj=;+= @)#%
g]kfndf s[lifsf] k9fO ;'? lj=;+= @)#%
k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos lzIff lgb]{zgfno v8f ul/Psf] lj=;+= @)#%
h'Dnf lhNnfdf s0ff{nL k|fljlws lzIffnosf] :yfkgf lj=;+= @)#& ;fpg %
g]kfn lj1fg tyf k|ljlw k|1f k|lti7fgsf] :yfkgf lj=;+= @)#( d+l;/ @)
k|fljlws cWoog ;+:yfgsf] :yfkgf lj=;+= @)@( >fj0f !
k|fljlws lzIffno gLlt hf/L ;g\ !(&( -lj=;+= @)#%_
k|fljlws lzIffno of]hgf nfu" ;g\ !(*) -lj=;+= @)#&_
/fli6«o k|fljlws lzIff tyf Jofj;flos tflnd ;ldlt u7g ;g\ !(*@ - lj=;+= @)#(_
k|fljlws lzIff tyf Jofj;flos tflnd kl/ifb\ P]g, @)$% @)$% kmfu'g !@ hf/L
ax'p2]ZoLo ljBfnox¿sf] dfWodaf6 Jofj;flos lzIff lbg] Joj:yf lj=;+= @)!# -s[lif, pBf]u, u[xlj1fgnufotsf ljleGg ljifox¿_
cfwf/ :s'naf6 Jofj;flos lzIff lbg] Joj:yf lj=;+= @))$ b]lv @)!$
ax'p2]ZoLo dfWolds ljBfno ;~rfng lj=;+= @)!% b]lv @)@%
klxnf] ax'p2]ZoLo dfWolds ljBfno g];gn xfO{:s'nnfO{ ax'p2]ZoLo xfO{:s'ndf kl/0ft, kf]v/f
-lj=;+= @)!% k';_
afnfh'sf] d]sflgsn k|lzIf0f s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf lj=;+= @)@)
d]sflgsn k|lzIf0f s]Gb|nfO{ k|fljlws lzIffnodf ¿kfGt/0f lj= ;+= @)#& ;fpg %
Jofj;flos dfWolds ljBfno ;~rfng lj=;+= @)@* b]lv @)#&
lghL:t/af6 k|fljlws lzIffno ;~rfng ug{ cg'dlt lj=;+= @)%)
;fd'bflos ljBfnodf ANEX Programme ;~rfng ePsf] cf=j= @)%(÷^) -!% j6f ;fd'bflos ljBfnodf !) cf}+ of]hgfaf6_
/fli6«o Jofj;flos k|lzIf0f s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf lj=;+= @)@$ h]7 @(
k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos lzIff lgb]{zgfnosf] :yfkgf lj=;+= @)#%
cfw'lgs k|fljlws lzIffnosf] ;'?jft lj=;+= @)#&
k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos dfWolds ljBfnosf] ;~rfng lj=;+= @)&) -sIff ( af6_ (( ljBfnoaf6
ljz]if k|fljlws lzIff sfo{qmd ;'? cf=j= @)^^÷^& -lk5l8Psf ju{sf] kx'Fr lj:tf/ ug{_
ljz]if k|fljlws lzIff sfo{qmdn] ;~rfng u/]sf sfo{qmd :6fkm g;{, cgdL -:jf:Yo_, kz'kfng, h]6LP -s[liftkm{_ / l;len
;acf]e/l;o/ -lgdf{0ftkm{_
k|fljlws lzIff tyf Jofj;flos tflnd kl/ifb\ lgodfjnL hf/L lj=;+= @)%! h]7 #)
kl/ifb\sf dxfzfvf / sfo{x¿
kl/ifb\cGtu{tsf dxfzfvf tyf o;sf d'Vo sfo{x¿
!= k|zf;g dxfzfvf
 k|zf;g tyf cfly{s Joj:yf;DaGwL b}lgs sfd ug]{ .
 kl/ifb\ tyf o;cGtu{tsf lzIffnox¿sf] sd{rf/Lx¿sf] Joj:yf tyf ;'kl/j]If0f ug]{ .
 ;DklQ Joj:yfkg tyf cGo Joj:yfksLo sfdx¿ ug]{ .
@= k|fljlws dxfzfvf
 kl/ifb\cGtu{tsf ;Dk"0f{ k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos lzIff Pjd\ tflnd k|bfg ug]{ ;+:yfx¿sf] lg/LIf0f ug]{ .
 lzIffno÷;+:yfx¿sf] u'0f:t/ sfod /fVg cg'udg ug]{ .
 gofF k|fljlws lzIffno ;DaGwg :jLs[ltsf nflu k"jf{wf/ lg/LIf0f ug]{ .
 k|fljlws ;/;Nnfx tyf ;'emfjx¿ pknAw u/fpg] .
 tflnd sfo{qmdx¿sf] d"Nof+sg / k/LIff ;~rfng ug{ ;xof]u ug]{ .
 k|fljlws lzIff tyf Jofj;flos tflndsf] u'0f:t/ clej[l4sf nflu k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos lzIff Pjd\ tflnd;DaGwL /fli6«o
tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;+:yfx¿;Fu ;dGjo ug]{ .
#= kf7\oqmd ljsf; tyf ;dsIftf lgwf{/0f dxfzfvf
  kf7\oqmd ljsf;sf] ;DaGwdf cGo ;+:Yff jf lgsfox¿nfO{ ;/;Nnfx jf ;xof]u k|bfg ug]{ .
 k|fljlws lzIff tyf Jofj;flos tflnd k|0ffnLdf k|of]u x'g] ;Dk"0f{ kf7\oqmd >d ahf/sf] dfucg';f/ k'g/fjnf]sg u/L ;+zf]wg ug]{ .
 kf7\oqmd tyf z}lIfs ;fdu|L;DaGwL tYofª\snfO{ ;'/lIft /fVg] .
 kl/ifb\ tyf k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos lzIff Pj+ tflnd k|bfg ug]{ ;+:yfx¿åf/f cfjZostf klxrfg ul/Psf] cfwf/df kf7\oqmdsf] gofF
9fFrf tof/ ug]{ .
 kf7\oqmdcg';f/sf] kf7\ok':ts tof/ ug]{ .
 k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos lzIff / tflnd k|bfg ug]{ cGo ;+:yfx¿sf] kf7\oqmdsf] vfsf -¿k/]vf_ tyf dfkb08 tof/ kfg{ k|fljlws
;Nnfxsf] lglDt ;xsfl/tf / ;dGjo a9fpg] .
 b]zaflx/ k|fljlws lzIff tyf Jofj;flos tflnd xfl;n u/]sf JolQmx¿nfO{ ;dsIftf pknAw u/fpg] .
$= ;"rgf tyf cg';Gwfg dxfzfvf
 k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos lzIff / tflnd k|fKt ul/;s]sf u|]h'P6x¿sf] cg'udg cWoog ug]{ .
 gofF k|fljlws lzIffnox¿ :yfkgf ug{sf] nflu ;DefJotf cWoog ug]{ .
 tflnd cfjZostf ;e]{If0f cWoog ug]{ .
 tYofª\sdf cfwfl/t ;"rgf k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ug]{ .
 ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos lzIff / tflnd;DaGwL ;"rgfx¿ pknAw u/fpg] .
 k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos lzIff / tflnd;DaGwL k/fdz{ ;]jf pknAw ug]{ .
 k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos lzIff Pj+ tflnd If]qsf] lglDt ;"rgfsf] cfwf/ :yflkt ug{ /f]huf/ ahf/ / k|fljlws lzIffaLr /fd|f]
;dGjo agfpg] .
%= ax'k|fljlws lzIffno -kf]ln6]lSgs_ dxfzfvf
 kl/ifb\cGtu{t tyf kl/ifb\af6 ;DaGwg k|fKt u/L ;~rfng ePsf k|jL0ftf k|df0fkq tx ÷l8Knf]df txsf k|fljlws ;+:yfx¿sf] u'0f:t/
sfod ug{ cg'udg / ;'kl/j]If0f ug]{ .
 l8Knf]df txsf] gofF sfo{qmdx¿sf] ljsf; ug]{ / xfn ;~rfng eO/x]sf ;+:yfx¿nfO{ lgwf{l/t ul/Psf] dfkb08df k'¥ofpg ;xof]u ug]{
.
 kl/ifb\cGtu{tsf lzIffnox¿nfO{ Pp6f gd'gf ax'k|fljlws lzIffno lgdf{0f ug{ ;dGjosf] lglDt g]t[Tj ug]{ .
^= of]hgf tyf gLlt lgdf{0f dxfzfvf
 kl/ifb\sf] sfo{qmdsf] of]hgf agfpg] tyf ;du| gLlt th'{df ug]{ .
 nfdf] cjlwsf] /0fgLlt tyf tL of]hgfx¿nfO{ s;/L kl/rfng ug]{ eGg] s'/fsf] of]hgf tof/ ug]{ .
 kl/ifb\cGtu{tsf lqmofsnfkx¿ tyf sfo{qmdx¿sf] d"Nof+sg / cg'udg ug]{ .
 g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos tflnd;DaGwL cfjZos ;/;Nnfx pknAw u/fpg] .
&= tflnd ljsf; dxfzfvf
 kl/ifb\cGtu{tsf u|fdL0f tflnd s]Gb|x¿sf] d"Nof+sg / cg'udg ug]{ / lghL :t/sf ;+:yfx¿åf/f ;~rflnt u|fdL0f :t/sf tflndx¿sf]
;dGjo ug]{ .
 cfjZostf klxrfg u/L To;}sf] cfwf/df dlxnf tyf lk5l8Psf ju{sf] lglDt u|fdL0f tflnd s]Gb|dfkm{t 5f]6f] cjlwsf] tflnd
;~rfng ug{ ;xhstf{sf] e"ldsf lgefpg] .
 u|fdL0f tflnd s]Gb|nfO{ cfly{s ;xof]u sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{ k|f]T;fxg lbg] / ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt -xfn ufpFkflnsf_, lhNnf ljsf;
;ldlt, u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf] Jofj;flos tflnd tyf ;fd'bflos ljsf; If]qdf ;+nUg sfdbf/x¿sf] Ifdtf a9fpg] .
 b]zel/ g} Jofj;flos tflnd tyf ;fd'bflos ljsf;sf sfo{qmdx¿ qmda4 ¿kdf lj:tf/ ub}{ n}hfg] .
 pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;ª\3cGtu{tsf] Ond k|lzIf0f s]Gb|sf] lg/LIf0f tyf cg'udg ug]{ .
*= :t/ lgwf{/0f tyf ;DaGwg dxfzfvf
 tflnd sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfngsf nflu :yfoL÷c:yfoL ;DaGwg pknAw u/fpg] .
 ;+:yf gjLs/0f ug]{ .
(= ;fd'bflos ljBfnodf k|fljlws lzIff -6LO{;LP;_ dxfzfvf
 kl/ifb\cGtu{tsf 6LO{;LP; ljBfnox¿sf] u'0f:t/ sfod /fVg cg'udg tyf lg/LIf0f ug]{ .
 yk 6LO{;LP; sfo{qmd ;~rfngsf] nflu of]hgf agfO{ sfof{Gjog ug]{ .
 6LO{;LP; tflnd sfo{qmdx¿sf] d"Nof+sg ug{ / k/LIff ;~rfng ug{ ;xof]u ug]{ .
 yk 6LO{;LP; :s'n 5gf]6sf] nflu k|f/lDes sfo{ ug]{ .
 6LO{;LP; ljsf; tyf sfo{qmdsf] lj:tf/ ug]{ k/LIff lgoGq0f sfof{no .
 k|Zgkq lgdf{0f tyf df]8/];g ug]{ .
 k|j]z k/LIff, clGtd k/LIff / k|of]ufTds k/LIff ;~rfng ug]{÷u/fpg] .
 k/LIffdf ;kmn ePsf k|lzIffyL{x¿nfO{ k|df0fkq ljt/0f ÷pknAw ug]{ .
 jif{el/ g} ljleGg k/LIffx¿ ;~rfng ug]{ .
 k|Zgkq a}+ssf] :yfkgf u/L ;'/lIft /fVg] .
 kl/ifb\cGtu{t tyf kl/ifb\af6 ;DaGwg k|fKt u/L ;~rfng ul/Psf lghL :t/sf k|fljlws ;+:Yffx¿af6 tflnd k|fKt u/L k|df0fkq
kfPsf JolQmx¿sf] clen]v ;'/lIft /fVg] .
 cGo ;ª\3;+:Yffx¿nfO{ kf7\oqmd ljsf;df ;'emfj jf ;/;Nnfx k|bfg ug]{ .
/fli6«o ;Lk k/LIf0f ;ldlt
 ;Lksf] tx lgwf{/0f, k|df0fLs/0f / ;Lk k/LIf0f k/LIff ;~rfng u/L k|df0fkq ljt/0f ug]{ .
 k];fut ;Lksf dfkb08x¿ lgdf{0f ug]{ .
 k/Dk/fut ;Lko'Qm hgzlQmsf] :t/ klxrfg ug]{ .
kl/ifb\cGtu{tsf k|b]z sfof{nox¿ / o;sf d'Vo sfo{x¿
 qm=;+= k|b]zsf] gfd /x]sf] :yfg
!= k|b]z g+= ! ;'g;/L -k~r?vL, O6x/L_
@= dw]; k|b]z wg'iff -l;4gu/ hgsk'/wfd_
#= jfUdtL k|b]z dsjfgk'/ -dfgj rf]s, x]6f}+8f_
$= u08sL k|b]z sf:sL -dfn]kf6g kf]v/f_
%= n'lDagL k|b]z ¿kGb]xL -gofF ufpF, a'6jn_
^= s0ff{nL k|b]z ;'v]{t -jL/]Gb|gu/_
&= ;'b"/klZrd k|b]z s}nfnL -x;gk'/, wgu9L_
kl/ifb\cGtu{tsf k|fljlws lzIffno÷ sn]hx¿
k|f=lz=tyf Jof=tf=kl/ifb\cGtu{t $ k|sf/af6 k|fljlws lzIffno÷sn]hx¿ ;~rflnt 5g\ M
!_ kl/ifb\sf cfª\lus lzIffno
@_ kl/ifb\n] :yfgLo ;+:yf;Fusf] ;fem]bf/Ldf ;~rflnt sfo{qmd
#_ kl/ifb\sf] ;dGjodf ;fd'bflos ljBfnodf k|fljlws lzIff sfo{qmd
$_ kl/ifb\;Fu l8Knf]df tyf k|df0fkq / k|fljlws P;=Pn=;L= tx ;DaGwg lnO{ lghL:t/df ;~rflnt lzIf0f ;+:yfx¿ .
kl/ifb\cGtu{t ;~rflnt sfo{qmdx¿
kl/ifb\n] b'O{ k|sf/sf sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ ub{5 M
!= k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos lzIff
@= Jofj;flos tflnd .
k|fljlws lzIff tyf Jofj;flos tflnd ;efsf] u7g b]xfoadf]lhd x'g]5 M
 lzIff lj1fg tyf k|ljlwdGqL jf /fHodGqL – cWoIf
 ;b:o /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u -hgzlQm x]g]{_ – ;b:o
 ;b:o nf]s ;]jf cfof]u – ;b:o
 ;lrj lzIff lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfno –;b:o
 ;lrj pBf]u jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfno – ;b:o
 ;lrj >d /f]huf/ tyf ;fdflhs ;'/Iff dGqfno – ;b:o
 ;lrj ko{6g tyf gful/s p8\8og dGqfno –;b:o
 lzIffWoIf lqe'jg ljZjljBfno – ;b:o
 cWoIf g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;ª\3 –;b:o
 ljZjljBfnox¿sf k|fljlws l8gx¿dWo]af6 cWoIfn] dgf]gLt u/]sf kfFrhgf – ;b:o
 k|fljlws lzIff tyf Jofj;flos tflnddf ljz]if of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf JolQmx¿dWo]af6 cWoIfn]
dgf]gLt u/]sf tLg hgf – ;b:o
 cf}Bf]lus k|lti7fgx¿sf JolQmx¿dWo] cWoIfaf6 dgf]gLt tLghgf –;b:o
 k|ltlglw g]kfn lj1fg tyf k|ljlw k|1f k|lti7fg –;b:o
 kl/ifb\sf sd{rf/Lx¿dWo]af6 g]kfn ;/sf/n] tf]s]sf] JolQm –;b:o ;lrj
;efsf dgf]gLt ;b:ox¿sf] kbfjlw rf/ jif{sf] x'g]5 / kbfjlw ;dfKt ePkl5 lghx¿ k'gM dgf]gLt x'g ;Sg]5g\ .
kl/ifb\sf] :yfkgf
k|fljlws lzIff tyf Jofj;flos tflndnfO{ ;'Jojl:yt / :t/o'Qm ug{ Pj+ To:tf tflnd lbg] ljleGg lgsfox¿sf aLr ;dGjo sfod ug{
tyf ;Lksf] :t/ lgwf{/0f Pj+ k|df0fLs/0f ug{sf nflu Ps k|fljlws lzIff tyf Jofj;flos tflnd kl/ifb\sf] :yfkgf ul/Psf] 5 . k|fljlws lzIff
tyf Jofj;flos tflnd kl/ifb\sf] u7g b]xfoadf]lhd x'g]5 M–
 lzIff tyf v]ns'bdGqL jf /fHodGqL – cWoIf
 g]kfn ;/sf/af6 dgf]gLt JolQm – pkfWoIf
 ;b:o, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u -hgzlQm x]g]{_ – ;b:o
 ;lrj, lzIff tyf v]ns'b dGqfno – ;b:o
 k|fljlws lzIff tyf Jofj;flos tflndsf] If]qdf ljz]if of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf JolQmx¿dWo]af6 cWoIfn] dgf]gLt u/]sf b'O{hgf – ;b:o
 k|fljlws lzIff tyf Jofj;flos tflnd;‚u ;DalGwt ljleGg ;ª\3;+:yfaf6 cWoIfn] dgf]gLt u/]sf
b'O{hgf – ;b:o
 kl/ifb\sf sd{rf/Lx¿dWo]af6 g]kfn ;/sf/n] tf]s]sf] JolQm – ;b:o ;lrj
;Lk k/LIf0faf6 k|df0fkq lnPsf] JolQmn] pDd]bjf/ x'g kfpg] >]0fL jf tx
-s_ tx ! M g]kfn ;/sf/sf] /fhkq cgª\lst t[tLo >]0fL k|fljlws jf ;f] ;/x jf tx Joj:yf ePsf]df t];|f] tx k|fljlws
-v_ tx @ M g]kfn ;/sf/sf] /fhkq cgª\lst låtLo >]0fL k|fljlws jf ;f] ;/x jf tx Joj:yfkg ePsf]df rf}yf] tx k|fljlws
-u_ tx # M g]kfn ;/sf/sf] /fhkq cgª\lst k|yd >]0fL k|fljlws jf ;f] ;/x jf tx Joj:yfkg ePsf]df kfFrf}+ tx k|fljlws
-3_ tx $ M g]kfn ;/sf/sf] /fhkq cgª\lst t[tLo >]0fL k|fljlws jf ;f] ;/x jf tx Joj:yfkg ePsf]df 5}6f}+ tx
;Lk k/LIf0fdf ;fd]n x'g cfjZos kg]{ of]Uotf
-s_ Olnd]G6«L txsf] nflu M !$)) 306f tflnd k|fKt u/]sf]
-v_ tx ! sf] nflu M ;fwf/0f n]vk9 ug{ ;Sg] tyf ;DalGwt Joj;fosf] 1fg / ;Lk eO{ ;DalGwt k];fdf sDtLdf ! jif{sf] sfo{ cg'ej ePsf]
jf ;DalGwt Joj;fodf tflnd lnO{ ^ dlxgfsf] sfo{ cg'ej ePsf] jf ;DalGwt Joj;fodf sDtLdf ! dlxgfsf] -!^) 306f_ tflnd k|fKt
u/]sf] .
-u_ tx @ sf] nflu M ;fwf/0f n]vk9 ug{ ;Sg] tyf ;DalGwt Joj;fosf] 1fg / ;Lk eO{ ;DalGwt k];fdf sDtLdf # jif{sf] sfo{ cg'ej ePsf]
jf ;DalGwt ljifodf ! jif{sf] -sDtLdf ^)) 306fsf] k|ToIf / *)) 306fsf] sfo{ut_ tflnd lnPsf] jf ;DalGwt ljifod tx ! sf] ;Lk
k/LIf0f pQL0f{ eO{ Ps jif{sf] sfo{ cg'ej k|fKt u/]sf] .
-3_ tx # sf] nflu M ;fwf/0f n]vk9 ug{ ;Sg] tyf ;DalGwt Joj;fodf 1fg / ;Lk eO{ ;DalGwt k];fdf sDtLdf % jif{sf] sfo{ cg'ej ePsf]
jf ;DalGwt ljifod ! jif{sf] tflnd lnO{ ;DalGwt k];fdf @ jif{sf] sfo{ cg'ej k|fKt u/]sf] jf ;DalGwt Joj;fodf tx # sf] ;Lk
k/LIf0f k/LIff pQL0f{ eO{ ! jif{sf] sfo{ cg'ej k|fKt ePsf] .
-ª_ tx $ sf] nflu M ;DalGwt Joj;fodf tx # sf] ;Lk k/LIf0f pQL0f{ eO{ # jif{sf] sfo{ cg'ej k|fKt u/]sf] jf ;DalGwt Joj;fodf /fli6«o
tyf cGt/f{li6«o:t/df Voflt k|fKt u/]sf] .
cf=j= @)&^÷&& / cf=j= @)&&÷)&* df k|fljlws lzIffnox¿sf] ;ª\Vof
qm=;+= ;+:yf cf=j= @)&^÷&& df ;ª\Vof cf=j= @)&&÷&* df ;+Vof
!= cfª\lus lzIffno %( ^!
@= ;fem]bf/L lzIffno @) #*
#= ;fd'bflos ljBfno %#$ %&@
$= lghL :t/df ;~rflnt $@( $@(
%= 5f]6f] cjlw !!#! !!#!

hLjgf]kof]uL ;Lk (Skills of Life Skills)

JolQm, kl/jf/, ;dfh / /fi6«sf] ljsf; ug{sf nflu ;Ifd gful/ssf] cfjZostf k5{ . s'g} klg sfo{ s'zntfk"j{s ;DkGg ug{ ;Sg]
IfdtfnfO{ g} hLjgf]kof]uL ;Lk elgG5 . hLjgsf lgldQ cfjZos kg]{ Jojxf/ s'zn ;Lkx¿ g} hLjgf]kof]uL ;Lkx¿ x'g\ . b}lgs hLjgsf
r'gf}tLx¿nfO{ ;fdgf ug{ cfjZos kg]{ ;Lkx¿ g} hLjgf]kof]uL ;Lkx¿ x'g\ .
hLjgf]kof]uL ;Lksf] juL{s/0f (Classification of Life Skills)
hLjgf]kof]uL ;Lkx¿ Pscfk;df cGtlg{lxt x'G5g\ . cGt/JolQm ;DaGw, Joj;fo tyf b}lgs hLjgsf ultljlwx¿;Fu Pscsf{aLr
kl/k"/s eO/x]sf x'G5g\ . ljZj :jf:Yo ;ª\u7gn] juL{s/0f u/]cg';f/ hLjgf]kof]uL ;Lkx¿nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 M–
s= ;~rf/ tyf cGt/j}olQms ;DaGw
-c_ cGt/j}olQms ;~rf/ ;Lk
-cf_ ;dembf/L
-O_ ;dfg'e"lt ljsf;
-O{_ cfk;L ;xof]u / ;xsfo{
-p_ ax; k}/jL ;Lk
v= lg0f{o ug]{ Ifdtf / ;dfnf]rgfTds lrGtg
-c_ lg0f{o ug]{ Ifdtf tyf ;d:of ;dfwfg ;Lk
-cf_ ;dfnf]rgfTds ;f]rfO
-O_ l;h{gfTds lrGtg
-O{_ cfTd1fgsf] ;Lk
u= r'gf}tLsf] ;fdgf / Joj:yfkg;DaGwL ;Lk
-c_ cfkm"df cfTdljZjf; / hfu?stf Nofpg] ;Lk
-cf_ cfTdd"Nofª\sg ug]{ ;Lk
-O_ ;+j]u Joj:yfkgsf] ;Lk
-O{_ tgfj Joj:yfkgsf] ;Lk
;fwf/0f ;Lk
lzIffdf ;fwf/0f Jofj;flos ;Lk Jofjxfl/s ;Lksf ;fy} Generic ;LknfO{ d'Vo cfwf/ dfgL JolStsf] ;+j]ufTds, dfgl;s tyf ;fdflhs
¿k/]vf cWoog ug]{ lzIffsf ¿kdf lnO{ o;n] JolStsf] cGt/j}olSts / cGt/lglxt JolStsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] Ifdtf lgwf{/0f ug]{ ;Lksf ¿kdf
lnOG5 .
Soft skill cGtu{tsf ljleGg ;Lkx¿nfO{ lgDg ;d"xdf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 M
- People Skill
- Self-Management Skll
- Work Attitudes
- Professionalism.
 ;g\ @)!@ ;]K6]Da/ dlxgfb]lv TEVT n] Soft Skill kl/of]hgf ;~rfngdf NofPkl5 ;fwf/0f ;Lksf] ;'?jft ePsf] dfGg ;lsG5 .
 TEVT Soft Skill Project emfkf, df]/ª, wg'iff, sfe|], ¿kGb]xL, c3f{vfFrL, s}nfnL, ;'v]{t, 88]nw'/f / afun'ª u/L !) lhNnfsf *)
ljBfnodf k/LIf0fsf ¿kdf nfu" ePsf] lyof] .
 lj=;+= @)^^ df ljBfno If]q ;'wf/ of]hgfsf] b:tfj]hdf k|fljlws wf/tkm{ Soft Skill PsLs[t ug]{ egL pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
 ;g\ @)!^ b]lv @)!* ;Dd Technical Assistant for Soft Skill Project ;'? eof] . h'g lkmgNofG8 ;/sf/sf] ;xof]udf ;~rflnt 5 .
åGåsf] cy{
 b'O{ jf b'O{eGbf a9L JolQmx¿aLr s'g} klg ljifodf b]vfk/]sf] dtleGgtf ljjfb . ljjfb a9\b} uP/ 6s/fj jf d'7e]8sf] cj:yfdf k'Ug' g} åGå
xf] .
åGåsf b[li6sf]0f
-s_ k/Dk/fut cyf{t\ gsf/fTds b[li6sf]0f
 o; cjwf/0ffn] ;g\ !(#) ;Dd dfGotf kfPsf] b]lvG5 . o; b[li6sf]0fn] åGånfO{ gsf/fTds ¿kdf lnO{ o;sf] bdg tyf 9fs5f]kdf
ljZjf; ul/GYof] .
 k/Dk/fut wf/0ffcg';f/ åGån] wghgsf] 7"nf] Iflt u/fpF5 . åGå l;h{gf ul/g' x‚'b}g . åGå ;dfhsf nflu /fd|f] s'/f xf]Og, To;}n] o;nfO{
a9\g lbg' x'Fb}g .
-v_ dfgj ;DaGwjfbL cyf{t\ ;sf/fTds b[li6sf]0f
o; cjwf/0ff ;g\ !(&) ;Dd k|rng /x]sf] kfOof] . o; cjwf/0ffn] åGånfO{ ;xh / :jfefljs ¿kdf lng] ub{5 lsgeg] åGå :jo+ Pp6f
:jfefljs k|lqmof xf] . To;}n] åGånfO{ Joj:yfkg u/]/ k|ltkmn lng]tkm{ nfUg'k5{ .
-u_ cGt/lqmofTds b[li6sf]0f
of] b[li6sf]0f ;g\ !(&) kZrft\ dfGotfdf cfof] h;cg';f/ Ps xb;Dd åGånfO{ x'ls{g k|f]T;flxt ul/g'k5{ . h;n] ubf{ dflg;n] cfkm\gf]
c;Gt'li6 / km/s dt lg/Gt/ ;DalGwt d~rx¿df /flv/xg ;sf];\ .
åGåsf] Joj:yfkg
 åGå Joj:yfkgcGtu{t åGåk"j{sf] ;r]tgf åGåsf] qmdsf] ;fjwfgL / åGåkZrft\sf] k'glg{df{0f;Ddsf] ;du| k|lqmofnfO{ åGå Joj:yfkg elgG5 .
ljBfnodf x'g] åGåsf k|sf/
 ljBfyL{–ljBfyL{aLr x'g] åGå
 ljBfyL{ / lzIfsaLr x'g] åGå
 lzIfs lzIfsaLr x'g] åGå
 ljBfyL{ k|zf;gaLr x'g] åGå
 lzIfs ;d'bfoaLr x'g] åGå
 ljBfno ;d'bfoaLr x'g] åGå
åGå Joj:yfkgsf tl/sf
-s_ k|jb\wgfTds tl/sfx¿ M k"j{;r]tgf sfo{qmdx¿
 ;xeflutf, 5nkmn, cGt/lqmof, ;+jfb, ;xsfo{, -åGåsf sf/0fx¿sf] lg/fs/0f ug]{_, /f]huf/Lsf cj;/ pknAw u/fpg], ;xeflutf
clej[l4 ug]{, ;fdflhs lje]b cGTo ug]{
-v_ pkrf/fTds tl/sfx¿
 ;d:ofsf] klxrfg ug]{
 ;DalGwt ;"rgfx¿sf] ;ª\sng ug]{,
 ;"rgfx¿sf] ljZn]if0f ug]{,
 ;d:of ;dfwfgsf ljsNkx¿ klxNofpg],
 ljsNksf] cfwf/df jftf{ ug]{
jftf{sf /0fgLltx¿
 k|lt:kwf{dfkm{t nfb\g] (Competing): I win you lose or win-loss
 ;dk{0f (Accomodating): I lose you win or loss - win
 kG5fpg] (Avoiding): No win no lose
 ;xof]u jf ;fem]bf/L (Collaborationg): I win you win or win-win
 ;Demf}tf (Compromosing): Both win both lose or No win-No loss
 ;Demf}tf n]vg
 of]hgf lgdf{0f
 sfof{Gjog
 cg'udg / k[i7kf]if0f
-u_ ank"j{s åGå Joj:yfkgsf tl/sf
 abnf  k|lt3ft
 zflGtk"0f{ gfsfaGbL  k|ltaGw
 x:tIf]k
tgfj Joj:yfkg
 ;fª\u7lgs jf JolQmut dfldnfsf] ;Gbe{df JolQmsf] dgl:ylt låljwf / clgZrok"0f{ lrGtfdf /xg] l:yltnfO{ g} tgfj elgG5 .
 tgfjnfO{ ;fª\u7lgs ;Gbe{df Pp6f 5'§} Joj:yfkg ul/g'kg]{ ljifosf ¿kdf lnOG5 .
tgfjsf kl/0ffdx¿
tgfjsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s tyf dgf]j}1flgs / ;fª\ul7t ¿kdf ljleGg kl/df0fx¿ b]vf kg]{ ub{5g\ . pQm d"ne"t kl/0ffdnfO{
lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 M
 zf/Ll/s kl/df0f M cTolws /S;L ;]jg, bd, SofG;/, /Qmrfk, x[bof3ft, skfn emg]{, 6fpsf] b'Vg], d'6'sf] /f]u, dfOu|]g, cN;/, of}g b'a{ntf,
?3fvf]sL, afy h:tf /f]ux¿ b]lvg ;Sg]
 dfgl;s tyf dgf]j}1flgs kl/df0fM cg'kl:ylt, l/;fxf :jefj, ysfg, c;Gt'li6, dgf]/f]u, g}/fZotf, lgb|f gnfUg], nfu" kbfy{ b'Jo{;gL,
cfTdxTof h:tf kl/df0fx¿ n]lvg ;Sg]
 ;fª\u7lgs kl/0ffdM sfo{;Dkfbgsf] kl/0ffddf Go"gtf, Go"g pTkfbsTj, clws k]m/abn, cGt/j}olQms ;DaGw, sdhf]/ u'0f:t/df x|f;,
sfo{;Dkfbg l9nfO, ;dodf k|ltj]bg gx'g] h:tf kl/df0fx¿ b]lvg] .
tgfj Joj:yfkgsf pkfox¿
. ljBfnosf lzIfsn] klg cfÇgf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ lgDg /0fgLltsf] k|of]u ug'{k5{ M
!= dgf}j}1flgs /0fLlt (Psychological Statues)
-s_ ;sf/fTds ;f]rfO (Positive Attitude), ljrf/sf] k'gM;+/rgf (Ideal restructure)
-v_ of]ufEof; (Yoga exercise), k|fy{gf (Prayed)
-u_ b[Zofjnf]sg (Visualization)
@= af}l4s÷;+1fgfTds /0fgLlt (Intellectual/ Cognitive Strategies)
-s_ lkmNd x]g]{ (Film show), uLt ÷sljtf n]Vg] (Write sing/Poem)
-v_ dgf]/~hg ug]{, lrq agfpg] ÷/ª nufpg] (Drawing coloring)
-u_ k':ts k9\g] (Text book riding_
#= zf/Ll/s /0fgLlt (Physical Strategist)
-s_ zf/Ll/s cEof; (Psychical exercise), cfgGb lng] lqmofsnfk ug]{ (Pleasurable)
-v_ v]ns'b ug]{ (Sport and games), ;dfrf/ cfbfgk|bfg ug]{ (News communication)
-u_ ulx/f] Zjf; lng] (Long respiration)
