UNIT – III

1. Explain cloud services in detail?(SAAS, PAAS, IAAS)

Ans:
Cloud services are categorized into three primary
models: SaaS (Software as a Service), PaaS (Platform
as a Service), and IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service).
Each model provides different levels of control,
flexibility, and management in cloud computing
environments.

Infrastructure as a Service(IaaS)
• The capability provided to the consumer is to provision
processing, storage, networks, and other fundamental
computing resources.
• Consumer is able to deploy and run arbitrary software,
which may include operating systems and applications.
• The consumer does not manage or control the underlying
cloud infrastructure but has control over operating
systems, storage, deployed applications, and possibly
limited control of select networking components (e.g.,
host firewalls).
IaaS providers
• Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2)
– Each instance provides 1-20 processors, upto 16 GB
RAM, 1.69TB storage
• RackSpace Hosting
– Each instance provides 4 core CPU, upto 8 GB
RAM, 480 GB storage
• Joyent Cloud
 – Each instance provides 8 CPUs, upto 32 GB RAM,
48 GB storage
• Go Grid
– Each instance provides 1-6 processors, upto 15 GB
RAM, 1.69TB storage
Advantages:
 High Flexibility: Provides full control over the
infrastructure, allowing users to customize it based on
their needs.
 Cost-Efficient: Users only pay for the resources they
consume, which is often more cost-effective than
maintaining physical hardware.
 Scalable: Resources can be easily scaled up or down
based on usage or project demands.
Disadvantages:
 Requires Technical Expertise: Users must manage and
configure the infrastructure, which requires a certain
level of technical expertise.
 Security Responsibility: While the provider secures the
infrastructure, users are responsible for securing the
applications and data running on top of it.

Platform as a Service (PaaS)

• The capability provided to the consumer is to deploy
onto the cloud infrastructure consumer created or
acquired applications created using programming
languages and tools supported by the provider.
• The consumer does not manage or control the underlying
cloud infrastructure including network, servers, operating
systems, or storage, but has control over the deployed
applications and possibly application hosting
environment configurations.
PaaS providers
• Google App Engine
– Python, Java, Eclipse
• Microsoft Azure
– .Net, Visual Studio
• Sales Force
– Apex, Web wizard
• TIBCO,
• VMware,
• Zoho
Advantages:
 Faster Development: Pre-configured tools and

environments speed up the development process.

 Lower Cost: Reduces the need to invest in physical

hardware or manage the underlying infrastructure.

 Flexibility: Supports various programming languages

and frameworks, allowing developers to use familiar

tools.
Disadvantages:
 Vendor Lock-In: Moving an application from one PaaS

provider to another can be difficult due to platform-

specific features.
 Limited Control: Developers don’t have full control

over the infrastructure and environment.

 Software as a Service (SaaS)
• The capability provided to the consumer is to use the
provider’s applications running on a cloud infrastructure.

• The applications are accessible from various client

devices through a thin client interface such as a web
browser (e.g., web-based email).

• The consumer does not manage or control the underlying

cloud infrastructure including network, servers, operating
systems, storage, data or even individual application
capabilities, with the possible exception of limited user
specific application configuration settings.
SaaS providers
• Google’s Gmail, Docs, Talk etc
• Microsoft’s Hotmail, Sharepoint
• SalesForce,
• Yahoo
• Facebook
Advantages:
 Cost-Effective: No need to purchase or maintain

hardware and software infrastructure.

 Easy to Use: Users don’t need technical expertise to

operate SaaS applications.

 Automatic Updates: Providers handle updates, ensuring

that the software is always up to date.

Disadvantages:
 Limited Control: Users have little control over the

underlying infrastructure or customization options.

 Internet Dependency: Requires a stable internet

connection to access the software.

2. Discuss different types of clouds in detail?
Ans:
Cloud deployment models
A cloud deployment model represents a specific type of
cloud environment, primarily distinguished by
ownership, size, and access.
There are four common cloud deployment models:
 Public Clouds

 Community Clouds

 Private Clouds

 Hybrid Clouds
 Public Clouds
A public cloud is built over the Internet and can be
accessed by any user who has paid for the service. Public
clouds are owned by service providers and are accessible
through a subscription.
Many public clouds are available, including Google App
Engine (GAE), Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft
Azure, IBM Blue Cloud, and
Salesforce.com’s Forc.e.com. The providers of the
aforementioned clouds are commercial providers that
offer a publicly accessible remote interface for creating
and managing VM instances within their proprietary
infrastructure. A public cloud delivers a selected set of
business processes. The application and infrastructure
services are offered on a flexible price-per-use basis.
The advantages of a public cloud are:
 Unsophisticated setup and use
 Easy access to data
 Flexibility to add and reduce capacity
 Cost-effectiveness
 Continuous operation time
 24/7 upkeep
 Scalability
 Eliminated need for software

The disadvantages of a public model:

 Data security and privacy
 Compromised reliability
 The lack of individual approach

Private Clouds
A private cloud is built within the domain of an intranet
owned by a single organization. Therefore, it is client
owned and managed, and its access is limited to the
owning clients and their partners. Its deployment was not
meant to sell capacity over the Internet through publicly
accessible interfaces. Private clouds give local users a
flexible and agile private infrastructure to run service
workloads within their administrative domains. A private
cloud is supposed to deliver more efficient and
convenient cloud services. It may impact the cloud
standardization, while retaining greater customization
and organizational control.
• Advantages
– Provides virtualized services
– Maximizes hardware usage
– Reduces complexity
– Trust on Data ( secured data)
• Disadvantages
– Higher Cost
 Hybrid Clouds
A hybrid cloud is built with both public and private
clouds. Private clouds can also support a hybrid cloud
model by supplementing local infrastructure with
computing capacity from an external public cloud. For
example, the Research Compute Cloud (RC2) is a private
cloud, built by IBM, that interconnects the computing
and IT resources at eight IBM Research Centers scattered
throughout the United States, Europe, and Asia. A hybrid
cloud provides access to clients, the partner network, and
third parties. In summary, public clouds promote
standardization, preserve capital investment, and offer
application flexibility. Private clouds attempt to achieve
customization and offer higher efficiency, resiliency,
security, and privacy. Hybrid clouds operate in the
middle, with many compromises in terms of resource
sharing.
Community Clouds
• The cloud infrastructure is shared by several
organizations and supports a specific community that has
shared concerns (e.g., mission, security requirements,
policy, or compliance considerations).
– e.g….IEEE standards on cybernetics ( community is
all cyber crime detecting agencies)
– Banks and their users ( traders)
– Health services ( Hospitals , Medical colleges and
Health dept)
• It may be managed by the organizations or a third party
and may exist on-premises or off-premises.
• Multi tenent setup
• Examples
 – GoogleApp for Government
– Microsoft’s Govt Community Cloud
• Advantages
– Cost of setting up a communal cloud versus
individual private cloud can be cheaper due to the
division of costs among all participants.
– Management of the community cloud can be
outsourced to a cloud provider. The advantage here
is that the provider would be an impartial third
party that is bound by contract and that has no
preference to any of the clients involved other than
what is contractually mandated.
– Tools residing in the community cloud can be used
to leverage the information stored to serve
consumers and the supply chain, such as return
tracking and just-in-time production and
distribution.
• Drawbacks of community cloud:
– Costs higher than public cloud.
– Fixed amount of bandwidth
– Fixed Data storage

3. What are the advantages of Virtualization?

Ans:
Virtualization offers numerous advantages, making it a
popular technology in IT infrastructure, cloud
computing, and data centers. The key benefits include
improved resource utilization, cost savings, and
flexibility. Here are the main advantages of
virtualization:
1. Better Resource Utilization
 Efficient Use of Hardware: Virtualization allows
multiple virtual machines (VMs) to run on a single
physical server. This optimizes hardware usage by
consolidating workloads on fewer physical machines,
reducing the need for underutilized hardware.
 Dynamic Resource Allocation: Resources like CPU,
memory, and storage can be dynamically allocated to
VMs based on their needs, ensuring efficient use of
resources.
2. Cost Savings
 Reduced Hardware Costs: Since multiple VMs can run
on a single physical server, organizations can reduce the
number of servers required, saving on hardware
purchases and maintenance.
 Lower Energy and Cooling Costs: Fewer physical
servers result in reduced energy consumption for
powering and cooling, leading to significant cost savings
in data centers.
 Minimized Data Center Space: Virtualization reduces
the physical footprint required for data centers, saving
space-related costs.
3. Increased Flexibility and Agility
 Easy Provisioning: Virtual machines can be quickly
created, cloned, or deployed, enabling rapid provisioning
of IT services or development environments.
 Support for Legacy Applications: Virtualization allows
businesses to run older, legacy applications on new
hardware by virtualizing the environment, extending the
lifespan of legacy systems.
 Cross-Platform Compatibility: Virtualization allows
different operating systems to run on the same hardware,
supporting cross-platform environments.
4. Improved Disaster Recovery and Backup
 Snapshot and Cloning: Virtual machines can be easily
backed up using snapshots and can be restored quickly in
case of failure. Cloning VMs also enables quick
replication for disaster recovery purposes.
 Simplified Recovery: In the event of hardware failure,
VMs can be moved to other servers with minimal
downtime, enhancing disaster recovery capabilities.
5. Enhanced Security
 Isolation: Virtual machines are isolated from each other,
so if one VM is compromised, it does not affect the
others. This helps contain security breaches and malware
attacks.
 Sandboxing: Virtual environments can be used to test
software or patches in a sandboxed (isolated)
environment before deploying them in production,
reducing the risk of introducing bugs or vulnerabilities.
6. Scalability and Load Balancing
 Elastic Scalability: Virtualization allows the easy
addition of resources to meet increased demand, enabling
businesses to scale up or down based on their needs.
 Load Balancing: Workloads can be balanced across
multiple VMs to ensure optimal performance,
distributing traffic and resource usage evenly.
7. Simplified Management and Maintenance
 Centralized Management: Virtualization platforms
provide centralized control over multiple VMs, allowing
 IT administrators to manage, monitor, and maintain
infrastructure more efficiently.
 Easier Upgrades: VMs can be easily moved to different
physical servers without disrupting services, making
hardware upgrades and maintenance tasks more
manageable.
8. High Availability and Reliability
 Live Migration: Virtualization enables live migration of
VMs, allowing them to be moved from one physical
server to another without downtime, ensuring continuous
availability.
 Fault Tolerance: Virtual environments can provide fault-
tolerant configurations that keep services running even if
one part of the infrastructure fails.
9. Development and Testing Environments
 Multiple Environments on a Single Server: Developers
can create multiple virtual environments (e.g., for
development, testing, and production) on the same
hardware, improving workflow and resource efficiency.
 Safe Testing: Virtualization allows for safe testing of
software, applications, or operating systems without
impacting production systems.
10. Green IT
 Reduced Carbon Footprint: By consolidating servers
and reducing energy consumption, virtualization
contributes to a smaller environmental impact,
supporting green IT initiatives.

Summary of Advantages of Virtualization:

1. Better Resource Utilization: Optimizes hardware use
and dynamically allocates resources.
2. Cost Savings: Reduces hardware, energy, and data center
costs.
3. Flexibility and Agility: Speeds up provisioning and
supports multiple environments.
4. Improved Disaster Recovery: Enables fast backups,
snapshots, and easier recovery.
5. Enhanced Security: Provides isolation and sandboxing
for secure testing.
6. Scalability and Load Balancing: Facilitates easy
scaling and workload distribution.
7. Simplified Management: Centralized control over
virtual machines.
8. High Availability: Supports live migration and fault
tolerance for uninterrupted services.
9. Development Environments: Allows multiple
environments for testing and development.
10. Green IT: Reduces energy consumption and
supports sustainable practices.