KARNATAKA STATE OPEN UNIVERSITY ‘Mokthagangothri, Mysura— $70 006 DEPARTMENT OF STUDIES IN PHYSICS Internal Ass ns of 2° M, uly cycle) Note: Answer allthe questions ‘Course MPDSC 2.3: Thermal Physies & Statistical Mechanics: (SX 4-20) Discuss the Van der waals equation of sate ‘State and prove Liouville theorem. ‘Obtain the Boltzmenn limit of quantum dist Deseribe Landau Levels in DiamagnetismnMppsc 23 Me Phy sou ‘Ti hgh nl eae many citi ear fhe ip ne (Pe f)u-pear = (0) gy tao 9 ‘Anjo ac thin deg eatin with rl eds can hae thr (a) ene se and eo compres (0) ees vot, gen 2: Vn det Wa etre ‘Throne phe oa PV ple mig nin (8 il be a sei Hie rll et te a ie peo a ne (we Be 29) om the growl mf the ere Spe 25) le that Nghe caries crept Ligh Wt icemng emperataeUiepotions etre ge se ali eee. Aes ep, a ie tempts hee is pk "The marina and minina can be otalond fm the equton oa = ty tin to, «= Bint betwen te above to tons weet 08 a “This ution goth cf the min ad mini af tof fer bined for aiieet loro. Th eset shown nh ied carve won as 2 ‘Thi erve ARBQC test Pv pine note ren. The ea bl by AB stl he ape ta th ei eters oes th igi pn. Te go et Tile tbe dame shaped carve ABC dro to peste and apo The ‘ap othe tole cre BC ge the tpn phe The lee ABC wall Uheenerstne tree aia pst of ABC obtied tyeating to sv ie ‘Sei of P with reset to Veto (3). On smite gt the eed nog “Ths sale alot teeta poe cre conepanding tthe ee temperate te ptt fidtin. Ae emerges has Fea rear bee eo Face Aleence ots, At te ce peat he to pas bee ete {tis od tht Vn dar ml quo fe pe od to xperinentssy fem the ea pt An ering etn Vn er wal equation tat abe ‘xr ar os ing tered promt, Yor nal empeatar. Wed ‘edad le ae wy (r+ 8)or-n-ae ‘Wecan tht spicata ch a re at ring an ier fr. the ste ff eesti ster wich ten tt lls we 3 ‘eb in raf red psemstars ete tare nono ata 13 Jac ested atm ten oF sn tn eens ‘trent ther ml a he eyes a pts oa ‘Siders yr bergen eto The tp es ‘iso a a ye be A= Dil nsdn ss a. men yf perdi) ak dy “cin er soe fin wc ro ow i ii ie ‘Sta oe pita an te per eo ‘esp esentumcn w em y wm ‘Shqerb Cor npr gon mr hs me ‘Toe ie he pte ee ct i Deanna) an ene rng pt a oy i (0+ B2sn) (6+ Bsn) mpitn) Sete tion 12) fm tn (1) ect ad dein ‘Sedaris mcf pa the per oa a a = (0+ a) nar os Sry mms a chante eo aw pt by ~ (08+ Sn) war on et ne ee pte a ep @ae os 2 eg fin) 29 oft 3 {0 (GY) $a 0M a} ae om ween (9 (8 me 22.5 (0(M) + Bas ols ahaa am aM ttt a ee Ro tan one ee eqn (1) B35 (Ba BPa) -0 om Lite at ea tin i fon ‘ia te adm The ef hw ap oe ot dh i ‘tn eat papi eee ‘ty a i fl ey fe Tei ny cog ‘enna pe aon te ‘Greet cr Let arent i th cers of een eae Th Saserofpher open pou nomad ngsn rb ed aw=nian ‘op tty nt Ft ot oe Sc f= 0 foe Lb them ey cnt A ren ‘Soma ne to hoor ef mn perma sc ‘Seer pt St Th poate ene we Cee ‘tein pun pur A mime Pao Ci (om Del Ueto eomeeiin secon peor‘vemperature and normal pressures can be seen to be non degenerate, — ‘The Quantum distribution functions We have seen earlier the connection between symmetry of wave fanetions and the types of particles. For Bosons th total wave function must be symmetric under exchange of any two Bosons while for Fermions the wave function must be antisytmetaic under patie ‘exchange. Asa consequence any number of Bacons can occupy a given quantum state while ‘only Feemion ean occupy ove quantum state ts consier an deal gow of Nv Went particles. Let represent the state of a single particle and $ the state of the whole gas Suppose that when the gas is in state S, my Datticles are in state = 1 with energy cma particles are in sate ¢ = 2 with energy cr ‘te, Then the total energy ofthe gas willbe Te (a) z tnd the total number of particles willbe ro (15) ‘The partition fanction helps ws in ealeulatng physical quantities. Iti given by the summation is over all posible states. While summing over states we have to keepin tind the statistics obeyed by the particle. [Lett consider the ones separnely i MPDSC- 23 MSc. Physies Ksou (@) BE Statistics er the particles are indistingusbable. Grand canonical ensemble i most suited for fas ead nthe numberof partils isnot Sed, ‘Th grand partition Function i ven by De tinss inant pein) (ay ‘where the summation is overall possible states, hence ove all posible number of partces in each single particle state. ‘The numberof pasticls 1 in euch state {will ‘be 0,1.2,... subject vo the condition ny a fe a om) ( eaeon) Bot Sle HP a HN 4 ARO (aw) "This oa geometric whace sum can be found a6 Therore «ai with (a) As weet Hence y=Divo “herr the averge ber pric in he a ea i (amy Bet "The last expression gives the BE distribution funtion, Lethe number of patil in thes energy lee Since the momber of Bosons in any state cannot be nexative e+"! mst be greater ‘than unity for ey. The lowost energy for «rng patie state of « Heron ge er, oywat oy "The ast exproason gives the BE distribution function, i the number of particles in the energy lve Since the nutber of Bowons in any state cannot be negative eM") uate greater than unity fore. The lowest energy fora single particle state of a Boson gas s zero 1a ppsc-23 mse. SoU ence 4 for an ideal Boson gas must be aleays negative. For photons, when S.ny = Vis not satisfied, the dstribution formula ean be obtained by taking = 0. Then we get fr photons (o) = SE (2) () FD Statistics For an FD gas the number of particles per energy state can be zero or ove. Therefore 2a (142) (14am) ' Tw (1+ 8) (2) Hence the total nant of paste” om ‘Simplifying me gt (25) 1 the distribution fnetion forthe state, Therefore we notice that (n,) <1 for sll energies. ‘The behaviour ofthe gas obeying FD statistics is iferet from that obeying BE statistics. ‘This ference becomes strikingly diferent as tends to zero, when the asi inthe lowest ‘nergy In tho cas of BE statistics, since thee is no restrition on the numberof pxticle stato, the gas wll havo the lowest possible energy state. But inthe eae of FD statistics, since we can place only one particle in any single state, even though the gas as lowest ‘energy one is freed to populate higher energy state with one particle each. Therefore the lowest energy of an FD gat will be higher than that of BE gas atthe same temperature. It ead to observable consequences lke higher peeasure ete. 124 Key words ‘de Broglie thermal wavelength: denoted by Dy it sequal to i Gamay ‘Rotational characteristic temperature: It i given by where I ithe moment of inertia of the meee ‘Vibrational characteristic temperature: Its given by = aed where wis the oeilatory frequency ofthe molecule 108 pnsc - 23 MSc. Physi sou 12.5 Questions for self study 4) Obtain the Boltzmann limit of quantum distribution functions 1) State and explain degeneracy eitrion ©) Deduce the vibrational contribution to the specific heat 4) Obtain the rotational contribution tothe specific heat at high temperatures, a ‘WeibiieeibalOOo ‘efi cae sera ue ma is sa sn pt 8, eS tyco heaven Anstey vino kore sof) simi, We ia exe mp Ae pening sng std cr esr oa pg tint AetAee ance toi epg Te an avett nvr} ‘Nemnene snr ani cen ef wlansdaeys) 2) er yi ein a oer Las poraro Ys =e se=23 sere sou tee =e-¥Nfe mmm! eg oem ca een egy at oan re min ae ome ae me stosde oral} fen Th nL oy St yen npn Lam pte aap ec ape pe dy es The stot eee 2) e843. fawn teeta be stant =n a8) tie age fs Ln ok Te pny a a hcl eect cae pinecone te get cory Toe ened ned ec ‘eset armen ue pag en scnmae pana (mac cg tegen i ac Ps a ‘een 0 eo rose-23 crs 300