fy;tpg; nghJj; juhjug;gj;jpuk; (cau; juk;)

njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd
tpQ;Qhdk;
(jpUj;jg;gl;l fzpjf; $W)

Mrpupau; ife;E}y;
juk; - 12

njhopDl;gf; fy;tpg; gpupT

tpQ;Qhd> njhopDl;gg; gPlk;
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
k`ufk
,yq;if.

www.nie.lk
njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk;

juk; 12
Mrpupau; ife;E}y;

Kjyhk; gjpg;G - 2013

© Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

ISBN :

njhopDl;gf; fy;tpg; gpupT

tpQ;Qhd> njhopDl;gg; gPlk;
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
k`ufk
,yq;if

,izaj; jsk; ( www.nie.lk

kpd;dQ;ry; ( [email protected]

gjpg;G :
mr;rfk;
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
 gzpgg
; hsu; ehafj;jpd; nra;jp

,yq;ifapy; vjpu;fhy mgptpUj;jp jpl;lq;fis eilKiwg;gLj;Jk;NghJ

mtw;wpy; njhopy;El;gtpatpidQu;fspd; Njitg;ghl;il <Lnra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;w
vjpu;ghu;g;Gld; 2013 a+iy khjk; njhlf;fk; ,g;ghlj;Jiw ghlrhiyfspy;
eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; ”
njhopy;El;gtpay; ghlj;Jiwapy; “njhopDl;
vDk; ghlj;jpid gapYk; khzt> khztpfs; capupay;> ,urhadtpay;>
ngsjpftpay;> fzpjk;> jfty; njhopDl;gk; Mfpa Jiwfs; njhlu;ghd mbg;gil
vz;zf;fUf;fisf; Nfhl;ghl;L uPjpapYk; nrad;Kiw uPjpapYk; fw;gjw;fhd
tha;gG
; fs; fpilj;Js;sd. njhopy; cyFf;Fj; Njitahd njhopy;El;g mwpitr;
nrad;KiwuPjpapy; fw;fr; re;ju;g;gkspg;gNj ,jd; Nehf;fkhFk;.

,f;fUkj;jpid ghlrhiyapy; ntw;wpfukhf Mw;Wtjw;fhf Mrpupau;fSf;F

topfhl; L tjw; f hfj; jahupf; f g; g l; L s; s ,e; j Mrpupau; ife; E }yhdJ xU
topfhl;bahf miktNjhL> khzt> khztpfspd; cs;shu;e;j Mw;wy;fisAk;>
gpuNjrj; j pd; NjitfisAk; ed; F Kfhik nra; J GJikg; g hl; L lDk; >
gy;tifikAlDk; ghlq;fis jpl;lkpl;Lf; nfhs;tjw;Fk; tFg;giwapy; mtw;iw
ntw;wpfukhf Kd;itg;gjw;Fk; ngupJk; Jizahf mikAk; vd ek;GfpNwd;.

jkpo; nkhopapy; ,g;ghlj;Jf;fhf vOjg;gl;Ls;s E}y;fs; tiuaiwg;gl;l

mstpNyNa fhzg; g Lk; epiyapy; > fw; g pj; j y; fUkj; J f; F ,f; i fe; E }y;
ngUe;Jizahf mikAk;.

,e;j Mrpupau; ife;E}iy jahupg;gjpy; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;j midtUf;Fk;

vdJ ed;wpiaj; njuptpf;fpd;Nwd;.

Nguhrpua
p u; lgps;a+. vk;. mNguj;d gz;lhu
gzpg;ghsu; ehafk;
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

iii
 KdD
; iu

2013 a+iy khje; njhlf;fk; 250 ghlrhiyfspy; eilKiwapYs;s

njhopDl;gtpay; ghlj;Jiwiar; Nru;e;j xU ghlkhfpa njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd
tpQ;Qhdk; vDk; ghlkhdJ> khzt khztpauplj;Nj njhopDl;gtpay; njhlu;ghd
mwpT> jpwd;fisAk; tsu;gg
; jw;Fk; njhopDl;g cyfpy; fhzg;gLk; NjitfisAk;
vy;iyaw;w tha;gG
; trjpfisAk; ,dq;fhz;gjw;Fk; ngUe; Jizahf mikAk;.

Nkw;gb Njitfisg; ghlrhiyapy; ntw;wpfukhf epiwTnra;J nfhs;tjw;F>

Mrpupaupd; gq;fspg;G ,d;wpaikahjjhFk;. MrpupauJ tfpghfj;ij ntw;wpfukhf
Mw;Wtjw;fhd xU topfhl;bahfg; gad;gLj;jj;jf;f tifapy; ,e;j Mrpupau;
ife;E}y; jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

ghlq;fisj; jpl;lkpLtjw;fhfTk;> Kd;itg;gjw;fhfTk; ,q;F jug;gl;Ls;s

mwpTWj;jy;fisNa gpd;gw;w KbAnkdpDk; Mrpupaupd; Mf;fj;jpwd;> khztuJ
cs;shu;e;j Mw;wy;fs;> gpuNjrj;jpd; Njitfs; Mfpatw;Wf;fika> GJikg;ghl;
LlDk; gy;tifikAlDk; jkJ ghlq;fis jpl;lkpl;Lf; nfhs;Sk; Rje;jpuk;
MrpupaUf;F cz;L.

,e;j Mrpupau; ife;E}iyj; jahupg;gjpy; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;j midtUf;Fk;

vdJ ed;wpawpjiyj; njuptpf;fpd;Nwd;.

v];. vg;. Mu;. rp. [atu;jd

gpujpg; gzpg;ghsu; ehafk;
tpQ;Qhd> njhopDl;gg; gPlk;
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

iv
gzpg;G ( Nguhrpupau;. lg;spA+. vk;. mNguj;d gz;lhu
gzpg;ghsu; ehafk;
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

topfhl; l y; ( vk;. vg;. v];. gP. [atu;jd

gpujpg; gzpg;ghsu; ehafk;
tpQ;Qhd> njhopDl;g gPlk;> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

ghlj; jiyikj;JtKk; ,izg;Gk; (

fyhepjp. vy;. lg;spA+. Mu;. jp my;tp];
rpNul;l tpupTiuahsu;>
njhopDl;g Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

cs; s f tsthsu; f s; (
fyhepjp. vy;. lg;spA+. Mu;. jp my;tp]; rpNul;l tpupTiuahsu;>
njhopDl;g Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
V. Nf. Mu;. gj;krpwp gzpg;ghsu;> fzpjj; Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
v];. vd;. khJtNf gzpg;ghsu;> jfty; njhopDl;gtpay;
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
v];. vk;. vy;. gP. Rgrpq;` gpujp tpupTiuahsu;>
njhopDl;g Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
gP. kytpgj;jpud rpNul;l tpupTiuahsu;>
tpQ;Qhd Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
Mu;. v];. N[. gP. cLNghUt rpNul;l tpupTiuahsu;>
tpQ;Qhd Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
V. B. V. jp rpy;th rpNul;l tpupTiuahsu;>
tpQ;Qhd Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
lg;spA+. I. N[. uj;dhaf rpNul;l tpupTiuahsu;>
fzpjj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
vy;. Nf. kLNf rpNul;l tpupTiuahsu;>
tpQ;Qhd Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
vr;. Nf. B. A+. Fztu;jd rpNul;l tpupTiuahsu;>
fzpjj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
vk;. vd;. gP. gPup]; tpupTiuahsu;>
fzpjj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
vk;. uhfthrhup tpupTiuahsu; >
tpQ;Qhd Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

Gw tsthsu; f s;
Nguhrpupau;. ruj; FyJq;f fsdpg; gy;fiyf;fofk;
fyhepjp. B. Nf. nty;ytMuhr;rp rpNul;l tpupTiuahsu;> tpQ;Qhd gPlk;.
fsdpg; gy;fiyf;fofk;
fyhepjp. B. B. fUzhuj;d rpNul;l tpupTiuahsu;>
nfhOk;G gy;fiyf;fof fzpdpg;
ghlrhiy
nfhOk;G gy;fiyf;fofk;

v
fyhepjp. v];. B. vk;. rpe;;jf rpNul;l tpupTiuahsu;
tpQ;Qhd gPlk;> = [atu;jdGu
gy;fiyf;fofk;
fyhepjp. tP. vk;> jjhdp rpNul;l tpupTiuahsu;
tpQ;Qhd gPlk;> = [atu;jdGu
gy;fiyf;fofk;
fyhepjp. vk;. V. gP. gpurhe;;j rpNul;l tpupTiuahsu;
tpQ;Qhd gPlk;> = [atu;jdGu
gy;fiyf;fofk;
fyhepjp. vk;. vd;. nfskhy; rpNul;l tpupTiuahsu;
tpQ;Qhd gPlk;> nfhOk;G gy;fiyf;fofk;
tP. gP. Nf. Rkjpghy Mrpupa MNyhrfu;> tyaf; fy;tpf;
fhupahyak; > ty];Ky;y
vk;. v];. nghd;dk;gyk; rpNul;l tpupTiuahsu;(Xa;Tepiy)
rpadj fy;tpg; gPlk;> ntahq;nfhil
jkae;jp kQ;rehaf rpNul;l tpupTiuahsu
rpadj fy;tpg; gPlk;> ntahq;nfhil
N[. vk;. yf;];kd; rpNul;l tpupTiuahsu
rpadj fy;tpg; gPlk;> ntahq;nfhil
Nf. gP. V. tpjhuz Mrpupau;> uh[rpq;f k.k.tp. Utd;nty;y
lg;s;. vk;. V. v];. tpN[Nrfu epiya Kfhikahsu;> fzpdp ts
epiyak;> `hypvy
vr;. gP. A+. v];. I. Nf. ngNuuh epiya Kfhikahsu;> fzpdp ts
epiyak;
`q;Fud;nfj;j
v];. Nf. vd;. #upaMur;rp Mrpupau;> fltj k.k.tp. fltj
vr;. vk;. B. v];. gP. N`uj; Mrpupau;> nrd; me;Njhdp kfspu; tp.
fLf];njhl
fPjhdp re;jujh] Mrpupa MNyhrfu;
tyaf; fy;tp mYtyfk;> N`hkhfk
Nf. gP. vd;. fUzhehaf epiya Kfhikahsu;> fzpdp ts
epiyak;> fy`pbaht
V. vk;. t]Pu; epiya Kfhikahsu;> fzpdp ts
epiyak;> f`nfhy;y
B. kjptjdd; Mrpupa MNyhrfu; (tptrhak;)
tyaf; fy;tp mYtyfk;> gpypae;jy
vk;. vr;. vk;. ahf;$j; gpujhd nraw;wpl;l mjpfhup (Xa;Tepiy)

fzpdp tbtikg; G
fhe;jp Vfehaf njhopDl;gg; gpupT> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
V.Nf.vk;. K];dp Mrpupau;> k`pe;j uh[gf;r fy;Y}up -
khj;jiw
urpf vjpuprpq;` Mrpupau;> rpj;jhu;j;j k.k.tp. ntypfk
 Mrpupau; ife; E }iyg; gad; g Lj; J tjw; f hd
mwpTWj; j y; f s;

'njhopDl; g tpaYf; f hd tpQ; Q hdk; ' vDk; ghlj; J f; f hfj;

jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,e;j Mrpupau; ife;E}y;> juk; - 12 ,y; fw;wy; -
fw;gpj;jw; nrad;Kiw njhlu;ghf Mrpupau;fshy; mDrupf;fj;jf;f fw;wy;-
fw;gpj;jy; mZFKiwfs; gw;wpa rpy topfhl;ly;fs; Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
vt;thnwdpDk; ,q;F fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; mZFKiwapd; fPo;j;
jug; g l; L s; s nraw; g hLfs; njhlufj; i jAk; > khztuJ: Mw; w y;
kl; l q; f isAk; ghlrhiy trKs; s tsq; f isAk; fUj; j pw; n fhz; L
cq;fsJ Mf;fj;jpwidg; gpuNahfpj;J ePqf
; s; jahupf;Fk; nraw;ghLfisAk;
gad;gLj;jp> ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy; jug;gl;Ls;s Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fis milAk;
Rje;jpuk; MrpupaUf;F cz;L.
NkYk; > ,g; g hlj; j pd; %yk; ,uz; L gpujhd njhopDl; g g;
ghlq; f Sf; F k; (nghwpapay; njhopDl; g tpay; > capu; K iwikfs;
njhopDl;gtpay;) cupa mbg;gilahd tpQ;Qhd> fzpj kw;wk; jfty;
njhopDl;gtpay; mwpit toq;FtNj Nehf;fhffj;
nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sikahy;> mg;ghlq;fisf; fw;gjw;Fj; Njitahd gpd;dzp
cUthFk; tifapy; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiw xOq;Fnra;J nfhs;tJ
vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

vi
 nghUslf;fk;

gf;f vz;

• gzpg;ghsu; ehafj;jpd; nra;jp iii

• gpujpg; gzpg;ghsu; ehafj;jpd; nra;jp iv

• fiyj;jpl;lf; FO v

• Mrpupa ife;E}iyg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs; vi

• mwpKfk; vii

• fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiwf;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs; 01-85

• crhj;Jiz

vii
 mwpKfk;

2013 Mk; mfit njhlf; f k; fy; t pg; nghJj; juhjug; g j; j pu cau; j u

tFg;Gfspw;nfd mwpKfQ; nra;ag;gl;Ls;s njhopDl;gg; ghlj;Jiwapy; mlq;Fk;
njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk; vDk; ,e;jg; ghlj;jpw;F mikthfj; jahupf;fg;gl;l
ghlj;jpl;lj;jpw;F ,irthf ,e;j Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,e;jg; ghlj;jpw;nfd ntspaplg;gl;Ls;s ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s Nju;rr
; pfs;>
Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs;> cj;Njr ghlNtisfs;> fw;ww;NgWfs;> ghl cs;slf;fk;
Mfpatw;wpw;F Nkyjpfkhf ,e;E}ypy; fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; mZFKiw> jutpUj;jp
cs;sL
P fs;> fzpg;gL
P k; kjpg;gL
P k; Mfpatw;wpw;fhd topfhl;ly;fs; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

,e;jg; ghlj;jpy; xt;nthU Nju;r;rpapd; fPOk; jug;gl;Ls;s fw;ww;NgWfis

va;jf;$ba tifapy; ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpl;L fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiwapy;
<LgLtjd; %ykhf gaDWjpkpf;f fw;wy; mDgtq;fis khztu;fSf;F toq;f
KbAk;.

fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; mZFKiwapd; fPo; jug;gl;Ls;s tplaq;fs; KiwNa

fl;bnaOg;gg;gLk; tifapy; ghlj;jpl;lkpliy Nkw;nfhs;tjd; %yk; cupa ghlk;rhu;ej
;
Nju;r;rpfis khztupy; tpUj;jp nra;ayhk;. mt;thNw mwpKiwrhu; tplaq;fspw;Fk;
nrad;Kiwrhu; tplaq;fspw;Fk; cupa topfhl;ly;fs; ,e;E}ypy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd.
nrad;Kiwfisj; jpl;lkpLk;NghJ khztu;fspdhy; va;jg;gl Ntz;Lk; vdf; Fwpj;Jf;
fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s jpwd;fis khztu;fs; ngwf;$bajhf nraw;ghLfisj; jpl;lkpLtJ
MrpupauJ nghWg;ghFk;.

Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l tplaq;fisf; ftdj;jpw; nfhz;L khztu;fspw;F gaDWjp

tha;e;j fw;wy; mDgtq;fis toq;fg; nghUj;jkhd fw;ww; #oiy Vw;gLj;JtJ
MrpupauJ nghWg;ghFk;. ,jw;fika rkfhy Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j ,g;ghlj;ij
ehl; b d; mgptpUj; j pf; F g; gq; f spg; G r; nra; a f; $ ba tpjkhf ghlrhiyfspy;
mKy;nra;tJ Mrpupau;fspd; gzpahFk;.

viii
 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk;

Nju; r ; r p 1.0 : Ez;zq;fpfis ,dq;fz;L mtw;wpd; gad;ghl;il tpsf;Fth

thu;.

Nju; r ; r pkl; l k; 1.1 : Ez;zq;fpfspd; gy;tifikiaAk;> jd;ikiaAk; Njbaha;thu;.

ghlNtisfs; : 12

fw;ww; NgWfs; : ² Ez;zq;fpfisg; gpujhd $l;lq;fshf tifg;gLj;Jthu;.

² Ez;zq;fpf; $l;lq;fSf;fhd cjhuzq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
² tupg;glq;fspd; cjtpAld; gpujhd Ez;zq;fpf; $l;lq;fSf;Fupa
,ay;Gfis tptupg;ghu;.

ghlj; i jj; jpl; l kpLtjw; f hd mwpTWj; j y; f s; :

• xsp EZf;Ff;fhl;bapd; fPo; itj;J fs;S khjpup> Nahfl; khjpup> g+Q;rzk; tsu;eJ; s;s
ghz;Jz;L Nghd;wtw;iw khztiu mtjhdpf;fr; nra;Aq;fs;.
• khztiu gpujhd Ez;zq;fpf; $l;lq;fspd; tiff;Fupa tupg;glq;fis tiuar;
nra;Aq;fs;.
• mtu;fs; mtjhdpj;j rpwg;gpay;Gfs; gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLq;fs;.
• ntWq;fz;zhy; mtjhdpff ; Kbahjd vy;yhNk EZf;Ff;fhl;bapdhy; ghu;ff ; j;jf;f
mq;fpfshFk;.
• rpy Ez;zq;fpfs; jdpf;fyj;jhyhdit. kw;Wk; rpy ,iofshyhdit.
• Ez;zq;fpfis fyq;fspd; vz;zpf;iff;F mikaTk; cUttpaYf;F mikaTk;
tifg;gLj;jyhk; vd;gij tpsf;Ff.
• Ez;zq;fpfspd; gUkd; 0.1 kpy;ypkPw;wupYk; (0.1 mm) FiwthdjhFk;.
• gw;wPupah> gq;fR> ituR vd;gdNt gpujhdkhf Ez;zq;fpf; $l;lq;fshFk;.
kJtk;> gq;fRfSf;fhd Xu; cjhuzkhFk;.
• mit kz;> tsp> ePu;> tpyq;Ffspd; Nkw;gug;G> jhtuq;fspd; Nkw;gug;G Nghd;w
gue;j tPr;rpy; mike;j thoplq;fspy; fhzg;gLk;.
• mit gue;j Nghrizg; gy;tifikiaf; nfhz;lit.
• mit mtw; w pdJ fhgd; %yq; f Sf; F k; rf; j p %yq; f Sf; F k; mika
tifg;gLj;jg;gLk;.
1. xspj;jw;Nghrzpfs; - rf;jp Kjy; - xsp
fhgd; Kjy; - fhgdPnuhl;irl;L (CO2)
cjhuzk;: raNdhgw;wPupah> Cjh fe;jf gw;wPupah
2. xspg;gpwNghrzpfs; - rf;jp Kjy; - xsp
fhgd; Kjy; - Nrjdf; fhgd; (C)
cjhuzk;: Cjhf; fe;jfkpy;yhj gw;wPupah
3. ,urhadj; jw;Nghrzpfs; - rf;jp Kjy; - mNrjd ,urhadr; Nru;itfs;
fhgd; Kjy; - fhgdPnuhl;irl;L (CO2)
cjhuzk;: Nitrosomonas, Nitrobacter
4. ,urhadg; gpwNghrzpfs; -rf;jp KjYk; - fhgd; KjYk; : Nrjdg; nghUl;fs;
cjhuzk;: ngUk;ghyhd gw;wPupahf;fs;> gq;fRf;fs;>
Guw;wNrhthf;fs;
• Rthrj;Jf;fhf xl;rpridg; gad;gLj;Jk; tpjj;Jf;fika Ez;zq;fpfs; gytifg;gLk;.
• fhw;W thopfs;. cjhuzk;: Acetobacter
• mikaj;jpw;Nfw;w fhw;wpd;wp thopfs;. cjhuzk;: kJtk; - Yeast
• fl;Lg;gl;l fhw;wpd;wp thopfs;. cjhuzk;: Clostridium
• Ez; fhw;whbfs; - cjhuzk;: Lactobacillus

Mrpupau; ife;E}y; 1 juk; 12

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk;

• gw;wPupah - Bacteria
• GNuhf;fupNahl;lh (Prokaryotic) fs xOq;fikg;G cz;L. nkd;rt;tpdhy; #og;gl;l>
Gd;dq;fq;fisf; nfhz;buhjit.
• rpy ,aq;Fk; jd;ik cilait. rpy ,aq;fhjit.
• tbtj;Jf;F mika %d;whf tifg;gLj;jyhk;.
NfhYU - Bacillus - grpyR
NfhsTU - Coccus - nfhf;fR
RUspAU - Sprillum - ];gpupy;yk;

• gq; f R
• a+f;fupNahl;lh fy xOq;fikg;G cz;L. nkd;rt;tpdhy; #og;gl;l Gd;dq;fq;fs;
cz;L.
• Gtpapy; fhzg;gLk; gpujhdkhd gpupifahf;fpfs; MFk;.
• ngUk;ghyhdit mOfy;tsupfs; (Saprotrophs). ,it ,we;j jhtu tpyq;Ffs;
Nghd;w Nrjdg; nghUl;fis gpupe;jopj;J Nghriziag; ngWk;.
• rpy gq;fRf;fs; xl;Lz;zpfshFk;. vdpDk;> rpy xd;wpathopfshFk;.
• ,it xspj;njhFg;G Nkw;nfhs;tjpy;iy.
• rpy jdpf;fyj;jhyhdit. cjhuzk;: kJtk; (Yeast)
• rpytw;wpy; ,iofs; fhzg;gLk;. ,iofs; gpupRtu; nfhz;litahfNth> gpupRtu;
mw;witahfNth fhzg;gLk;. ,it $l;lhf gq;fR tiyia cUthf;Fk;.
• fyr;Rtu; ifw;wpdhyhdJ.
• Nrkpg;GzT fpisf;Nfh[d; MFk;.
• tpj;jpfs; %yk; ,dk;ngUf;Fk;.

• ituR
• ,tw;Wf;F fy mikg;G fpilahJ.
• vy;yhNk fl;Lg;gl;l xl;Lz;zpfshFk;.
• NtW capuf ; f
; ynkhd;wpDs; ,Uf;Fk;NghNj ,tw;wpdhy; ,dk;ngUf;f KbAk;.
• ,it gw;wPupahf;fis tpl Vwj;jho 50 klq;F rpwpait. (20nm -300 nm)
• ,it njhw;Wf;fhuzpfshFk;.
• ituRtpy; gpwg;Gupikg; nghUshf D N A my;yJ R N A cz;L. (,J Gujj;jhyhd
kly; (Capsid) vdg;gLk; ghJfhg;G ciwapdhy; #og;gl;bUf;Fk;.
• ituRf;fspd; cUtq;fs;: %d;W mbg;gil cUtq;fs;
gd;Kfp> RUsp> rpf;fy; - Polyhedral, Helical, Complex

• gq;fR> gw;wuP pah> kJt khjpupfis vspa EZf;Ff; fhl;bapy; mtjhdpjJ

; cUttpay;
,ay;Gfis tiuAkhW khztiu topg;gLj;Jf.
• fs;S my;yJ Nahfl; khjpupapy; mlq;fpAs;s gw;wuP pahf; fyq;fis mtjhdpgg
; jw;fhd
vspikahd eP w %l; l y; Kiwnahd; w pidf; ifahz; L ghu; f ; f khztu; f ; F
re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.

gpujhd nrhw;fs; ((Key words))

• Ez;zq;fp - Micro-organism
• A+f;fupNahl;lh - Eukariotic
• xl;Lz;zp - Parasitic
• xspj;jw;Nghrzpfs; - Phototrophs
Mrpupau; ife;E}y; 2 juk; 12
 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk;

• xspg;gpwNghrzpfs; - Heterotrophs
• nkjpypd; ePy epwg;nghUs;
jutpUj; j p cs; s P L fs;
• EZf;Ff; fhl;bfs;
• fs;S khjpup> Nahfl; khjpup> g+Q;rzk; tsu;e;j ghz;Jz;L
• tupg;glq;fs;
• nghUj;jkhd tiyf; flg;gpl Kftupfs; (web addresses)

fzpg; g P l ; L > kjpg; g P l ; L epajp; f s;

• Ez;zq;fpfisg; gpujhd $l;lq;fshf tifg;gLj;Jjy;.
• xt;nthU gpujhd Ez;zq;fpf; $l;lj;Jf;fhd cjhuzq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLjy;.
• gw;wPupahf;fspd; rpwg;gpay;Gfisf; Fwpg;gpLjy;.
• gq;fRf;fspd; rpwg;gpay;Gfisf; Fwpg;gpLjy;.
• ituRf;fspd; rpwg;gpay;Gfisf; Fwpg;gpLjy;.
• Ez;zq;fpf; $l;lq;fis ,dq;fhzy;.

Mrpupau; ife;E}y; 3 juk; 12

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk;

gad;gLj;jf;$ba tupg;glq;fSf;fhd rpy cjhuzq;fs;

gw; w P u pahf; fyk;

ituR

gw; w P u pah tiffs;

Mrpupau; ife;E}y; 4 juk; 12

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk;

gq;fR tiffs;

ituR tiffs;

Mrpupau; ife;E}y; 5 juk; 12

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk;

Nju; r ; r pkl; l k; 1.2 : kdpj ,dj;jpd; ,Ug;Gf;fhf Ez;zq;fpfspd; gad;ghLis

tpsf;Fthu;.
ghlNtisfs; : 10

fw; w w; N gWfs; : ² gy; N tW Jiwfspy; Ez; Z apupdtpaypd; gpuNahfq; f is

tptupg;ghu;.
² capupaw; rpfpr;irr; nrad;Kiwia tptupg;ghu;.
² rf;jp%yq;fspd; epiyNgwhd ghtidf;F Ez;Zapu;fspd;
gpuNahfj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.
² guk; g iuayFg; (kugZg; ) nghwpapaypy; Ez; z q; f pfspd;
gpuNahfq;fis tptupg;ghu;.

ghlj; i jj; jpl; l kpLtjw; f hd mwpTWj; j y; f s; :

• Nahfl; khjpupnahd;iw my;yJ $l;nlU khjpupnahd;iw khztUf;Ff; fhl;b
ghlj;ij mZFq;fs;.
• Ez;zq;fpfs; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gLtjw;F ePz;l fhyj;jpw;F Kd;du; njhlf;fk; mit
gad;kpf;f nray;fSf;fhfg; gad;gl;Ls;sd. fp.K. 6000 fhyg;gFjpapy; $l
ggpNyhdpaUk; RNkupaUk; kJrhuk; jahupg; g jw; f hf Ez; z q; f pfisg;
gad;gLj;jpAs;sdu; vd;gijf; Fwpg;gpLf.
• Ez;zq;fpfis kpfr;rpwpa ,urhadj; njhopw;rhiyfshff; fUjyhk;. mit gy;NtW
%yg;nghUl;fis (Nghrizf;$Wfs;> Mjhug;gilfis) gy;NtWgl;l gad;kpf;f
,Wjp tpisTfshf khw;Wk; Mw;wy; cilait vd;gij tpsf;Ff.
Ez;zq;fpfs; + Mjhug;gil > cw;gj;jp tpisT + fopTg;nghUs;
• czT cw;gj;jpf;fhf Ez;zq;fpfspd; gad;ghL njhlu;ghf gpd;tUk; tplaq;fisf;
fye;JiuahLf.
• Ez;zq;fpfisg; gad;gLj;jp gy;NtW czT tiffis cw;gj;jp nra;tjhy; gy
mD$yq;fs; fpilf;fpdw ; d. kypthd gy;NtW %yg;nghUs;fisg; gaDila
tpisTfshf khw;Wk; Mw;wy; Ez;zq;fpfSf;F cz;L. mr;nra;KiwfSf;F rpwg;ghd
epge;jidfs; (cau; ntg;gepiy> cau; mKf;fk;) Njitg;gLtjpyi
; y.
• Ez;zq;fpfSk;; mtw;wpd; ,dg;ngUf;f mikg;Gf;fSk; czthfg; gad;gLk;
re;ju;g;gq;fs;.
cjhuzk;: fhshd; tiffs; - Agaricus
• kJrhu ghdtif cw;gj;jpapy; Ez;zq;fpfspd; gad;ghL

•vijy; kJrhuk;> itd;> gpau;> fs;S vd;gd fhNghitjNuw;W

Mjhug;gilfs; Saccharomyces cerevisiae vDk; kJtj;jpdhy;
nehjpf;fr; nra;ag;gLtjhy; fpilf;Fk; mDNrg tpisTfshFk;.
C 6 H12 O6 Ž vijy; kJrhuk; + fhgdPnuhl;irl;L (CO2)
(FSf;NfhR)
fs;S cw;gj;jp
• njd;id> gid> jpg;gpypg;gid (fpj;Js;) Nghd;w jhy tifj; jhtuq;fspd;
g+e;Jziur; rPtp mjpypUe;J tbAk; rhW %yg;nghUshfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
,jpy; Vwj;jho 15% Rf;FNuhR mlq;fpapUf;Fk;. ,J ~gjdPu;| vdg;gLk;. gjdPupd;
kPJ tspkz;lyj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; kJtq;fs; nraw;gLtjhy; ,g;gjdPu; nehjpj;J
fs;S cUthFk;.

Mrpupau; ife;E}y; 6 juk; 12

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk;

• itd; cw;gj;jpapd; NghJ

• %yg;nghUshf> gor;rhW gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. cjhuzk;. jpuhl;;ir> jpuhl;irg;
goq;fis erpj;Jg; ngw;w rhw;iw nehjpf;fr; nra;jy;: (kJt tiffs; %yk;)
mt;thW fpilf;Fk; itd;> ghr;ru; gpuNahfj;Jf;F cl;gLj;jpg; Ngzp itj;jy;.
• gpau; cw; g j; j p
• muprp> NfhJik> ghu;yp Nghd;w jhdpa tiffspd; tpj;Jf;fis Kis nfhs;sr;
nra;tjhy;> mj;NjhL jhdpa kzpfspy; mlq;fpAs;s khg;nghUshdJ nty;ykhf
khw;wg;gLk;. gpujhdkhf ghu;yp tpj;Jf;fspy; mlq;fpAs;s Nkhy;NuR Nghd;w
nehjpaq;fshy; khg;nghUshdJ nty;ykhf khw;wg;gLk;. tpj;Jf;fs; Kisj;J
xU Fwpj;j msT Neuk; fopj;j gpd;du;> mt;tpj;Jf;fs; cyu;j;jpf; nfhs;sg;gLk;.
mjd; %yk; nehjpaq;fspd; njhopw;ghL epWj;jg;gLk;. ,t;thwhf cyu;j;jpa
Kisnfhz;l ghu;yp> Nkhy;l;(Malt) vdg;gLk;. mjidf; fzprkhd fhyj;Jf;F
Ngzp itf;fyhk;.
• Njitg;gLk; Ntisapy;> mk;Nkhy;l;il RLePu; Nru;j;J miuj;Jg; ngWk; fiury;
Ntu;l; (Vert) vdg;gLk;. mf;fiurypYk; nty;yk; mlq;fpAs;sJ. mf;fiury;
nehjpa tiffs; %yk; nehjpf;fr; nra;ag;gLk;. mt;thW ngWk; fiurYld;>
Humulus Lupulus vdg;gLk; jhtug;G+ej ; J
; zupypUe;J ngWk;> n`hg;]; (hops) vdg;gLk;
tpNrlkhd gjhu;jj ; k; Nru;ff
; g;gLk;. ,jd; %yk; gpaUf;F frg;Gr; Rit Cl;lg;gLk;.
gpau;> fz;zhbg; Nghj;jy;fspy; my;yJ kug;ghj;jpuq;fspy; ,lk;> ghr;ru;g; gpuNahfk;
nra;ag;gl;l gpd;du; Ngzp itf;fg;gLk;.
• ghYzT cw;gj;jpj; njhopw;rhiy> kJtbrhiy(Distillary) Nghd;w Ez;zq;fpfs;
gad;gLk; njhopw;rhiynahd;wpidg; ghu;itapLtjw;fhf fsg;gpuahznkhd;wpid
xOq;F nra;f.
• ifj;njhopy;fspy; Ez;zq;fpfspd; gad;ghL njhlu;ghd mwpf;ifnahd;iwj;
jahupf;FkhW khztUf;F mwpTWj;Jf.
• ntt;NtW Jiwfspy; Ez;zq;fpfs; gad;gLfpd;wd vd;gijf; fye;Jiuahb
tpsf;Fq;fs;.
• ifj;njhopy;fspy; Ez;zq;fpfspd; gad;ghL njhlu;ghd mwpf;ifnahd;iwj;
jahupf;FkhW khztUf;F mwpTWj;Jf.
• $l; n lU cw; g j; j pr; nrad; K iwiag; gpd; t Uk; tplaq; f is typAWj; j pf;
fye;JiuahLf.

tptrhaj; j py; Ez; z q; f pfspd; gad; g hL

$l; n lU jahupj; j y;
• ,we;j jhtug; gjhu;j;jq;;fs;> tpyq;F kPjpfs;> tpyq;Ff; fopTg;nghUs;fs;
Nghd;wit ,aw;ifahd Ez;zq;fpf; Fbj;njhif %yk; gpupj;jopf;fg;gLk;.
• ,jw;fhf> ntJntJg;ghd> <uypg;ghd> fhw;Ws;s epge;jidfs; Njit. fhw;Wtho;
gw;wPupa ,dq;fshy;; ,g;nghUl;fs;; gpupj;jopf;fg;gl;L $l;nlUthf khw;wg;gLk;.
• a+upah> mtiuaj; jhtug; gFjpfs;> khl;Lr; rpWePu; Nghd;wtw;Ws; xd;iw
,g;nghUs;fs; kPJ ,Ltjhy; gpupe;jopAk; tPjj;ij Jupjg;gLj;jyhk;.
• ,r;nra;Kiw %yk; fpilf;Fk; $l;nlUtpy;> jhtu tsu;r;rpf;Fj; Njitahd
Nghrizf; $Wfs; mlq;fpapUf;Fk;.
capupay; gupfupg; G
• #oypy; NrUk; #oy; khrhf;fpfspd; ghjpg;Gf;fis Fiwf;Fk; my;yJ #oy;
khrhf;fpfis ePf;FjNy ,jd; Nehf;fkhFk;.
Mrpupau; ife;E}y; 7 juk; 12
 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk;

• ,J xU Gjpa njhopDl;gkhFk;. Ez;zq;fpfspd; ,aw;ifahd gpupj;jopg;Gr;

nra; K iwfisg; gad; g Lj; j p khrhf; f pfs; eP f ; f g; g Lk; . ,r; n ra; K iw gw; w p
tpsf;fkspAq;fs;.
kUj; J tj; Jiwapy;
• Ez;Zapu;nfhy;yp cw;gj;jp.
• Neha;j;jLg;G kUe;J cw;gj;jp Mfpatw;Wf;fhd Ez;zq;fpfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
cjhuzk;:ngdprpypd; - Penicillium notatum vDk; gq;fR gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
gP.rP.[P.(B.C.G) jLg;G kUe;J - Mycobacterium tuberclosis vDk;
gw;wPupah gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
• kUj;Jtj;Jiwapy; Ez;zq;fpfspd; gad;ghLfisf; fhl;Lk; ml;ltiznahd;wpidj;
jahupf;FkhW khztu;f;F mwpTWj;Jf.
NtW ifj;njhopy;fspy; Ez;zq;fpfspd; gad;ghL
• ghz; jahupg; G
• ,q;F ePUld; Nru;j;Jg; gpirag;gl;l khfyitapy; gq;fR tsur; nra;ag;gLk;.
,jd; N ghJ ghz; Nkw; g ug; g pYs; s khg; n ghUs; nty; y khf khw; w g; g l; l
nehjpj;jYf;Fl;gLk;. mg;NghJ fhgdPnuhl;irl;L> ePu;> vjNdhy; Mfpad
cUthFk;. ,t;thW cUthFk; fhgdPnuhl;irl;L khf;fyitapDs; rpiwg;gl;L
Fkpopfshtjhy; ghz; nghq;Fk;.
• tpdhfpup jhaupg; G
• ,q; F njd; d k; g+e; J zupypUe; J ngwg; g Lk; gjeP u ; %yg; n ghUshfg;
gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. Kjypy; gjePupYs;s nty;y mbg;gil nehjpj;jYf;Fs;shfp
vjNdhy; cUthFk;. gpd;du; vjNdhy; xl;rpNaw;wkile;J tpdhfpup cUthFk;.

nty;yk; nfhz;l gjePu; > vjNdhy; + fhgdPnuhl;irl;L

vjNdhy; + O2 > tpdhfpup
Saccharomyces
• ghYw;gj;jpg; nghUl; jahupg;G Acetobbacter
• jputg; ghypy; Lactobacillus Nghd;w Ez;zq;fpfs; tsu;tjdhy; japu;> Nahfl;
Nghd;wd cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk;. tpNrl epiyikfspd; fPo; Ez;zq;fpfis
gad;gLj;jp rP]; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk;.
• jputg;ghiyg; gad;gLj;jp japu; jahupgg
; pid Nkw;nfhs;s khztiu topgg ; Lj;Jf.

• fopTeP u ; g ; gupfupg; G f; f hf Ez; z q; f pfisg; gad; g Lj; j y; .

• fopTePu; vd;gJ tPLfspYk;> njhopw;rhiyfspYk; gad;gLj;jpa gpd;du;

ntspNaw;wg;gLk; ePuhFk;. ,e;euP py; gy;NtW Nrjdg; gjhu;jj
; q;fs; ghupa msTfspy;
mlq;fpapUf;Fk;. ,t;thwhd fopTg; nghUs;fisf; nfhz;lePiu ,aw;if
ePu;epiyfspDs; tpLtpg;gjhy; gy gpur;rpidfs; cUthFk;.
• ,f;fopTePupy; mlq;fpAs;s Nrjdg; gjhu;j;jq;fspd; kPJ Ez;zq;fpfisj;
njhopw;glr; nra;J> mtw;wpd; ,aw;ifahd gpupj;jopAk; nra;Kiwapd; %yk;
mf; f opTg; n ghUs; f spd; ghjfkhd jd; i kfisf; Fiwj; J gpd; d u;
ntspNaw;wg;gLk;.

• fopTePupy; gupfupg;Gg; nghwpj;njhFjpnahd;wpd; gpujhdkhd Fwpf;Nfhs;fis

tpsf;Fq;fs;. mjd; %yk; ePupy; mlq;fpAs;s khrhf;fpfs; ePq;Fk; tpjj;ij
tpsf;fg;glq;fspd; JizAld; tpsf;Fq;fs;.

Mrpupau; ife;E}y; 8 juk; 12

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk;

• capupay; gy; g Fjpaq; f s;

• fopTePiug; gupfupf;fhJ ,aw;ifahd ePu;epiyfspy; tpLtpg;gjhy; Vw;glj;jf;f
ghjfkhd tpisTfis tpsf;Fq;fs;.

• ntt;NtW ifj;njhopy;fspd; NghJ kdpjDf;Fj; Njitahd capup ,urhad

tpisTfis cw;gj;jp nra;tjw;fhf Ez;zq;fpfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
• Gujk; > epA+f; f pspf; f kpyq; f s; > nghyprf; f iul; L Nghd; w it capu; g ;
gy;gFjpaq;fshFk;.
• Gujq;fspd; Kjd;ikf; $whfpa mkpNdh mkpyq;fis cw;gj;jp nra;tjw;fhd
Ez;zq;fpfis mNrjd iejurd; cg;G mlq;fpAs;s Clfq;fspy; tsu;j;J>
mtw;wpd; mDNrgr; nra;Kiw %yk; Njitahd mkpNdh mkpyq;fs; cw;gj;jp
nra;J nfhs;sg;gLk;.
• gpd;tUk; mkpNdhmkpyq;fis cjhuzq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLq;fs;.
• iyrPd; - Corynebacterium glutamicum, Acetobacter aerogers
• FSl;lhkpf;F mkpyk; - Corynebacterium glutamicum
• iyrpd; czT kpifepug;gpahfTk;> FSl;lkpf;F mkpyk; czTr;
Rita+l;bahfTk; gad;gLfpd;wd.

• Ez; z q; f pfspd; guk; g iuayFg; nghwpapay; njhopDl; g k;

• mq;fpfisAk; mq;fpfspd; nra;KiwfisAk; kdpjdpd; Njitfis epiwT nra;J
nfhs;tjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;JjNy capupj; njhopDl;gtpayhFk; vd;gij tpsf;Fq;fs;.
• kdpjd; gz;ilf;fhyk; Kjy; jhtuq;fs;> tpyq;Ffs;> Ez;zq;fpfisg; gad;gLj;jp
jdf;Fj; Njitahdtw;iw cw;gj;jp nra;J te;Js;shd;.
• ,t;thwhf kdpjd; czT> kUe;J tif> Jzpkzpfs;> ,urhadg; nghUs;fs;>
rf;jptY Nghd;w gy;NtWgl;ltw;iw cw;gj;jp nra;Js;shd;; vd;gij tpsf;Fq;fs;.
• gz;ilf;fhyk; KjNy kdpjd; jkf;Fj; Njitahd cw;gj;jpfisj;jUk; jhtuq;fs;
kw;Wk; tpyq;Ffis ,aw;ifr; #oypypUe;J njupT nra;J Nkk;gl;l epge;jidfspd;
fPo; tsu;j;J cau;kl;l cw;gj;jpiag; ngw Kaw;rp nra;J te;Js;shd;.
• njupT nra;j jhtuq;fSf;F ,ilNaAk; tpyq;FfSf;F ,ilNaAk; gpwg;ghf;fQ;
nra;J cw;gj;jp msit mjpfupj;Js;sdu;.
• nkd;lypd; jiyKiwAupikapay; gw;wpa fz;Lgpbg;G capupay; njhopDl;gj;Jf;F
mbj;jskhf mike;Js;sJ.
• mjd; gpd;du; capupay; njhopDl;gj;jpy; ,lk;ngw Kf;fpakhd epfo;T N[k;];
ntl;rd;> gpuhd;rp]; fpupf; MfpNahuJ;> DNA %yf;$wpd; ,ul;ilr; RUsp mikg;G
njhlu;ghd fz;Lgpbg;ghFk;.
• E. Coli gw;wPupah rhu;ghfNt kPs;Nru;khd DNA njhopDl;gk; Muk;gpj;jJ. jw;NghJk;
$l guk;giuayFj; njhopDl;gr; nrad;Kiwfs; ngUk;ghyhdtw;wpy; E. Coli gw;wuP pah
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
• gw;wPupah fyj;jpDs; gpshRkpl;L (Plasmid) vdg;gLk; tl;ltbt DNA %yf;$Wfs;
cs;sd. mtw;wpy; guk;giuayFfs; mlq;fpapUf;Fk;. gw;wPupaf; fyq;fspy;
gpshRkpl;Lf;fs; RahjPdkhf kPs;ngUf;fkilAk;.
• ,g;gpshRkplL; f;fis D N A Ald; ,izj;J Gw guk;giuayFfisE. Coli fyj;jpDs;
GFj;jyhk;.
• guk;giuayF vd;gJ capuf ; f
; yq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; xU tif ,urhad%yf;$whFk;.
mtw;wpdhy; mq;fpfspd; tsu;rr ; p> ,Ug;G> ,dg;ngUf;fk; Nghd;wit njhlu;ghd
Mrpupau; ife;E}y; 9 juk; 12
 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk;

jfty;fisf; fsQ;rpag;gLj;jp itj;jpUf;f KbAk;.

• gy;NtW ,urhad Kiwfs; %yk; guk;giuayFfis ,dq;fhzy;> mtw;iw
Ntwhf;fy;> ngUf;Fjy;> Xu; mq;fpapUe;J kw;WNkhu; mq;fpapd;ghy; nfhz;Lnry;yy;
Nghd;wtw;iwr; nra;ayhk;. cjhuzkhf ,d;Rypd; cw;gj;jp Nghd;w nra;Kiwiaf;;
Fwpg;gpLq;fs;.
• ,t;thwhdtw;iw kdpj cly; rhu;ej ; tifapy; cw;gj;jp nra;tJ kpff;fbdkhdjhapDk;>
gw;wuP paf; fyq;fisr; nraw;if Clfq;fspy;> fl;Lg;ghl;L epge;jidfspd; fPo>; kpfj;
Jupjkhf tsu;jn ; jLf;f KbAkhifahy;> mJ guk;giuayFfspypUe;J Gujq;fisg;
ngWtjw;fhd ,yFthd xU Kiwahf cs;sJ.
• gy;NtW NjitfSf;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Gujq;fs;> XNkhd;fs;> nehjpaq;fs;>
Neha;jj ; Lg;G kUe;Jrhu; tiffs; (Vaccines) Nghd;wtw;iw ifj;njhopy; uPjpapy; cw;gj;jp
nra;tjw;fhf ntt;NtW mq;fpfspd; guk;giuayFfs;> E. Coli my;yJ rf;fNuhikrpR
(Saccharomysis)Nghd;w Ez;zq;fpfSs; GFj;jg;gLk;.
cjhuzkhf ,d;Rypd;> kdpj tsu;r;rp XNkhd;> vg;gj;ijw;wpR B (hepatitis - B)
jLg;G kUe;J> FUjp ciwjy; fhuzp (<NkhgPypah NehahspfSf;F)> nehjpaq;fs;
(mikNyR> GNuhw;wpNaR> ,ypg;NgR> ,yf;;NwR> nudpd;> Rf;FNuR> ngj;jpNdR
Nghd;wit) ,d;ungNuhd;.
• guk;giuayFj; njhopDl;gk;> njhlf;fj;jpy; gw;wuP pahf;fSf;F khj;jpuk; tiuaiwg;gl;bUe;j
NghjpYk; gpdd ; u; cau; jhtuq;fspYk;> tpyq;Ff; fyq;fspDs;NsAk; guk;giuayFfisg;
GFj;Jk; Kiwfs; tpUj;jpaile;Js;sd.
• jhtuq;fSf;F Gwj;NjapUe;J guk;giuayFfis toq;Ftjw;fhf guk;giuayF
fhtpahf (Vector) Agrobactericm Tumifaciens vDk; gw;wPupah gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
mjd; %yk; guk;giuayF fle;j (Transgenic) jhtuq; f isg; ngwj; j f; f xU
nrad;Kiw cz;L vd;gij tpsf;Fq;fs;.
• jiyKiwAupik uPjpapy; jpupGf;Fs;shf;fg;gl;l jhtuq;fs;> tpyq;Ffs;> Ez;zq;fpfisg;
ngWtjw;fhf> Ez;zq;fpfspd; guk;giuayFfs; (guk;giuayF toq;fpfs;)
gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. cjhuzk;: Bacillus thuringiensis gw;wPupahtpy; fhzg;gLk; xU
guk;giuayF (Bt) %yk; jhtuq;fspy; g+r;rp vjpug ; G
; j;jd;ik toq;fg;gLk;. cjhuzk;:
Nrhsk;> Nrhah> gUj;jp> fNdhyh
• fisj; jhtuq;fSf;F vjpug ; G
; j;jd;ik fhl;lj;jf;f guk;giuayFfis gw;wuP pah %yk;>
ney;> Gifapiy> jf;fhsp Nghd;w jhtuq;fSf;F toq;fp> fisj; jhtuq;fis
vjpuj; J; tsuj;jf;f gapug ; N
; gjq;fs; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd.
• ~nghd; muprp| (Golden Rice) vdg;gLfpdw ; tpww
; kpd; nrwpej ; muprpg; Ngjj;ij cw;gj;jp
nra;tjw;fhf Erwinea uredova vDk; gw;wuP pah gad;gLj;jg;gLfpdw ; J.
• Esk;Gfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf mtw;wpy; er;Rj;jd;ikia Vw;gLj;jj;jf;f Bacil-
lus thuringiensis (Bti) tif tpjj ; pfis> Esk;Gfs; ngUFk; ePue ; piyfspy; ,lg;gLk;.
mjd; tpisthf Esk;Gf; Flk;gpfs; khj;jpuk; mopAk;. ,J Xu; capupay; g+r;rpf;
fl;Lg;ghl;L KiwahFk;.
• guk;giuayFj; njhopDl;gr; nrad;Kiw gpujhdkhf guk;giuayFfis
Ntwhf;fy;> mtw;iwg; ngUf;fkilar; nra;jy;> Njitahd mq;fpfspDs;
mtw;iw kPsg; GFj;Jjy;> mt;tpay;Gfisr; rupahf ntspg;gLj;Jk; mq;fpfisj;
njupT nra;jy; Mfpatw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Ls;sJ vd tpsf;Fq;fs;.
• ,jw;fhf xd;Wf;nfhd;W NtWgl;l njhopDl;g cj;jpfs;> epge;jidfs;> mq;fpfs;>
,urhadq;fs; Mfpad gad;gLj;jg;gLk; vd;gijAk;> mJ kpfr; rpf;fyhd xU
nrad;KiwahFk; vd;gijAk; tpsf;Fq;fs;.
• guk;giuayFj; njhopDl;gj;jpd; mD$yq;fisAk; gpujp$yq;fisAk; Njbawpe;J
Mrpupau; ife;E}y; 10 juk; 12
 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk;

nfhs;s topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.

• rf; j pAk; Ez; z q; f pfSk;

• capu; t hA - ,J vupnghUshf ntg; g k; gpwg; g pf; F k; mLg; G f; f spYk; >
kpd;gpwg;ghf;fpfspYk;> Nkhl;lhu; thfdq;fspYk; gad;gLk;. xspA+l;Ltjw;fhfTk;
gad;gLk;.
• capu;thAtpy; gpujhdkhf nkNjd; thA mlq;fpapUf;Fk;. mj;NjhL fhgdPnuhl;irl;L>
iejurd;> Ijurd; (C O2, N2, H2) Nghd;witAk; NtW thAf;fSk; mlq;fpapUf;Fk;.

• capu;thA cw;gj;jpr; nrad;Kiwia tpsf;fg;glnkhd;wpd; %yk; tpsf;Fq;fs;.

• ,r; n rad; K iwapd; NghJ ( Methanobacterium, Methano coccus, Methanosarcin
Methanosprillum) nkjNdh gw;wuP pak;> nkj;Ndhf;Nfhf;fR> nkjNdh rhu;rpdh> nkjNdh
,Rg;gpupy;yk; ,dq;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.

gpujhd nrhw;fs; ((Key words))

• fopT ePu; - W aste water
• capu;g;gy;gFjpaq;fs; - Bio polymers
• capu; j ; njhopDl; g tpay; - Bio technology
• capu;g; nghwpapay; njhopDl;gtpay;- Genetic engineering technology

jutpUj; j p cs; s P L fs;

• crhTif E}y;fs;.
• guk;giuayFj; njhopDl;gj;ij vspikahd tifapy; fhl;Lk; tpsf;fg;glq;fs;.
• capu;thA cw;gj;jpr; nra;Kiwiaf; fhl;Lk; tpsf;fg;glk;.

fzpg;gPl;L kjpg;gPl;Lf;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs; :

• kJghd cw;gj;jpapd; NghJ Ez;zq;fpfisg; gad;gLj;jpr; nra;ag;gLk; khw;wq;fisAk;
mtw;wpd; %yg;nghUs;fisAk; tptupg;ghu;.
• ghz;> Nahfl;> japu;> fhshd; tiffs; Nghd;w Vida czT tiffis cw;gj;jp
nra;Ak; NghJ ,lk;ngWk; Ez;zq;fpfspd; gad;ghl;il tptupg;ghu;.
• kUj; J tj; J iwapy; Ez; z q; f pfspd; gad; g hL> Neha; f Sk; Ez; z q; f pfSk; >
me;Neha;fisj; jtpu;g;gjw;fhf Ez;zq;fpfisg; gad;gLj;jp jLg;G kUe;J cw;gj;jp
nra;jy; Mfpad gw;wpj; Njbaha;thu;.
• fopTeP i ug; gupfupf; F k; nghwpj; n jhFjpnahd; w pd; gpujhd gbKiwfisAk;
mt;ntht;nthU gbKiwfspd; NghJk; Ez;zq;fpfspd; njhopy;fisAk; tptupg;ghu;.
• vjpu;fhyj;jpy;> tsu;r;rpaile;J nry;Yk; rdj;njhifapd; Njitia <Lnra;ag;
NghJkhd msTf;F> Ez;zq;fpfisg; gad;gLj;jpg; ngwj;jf;f gy;NtW czT
cw;gj;jpfs; njhlu;ghff; fUj;Jj; njuptpg;ghu;.
• czT cw; g j; j pia mjpfupg; g jw; f hf Ez; z q; f pfisg; gad; g Lj; J tjd;
mD$yq;fis Muha;thu;.
• Ez;zq;fpfs; rhu;e;j ifj;njhopy;fs; njhlu;ghd tuyhw;Wg; gpd;dzpiaj;
Njbaha;thu;.
• guk;giuayFj; njhopDl;gr; nrad;Kiwf;fhf Ez;zq;fpfisg; gad;gLj;Jtjd;
Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tptupg;ghu;.
• guk;giuayFj; njhopDl;gj;jpd; mD$yq;fs; gpujp$yq;fis Muha;thu;.
• capu;thA cw;gj;jpr; nra;Kiwia tpgupg;ghu;

Mrpupau; ife;E}y; 11 juk; 12

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk;

Nju; r ; r p 2.0 : capu; %yf; $ Wfspd; fl; l ikg; G > Kf; f paj; J tk; > gad; g hL
Mfpatw;iw Ma;e;jwpthu;.

Nju;r;rpkl;lk; 2.1 : fhNghitjNuw;wpd; fl;likg;ig Ma;e;jwpthu;.

ghlNtisfs; : 04

fw;ww;NgWfs; : ² capu; ,urhadtpaiy mwpKfQ; nra;thu;.

² capu;%yf;$W vd;why; vd;dntd tptupg;ghu;.

² fhNghitjNuw; i w mwpKfQ; nra; J nkhNdhrf; f iul; L >
ilrf;fiul;L> nghyp rf;fiul;L vd tifg;gLj;Jthu;.
² nkhNdhrf; f iul; L > ilrf; f iul; L > nghyp rf; f iul; L
Mfpatw;Wf;fhd cjhuzq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
² fhNghitjNuw;Wf;fspd; Mf;ff;$W %yfq;fisg; ngaupLthu;.
² nghyp rf;fiul;Lf;fspy; mlq;fpAs;s tpNrl $l;lq;fs;>
gpizg;Gfs; Mfpatw;iwg; ngaupLthu;.
² jug;gl;l capu; %yf;$Wfspy; nghyprf;fiul;L %yf;$Wfis
,dq;fhz;ghu;.
² vspa nty; y j; i jAk; khg; n ghUisAk; ,dq; f hZk;
Nrhjidfis Nkw;nfhs;thu;.
² fhNghitjNuw;Wf;fspd; rpwg;gpay;Gfis tptupg;ghu;.

ghlj; i jj; jpl; l kpLtjw; f hd mwpTWj; j y; f s; :

• fyq;fs;> ,ioaq;fs;> cWg;Gf;fs;> njhFjpfs; Mfpa capup ,urhad xOq;fikg;G
kl;lq;fs; cUthtjpy; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Js;sit gw;wp khztuplk; tpdTq;fs;.
• capuj
; ; njhFjpfspy; epfOk; rlg;nghUs; kw;Wk; rf;jp khw;wq;fs; njhlu;ghd Kd;dwpit
tpdtpawpAq;fs;.
• capu;r; nra;KiwfSf;fhf vkf;Fj; Njitahd rf;jpia toq;Fjy; kw;Wk; Vida
njhopy;fSf;F trjp toq;FtjpYk; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak; cztpy; mlq;fpAs;s
$Wfs; gw;wpa Kd;dwpit tpdtpawpAq;fs;.
• capu;j; njhFjpfSld; njhlu;Gila Kf;fpakhd xU Nru;itj; njhilahfpa
~fhNghitjNuw;W| vd;gJ ahJ vd tptupAq;fs;.
• fhNghitjNuw;W vDk; Nru;itj; njhilia nkhNdhrf;fiul;L> nghyp rf;fiul;L
vd tifg;gLj;Jq;fs;. (xUrf;fiul;L> gy;rf;fiul;L)
• nkhNdhrf; f iul; L f; f s; kw; W k; nghyprf; f iul; L f; f s; rpytw; W f; f hd rpy
cjhuzq;fisAk;> mtw;wpd; mikg;Gf;fisAk; Kd;itAq;fs;.
• Fwpgg
; hf fhNghitjNuw;W %yf;$Wfspy; mlq;fpAs;s %yfq;fs; kw;Wk; $l;lq;fis
,dq;fhZkhW khztiu topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
• Neubahf fhNghitjNuw;Wf;fSk;> fhNghitjNuw;Wf;fspd; ngWjpfSk; ehshe;j
tho;f;ifapYk;> NtiyAyfpYk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wikia tpsf;Fq;fs;.
• khg;nghUis ,dq;fhz;gjw;Fupa vspikahd Nrhjidia elj;JkhW khztiu
topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.

Mrpupau; ife;E}y; 12 juk; 12

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk;

• capu;r; nra;KiwfSld; njhlu;Gila rlg;nghUs;fs; njhlu;ghfTk;> mit rhu;ghf

epfOk; rlg;nghUs;> rf;jp khw;wq;fs; njhlu;ghfTk; gapYk; ghlg; gug;ghf capup
,urhadtpaiyf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.
• capur
; ; nra;KiwAld; njhlu;Gila capu; %yf;$Wfs; gpujhdkhf fhNghitjNuw;W>
Gujk;> epa+f;fpspf; mkpyq;fs;> ,ypg;gpl;L vd tifg;gLj;jg;gLk;.
,tw; N whL tpw; w kpd; f Sk; > fdpAg; G f; f Sk; tpNrlkhf Kf; f paj; J tk; ngWk;
gjhu;j;jq;fshFk;.
• fhNghitjNuw; W vd; g J Ijnuhl; r py; $l; l k; (-OH) gutyhf mlq; f pAs; s
my;bifl;Lfs; my;yJ fPwN
; whd;fSk; ePUld; jhf;fk; Guptjd; %yk; mr;Nru;itfshf
cilf;fj;jf;f Nru;itfSk; MFk; vd tpsf;fyhk;.
• nrYNyhR> ifw;wpd; Nghd;w fhNghitjNuw;Wf;fs; jhtuq;fs; kw;Wk; tpyq;F
fspd; mikg;Gf; $WfisAk;> FSf;NfhR Nghd;w fhNghitjNuw;Wf;fs;> fyj;
njhopw; g hl; L f; F j; Njitahd rf; j piaAk; %yg; n ghUs; f isAk; toq; F k;
gjhu;j;jq;fshfTk; njhopw;gLk;.
• fhNghitjNuw;Wf;fs; nkhNdhrf;fiul;Lf;fs;> xypNfh rf;fiul;Lf;fs;> nghyp
rf;fiul;Lf;fs; vd tifg;gLj;jg;gLk;.
• nkhNdhrf;fiul;L - vspa nty;yk;
cjhuzk;: FSf;NfhR

• xypNfhrf;fiul;L - vspa nty;y myFfs; 2-10 tiu Nru;tjhy;

Njhd;wpa gy;gFjpaq;fshFk;.
cjhuzk;: Rf;FNuhR
(,J ilrf;fiul;L (,Urf;fiul;L) MFk;.
gPwW
; }l;> fUk;G Nghd;wtw;wpy; mlq;fpapUf;Fk;.
6CH2OH

H 5C O HOCH2 O
H H
H 1C H
4C
OH H 2C
OH 5C
O
HO 3C 2C HO 3C 4C 6CH2OH

H OH CH H

• nghyprf;fiul;L - vspa nty;y myFfs; 10 ,Yk; Nkw;gl;lit

CH2OH
Nru;tjhy; Njhd;wpa gy;gFjpaq;fshFk;.
cjhuzk;: nrYNyhR
CH2OH H C O • FSf;NfhR myFfs; kpy;ypad; fzf;fpy;
O
H Nru;tjhy; Njhd;wpa Neu;Nfhl;Lg;
C
H C O OH H C
O gy;gFjpakhFk;.
H HO C C H
C H C
OH
O HO H OH
C C

H OH
n
Mrpupau; ife;E}y; 13 juk; 12
 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk;

• jhtuf; fyr;Rtupy; nrYNyhR mlq;fpAs;sJ.

CH2OH CH 2OH
H C O H C
H O O
C H H C H
OH C H C
OH
O O O
C C C C H
H OH
H OH
• jhtuq;fspy; khg;nghUs; (Starch) vdg;gLk; fhNghitjNuw;whf rf;jp Nrkpf;fg;gLk;.
mikNyhR ,jw;fhd Xu; cjhuzkhFk;.
• tpyq;Ffspy; fpisf;Nfhrd; vdg;gLk; nghyprf;fiul;lhfNt rf;jp Nrkpf;fg;gLk;.
• vspa nty;yk;> khg;nghUs; Mfpatw;iw ,dq;fhz;gjw;Fupa Nrhjid.
cztpy; fhNghitjNuw;W mlq;fpAs;sjh vdr; Nrhjpj;jy;.
• FSf;NfhR> gor;rhW> ghrpg;gaW> fUthL> kh[upd;> NrhW> Nrhah mtiu>
kPd;> Njq;fha;> tj;jhisf;fpoq;F> kpl;lha; Nghd;w rpy czTg; nghUs;fs;>
Nrhjidf;Foha;fs;> ngdbf;l; fiury;> gd;rd; RluLg;G (my;yJ kJrhu
tpsf;F) Mfpatw;iwg; ngWq;fs;.
• Nkw;gb xt;Nthu; czT tifapdJk; rpwpjsit jdpj;jdpahf J}shf;fp
my;yJ miuj;J Nrhjidf; Foha;fspy; ,l;L> ePu; Nru;j;Jf; FYf;fp> tbj;J
njspthd fiury;fisg; ngWq;fs;.
• mt;ntht;nthU fiurypdJk; rpwpjsT tPjk; jdpjj; dpNa Nrhjidf; Foha;fspy;
,l;L> mtw;Ws; ePyepw ngdbf;l; fiury; rpwpjsT tPjk; Nru;j;J ntg;gNkw;wp
mtjhdpg;Gf;fisg; gjpT nra;Aq;fs;.
• ngdbf;l; fiurYld; Nru;jJ
; ntg;gNkw;Wk;NghJ epwkhw;wj;jpd; gpdd
; u; nrq;fl;br;
rptg;G epw tPo;gbT fpilj;jjhapd;> mt;TzTg; nghUspy; vspa nty;yk;
mlq; f pAs; s J vd KbG nra; a yhk; . (vspa nty; y k; rpwpjstpy;
mlq;fpapUf;Fkhapd; fiury; kQ;rs; my;yJ gr;ir epwkhff; fhzg;gLk;.)
cztpy; khg;nghUs; mlq;fpAs;sjh vdr; Nrhjpj;jy;.
• NkNy fhNghitjNuw;Wr; Nrhjidf;fhfg; gad;gLj;jpa czTg; nghUs;fs;>
ntz;zpw jiuNahL> mabd; fiury; Mfpatw;iwg; ngWq;fs;.
• Nkw;gb czTg; nghUs;fspy; rpwpjsT tPjk; jiuNahl;bd; kPJ itj;J
mt;TzTg; nghUspd; kPJ fgpy epwkhd mabd; fiury; rpy Jspfs; tPjk;
,Lq;fs;.
• cq;fsJ mtjhdpg;Gf;fisg; gjpTnra;Aq;fs;.
• mabd; fiurYld; czTg;nghUs; ePy epwj;ijf; fhl;bajhapd>; mt;TzTg;
nghUspy; khg;nghUs; mlq;fpAs;sJ vd KbG nra;ayhk;. mjhtJ khg;nghUs;
mabd; fiuYld; jdpr; rpwg;ghd ePyepwj;ijj; jUk;.

gpujhd nrhw;fs; ((Key words))

• nkhNdhrf; f iul; L - Monosaccharide
• ilrf; f iul; L - Disaccharide
• nghyprf; f iul; L - Polysaccharide
• khg;nghUs; Nrhjid - Test for starch
• vspa nty;yr; Nrhjid - Test to identify simple sugars.
Mrpupau; ife;E}y; 14 juk; 12
 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk;

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;
• nkhNdhrf;fiul;L> nghyprf;fiul;Lf;fspd; mj;jpahtrpakhd mikg;Gf; $Wfisf;
fhl;Lk; glq;fs;
• fhNghitjNuw;Wr; Nrhjidf;Fj; Njitahd czTg;nghUs;fSk; cgfuzq;fSk;
• czTg; nghUs;fs; - FSf;NfhR> gor;rhW> ghrpg;gaW> fUthL> khfupd;> kPd;>
Njq;fha;> tw;whisf;fpoq;F> kpl;lha; Nghd;w
czTg;nghUs;fs; - rpwpjsT tPjk;
• cgfuzq;fs; - Nrhjidf;Foha;fs;> ngdbf;l; fiury;> ntz;zpwg;
gPq;fNdhl;Lj;Jz;L> mabd; fiury;

fzpg; g P L > kjpg; g P l ; L f; F upa mwpTWj; j y; f s;

,jw;fhfg; gpd;tUk; tplaq;fisj; Jizahff; nfhs;f.
• capu;; %yf;$W vd;gij tpsf;Fjy;
• nkhNdhrf;fiul;Lf;fhd cjhuzq;fs;
• nghyprf;fiul;Lf;fs; kw;Wk; mtw;wpy; mlq;fpAs;s $Wfisf; Fwpg;gpLjy;
• cztpy; mlq;fpAs;s nkhNdhrf;fiul;Lf;fs; kw;Wk; khg;nghUSf;fhd Nrhjidfs;
elj;Jjy;
• fhNghitjNuw;Wf;fspd; rpwg;gpay;Gfisf; Fwpg;gpLjy;

Mrpupau; ife;E}y; 15 juk; 12

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk;

Nju;r;rpkl;lk; 2.2 : Gujq;fspd; fl;likg;ig Ma;e;jwpthu;.

ghlNtisfs; : 04

fw; w w; N gWfs; : ² mkpNdhtkpy %yf;$wpd; mlq;fpAs;s gpujhd njhopw;ghl;Lf;

$l;lr; Nrhbia ,dq;fhz;ghu;.
² Gujj;jpd; Mf;f %yfq;fisg; ngaupLthu;.
² Gujj; j py; mlq; f pAs; s tpNrl $l; l q; f s; > gpizg; G fs;
Mfpatw;iwg; ngaupLthu;.
² jug; g l; l capupay; %yf; $ Wfspy; Guj %yf; $ Wfis
,dq;fhz;ghu;.
² Gujj;jpd; Kjyhd fl;likg;G> Jizahd fl;likg;G Mfpatw;iw
tpgupg;ghu;.
² nehjpaq;fis mwpKfQ; nra;thu;.

ghlj; i jj; jpl; l kpLtjw; f hd mwpTWj; j y; f s; :

• capu;j; njhFjpfspd; mikg;Gf;fs;> cUthf;fk; kw;Wk; mtw;wpd; njhopy;fs;
njhlu;ghf Gujj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; gw;wpa Kd;dwpit tpdtpawpAq;fs;.
• Gujj;jpd; Mf;f myF mkpNdh mkpyq;fs; vdg;gLk; Nru;itfspd; njhilahFk;
vd;gijf; Fwpgg ; plL
; > cjhuzq;fshfr; rpy %yf;$Wfspd; mikg;Gf;fis Kd;itAq;fs;.
O
• mkpNdh mkpyq;fspd; nghJf; $l;lq;fshf -NH2 , C OH $l;lq;fis
,dq;fhZkhW khztiu topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
• gy;gFjpakhfpa mkpNdh mkpyq;fs; (nghypngj;ijl;Lf;fs;) %yk; Gujq;fs;
cUthfpAs;sd vd;gij tpsf;Fq;fs;.
• ngj;ijl;Lg; gpizg;G vd;gjhy; fUjg;gLtJ ahJ vd vLj;Jf; fhl;Lq;fs;.
• gy;NtW mkpNdhtkpyq;fs; ngj;ijl;Lg; gpizg;Gfs; %ykhf ,iztjhy; Njhd;wpa
nghypngj;ijl;nlhd;wpy;> mt;tkpNdhtkpyq;fs; fhzg;gLk; xOq;Nf Gujj;jpd;
Kjd;ikahd mikg;G vd;gij tpsf;Fq;fs;.
• ahNjDk; Gujnkhd; w py; mkpNdhtkpyq; f s; ,ize; J fhzg; g Lk; xOq; F >
mg;Gujj;Jf;F jdpj;JtkhdjhFk; vd;gijf; Fwpg;gpLq;fs;.
• jdpj;Jtkhd mkpNdh mkpyj; njhlnuhd;whyhd Guj %yf;$Wfs; tist jhYk;
RUspahf miktjhYk; rpwg;gpay;ghd Kg;gupkhz mikg;G Njhd;Wk; vd;gijf;
Fwpg;gpLq;fs;.
• Kg;gupkhz mikg;G Njhd;Wk;NghJ Gujk; fpisr; rq;fpypfshy; ,izAk; vd;gijf;
Fwpg;gpLq;fs;.
• Guj Kg;gupkhz mikg;Gf;fs; cUthFk; gpujhdkhd ,uz;L tpjq;fshf>
ehu;j;jd;ikahd kw;Wk; rpWNfhs khw;wq;fis tptupAq;fs;.
• Gujj;ij ,dq;fhZk; vspa Nrhjidia elhj;Jq;fs;.

ghltplaq;fis tpsf;Ftjw;fhd topfhl;ly;:

• mkpNdh mkpyq;fs; vDk; rpwpa %yf;$Wfs; Nru;tjhy; Njhd;wpa gy;gFjpa
capu; %yf;$Wfs; Gujq;fs; vdg;gLk;.
• ngUk;ghyhd Gujq;fspy; mkpNdh mkpyq;fs; my;yhj $Wfs; mjhtJ cNyhf
mad;fs; (cjhuzk;: Fe2+, Zn2+, Cu2+, M g2+) my;yJ nghJthd tpw;wkpd;fspd;

Mrpupau; ife;E}y; 16 juk; 12

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk;

ngWjpfshd rpf;fyhd Nrjd %yf;$Wfs; mlq;fpapUf;Fk;.

• Gujq;fs; capu; clypDs; kpf Kf;fpakhd mikg;G rhu;e;j kw;Wk; njhopy;fs;
rhu;e;j gy nray;fspy; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;fpd;wd.
cjhuzkhf> vd;GfspYk;> ,izg;gpioaq;fspYk; Gujq;fs; mikg;G uPjpapy; Kf;fpa
,lj;ijg; ngWfpd;wd. rpy capupay; jhf;fq;fis Cf;Fk; nehjpaq; fSk; Gujj;
njhiliar; Nru;e;j Nru;itfshFk;.
• fhnghl;rpypf; mkpyf; $l;lnkhd;Wk;> mjw;F mzpj;jhd fhgd; kPJ (α fhgd;
kPJ) mikd; $l;lnkhd;Wk; fhzg;gLtJ Gujj;ij cUthf;fpAs;s mkpNdh
mkpyq;fspd; rpwg;ghFk;.

H O H O
H C C O H CH 3 C C OH

NH 2 NH 2
glycine alanine
(gly) (ala)

Valine
(Val) isoleucine
(leu)

• Gujq; f spy; fhzg; g Lk; mkpNdh mkpyq; f s; ngj; i jl; L g; gpizg; G f; f spy;
,ize;Js;sd.

H R1 O R2 O
H N C C O H + H N C C O H >
H H H H
mydpd; mydpd;
R1 O R2 O
H N C C N C C O H + H2O
>

H H H H
ngj;ijl;L
gpizg;Gf;fs;

• mkpNdh mkpyq;fs; ngj;ijl;Lg; gpizg;Gf;fshy; ,iztjhy; Njhd;wpa Guj

%yf;$Wfs; nghypngj;ijl;Lf;fs; vdg;gLk;.
• Gujnkhd;wpy; mkpNdh mkpy %yf;$Wfs; ,ize;Js;s xOq;F mg;Gujj;jpd;
Kjd;ikahd mikg;G vdg;gLk;.

Mrpupau; ife;E}y; 17 juk; 12

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk;

CH 3 O H O
H N C C O H + H N C C O H >
H H H H
mydpd; fpisrpd;

CH3 O H O
H N C C N C C O H + H2O

H H H H
ala - gly

• NkNy Fwpg;gpl;l ehd;F mkpNdh mkpyq;fSk; xd;Wlndhd;W ,izaj;jf;f rpy

tpjq;fs; fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sd.
gly-ala-val-leu
leu-gly-ala-val
val-gly-leu-ala
,t;thwhf ntt;NtW tpjkhfr; Nru;tjhy; ntt;NtWgl;l ,ay;Gfisf; nfhz;l
nghypngj;ijl;Lf;fs; cUthFk;.
• nghypngj;ijl;Lf;fshf cUthFk; Neu;Nfhl;Lg; Gujr; rq;fpypfs; FWf;Fg;
gpizg;Gf;fs; %yk; xd;Wlndhd;W ,iztjhYk;> tise;J my;yJ RUsp ahff;
fhzg;gLtjhYk; Gujq;fs; ntt;NtW tbtq;fisg; ngWk;.
• ePz;l RUspfshfNth> xd;Wlndhd;W rkhe;jukhd rq;fpypfshfNth mike;j
Gujk; ehu;g; Gujk; vdg;gLk;.
• ePz;l rq;fpypg; Guj %yf;$Wfs; tise;J gUkl;lhf rpwpa rpWNfhsq;fshfg;
nghjpe;J cUthfpa Gujk; rpWNfhsg; Gujk; vdg;gLk;.
• Gujj;ij ,dq;fhz;gjw;fhd Nrhjid
cztpy; Gujk; mlq;fpAs;sjh vdr; Nrhjpj;jy;.
• fhNghitjNuw;Wr; Nrhjidf;fhfg; gad;gLj;jpa czTg;nghUs;fs;> iga+nuw;Wf;
fiury;> Nrhjidf;Foha;fs; Mfpatw;iwg; ngWq;fs;.
• czTg; nghUs;fspd; rpwpjsT tPjk; jdpj;jdpNa miuj;J Nrhjidf; Foha;fspy;
jdpj;jdpahf ,l;L mjDs; rpwpjsT ePu; NrUq;fs;.
• czTg; nghUs; mlq;fpa Nrhjidf; Foha;fspy; iga+nuw;Wf; fiury; rpwpjsT
tPjk; ,l;L rw;Wf; FYf;Fq;fs;.
• mtjhdpg;Gf;fisg; gjpT nra;Aq;fs;.
• czT mlq;fpAs;s ePu;f;fiury; Cjh epwkhf khwpajhapd;> mt;Tztpy; Gujk;
mlq;fpAs;sJ vd KbG nra;ayhk;.

gpujhd nrhw;fs; ((Key words))

• gy;gFjpahf;fk; - Polymerization
• ngg; i ll; L g; gpizg; G - Peptide bond
• nghypngg; i ll; L - Poly peptide

Mrpupau; ife;E}y; 18 juk; 12

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk;

jutpUj; j p cs; s P L fs;

• Gujk; mlq;fpAs;s rpy czTfs;
• Nrhjidf; Foha;fs;> ePu;> igA+nuw;Wf; fiury;

fzpg; g P l ; L > kjpg; g P l ; L f; f hd mwpTWj; j y; f s;

• Gujk; vd;gij tpsf;F mjpylq;fpAs;s $Wfis tptupj;jy;
• mkpNdh mkpyj;jpy; mlq;fpAs;s tpNrl $l;lq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLjy;
• Gujj;jpd; Kjd;ikahd mikg;ig tpsf;Fjy;
• Gujq;fspd; tbtq;fis tptupj;jy;

Mrpupau; ife;E}y; 19 juk; 12

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk;

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.3 : ,ypg;gpl;Lfspd; fl;likg;ig Ma;e;jwpthu;.

ghlNtisfs; : 03

fw;wy; NgWfs; : • ,ypg;gpl;il mwpKfQ; nra;thu;.

² ,ypg;gpl;by; mlq;fpAs;s Mf;ff;$W %yfq;fisg; ngaupLthu;.
² ,ypg;gpl;Lfspy; mlq;fpAs;s gpujhd $l;lq;fs; kw;Wk; gpizg;Gf;fisg;
ngaupLthu;.
² ,ypg;gpl;L %yf;$W cUthfpAs;s tpjj;ij tptupg;ghu;.
² jug;gl;l capu; %yf;$WfSs; ,ypg;gpl;L %yf;$Wfis ,dq;fhz;ghu;.
² ,ypg;gpl;Lf;fs; %yk; capupfspd; clypy; epfo;jj
; g;gLk; njhopy;fisf;
Fwpg;gpLthu;.
² vspa Nrhjidfs; %yk; ,ypg;gpl;il ,dq;fhz;ghu;.

ghlj; i jj; jpl; l kpLtjw; f hd mwpTWj; j y; f s; :

• gpujhdkhd xU Nghrizf; $W vd; w tifapy; ,ypg; g pl; L mlq; f pAs; s
czTg;nghUs;fs; njhlu;ghd Kd;dwpit tpdtpawpAq;fs;.
• FNshNuhNghk;> fhgdhw;FNshiul;L ,l;L Kidtw;w Nrjdf; fiug;ghd;fspy;
fiuAk; jd;ikAila nghUshf ,ypg;gpl;il mwpKfQ; nra;Aq;fs;.
• ,ypg;gpl;Lf;fspd; gpujhd tiffisf; Fwpg;gpLq;fs;.
• vz;nza;> nfhOg;G Mfpatw;Wf;F ,ilapyhd NtWghLfis tptupAq;fs;.
• vz;nza;> nfhOg;G Mfpatw;wpd; nghJthd mikg;Gr; #j;jpuq;fis Kd;itAq;fs;.
• vz; n za; > nfhOg; G Mfpad cUthfpAs; s $Wfshd %yf; $ WfisAk;
%yfq;fisAk; ,dq;fz;L nfhs;sj;jf;fthW mikg;Gr; #j;jpuq;fis Kd;itAq;fs;.
• capupfspd; clypy; rf;jpahdJ ePz;lfhy uPjpapy; Nrkpf;fg;gLk; xU tbtk; vd;w
tifapy; nfhOg;G Mw;Wk; njhopypd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij vLj;Jf; fhl;Lq;fs;.
• capu;r; nra;Kiwfspd; Kf;fpakhd xU $whfpa nfhOg;gpdhyhd nkd;rt;Tfshy;
fyq;fspDs; ntt;NtW gjhu;jj ; q;fs; GFjy; /Gfhik jPuk
; hdpf;fg; gLk; vd;gijAk;
fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLk; vd;gijAk; vLj;Jf; fhl;Lq;fs;.
• nfhOg;ig ,dq;fhz;gjw;fhf vspa Nrhjidfis elj;Jq;fs;.
• fhNghitjNuw;W> Gujk; Mfpatw;Wf;F xg;ghd tifapy; gy;gFjpa mikg;G ,ypgg ; plL
;
%yf;$Wfspy; fhzg;gLtjpy;iy.
• %d;W -OH $l;lq;fisf; nfhz;l fpsprNuhy; vdg;gLk; mw;fNfhYld; nghJthf
12> 14> 16> 18> 20> 22 my;yJ 24 fhgd; mZf;fs; mlq;fpa ePz;l rq;fpypf;
fhnghl;rpy; mkpy %yf;$Wfs; %d;W tPjk; ,iztjd; %yNk ,ypg;gpl;L
cUthfpAs;sJ.
• ,it nghJthf jpiufpsprNuhy; my;yJ jpiufpspriul;L (%fpsprNuhy; /
%fpspriul;L) vdg;gLk;. ,it ePupy; fiutjpy;iy.
• nfhOg;G %yf;$nwhd;wpidg; gpd;tUkhW fhl;lyhk;.
O O
R 1 - C - OH H - O - CH2 R 1 - C - O - CH2

O O
> + 3H2O
R 2 - C - OH H - O - CH R 2 - C - O - CH
O O
R 3 - C - OH H - O - CH2 R 3 - C - O - CH2
nfhOg;gkpyk; fpsprNuhy; jpiufpsprNuhy; / jpiufpspriul;L
Mrpupau; ife;E}y; 20 juk; 12
 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk;

• nfhOg;G cUthtjpy; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak; ePz;l rq;fpypf; nfhOg;G mkpyq;fs; rpy

fPNo Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd.
(1) C H3(CH2)10 COOH - Nyhupf;F mkpyk;
(2) C H2(CH2)12 COOH - kpupj;jpf;F mkpyk;
(3) C H3(CH2)14 COOH - ghkpw;wpf;F mkpyk;
(4) C H3(CH2)7 CH = CH (CH2)7 COOH - xNyapf;F mkpyk;
(5) C H3(CH2)4 CH = CH CH2 CH = CH (CH2)7 COOH - ypNdhnyapf;F mkpyk;

• NkNy cjhuzq;fspy; Kjyhtjhfj; jug;gl;Ls;s %d;W nfhOg;gkpyq;fspy; fhgd;

- fhgd; xw;iwg; gpizg;Gf;fs; khj;jpuNk fhzg;gLfpd;wikahy; mit epuk;gpa
nfhOg;gkpyq;fs; vdg;gLk;. jhtu vz;nza; (vegetable oil) Nghd;wtw;wpy; epuk;gpa
nfhOg;gkpyq;fshyhd jpiufpspriul;L (%fpspriul;L) mlq;fpapUf;Fk;.
• czTfspy; mlq;fpAs;s vz;nza;> nfhOg;G Mfpatw;wpYk;> capu; nkd;rt;T
fspYk;> rpy XNkhd;fspYk; ,ypg;gpl;Lf;fs; mlq;fpapUf;Fk;.
• miwntg;gepiyapy; jpzk ; epiyapy; fhzg;gLk; ,ypgg ; ~nfhOg;G| vdg;gLtNjhL>
; plL
jputepiyapy; fhzg;gLk; ,ypg;gpl;L ~vz;nza;| vdg;gLk;.
• capupfspd; clypy; nfhOg;G tbtpNyNa ePz;lfhy uPjpapy; rf;jp Nrkpf;fg; gLk;.
tpyq;F cly;fspy; tpNrlkhd ,ioaq;fspy; Nrkpf;fg;gl;Ls;s nfhOg;ghdJ
fhtypg; g ilahfj; njhopw; g l; L > FspupypUe; J ghJfhg; G g; ngw cjTk; .
clYWg;Gf;fisr; #oTs;s mt;thwhd nfhOg;Gg; gilfs; mt;TWg;Gf;fisg;
ghJfhg;ghfg; Ngz cjTk;.
• NkNy 4 Mk; 5 Mk; cjhuzq;fspy; jug;gl;Ls;s nfhOg;gkpyq;fspy; fhgd; -
fhgd; ,ul;ilg; gpizg;Gf;fs; mlq;fpAs;sikahy;> mit epuk;ghf; nfhOg;gkpyq;fs;
vdg; g Lk; . tpyq; F f; nfhOg; G f; f spy; epuk; g hj nfhOg; g kpyq; f shyhd
jpiufpspriul;Lf;fs; (%fpspriul;Lf;fs;) mlq;fpapUf;Fk;. ,it jpz;kepiyapy;
fhzg;gLk;.
• jpiufpspriul;L (%fpspriul;L) mikg;gpy; xU nfhOg;gkpy %yf;$Wf;Fg; gjpyhf
nghRNgw;Wf; $l;lnkhd;Wld; ,ize;j ,ypg;gpl;L %yf;$W tifnahd;Wk;
fhzg;gLk;. ,it nghRNgh ,ypg;gpl;Lf;fs; vdg;gLk;.
• nghRNgh ,ypgg ; plL
; f;fs; njhlu;GWtjhy; cUthFk; nkd;rt;Tfs;> fyq;fspy; gjhu;jj ; g;
gupkhw;wk; njhlu;ghd Kf;fpakhd njhopiy Mw;Wfpd;wd.
• nfhOg;ig ,dq;fhz;gjw;Fupa Nrhjidfs;
#lhd; III gupNrhjidia khztu;fSf;Fr; nra;Jfhl;b nfhOg;ig cWjpg;gLj;jTk;.
nfhOg; g pd; Kf; f paj; J tq; f s;
• nfhOg;GfSk;; vz;nzAk; gl;lu; jahupg;G> kh[uPd;> rikay; vz;nza; jahupg;G>
rtu;f;fhuj; jahupg;G> fpwP]; jahupg;G> cuha;T ePf;fp jahupg;G> capu; Bry; jahupg;G
Nghd;w njhopw;Jiwfspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.

Mrpupau; ife;E}y; 21 juk; 12

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk;

gpujhd nrhw; f s; ((Key words))

• vz;nza; - Oil
• nfhOg;G - Fat
• epuk;gpa nfhOg;gkpyk; - Saturated fatty acid
• epuk;ghj nfhOg;gkpyk; - Unsaturated fatty acid
• ,ypg;gpl;L - Lipid

jutpUj; j p cs; s P L fs;

• nfhOg;gpy; mlq;fpAs;s gpujhd %yfq;fs;> mq;fpAs;s gpjhd njhFjpfs;
kw;Wk; gpizg;Gf;fisf; fhl;Lk; tupg;glq;fs;.
• nfhOg;igr; Nrhjpg;gjw;fhd gjhu;j;jq;fSk; cgfuzq;fSk;

kjpg; g P L > fzpg; g P l ; b w; f hd mwpTWj; j y; f s;

• nfhOg;gpy; mlq;fpAs;s gpujhd %yfq;fs;> mq;fpAs;s gpujhd njhFjpfs;
kw;Wk; gpizg;Gf;fis ,dq;fhzy;.
• nfhOg;G %yf;$W mike;Js;s tpjj;ij tptupj;jy;.
• jug;gl;l capu;%yf;$Wfspy; nfhOg;G %yf;$w;iw ,dq;fhzy;.
• vspa gupNrhjid %yk; nfhOg;ig ,dq;fhzy;.
• nfhOg;gpd; njhopy;fis tptupj;jy;.

Mrpupau; ife;E}y; 22 juk; 12

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk;

Nju;r;rpkl;lk; 2.
2.44 : capu; %yf;$Wfspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; kw;Wk; gad;fis Ma;ej
; wpthu;.

ghlNtisfs; : 04

fw;wy; NgWfs; : • fhNghitjNuw;W> Gujk;> ,ypg;gpl;L> nehjpaq;fs;> tpw;wkpd; Mfpatw;wpd;

Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tptupg;ghu;.
² nehjpaq;fspd; rpwg;gpay;ghf Cf;fy; njhopw;ghl;il tptupg;ghu;.
² nehjpaq;fspd; njhopw;ghl;by; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfis
gl;baw;gLj;Jthu;.
² ifj;njhopy;fspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; nehjpaq;fisg; ngaupLthu;.
² ifj;njhopw;Wiwapy; nehjpag;; gad;ghl;bd; mD$yq;fis tptupg;ghu;.
² tpw;wkpd;fspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLthu;..

ghlj; i jj; jpl; l kpLtjw; f hd mwpTWj; j y; f s; :

• capupay; cyfpy; fhNghitjNuw;Wf;fspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
• rf;jp toq;Fjy;.
fhNghitjNuw;Wf;fs; rf;jpia toq;Ftjhy; rf;jp ngWtjw;fhf Gujk;
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; epiyiaj; jtpuf ; F
; k;. vdNt> cly; ,ioaq;fisf; fl;bnaOg;Gjy;>
GJg;gpj;jy;> guhkupj;jy; Mfpa njhopy;fspy; Gujq;fs; Kidg;ghfg; gq;Fgw;w
tif nra;Ak;.
• euk;G ,ioar; rPuhf;fj;Jf;F fhNghitjNuw;W mtrpakhdJ. %isf;Fr; rf;jpia
toq;Fk; xNunahU rf;jp Kjy; fhNghitjNuw;whFk;.
• rpy tiff; fhNghitjNuw;Wf;fs; Flypy; rkpghl;Lf;F cjTk; gw;wPuPahf;fspd;
tsu;r;rpiaj; J}z;Lk;.
• rpy fhNghitjNuw;Wf;fspy; ehu;g;nghUs; mjpf mstpy; mlq;fpapUf;Fk;. mit
kyr;rpf;fiyj; jtpu;g;gNjhL> Gw;WNeha;> ePupopT> ,jaNeha;fs; Nghd;wit Vw;gLk;
Mgj;ijf; Fiwf;Fk;.
• nfhOg;G mDNrgk; rPuhf epfOtjw;F fhNghitjNuw;W ,Ug;gJ mtrpakhFk;.
• gy;NtW capu;g;gFg;Gj; jhf;fq;fspy; nkhNdhfiurl;Lf;fs; gad;gLk;.
• mikg;G rhu;e;j $Wfis Mf;Ftjw;F fhNghitjNuw;Wf;fs; gad;gLk;. cjhuzk;:
tpyq;Ffspy; ifw;wpd;> jhtuq;fspy; nrYNyhR.
• mq;fpnahd;wpd; fUf;fl;ly;> tpUj;jp> FUjp ciwjy;> epug
; g
; l
P dj; njhFjpapd; nraw;ghL
Mfpatw;Wf;F fhNghitjNuw;Wf;fSk; jpupgile;j fhNghitjNuw;Wf;fSk; Njit.
• nfhOg;G xl;rpNaw;wj;Jf;Fk; fhNghitjNuw;W Njit.
• nuNahd; (Reyon) Nghd;w nraw;if ehu; tif cw;gj;jpf;Fg; gad;gLjy;. cjhuzk;:
nrYNyhR (Cellulose)
• Fwpg;ghf nrNyNgd; Nghd;w nky;ypa ghJfhg;Gj; jhs; cw;gj;jpf;fhfg; gad;gLjy;.
cjhuzk;: nrYNyhR
• Mj;jpug;Nghl;Lf;fs;> gq;fRf;fspd; mikg;Gj; jputpakhf ,Uj;jy;.
cjhuzk;: ifw;wpd; (Chitin)
• fhak; Mwpa gpd;du; gpupj;jopaj;jf;f> cWjpahd> nefpo;jd;ikAs;s> rj;jpurpfpr;ir>
E}y; tif cw;gj;jpf;Fk; gad;gLj;jy;.
cjhuzk;: ifw;wpd; (Chitin)

Mrpupau; ife;E}y; 23 juk; 12

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk;

• capupay; cyfpy; Gujj; j pd; Kf; f paj; J tk;

• fl;likg;Gf;FupaJ.
• jhtu tpyq;Ff; fyq;fspd; KjYU nkd;rt;tpy; fhzg;gLk;.
• vd;G> rpiu> frpapioak; Nghd;w njhFg;gpioaq;fspy; nfhyh[pd; Gujk;
fhzg;gLk;.
• Njhy;> nfhk;G> kapu;> efk; vd;gtw;wpy; nfuw;wpd; Gujk; fhzg;gLk;.
• nfhz;L nry;yy;
• FUjpapy; O 2, CO2 nfhz;L nry;yy; - <NkhFNshgpd;
• jirapy; O 2, CO2 nfhz;L nry;yy; - kNahFNshgpd;
• ,yj;jpud; nfhz;L nry;yy; - irw;NwhFNwhk;
• Cf;fpf;Fupa ,ay;G
• gy;rf;fiul;Lf;fis gpsTgLj;Jk; - ePu;g;gFg;G nehjpak;
• Gujq;fis gpsTgLj;Jk; - Guj;jpNaR
• epAf;fpspf; mkpyq;fis njhFj;jy; - nghypkNuR
• nty;yq;fisAk; Gujq;fisAk; nghRgupNyw;wk; nra;jy; - ifNdR
• clypd; mfr;#oiy xUrPu;j;jpl epiyapy; NgZjy;.
• FUjpapd; gpurhuzr; nrwpitg; NgZjy; - rPuk; my;Gkpd;
• FUjpapd; FSf;NfhR kl;lj;ij fl;Lg;gLj;jy; - ,d;Rypd;
• ghJfhg;G
• gpwnghUs; vjpupfshff; fhzg;gl;L md;dpa cly;fs; clypDs; nry; t ijj;
jLf;Fk; - ,kpapNdhFnshgpAypd;
• FUjpAiwjiy Vw;gLj;jp fhaq;fspD}lhf njhlu;e;J FUjp ntspNaWjiyj;
jLf;Fk; - Jnuhk;gpd;
• mirT
• jirehu;fspd; RUf;fk; - mf;upd;> kNahrpd;
• njhl;rpd;fs;
• er;Rtpisit Vw;gLj;Jk; - ghk;gpd; eQ;R
• Nrkpg;G
• ghy; - Nfrpd;
• Kl;il - my;Gkpd;
• capupay; cyfpy; ,ypg; g pl; L f; f spd; Kf; f paj; J tk;
• nfhOg;GfSk; vz;nzAk;
jhtuq;fs;> tpyq;Ffs; vd;gtw;wpy; rf;jpiar; Nrkpf;Fk; %yf;$Wfs;.
• nkOF
jhtuq;fspy; Gwj;Njhypy; jpiu CLGftplhj gil.
tpyq;Ffspd; Njhy;> cNuhkk;> vd;gtw;wpy; fhzg;gLk; ePiu CLGftplhj gil.
• nghRNghypg;gpl;
fynkd;rt;tpd; Mf;ff;$W
• ];NunuhapLfs;
• gpj;j mkpyk;. c+k;: Cholic Acid
,ypg;gpl;L rkpghl;bd;NghJ ,ypg;gpl;ilf; fiuf;ff;$ba gpj;j cg;Gf;fisj;
Njhw;Wtpf;Fk;.
• <];l;u[d;> GNuhn[];jNuhd;> nj];Rj;Njhj;jpNuhd; Nghd;w ,ypq;f XNkhd;fs;
kdpjdpy; ,ypq;fj;Jf;Fupa Jizg;ghypay;GfSf;F fhuzkhfpwJ.

Mrpupau; ife;E}y; 24 juk; 12

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk;
• my;l];jNuhd;> Nfhl;bnfh];nlNuhd;> Nfhl;bNrhd;
,it mjpupdy; Nkw;gl;ilf;Fupa XNkhd;fs;. mff;#oypd; xUrPuj ; j
; pl epiyiag;
NgZk;.
• Nju;gg; d
P f
; s; (Terpenes)
• nkd;Njhy;> fw;g+uk; - jhtuq;fspd; thridj; jputpaq;fs;
• [pguypd; - jhtu tsu;r;rpg; gjhu;j;jq;fs;
• Phytol - VitA, E, K vd;gtw;wpd; $W
• ful;bNdhapl; - xspj;njhFg;G epwg;nghUs;
• nfhOg;GfSk; vz;nzAk; gl;lu; jahupg;G> kh[uPd;> rikay; vz;nza; jahupg;G>
rtu;f;fhuj; jahupg;G> fpwP]; jahupg;G> cuha;T ePf;fp jahupg;G. capu; Bry; jahupg;G
Nghd;w njhopw;Jiwfspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.

• capupay; cyfpd; tpw; w kpd; f spd; Kf; f paj; J tk;

tpw; w kpd; gad; g hL
• tpw;wkpd; A • rhjhuz Nkyzpfspd; fl;likg;igAk; tsu;r;rpiaAk;
fl;Lg;gLj;Jk;.
• Rhodopsin vDk; ghu;it epwg;nghUs; Mf;fj;jpwF
; j; Njitahd
retinal I jahupf;fg; gad;gLk;.
• tpw;wkpd; D • fy;rpak; mfj;JwpQ;riyf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk;.
• gy;> vYk;G cUthf;fj;jpw;F Kf;fpakhdJ.
• nghRguR mfj;JwpQ;rYf;F cjTk;.
• <uypy; Gnuhj;Jnuhk;gpd; njhFg;gpd;NghJ mtrpakhdJ.
vdNt> FUjp ciwjypy; gq;FngWk;.
• tpw;wkpd; B 1 • Rthrj;jpy;
• fpnug;gpd; tl;lj;jpy;
• fhnghl;iry; mfw;wypy;
• Jiznehjpakhf gq;FngWk;.

• tpw;wkpd; B 2 • ,yj;jpud; nfhz;L nry;yypy; gad;gLk; gpNsNth

(iwNghgpNstpd;) Gujq;fspd; Gfhu;j;njbf; $l;lj;jpd; xU gFjpia
cUthf;Fk;.
• tpw;wkpd; B 6 • mkpNdh mkpyk;> nfhOg;gkpy mDNrgj;jpd;NghJ
(gpupnlhf;fpd;) Jiznehjpakhf khw;wg;gLk;.

• tpw;wkpd; B 12 • nrq;FUjpr; rpWJzpf;if cUthf;fk;.

• fUg; Gujj; njhFg;G
• tpw;wkpd; C • nfhyh[d; ehu;j;njhFg;gpy; mtrpakhdJ.
cWjpahd Njhypw;F mtrpak;.
• nehjpaq; f s;
• Cf; f y; ,lk; n gWk; Gs; s pfisf; fl; L g; g Lj; J tjd; %yk; capu; t hOk;
mq;fpfspDlypDs; ,urhadj; jhf;fq;fs; rPuhf;fg;gLk;. vdNt> capuhdJ Cf;fy;
%yk; rPuhf;fg;gLfpd;wJ vdf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.
• capu; mq;fpfspy; ngUk;ghyhd Cf;fiy epfo;j;Jk; fhuzpfs; nehjpaq;fs;
vdg;gLk;.
• ,it jkf;Nf cupa Kg;gupkhzf; fl;likg;igf; nfhz;l Nfhsg;Gujq;fs;
MFk;.
Mrpupau; ife;E}y; 25 juk; 12
 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk;

• nehjpaq; f s; fyq; f spy; eilngWk; midj; J nraw; g hLfisAk;

0
5 - 40 C ntg;gepiyapy; Cf;Ftpf;Fk;.
• ,urhadj; jhf;fk; eilngWtjw;F Ntz;ba Vtw;rf;jpia Fiwg;gjd; %yk;
jhf;fq;fis Cf;Ftpf;fpd;wd.
• nehjpaq;fspd; njhopw;ghl;by; ntg;gepiy nehjpak; fPo; gil Mfpatw;wpd; nrwpT>
Clfj;jpd; pH ngWkhdk; Mfpad nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; vd khztUld;
fye;JiuahLf.

RahjPd EA nehjpak; mw;wNghJ

rf;jp

jhf;fpfs; EA nehjpak; cs;sNghJ

tpisTfs;

jhf;fj;jpd; ghij

nehjpak; gad; g hL
(1) GNuhw;wpNaR - Fwpjj
; czT cw;gj;jpapdN ; ghJ Gujq;fis Kd; rkpghlilar;
(Protease) nra;tjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.

(2) ypg;NgR - fiwfspy; mlq;fpAs;s gjhu;j;jq;fis rpwpa> ePupy; fiuAk;

(Lipase) jd;ikAila gjhu;j;jq;fshf cilg;gjw;fhf capupay;
mOf;ffw;wpfspy; (detergents) GNuhw;wpNaRld; Nru;j;Jg;
gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.

(3) nrYNyR - Jzpfis nkd;ikahf;fy;. (Soften fabrics)

(Celluase)

(4) fhNghitjNuR - rhu;gstpy; kypthd nghUshd khg;nghUs; ghif(Starch Syrup)

(Carbohydrase) rhu;gstpy; ngWkjpkpf;fjhd> rPdpg;ghfhf khw;Wtjw;fhfg;
gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
cjhuzk;: tpisahl;L tPu tPuhq;fidfSf;fhd ghdj;jpd;
xU $W.

(5) INrhkNwR - FSf;NfhRg; ghif Guw;NwhRg;ghfhf khw;Wtjw;fhfg;

(Isomerase) gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. rhu;gstpy; FSf;Nfhir tpl Guw;NwhR ,dpgG
; f;
$baJ. vdNt> clw; gUkidf; Fiwf;Fk; czTfspy;
(Slimming food) rpwpa msTfspy; ,jidg; gad;gLj;jyhk;.

(6) ngj;jpNdR - Foe;ij czTfspy; goq;fisAk; fha;fwpfisAk; gFjpastpy;

(Pectinase) rkpghlilar; nra;tjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. go> fha;fwpr;
rhWfisg; gpupj;jopg;gjw;F cjTjy;.

Mrpupau; ife;E}y; 26 juk; 12

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk;

• nehjpaq;fs; jhf;fj;jpy; <LgLtJkpy;iy. tpisTfspd; ,ay;Gfis

khw;wpaikg;gJk; ,y;iy.
• nehjpaj; jhf;f tPjj;ij ghjpf;Fk; fhuzpfshtd pH, ntg;gepiy>
nehjpar; nrwpT> fPo;g;gilr; nrwpT> epNuhjpfs; vd;gd MFk;.
• ifj; n jhopypy; nehjpaq; f s;
• rpy ifj;njhopw; nra;Kiwfis nghJthd ntg;gepiyapYk; m K f ; f j ; j p Y k ;
epfo;jj
; nehjpaq;fs; cjTtNjhL mjw;fhd rf;jpapd; msitAk;> tpiyAau;thd
cgfuzq;fisg; gad;gLj;jNtz;ba NjitiaAk; Fiwf;Fk;.

• ifj; n jhopy; f spy; nehjpaq; f isg; gad; g Lj; J tjd; mD$yq; f s;

• mit mtw;wpd; njhopw;ghl;by; jdpr;rpwg;ghd jd;ikfisf; nfhz;lit.
• vdNt> ngUk;ghYk; Njitaw;w gf;f tpisTfisj; Njhw;Wtpf;f khl;lh.
• mit capupay; uPjpapy; gpupe;jopaj;jf;fit. vdNt> #oiy khRgLj;JtJ
FiwthFk;.
• mit kpjkhd epge;jidfspy; mjhtJ jho;ntg;gepiyapYk; eLepiyahd pH
,Yk;> nghJthd tspkz;ly mKf;fj;jpYk; njhopwg
; Lk;. vdNt rf;jp kPjg;gLj;jg;gLk;.
• nehjpaq;fis rf;jp tpisTfshfg; ngWtjw;fhf kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; gad;gLj;jyhk;.
vdNt> rhu; g stpy; rpwpjsT nehjpaj; i jg; gad; g Lj; j p ngUe; n jhifahd
cw;gj;jpapidg; ngwyhk;.

gpujhd nrhw;fs; ((Key words))

• capupay; nrad;Kiwfs; - Biological reactions
• nehjpak; - Enzyme
• Cf; f p - Catalyst
• capuj; njhFg; G - Bio synthesis

fzpg;gPl;L kjpg;gPl;Lf;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs; :

• capupay; cyfpy; cs;s kh%yf;$Wfisg; ngaupLthu;.
• nehjpaq;fs; rpytw;wpd; Cf;fr; nraw;ghl;il tpsf;Fthu;.
• ifj;njhopypy; nehjpaq;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; tpjj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.

Mrpupau; ife;E}y; 27 juk; 12

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk;

Nju;r;rp 3 : gug;G> fdtsT gw;wp Ma;e;jwpe;J kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l ,lg;gug;ig rpwg;G

kl;lj;jpy; gad;gLj;-Jthu;.

Nju; r ; r p kl; l k; 3.1

3.1: Nfj;jpu fzpj js tbtq;fs; kw;Wk; jpz;kq;fspd; Nkw;gug;Gfspd;
gug;gsTfis Muha;thu;

ghlNtisfs; : 06
fw;wy; NgWfs; : • Nfj;jpufzpj jstbtq;fspy; Nkw;gug;gpd; gug;gsitf; fhz;ghu;.
² jpz;kq;fspd; Nkw;gug;gpd; gug;gsitf; fhz;ghu;.
² $l;Lj; jpz;kq;fspd; Nkw;gug;gpd; gug;gsitf; fhz;ghu;.
² $l;L jpz;kq;fspd; Nkw;gug;G gug;gsT njhlu;ghd gpurpdq;fisj;
jPu;g;ghu;.

ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpLtjw;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs; :

• juk; 6-11 tFg;Gfspy; fw;w Nfj;jpufzpj tbtq;fs; kw;Wk; mtw;wpd; gug;gsitj;

JzpAk; tpjk; gw;wp Qhgfg;gLj;jp ghlg; gpuNtrj;ij Nkw;nfhs;f.
• mstPLfs; jug;gLkplj;J rJuKfp> fdTU> Kf;Nfhzp Mfpatw;wpd; gug;gsitj;
JzpAk; tpjj;ij tptupg;gjw;F khztu;f;Fr; re;ju;g;gkspf;fTk;. khztuJ
Jyq; f y; f Sf; F mika xt; n thU tbtj; i jAk; fUk; g yifapy; tiue; J
ml;rufzpjf; FwpaPLfs; %yk; mstPLfisf; Fwpj;J mtw;wpd; gug;gsitf;
fhz;gjw;fhd #j;jpuj;ij vOjpf; fhl;Lf.
• mt;thNw ,izfuk;> ruptfk; Mfpatw;wpd; gug;gsitf; fhz;gjw;fhd #j;jpuj;ijg;
ngWf.
• Miu jug;gLkplj;J tl;lj;jpd; gug;gisitj; JzpAk; Nfhitia khztuplk;
tpdtpawpf.
• NkNy Fwpg;gplg;gl;l Nfj;jpufzpj tbtq;fs; ,uz;il my;yJ rpytw;iw ,izj;J
jstbtj;jpd; gug;gsitj; Jzpa khztu;fis topg;gLj;Jf.
• khztu;fis cupa gapw;rpapy; <Lglr; nra;f.
• rJuKfp> fdTU> cUis> mupak;> $k;gfk;> Nfhsk; Mfpa jpz;kq;fspd;
khjpupAUf;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;f. (khjpupAUf;fisr; nra;tJ mtrpakd;W.
khjpupAUf;fshfg; gad;gLj;jf;$ba cgfuzq;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;f.)
• me;j xt;nthU khjpupAUitAk; vLj;J mjpYs;s Kfq;fspd; vz;zpf;if> kw;Wk;
mk;Nkw;gug;Gfspd; Nfj;jpufzpj tbtq;fs; Mfpad gw;wp khztUld; fye;JiuahLf.
• ,jdbg;gilapy; xt;nthU jpz;kj;jpdJk; Nkw;gug;Gg; gug;gsitj; JzpAk; tpjj;ij
tpsf;Ff.
• cUisapd; Nkw;gug;gpd; gug;gsit fzpf;Fk;NghJ ,uz;L tl;lq;fisAk; xU
tisthd Nkw;gug;igAk; nfhz;lnjdf; nfhs;sg;gLk; vd tpsf;Ff.
• tisthd Nkw;gug;G nrt;tf tbthf miktjhy; mjd; ePsk; tl;lj;jpd; gupjpf;F
rkdhFk;. mfyk; cUisapd; cauj;Jf;Fr; rkdhFk;. mjd; gug;gsT vdf;
$Wf. ,jw;fika nkhj;j Nkw;gug;gpdJk; gug;gsT vdf; fhl;Lf.
jfuj;jpyilf;fg;gl;l kPd; nfhz;l nfhs;fyd; my;yJ NtW Nygy; nfhz;l
nfhs;fydpd; tisthd Nkw;gug;G nrt;tf tbthdJ vdf; fhl;Lf.
• gy;NtW msTfs; nfhz;l jpz;kq;fspd; Nkw;gug;Gfspd; gug;gisitf; fhz;gjw;F
khztiu topg;gLj;Jf. ($l;Lj; jpz;kk; mlq;fyhf)

Mrpupau; ife;E}y; 28 juk; 12

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk;

gpujhd nrhw;fs; ((Key words))

• Nfj;jpufzpj tbtq;fs; - Geometrical shapes
• $l;Lj;jpz;kq;fs; - Combined solids

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs; :
• rJuKfp> fdTU> $k;gfk;> mupak;> cUis Mfpatw;wpd; khjpupfs;.

fzpg;gPl;L> kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs; :

• Nfj;jpufzpj tbtq;fspd; Nkw;gug;gpd; gug;gsitj; Jzpthu;.
• $l;Lj; jstbtq;fspid Nfj;jpu fzpj jstbtq;fshf NtWgLj;jp gug;gsitj;
Jzpthu;.
• jpz;kq;fspd; ghfq;fspd; Nfj;jpu fzpj tbtq;fis ,dq;fhz;ghu;.
• jpz;kq;fspd; Nkw;gug;Gfspd; gug;gsTfisj; Jzpthu;.

Mrpupau; ife;E}y; 29 juk; 12

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk;

Nju; r ; r p kl; l k; 3.2 : jpz;kq;fspd; fdtsitf; fz;lwpthu;.

ghlNtisfs; : 06

fw;ww; NgWfs; : ² jug;gl;l jpz;kq;fspy; fdtsitj; Jzpthu;.

² $l;L jpz;kq;fspd; fdtsitj; Jzpthu;.
² $l;L jpz;kq;fspd; fdtsT njhlu;ghd gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;g;ghu;.

ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpLtjw;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs; :

• fdtsT gw;wpa tpsf;fk; kw;Wk; mjd; gy;NtW gpuNahfq;fs; gw;wpa fye;Jiuahliy
elhj;Jf.
• jpz;kq;;fspd; fdtsitf; fzpg;gjw;F gad;gLj;jg;gLk; #j;jpuq;fis rku;g;gpj;J
mtw;wpd; vspikahd gpuNahfk; gw;wp nra;J fhl;Lf.
• cUis> rJuKfp> fdTU> $k;G> Nfhsk;> $k;gfk;> Mfpa tbtq;fisf; nfhz;l
jpz; k q; f is khztuplk; toq; f p mtw; w pd; fdtsitf; fzpg; g jw; n fdg;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;s Ntz;ba mstPLfs; vitnad tpdTf.
• me;j mstPLfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; Kiwfs; vitnad tpdTf.
• mt;thW ngw;Wf;nfhz;l mstPLfspd; mbg;gilapy; mj;jpz;kq;f ; spd; fdtsitf;
fzpf;FkhW khztiu <LgLj;Jf.
• mupaj;jpd; fdtsitf; fzpf;Fk; Kiw gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLf.
• mstPL jug;gl;l mupaq;fs; rpytw;wpd; fdtsTfisf; fzpg;gjw;F khztiu
topg;gLj;Jf.
• fdtsT rhu;e;j gpurpdq;fs; rpytw;wpidj; jPu;f;Fk; Kiwfisf; fhl;Lf.
• fdtsTld; njhlu;ghd gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;g;gjw;F khztiu topg;gLj;Jf.
• md;whl tho;tpy; $l;Lj; jpz;kq;fisf; fhZk; re;ju;gg
; q;fs; gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLf.
• mt;tr; re;ju;g;gq;fspd;NghJ fdtsitf; fzpf;Fk; tpjj;ijf; fye;JiuahLf.
• ,r; re;ju;g;gq;fs; rpytw;wpd; fdtsitf; fzpf;f. (fw;gid mstPLfisg;
gad;gLj;Jf.)
• $l;Lf; jpz;kq;fspd; fdtsTld; njhlu;ghd gpurpdq;fisj; jPug ; g
; jw;F khztu;fis
topg;gLj;Jf.

gpujhd nrhw;fs; ((Key words))

• $l;Lj;jpz;knkhd;wpd; fdtsT - Volume of the solid object

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs; :
• cUis> rJuKfp> fdTU> Nfhsk; > $k; g fk; > $k; G > Mfpa jpz; k q; ; f spd;
fhl;LUf;fs;(Models).
• ePsj;ij mstpLtjw;fhd cgfuzq;fs; .

fzpg;gPl;L> kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs; :

• jpz;kq;;fspd; fdtsitf; fzpg;ghu;.
• $l;Lj; jpz;kq;;fspd; fdtsitf; fzpg;ghu;.
• jpz;kq;;fspd; fdtsT njhlu;ghd gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;g;ghu;.

Mrpupau; ife;E}y; 30 juk; 12

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk;

Nju;r;rp 4 : igjfurpd; Njw;wj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp ,yFtpy; gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;g;ghu;.

Nju; r ; r p kl; l k; 4.1

4.1: nrq;Nfhz Kf;Nfhzpapd; gf;fq;fSf;fpilapyhd njhlu;ig Muha;thu;.

ghlNtisfs; : 04

fw;ww; NgWfs; : ² igjfurpd; njhlu;igg; gad;gLj;jp Kf;Nfhzpapd; gf;fq;fspd;

ePsq;fisf; fzpg;ghu;.
² gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;g;gjw;F igjfurpd; njhlu;igg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.
² igjfurpd; njhlu;gpd; khWepiyia vLj;Jiug;ghu;.
² gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;g;gjw;F igjfurpd; njhlu;gpd; khWepiyiag;
gad;gLj;Jthu;.

ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpLtjw;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs; :

nrq;Nfhz Kf;Nfhzpfs; kw;Wk; nrq;Nfhzky;yhj Kf;Nfhzpfs; gw;wpa fye;Jiuahliy
elhj;Jf.
nrq;Nfhz Kf;Nfhzpapd; 'nrk;gf;fk;"> 'maw;gf;fk;"> 'vjpu;g;gf;fk;" Mfpa gjq;fs;
cWjpg;gLj;jg;gLk; tifapy; NkYk; fye;Jiuahliy elhj;Jf.
• igjfu]; Njw;wj;jpd; gy;NtW vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs; gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLf.
C=A+B
gf;fq;fspd;kPJ vjpuikf;fg;gLk; rJuq;fspd;
gug;gsT A,B,C Mfpatw;why; jug;gLk;.
C
A

tha; n khop %yk;

nrq;Nfhz Kf;Nfhzpnahd;wpd; nrk;gf;fj;jpy; vjpuike;j rJuj;jpd; gug;gsthdJ Vida
,uz;L gf;fq;fspYk; vjpuikf;fg;gLk; rJuq;fspd; gug;gsTfspd; $l;Lj;njhiff;Fr; rkdhFk;.
FwpaPl;L tbtk;

• vz;zstpyhd cjhuzq;fSldhd vspa gpurpdnkhd;iwj; jPug ; g

; jw;Fr; re;ju;gg
; j;ij
Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;f.
• (3>4>5) (5>12>13) Nghd;w igjfurpd; Kk;ikfs; gw;wp khztu;fsJ ftdj;ij <u;ff ; Tk;.
• igjfurpd; Kk;ikia jdpj;jdpNa Ma;e;jwpa khztiu topg;gLj;Jf.
• igjfu]; njhlu;gpd; kWjiy
'Kf;Nfhzpnahd;wpd; gf;fq;fspd; ePsq;fs; igjfurpd; njhlu;ig jpUg;jpg;gLj;Jnkdpd;
mk;Kf;Nfhzp nrq;Nfhz Kf;NfhzpahFk;" vd tpsf;Ff.
• igjfu]; njhlu; g pd; kWjiyapd; JizAld; gpurpdq; f isj; jP u ; g ; g jw; F
re;ju;g;gkspf;fTk;.

Mrpupau; ife;E}y; 31 juk; 12

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk;

• igjfu]pd; njhlu;G> mjd; kWjiy Mfpad gad;gLk; tpjk; gw;wp fw;gjw;F

FOr; nraw;ghl;il xOq;F nra;f.
• xt;nthU FOtpw;Fk; gpd;tUk; xt;nthU nraiyAk; nra;AkhW rku;g;gpf;fTk;.
• khztu; cupa mstPLfisg; ngWk; Kiw> me;j mstPLfSld; cupa tbtq;fis
mikf;Fk; Kiw Mfpatw;iwg; guprPypf;fTk;.
FO A - nrt;tf tbt ghj;jpnahd;iw mikj;jy;
FO B - fug;ge;J / tiyge;J ikjhdj;ijj; jahupj;jy;
FO C - ghlrhiy Rtu; epiyf;Fj;jhf cs;sjh vdg; guPl;rpj;jy;
FO D - 1m gf;fePsq; nfhz;l rJunkhd;iw kl;lkhd jiuapy; epUkhzpj;jy;.
,q;F xt;nthU FOTk; jkf;F xg;gilf;fg;gl;l Ntiyfis vg;gb nra;aTs;sdu;
vd;gij tpsf;fNtz;Lnkd vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wdu;. ,jw;nfd iff;nfhs;sg;gl;l
gbKiwfs; mlq;fpa mwpf;ifia rku;gg ; pg;gJ NghJkhdjhFk;. rku;gg
; pg;gpd; gpd;du;
gpd;D}l;liy toq;FtJ mtrpakhFk;.
• %iytpl;lk; fhl;lg;gl;l rJuKfp / fdTUit tFg;gpy; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf. mjd;
%iytpl;lj;jpd; ePsj;ijf; fzpg;gjw;fhd Kiwnahd;iwf; fye;JiuahLf.
• ePsk;> mfyk;> cauk; jug;gl;l rJuKfpnahd;wpd; %iytpl;lj;jpd; ePsj;ijf; fzpg;gjw;F
khztiu topg;gLj;Jf.
• %iytpl;lj;jpd; ePsk; jug;gl;l ngl;bnahd;wpd; ePsk;> mfyk;> cauk; Mfpatw;wpd;
msTfisf; Fwpg;gpl khztu;fis topg;gLj;Jf.
• igjfu]; njhlu;G> mjd; kWjiy Mfpatw;wpd; gad;ghl;bd;NghJ Vw;gLk;
gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;g;gjw;F re;ju;g;gkspf;f.

gpujhd nrhw;fs; ((Key words))

• igj;jfurpd; njhlu;G - Pythagoras relationship

jutpUj; j p cs; s P L fs; :

• ePsj;ij mstpLk; cgfuzq;fs;> kl;lg; gyif> rkhe;ju mbkl;lk;> %iytpl;lj;ijf;
fhl;Lk; fz;zhbg; ngl;b.

fzpg;gPl;L> kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs; :

• igjfurpd; njhlu;G kw;Wk; mjd; kWjiy Mfpatw;iw vLj;Jiug;ghu;.
• igjfurpd; njhlu;G gad;gLj;jg;gLk; re;ju;g;gq;fSf;fhd vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf;fisr;
rku;g;gpg;ghu;.
• gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;g;gjw;nfd igjfu]; njhlu;G> mjd; kWjiy Mfpatw;iwg;
gad;gLj;Jthu;.

Mrpupau; ife;E}y; 32 juk; 12

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk;

Nju;r;rp 5 : mstply; NjitfSf;fhf cupa El;gKiwfisf; iff;nfhs;thu;.

Nju; r ; r p kl; l k; 5.1

5.1: nghUj;jkhd cgfuzq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp rpwpa mstPLfisg; ngWthu;.

ghlNtisfs; : 08

fw;ww; NgWfs; : ² mstPl;L cgfuzq;fspd; ,opntz;zpf;ifiaj; Jzpthu;.

² cgfuzq;fspypUe;J mstPli ; lg; ngWk;NghJ cupa eilKiwfisf;
iff;nfhs;thu;.
² cgfuzq;fspy; G+r;rpa tOit Jzpe;J mstPLfisr;
nrk;ikahf;Fthu;.
² rpwpa mstPLfisg; ngWk;NghJ mjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd cgfuzq;fspd;
gad;ghl;il kjpg;ghu;.
² gpd;dtOit mwpKfQ; nra;J rpwpa mstPLfis kpfr; nrk;ikahf
ngWtjd; mtrpaj;ij vLj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;.
² rjtPj tOitf; fzpg;ghu;.

ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpLtjw;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs; :

• nrad;Kiw uPjpahf ngw;Wf;nfhs;sNtz;ba mstPlL ; tPrR
; fs; gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLf.
,tw;wpd;%ykhf kpfr;rpwpa ePsq;fis rupahf mstpLtjd; Njitia typAWj;Jf.
• kpfr;rpwpa ePsq;fis mstplg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; El;gKiwfshf
• Ntzpau; jj;Jtk;
• ikf;Nuh kPw;wu; jj;Jtk;
Mfpad Kf;fpakhfpd;wd vdf; fhl;Lf.
• Ntzpau; cgfuzj;jpd; kpfr; rpwpa mstPl;bd; njhlu;Gilikiar; rku;g;gpf;f.
• Ntzpau; mikg;igg; (Ma;T$lj;jpYs;sijg;) gad;gLj;jp ,opntz;zpf;if>
G+r;rpa tO Mfpatw;iw tpsf;Ff.
• Ntzpau; ,Lf;fpkhdpapd; ngauplg;gl;l tupg;glq;fspd; cjtpAld; mjd; xt;nthU
ghfj;jpdJk; njhopy;fis tpsf;Ff.
• khztu; FOf;fSf;F Ntzpau; ,Lf;fpkhdpia toq;fp mjidg; gad;gLj;jp
gpd;tUk; mstPLfisg; ngWtjw;fhd nrad;Kiwapy; <LgLj;Jf.
• ,Uk;Gr; rl;lnkhd;wpd; mfyk;
• ,Uk;Gf; Nfhypd; Gwtpl;lk;
• cUisg; Nghjpifapd; cl;Gw tpl;lk;
• ehzaf; Fw;wpapd; ruhrup(,il) tpl;lk;
• nraw;ghl;il Nkw;ghu;it nra;J Njitahd topfhl;ly;fis toq;Ff.
• Ntzpau; Nfhl;ghl;ilf; nfhz;Ls;s cgfuzq;fSs; efUk; EZf;Ff; fhl;bapd;
Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpsf;Ff.
• efUk; EZf;Ff;fhl;bapd; ngauplg;gl;l tupg;glj;jpd; cjtpAld; mjpYs;s
fpil> epiyf;Fj;J Ntzpau; mstpilapy; thrpg;igg; ngWtJ gw;wp tptupf;Ff.
• FOf;fSf;F cgfuzq;fis toq;fp efUk; EZf;Ff;fhl;biag; gad;gLj;jp
fz;zhbf; Fohapd; FWf;Fntl;bd; mf> Gw tpl;lq;fis mstpl topg;gLj;Jf.
• jpUfhzp Ez;khdpapd; ,opntz;zpf;ifapd; njhlu;Gilikiar; rku;g;gpf;f.
• jpUfhzp Ez;khdpapd; ngauplg;gl;l tupg;glj;jpd; cjtpAld; mjd; xt;nthU
ghfj;jpdJk; njhopy;fis mwpKfQ; nra;f.
• cgfuzj;jpd; G+r;rpa tO> ,opntz;zpf;if Mfpatw;iwf; fz;lwpa topg;gLj;Jf.
• ,opntz;zpf;ifiaf; fzpg;gJ njhlu;ghd vspa gpurpdnkhd;iwr; rku;g;gpf;f.

Mrpupau; ife;E}y; 33 juk; 12

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk;

• FOf;fsplk; jpUfhzp Ez;khdpfis toq;fp gpd;tUk; mstPLfisg; ngwr;

nra;f.
• nky;ypa cNyhfj;jl;bd; jbg;G
• fk;gpapd; tpl;lk;
• ehzaf; Fw;wpapd; ,ilj; (ruhrup) jbg;G
• ,wg;gu; gl;bapd; jbg;igg; ngWtjw;F ,e;j cgfuzk; nghUj;jkw;wnjd
tpsf;Ff.
• gpd;dtO> rjtPjtO Mfpatw;iw mwpKfQ;nra;f.
• rjtPj tOitf; Fiwf;fj;jf;fjhd mstPl;L cgfuzq;fisj; njupTnra;a
Ntz;Lnkdf; fhl;Lf.
• Kj;Jyhj; juhrpd; ngauplg;gl;l tupg;glj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp mjd; xt;nthU
ghfj;jpdhYk; Mw;Wk; njhopw;ghLfis tptupf;f.
• mstPLfisg; ngWtjw;F cgfuzq;fisj; jahu;nra;Ak; tpjj;ijr; nra;J
fhl;Lf.
• FOf;fspw;F Kj;Jyhj; juhrpid toq;fp gpd;tUk; mstPLfisg; ngwr;nra;f.
• Riuahzpapd; jpzpT
• fk;gpr;RUspd; jpzpT
• ,yj;jpudpaw; juhrpidg; gad;gLj;jp rpwpa jpzpit mstpLk; Kiwiaf; fhl;Lf.
• epWj;jy; kzpf;$l;ilg; gad;gLj;jp (Stop Clock) FWfpa Neu Mapilia mstpLk;
Kiwiaf; fhl;Lf.
• nkJthf ,aq;Fk; Juypnahd;W 2m J}u ,ilntspapYs;s Gs;spia mila
vLf;Fk; fhyj;ij mstpl FOf;fis topg;gLj;Jf.

gpujhd nrhw;fs; ((Key words))

• mstPlL ; cgfuzq;fspd; ,opntz;zpf;if - Least count of a measuring instrument
• G+r;rpa tO - Zero error
• rjtPj tO - Percentage error
jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs; :
• Ntzpau; ,Lf;fpkhdp
• jpUfhzp Ez;khdp
• efUk; EZf;Ff;fhl;b
• Kj;Jyhj; juhR> ,yj;jpudpaw; juhR
• ,Uk;Gf; Nfhy;
• cNyhfj;jfL
• Riuahzp
• nrg;Gf;fk;gp
• ehzaf;Fw;wp
fzpg;gPl;L> kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs; :
• mstPl;L cgfuzq;fspd; gpujhd ghfq;fisg; ngaupLthu;.
• xt;nthU ghfj;jpdJk; njhopw;ghLfis tptupg;ghu;.
• jug;gl;l cgfuzq;fspd; ,opntz;zpf;if> G+r;rpa tO Mfpatw;iwf; fz;lwpthu;.
• gy;NtW mstPLfSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd mstPl;L cgfuzq;fisj; njupTnra;J
mstPLfisg; ngWthu;.
• rjtPj tOitf; fzpg;ghu;.

Mrpupau; ife;E}y; 34 juk; 12

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk;

Nju;r;rp 6 : ntg; g ,urhadtpay; njhlu; g hd mbg; g il vz; z f; f Uf; f is

Ma;e;jwpthu;.

Nju; r ; r p kl; l k; 6.1

6.1: ngsjpf khw;wq;fSld; njhlu;ghd ntg;g khw;wq;fisr; Nrhjpg;-gjw;F
ntg;g ,urhadtpaypd; mbg;gil vz;zf;fUf;fisg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.

ghlNtisfs; : 05

fw;ww; NgWfs; : ² ntg;gk;> Ntiy> rf;jp> njhFjp> vy;iy> maw;#oy; Mfpa gjq;fis
tiuaWg;ghu;.
² vy;iyA+lhf rf;jpAk; rlg;nghUSk; NtiyAk; gupkhwg;gLk; njhFjpia
jpwe;j njhFjp vd mwpKfQ;nra;thu;.
² vy;iyA+lhf rf;jpAk; NtiyAk; gupkhwg;gLk; njhFjpia %ba njhFjp
vd mwpKfQ; n ra; t hu; . (vy; i y> rlg; n ghUs; gupkhw; w j; J f; F
mDkjpf;fhJ)
² vy;iyA+lhf rf;jpAk; rlg;nghUSk; NtiyAk; gupkhwg;glhj njhFjp
jdpikahf;fg;gl;l njhFjp vd ,dq;fhz;ghu;.
² njhFjp> #oy; Mfpad xUq;Nf mfpyk; MFk; vdf;Fwpg;gpLthu;.
² cUfy;> ciwjy;> gjq;fkhjy;> gbjy;> Mtpahjy;> xLq;Fjy; Mfpa
ngsjpf khw;wq;fis tiuaWg;ghu;.
² epiykhw;wk; gw;wpa %yf;$w;W kl;l tpsf;fj;ij Nkw;nfhs;thu;.

ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpLtjw;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs; :

• nghUj;jkhd tiutpyf;fzj;ijAk; cjhuzq;fisAk; Kd;itj;J ntg;gk;> Ntiy>
rf;jp Mfpa gjq;fis tpsf;Ff.
• njupTnra;ag;gl;l xU ,urhadj; njhFjpia my;yJ cjhuzj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp
khztu;fSf;F njhFjp> #oy;> vy;iy Nghd;wtw;iw mwpKfg;gLj;Jf.
• Ntiy> rf;jp> ntg;gk; vd;gtw;iwg; gad;gLj;jp %ba> jpwe;j> jdpikahf;fpa
njhFjpfis cjhuzq;fSld; tpupTgLj;Jf.
• cUfy;> ciwjy;> gjq;fkhjy;> gbjy;/miljy;> Mtpahjy;> xLq;Fjy; Nghd;w
ngsjpf khw;wq;fis cjhuzq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp tpsf;Ff.
• Nkw;$wpa ngsjpf khw;wq;fis tpsf;f %yf;$w;W mbg;gilahd tpsf;fj;ijf;
Fwpg;gpLf.
• cUfypd;NghJk; nfhjpj;jypd;NghJk; Vw;gLk; ntg;gepiy khw;wj;ij tiuGgLj;j
khztu;fis topg;gLj;Jf.
• ePupd; ntg;gkhf;fy; tisapia tiuaTk; milahsg;gLj;jTk; khztu;fF ; cjTf.

ghl tplaq;fis tpsf;Ftjw;fhd topfhl;ly; :

• ntg; g ,urhadj; J ld; njhlu; G ila gjq; f Sf; f hd mwpKfk;
• ntg;gk;
ntg;gepiy tpj;jpahrj;jpdhy; Vw;gLj;jg;gLk; rf;jpg;gha;r;ry;.
• Ntiy
J}uj;jpD}lhf nraw;gLk; tpirapd; tpisT. xU nghUspypUe;J ,d;ndhU
nghUspw;F rf;jp khw;wg;gLjy;. rpwg;ghf ,uz;lhtJ nghUis Fwpj;j jpirapy;
efu;j;Jtjw;Fj; Njitahd rf;jp.
• rf;jp
Ntiy nra; A k; Mw; w y; . cjhuzkhf tpiriag; gpuNahfpg; g jd; % yk;
nghUnshd;iw mirg;gjw;fhd Mw;wy;.
Mrpupau; ife;E}y; 35 juk; 12
 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk;

• njhFjp
mfpyj;jpypUe;J fw;wha;tjw;fhf Nju;e;J vLj;j gFjp.
• #oy;
fw;wYf;fhf mfpyj;jpypUe;J Nju;e;njLj;j gFjp jtpu;e;j Vida ahTk;.
• vy;iy
#oiyAk; njhFjpiaAk; gpupf;Fk; NfhL my;yJ Nkw;gug;G.
• ngsjpf khw; w q; f Sf; f hd mwpKfk;
• cUfy;
jpz;k mtj;ijapypUe;J jput mtj;ijf;fhd epiykhw;w ngsjpfr; nraw;ghL.
• ciwjy;
cUFepiyf;Ff; Fiwthf ntg;gepiyiaf; Fiwf;Fk;NghJ jputkhdJ jpz;kkhf
khWk; mtj;ij epiykhw;wk;.
• gjq;fkhjy;
jput mtj;ijf;$lhfr; nry;yhky;> jpz;k mtj;ijapypUe;J thA mtj;ijf;F
khWk; epiykhw;wk;.
• gbjy; / miljy; (deposition)
gjq;fkhjYf;F vjpuhd nraw;ghL. thA mtj;ijapypUe;J jpz;k mtj;ijf;F
khWk; ngsjpfr; nraw;ghL.
• Mtpahjy;
jput mtj;ijapypUe;J thA mtj;ijf;F khWk; ngsjpfr; nraw;ghL.
• xLq;Fjy;
MtpahjYf;F vjpuhd nraw;ghL. thA mtj;ijapypUe;J jput mtj;ijf;F
khWk; ngsjpfr; nraw;ghL.
• Nkw;$wg;gl;l ngsjpf epiykhw;wk; kw;Wk; mjDld; njhlu;ghd %yf;$w;W
kl;lj;ij gw;wp tpsf;Ff.

gpujhd nrhw;fs; ((Key words))

• ciwjy; - Freezing
• xLq;Fjy; - Condensation
• Mtpahjy; - Vapourization
• gjq;fkhjy; - Sublimation
• gbjy; - Deposition

fzpg;gPl;L kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs; :

• njhFjpia tiutpyf; f zg; g Lj; J tjd; % yk; jpwe; j > %ba> jdpikahf; f pa
njhFjpfis ,dq;fhz;ghu;.
• ngsjpf khw;wq;fis tpsf;fp cjhuzq;fs; jUthu;.
• ePupd; ntg;gkhf;fy; tisapia tiuthu;.
• ePupd; ntg;gkhf;fy; tisapapd; Nghf;if %yf;$w;W mbg;gilapy; tpsf;Fthu;.
• ifj;njhopy; nrad;Kiwfspy; ntg;g ,urhadj;jpd; mbg;gil vz;zf;fUf;fisg;
gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhd cjhuzq;fisj; jUthu;.

Mrpupau; ife;E}y; 36 juk; 12

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk;

Nju; r ; r p kl; l k; 6.2

6.2: jhf;f ntg;gj;ijg; gupNrhjid uPjpahf jPu;khdpg;ghu;.

ghlNtisfs; : 07

fw;ww; NgWfs; : ² jhf;f ntg;gk; vd;gij tptupg;ghu;.

² Gwntg;g> mf ntg;gj; jhf;fq;fis cjhuzq;fspd; cjtpAld;
tpsf;Fthu;.
² Gwntg;g> mfntg;g jhf;fq;fisr; nra;Jfhl;Lthu;.
² mkpy - %y jhf;fj;jpd; jhf;f ntg;gj;ij gupNrhjiduPjpahf
fzf;fpLthu;..
² jhf; f q; f s; rhu; e ; j ntg; g khw; w q; f is jP u ; k hdpf; F k; N ghJ
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; vLNfhs;fisf; $Wthu;.
² jhf;fq;fs; rhu;e;j ntg;g khw;wq;fis rf;jp tiuglj;jpy; Fwpj;Jf;
fhl;Lthu;.
² jhf;f ntg;gj;jpd; gpuNahfq;fis cjhuzq;fs; %ykhf tptupg;ghu;.
² jhf;f ntg;gk; njhlu;ghd fw;if md;whl tho;tpYk; Ntiy cyfpYk;
gad;gLfpwJ vd Vw;Wf;nfhs;thu;.

ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpLtjw;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs; :

• mfntg;g> Gwntg;g jhf;fq;fs; rpytw;iwr; nra;J fhlLf.
cjhuzq;fs; • NaOH (aq)+ HCl (aq)
• CuSO4 (aq) + Zn (s)
• N H4Cl /A+upah/ FSf;NfhR ePupy; fiujy;
• mg;gr;Nrhlh (NaHCO3) + rpj;jpupf;fkpyk;
• mfntg;g> Gwntg;g jhf;fq;fis mwpKfQ; nra;f.
• jhf;f ntg;gk; vd;why; vd;dntd tptupf;Ff.
• mkpy - Ky jhf;fj;jpd; jhf;f ntg;gj;ij gupNrhjid uPjpahfj; Jzptjw;fhd
Nrhjidapd; jpl;lj;ij khztUld; ,ize;J jahu;nra;f.
(khjpupj; jpl;lk; gpd;dpizg;G - 01 ,y; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ)
• ,g; gupNrhjidia khztu; FOf;fis Nkw;nfhs;sr; nra;f.
• Q = m C vDk; njhlu;igg; gad;gLj;jp jhf;f ntg;gj;ijf; fzpf;f.
• fzpj;jypd;NghJ Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l vLNfhs;fisf; fye;JiuahLf.
• mfntg;g> Gwntg;g jhf;fq;fs; njhlu;ghd ntg;gTs;Siw tupg;glq;fis xg;gPl;L
uPjpahfr; rku;g;gpf;f.
• jhf;f ntg;gj;jpd; gpuNahfq;fisf; fye;JiuahLf.

ghl tplaq;fis tpsf;Ftjw;fhd topfhl;ly; :

• ,urhadj; jhf;fq;fspd;NghJ ntg;gkhw;wk; eilngWk;. ,jd;NghJ #oYf;F ntg;gk;
ntsptplg;gLtjd; %yNkh #oypypUe;J ntg;gk; cs;nsLf;fg;gLtjd; %yNkh
njhFjpapd; ntg;gepiyapy; khw;wNkw;gLtij mtjhdpf;fyhk;.
• ,urhadj; jhf;fj;jpd;NghJ #oYf;F ntg;gk; ntsptplg;gLnkdpd;> mj;jhf;fk;
Gwntg;gj; jhf;fk; (Exothermic) vdg;gLk;.
• ,urhadj; jhf;fj;jpd;NghJ #oypypUe;J ntg;gk; cs;nsLf;fg;gLkhapd; mJ
mfntg;gj; (Endothermic) jhf;fk; vdg;gLk;.

• Gwntg;gj; jhf;fj;jpd;NghJ #oYf;F rf;jp ntsptplg;gLtjhy; jhf;fpfspy;

mlq;fpAs;s rf;jpia tpl tpisTfspy; mlq;fpAs;s rf;jp FiwthFk;.

Mrpupau; ife;E}y; 37 juk; 12

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk;

• mfntg;gj; jhf;fj;jpd;NghJ #oypypUe;J rf;jp cwpQ;rg;gLtjhy; jhf;fpfspy;

mlq;fpAs;s rf;jpia tpl tpisTfspy; mlq;fpAs;s rf;jp mjpfkhFk;.
• jhf;f ntg;gkhw;wj;jpw;fhd ntg;gTs;Siw tupg;glk; tUkhW

>

>
jhf;fpfs; tpisTfs;

>
> tpisTfs;
>
jhf;fpfs;
>
Gwntg;gj; jhf;fj;jpw;fhd mfntg;gj; jhf;fj;jpw;fhd
rf;jp tupg;glk; rf;jp tupg;glk;

gpujhd nrhw;fs; ((Key words))

• jhf; f ntg; g k; - Heat reaction
• Gwntg;gj;jhf;fk; - Exothermic reaction
• mfntg; g j; j hf; f k; - Endothermic reaction
• ntg;gTs;Siwg; glk; - Enthalpy diagram
• mkpy-%y jhf;fk; - Acid-base reaction

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;:
• gpd; d pizg; G 01 ,d; gpujpfs;
• gpd;dpizg;G 01 ,y; jug;gl;l ,urhadg; gjhu;j;jq;fSk; cgfuzq;fSk;

fzpg;gPl;L kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs; :

• mfntg;g> Gwntg;g jhf;fq;fis cjhuzq;fSld; tptupg;ghu;.
• mkpy - Ky ,ilj;jhf;fj;jpd; ntg;gTs;Siwiaj; jPuk
; hdpg;gjw;fhd gupNrhjidiaj;
jpl;lkpLthu;.
• mkpy - Ky ,ilj;jhf;fj;jpd; ntg;gTs;Siwiaf; fzpg;ghu;.
• nrad;Kiwapy; $l;lhf <LgLthu;.
• gupNrhjid KbTfis nghUs; nghjpe;j tifapYk; Mf;fj;jpwd; kpf;fjhfTk;
rku;g;gpg;ghu;.

Mrpupau; ife;E}y; 38 juk; 12

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk;

gpd;dpizg;G - 01
mkpy - %y ,ilj;jhf;fj;jpd; ntg;gTs;Siwiaj; jPu;khdpj;jy;.
Njitahdit
2.0 mol dm-3 NaOH 50 cm3 my;yJ 250 cm3 Kfitfs; - 2
2.0 mol dm-3 KOH 50 cm3 50 cm3 msTr;rhbfs; - 2
2.0 mol dm-3 HNO3 50 cm3 my;yJ 2.0 mol dm-3 HCl 50 cm3
0-100 0C ntg;gepiy tPr;R nfhz;l ntg;gkhdp
gupNrhjid nra; A k; Kiw
Kfitapy; 2.0 mol dm-3 NaOH fiurypid 50 cm3 mse;J ,l;L mf; fiurypd; ntg;gepiyia
(t1) Fwpj;Jf; nfhs;f. kw;nwhU Kfitapy; 2.0 mol dm-3 HCl ,d;; 50 cm3 ,id mse;J
,l;Lf; nfhs;f. mjd; ntg;gepiy (t2) ,idf; Fwpj;Jf; nfhs;f. (%yf; fiurypd;
ntg;gepiyia mse;j gpd;du; mkpyf; fiurypd; ntg;gepiyia mstpl Kd;du; ntg;gkhdpia
ed;F fOtpf; nfhs;f.)
xU KfitapYs;s fiuriy kw;iwa KfitapYs;s fiurypy; ,l;L fye;J Vw;gLk;
ntg;gepiyia (t3) Fwpj;Jf; nfhs;f.
fye; J iuahly;
gpd;tUk; gbKiwfspw;fika ntg;gTs;Siwiaf; fzpf;fTk;.
t1, t2 Mfpa ngWkhdq;fs; rkdw;witnadpd; mtw;wpd; ruhrup ntg;gepiy t iaf; fhz;f.
fiurypd; mlu;j;jp 1 g cm-3 vd vLNfhshff; nfhs;f. fiurypd; jd;ntg;gf; nfhs;ssT(c)
4.2 J g-1 K-1 vdf; nfhs;f.
(i) ,Wjpapy; fpilf;Fk; fiurypd; fdtsT= cm3
fiurypd; jpzpT = mg
ntg;gepiy tpj;jpahrk; = t3 - t) 0C
(
jhf;fj;jpw;fhd ntg;gTs;Siw khw;wk; = mc(t3 - t)
= J
= KJ
-3
(i
i) 2.0 mol dm NaOH fiurypd; fdtsT = cm3
2.0 mol dm-3 HCl mkpyj;jpd; fdtsT = cm3
NaOH %y; vz;zpf;if = 1/10
HCl %y; vz;zpf;if = 1/10

(iii)NaOH (aq) + HCl (aq) NaCl (aq) + H2O (l)

NaOH ,d; 1 %y; HCl ,d; 1 %y; cld; jhf;fp 1 %y; H 2O cUthFk;.
NaOH ,d; 1/10 %y; HCl ,d; 1/10 %y; cld; jhf;fkile;J 1/10 %y; H 2O fpilf;Fk;.

(iv)1/10 %y; ePu; cUthFk;NghJ Vw;gLk; ntg;gTs;Siw khw;wk; = KJ

(Kjyhk; gbKiwapy; fzpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ)
1 %y; ePu; cUthFk;NghJ Vw;gLk; ntg;gTs;Siw

(1)gupNrhjidf;nfdg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l vy;yh fiury;fSk; Ijhditahifahy; mtw;wpd;

mlu;j;jp> jd;ntg;gf; nfhs;ssT Mfpad ePupd; mlu;j;jp> jd;ntg;gf;nfhs;ssT
Mfpatw;Wf;Fr; rkdhFk; vdf; nfhs;f.
(2)fz;zhbg; ghj;jpuj;jpdhy; cwpQ;rg;gLk; ntg;gj;jpd; msT kpfr; nrhw;gkhFk;. mt;thNw
jhf;fk; tpiutpy; epfOk;. Mjyhy;> fzpj;jiy vspikahf;Ftjw;nfd gupNrhjidapd;NghJ
ghj;jpuj;jpdhy; cwpQ;rg;gl;l ntg;gk; kw;Wk; #oYf;F ,of;fg;gl;l ntg;gk; Mfpad
Gwf;fzpf;fj;jf;fnjdf; nfhs;f.
Mrpupau; ife;E}y; 39 juk; 12
 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk;

Nju;r;rp 7 : fzpdp Kiwik-nahd;wpdJk; mjd; JizAWg;Gf;fspdJk; tpidj;-

jpwdhd gad;fis Njbawpthu;.
Nju; r ; r pkl; l k 7.1
; 7.1: fzpdpia mwpKfQ; nra;J cs;sPl;L kw;Wk; tUtpisT cj;jpfis
tptupg;ghu;.
ghlNtisfs; : 03

fw;wy; NgWfs; : • fzpdpia xU Kiwik vd tptupg;ghu;.

² td;nghUs;fis> cs;sPL> tUtpisT> kw;Wk; nra;Kiw myfhf
tifg;gLj;Jthu;.
² gadupd; Njitfis epiwNtw; W k; tifapy; cj; j pfisj;
njupTnra;thu;.
² fzpdpnahd;wpy; Vw;gLk; nghJthd NfhshWfisr; rupg;gLj;Jthu;.
² msT kw;Wk; nray;ty;yik Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; fzpdpfis
tifg;gLj;Jthu;.

ghlj; i jj; jpl; l kpLtjw; f hd mwpTWj; j y; f s; :

• fPNo Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sthW nghUj;jkhd gpuNtrnkhd;iwg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sTk;.
• Rw;whlypy; fhzf;$ba Kiwikfs; gw;wp tpdtTk;.
c+k;: ghlrhiy Kiwik> Qhapw;Wj; njhFjp> clk;gpy; fhzg;gLfpd;w
Kiwikfs; Nghd;wit.
• tiuglk; %yk; my;yJ NtW topfspy; fhl;rpg;gLj;jf; $ba Kiwiknahd;wpd;
gFjpfisAk; mtw;wpd; njhopw;ghL gw;wpAk; fye;Jiuahlnyhd;iw Nkw;nfhs;sTk;.
• c+k;: rkpghl;Lj; njhFjp – czit cs;thq;Ftjw;Fk; mtw;iw rkpghlilar;
nra;J Nghrizg; gjhu;jj; q;fis cwpQ;Rtjw;Fk; fopTfis ntspNaw;Wtjw;Fk;
cWg;Gfs; cs;sdntd.
• fzpdp Kiwik njhlu;ghd ghlj;ij mgptpUj;jp nra;aTk;.
• fzpdpnahd;wpidf; fhz;gpj;J> mJTk; Kiwiknahd;nwd mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;F
khztu;fSf;F cjtTk;.
• ghuk;gupa juT xOq;FgLj;Jk; KiwfSld; fzpdp gad;ghl;il xg;gpl;L
mD$yq;fis fye;JiuahlTk;.
• mjw;F juT cs;sPL nra;jy;> Nrkpj;jy;> nray;Kiwg;gLj;jy;> ntspaPL
nra;jy; Nghd;wtw;wpw;F cs;s ntt;NtW rhjdq;is ,zq;fhzy;.
• fzpdp%yk; Njitahd Ntiyfis nra;J nfhs;tjw;fhf gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;w
gy;NtW rhjdq;fis Njitf;Nfw;g njupT nra;jy;.
• mt;Ntiyfis nraw;wpwDs;sthW nra;J nfhs;tjw;F mr;rhjdq;fSf;Fupa
tpNrl gz;Gfis mwpe;Jf; nfhs;sy;.
• fzpdpia nraw;gLj;Jk; NghJ Vw;gLk; mbg;gil jtWfis eptu;j;jp nra;tJ
njhlu;ghf khztu;fSld; fye;JiuahlTk;;.
• mbg;gilr; rhjdq;fs; Kiwahf nghUj;jg;gl;buhik
• kpd;rhu toq;fSld; njhlu;ghd gpur;rpidfs;
• nkd;nghUl;fs; gjpyspahikf; gpur;rpidfs;
• fzpdpapd; gUkidAk; mjd; nraiyAk; mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L tifg;
gLj;Jtjw;F khztu;fSf;F cjTq;fs;.
• ghupa fzpdp
• rpW fzpdp
• Ez; fzpdp
• kbf; fzpdp
Mrpupau; ife;E}y; 40 juk; 12
 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk;

• Nkirf;fzpdp
• jj;jy; fzpdp (Tab) cs;sq;if fzpdp
• Fwpg;Gg; Gj;jff; fzpdp
• tFg;ig FOf;fshf mikj;J fPOs;s nraw;ghLfspy; <Lglr; nra;aTk;.
• fzpdp Kiwiknahd;wpy; mlq;fpAs;s rhjdq;fis cs;sPl;L> ntspaPl;L
kw;Wk; nrayhf;f rhjdq;fs; vd ,zq;fhz re;ju;g;gkspAq;fs;.
• cupa rhjdq;fis rupahd nrUfpfSf;F nghUj;Jtjw;F khztu;fSf;F
cjTq;fs;.
• gy;NtW rhjdq;fspd; rpwg;gpay;GfSf;fika mt;tr;re;ju;g;gq;fSf;F kpfg;
nghUj;jkhd rhjdj;ij njupT nra;a ,lkspf;fTk;.
• fzpdpia ,af;Fk; NghJ cupa rhjdq;fs; rupahf nghUj;jg; gl;buhikapdhy;
Vw;gLk; gpur;rpidfis mDFtjw;Fk; mtw;iw eptu;j;jp nra;tjw;Fk;
re;ju;gg
; kspf;fTk;.

gpujhd nrhw;fs; ((Key words))

• kPff
; zpdp - Super computer
• Ez; fzpdp - Micro computer
• fzpdp Kiwik - Computer system
• cs;sPl;L> tUtpisTr; rhjdq;fs; - Input and Output devices

ju cs;sPLfs; :
• Kiwiknahd;wpid tpsf;Ftjw;F nghUj;jkhd tiuglq;fs; my;yJ fhndhypfs;.
• mbg;gil rhjdq;fSld; $ba fzpdpnahd;Wk; Vida nghUj;jkhd rhjdq;fs;
my;yJ mtw;wpd; tiuglq;fs;.
• ,iza trjpfs;.
,iza Kftup :
http://www.tutorialspoint.com/computer_fundamentals/scomputer_input_devices.htm
http://www.tutorialspoint.com/computer_fundamentals/computer_output_devices.htm
http://www.tutorialspoint.com/computer_fundamentals/computer_memory.htm

fzpg;gPl;L kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs;:

• fzpdp Kiwikapd; gpujhd rhjdq;fis ,zq;fhzy.;
• fzpdpapd; mbg;gil cs;sPl;L ntspaPl;L rhjdq;fspd; nray;fis tpsf;Fjy;.
• rhjdq;fis rupahf nrUfpfSf;Fg; nghUj;jy;.
• Njitapd; mbg;gilapy; rhjdq;fis njupT nra;jy;.
• fzpdpapd; mbg;gil gpur;rpidfis eptu;j;jp nra;J fzpdpia ,af;Fjy;.

Mrpupau; ife;E}y; 41 juk; 12

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk;

Nju;r;rp 8 : fzpdpg; gzpnray; Kiwikia gad;jU tpjj;jpy; gad;gLj;Jthu;.

Nju; r ; r pkl; l k; 8.1

8.1: fzpdp gzpnray; Kiwikia mwpK!fQ; nra;J mjd; njhopy;fis
tptupg;ghu;.

ghlNtisfs; : 03

fw;wy; NgWfs; : • gzpnray;Kiwik njhopw;gLk; tpjj;ijAk; mjidg;gad;gLj;Jk;

tpjj;ijAk; tptupg;ghu;.
² fzpdpapd; gy; N tW $Wfisg; ngaupl; L mit gzpnray;
KiwikAld; ,iltpidailAk; tpjj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.
² gy;NtW tifg;gl;l gzpnray; Kiwikfis tptupj;J gpujhdkhf
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; gzpnray; Kiwikfisg; ngaupLthu;.
² gzpnray; Kiwik> gpujhd epidtfj;Jld; ,iltpidailAk;
tpjj;ij tptupg;ghu;.
² Nfhg;G Kiwikfs; mtw;wpd; njhopw;ghLfs; Mfpatw;iw tptupg;ghu;.
² jtW Kfhikia tpsf;Fthu;.

ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpLtjw;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs; :

• fPNo Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sthW nghUj;jkhd gpuNtrnkhd;iwg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sTk;.
• ghijfspy; thfdq;fis topelj;jy; gw;wp khztu;fsJ ftdj;jpw;F nfhz;L
tuTk;.
• nghyp]; cj; j pNahfj; j u; xUtupdhy; thfdq; f is topelj; j y; (rfy
mwpTWj;jy;fSk; if rkpQ;ir %yk;)
• rkpQ;ir gyif %yk; thfdq;fis topelj;jy; (rfy mwpTWj;jy;fSk;
,yj;jpudpay; rkpQ;ir %yk;)
• ,uhZt my; y J Kg; g il gapw; r pahsu; %yk; topelj; j y; (rfy
mwpTWj;jy;fSk; tha;nkhop %yk;)
• thrpfrhiynahd;wpy; FOf;fis topelj;jy; (rfy mwpTWj;jy;fSk; vOj;J
%yk;)
• rhjhuzkhf nghJ kf; f is topelhj; J k; Njit gw; w p khztu; f Sld;
fye;JiuahlTk;.
• $yp thfd Xl;LdnuhUtupd; nfhs;gzpiaAk; fzpdp Kiwiknahd;wpd; mbg;gil
nray;ghLfisAk; xg;gpl;L Nehf;fTk;.
• fzpdpf;Fk; gadUf;Fk; njhlu;g;ig Vw;gLj;jp fzpdp %yk; gy;NtW nray;fis
Nkw; n fhs; t jw; F fzpdpia jahu; epiyf; F nfhz; L tu Ntz; L nkd; g ij
fye;JiuahlTk;.
• fzpdpia ,af; F tjw; F ,ilj; n jhlu; G nraw; g hnlhd; w pd; Njitia
khztu;fsplkpUe;J ntspf;nfhzuTk;.
• fzpdpf;Fk; gadUf;Fk; ,ilapy; njhlu;ig Vw;gLj;Jtjw;F ,ilKfq;fs;
gpuNahfpf;fg;gLfpd;wd vd;gij tpsf;Ftjw;F re;ju;g;gkspf;fTk;.
• fzpdpapy; gy;NtW ,ilKfq;fs; fhzg;gLtij NjLtjw;F re;ju;g;gk; toq;fTk;.
• fzpdpfSf;F gy;NtW ,af;f Kiwikfs; cgNahfg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd vd;gij
,zq;fhd re;ju;g;gk; toq;fTk;.
• jw;fhyj;jpy; gutyhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ,af;f Kiwikfis ngaupl cjtp
nra;aTk;.

Mrpupau; ife;E}y; 42 juk; 12

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk;

• fzpdpapd; ,af;f Mspia nraw;gLj;jpaJ Kjy;> fzpdp jahu; epiyf;F tUk;

tiuahd> jahu; gLj;jy; nray;Kiwia mtjhdpg;gjw;F tha;g;gspf;fTk;.
• fzpdpapd; gy;NtW $Wfshd USB Pen Drive, Printer, USB Dongle Nghd;wtw;iw
nrUFk;NghJ ,af;f KiwikAld; Vw;gLk; nraw;ghl;bid njspTgLj;jpf;
nfhs;tjw;F re;ju;g;gk; toq;fTk;.
• ,af;f Kiwikf;Fk; gpujhd epidtfj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapy; eilngWk; ,ilnjhlu;ig
fye;Jiuahl ,lkspf;fTk;. ,jw;F Defragment, Restore, Backup, Clear Temporary
file Nghd;wtw;iw gad;gLj;Jtjw;F topfhl;lTk;.
• fzpdpapdJk; mjd; $WfspdJk; tpguf; Fwpg;GfisAk; tpsf;Ftjw;Fj; J}z;lTk;.
,jw;fhf System Information mwpKfg; gLj;jTk;.

ghl tplaq; f is njspTgLj; j pf; nfhs; t jw; f hd topfhl; b :

gadUf;Fk; ,af;f Kiwikf;Fkpilapyhd njhlu;gpid tpsf;Fjy;.

hbe<him<M!ole<ohiVt<!

-bg<g!Ljxjl!

ue<ohiVt<!

gadu;

• Defragment tpsf;Ftjw;F xNu FLk;gj;ijr; Nru;e;j ehd;F Ngu; g];tz;bnahd;wpy;

VWk;NghJ> ,lj;jpw;fplk; mku;e;jpUf;Fk; gazpfis NtW Mrdq;fSf;F khw;wp>
mtu;fSf;F gf;fj;J Mrdq;fis xOq;F nra;J nfhLj;jy;.

gpujhd nrhw;fs; ((Key words))

• fzpdp ,ilKfq;fs; - Computer interfaces
• gzpnra; Kiwikfs; - Operating systems
• gpupg;G ePf;fk; - Defragmentation
ju cs;sPLfs fs; :
• ,af;f Kiwik
• fzpdp

fzpg;gPl;L kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs;:

• ,af;f Kiwiknahd;wpd; mtrpaj;ij Rl;bf;fhl;Lthu;.
• fzpdpapd; gy;NtW ,ilKfq;fisg; ngaupLthu;.
• ,af;f Kiwiknahd;wpd; nraw;ghl;bid tpsf;Fthu;.
• fzpdpapd; gy;NtW $WfisAk; ,af;f KiwikAldhd ,ilj;njhlu;igAk;
tpsf;Fthu;.
• ,af;f Kiwikf;Fk; gpujhd epidtfj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapyhd ,ilj;njhlu;ig
tpsf;Fthu;.
• ,af;f Kiwik %yk; fzpdpapd; ,uz;lhe;ju epidtfj;ij Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;thu;.
• fzpdpapdJk; mjd; gy;NtW $WfspdJk; tpguf;Fwpg;Gfisj; njuptpg;ghu;.
Mrpupau; ife;E}y; 43 juk; 12
 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk;

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 8.2

8.2: fzpdpg; gzpnray; Kiwikiag; gad;gLj;Jthu;.

ghlNtisfs; : 04

fw;wy; NgWfs; : • gzpnray; Kiwikapd; ghfq;fis ,dq;fhz;ghu;. (Desktop,

Explorer, Controls)
² ciwfs;^Folder)> cg ciwfis ^sub folder& cUthf;Fthu;.
² nrYj;jp ^Drive& ciw> cg ciw Mfpatw;iw ,dq;fhz;ghu;.
² Nfhg;Gf;fspd; ghfq;fis ,dq;fhz;ghu;.
² Explorer / Nautilus Clhf ciw khjpupia mtjhdpg;ghu;/ khw;wpaikg;ghu;.
² nrYj;jp> Nfhg;G> ciw> Mfpatw;iw fl;lisf; Nfhl;ilg; ^Command
Line& gad;gLj;jp ,dq;fhz;ghu;.
² USB Mouse, Pen Drive, Printer, HSDPA dongle Nghd;wd fzpdpAld;
,izf;Fk; re;ju;g;gj;jpy; gzpnray; Kiwikapd; elj;ijia
mtjhdpg;ghu;.
² Controls Ig; gad;gLj;jp nra;gzp Kiwikapd; ntt;NtW ghfq;fs;
njhlu;ghfj; Njbawpthu;.
² Rl;b (Mouse)
² xyp (Sound)
² Personalization
² jpfjpAk; NeuKk; ^Date & Time&
² Folder Option
² Ngr;ir ,dq;fhzy; ^Speech Recognition&
² gadu; fzf;Ffs; ^User Accounts&
² Task Manager gad;gLj;jp Linux ,y; ps- A Ig; gad;gLj;jp nra;gzp
Kiwikapd; nra; g zpfisg; ^Process& gw; w pj; NjbawpaTk; >
nra;gzpfis epWj;jpitf;fTk; KbAk; vd;gij ,dq;fhz;ghu;.

ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpLtjw;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs; :

• fPNo Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sthW nghUj;jkhd gpuNtrnkhd;iwg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sTk;.
• gy;NtW ,af;f Kiwikfis ngaupl re;ju;g;gk; toq;fTk;. (Open Source
Operating Systems)
• jpwe;j %y ,af;f Kiwikfis ngaupl cjtTk;.
• ,af;f Kiwikapd; rpy mbg;gil $Wfshd Desktop, Explore, Control
Nghd;wit gw;wp fye;Jiuahl tha;g;gspf;fTk;.
• ,af;f Kiwikapd; mbg;gil fl;lisfis fl;lisf; Nfhl;L ,ilKfj;ijg;
(Command Line) gad;gLj;jp nraw;gLj;j re;ju;g;gk; toq;fTk;.
• mbg;gil fl;lisfis ghtpj;jypd; %yk;:
• ,af;fp (Driver) fSf;fpilapy; khWtjw;F>
• Nfhg;Giw (Folder) fSf;fpilapy; khWtjw;F>
• Gjpjhf Nfhg;Giwnahd;iw cUthf;Ftjw;F>
• Nfhg;Giwnahd;iw ePf;Ftjw;F>
• Nfhg;Giwnahd;wpDs; ,Uf;Fk; Nfhg;Gfis mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;F>
• Nfhg;nghd;iw Nfhg;Giwnahd;wpw;F gpujp (Copy) nra;tjw;F> Nghd;w
fl;lisfis ,af;Ftjw;F re;ju;g;gk; toq;fTk;.
• Desktop kPJ Nfhg;Giwnahd;iw cUthf;fp mjDs; JizNfhg;Giw xd;iw
cUthf;Fk; tpjj;ij mwpe;J nfhs;s re;ju;g;gk; toq;fTk;.

Mrpupau; ife;E}y; 44 juk; 12

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk;

• cUthf;fg;gl;l Nfhg;Giw ,af;f KiwikapDs; mike;Js;s tpjj;ij Explore/

Nautilus %yk; tpsq;fpf;nfhs;s re;ju;g;gk; toq;fTk;.
• Nfhg;nghd;iw njd;gl itj;jy;> kiwj;J itj;jy;> Nfhg;G ePbg;ig(Extension)
njd;gl itj;jy;> kiwj;J itj;jy; vd;gtw;iw nra;J ghu;f;f ,lkspf;fTk;.
• fPNo fhzg;gLfpd;w td;nghUl;fis fzpdp Kiwikf;F nghUj;jpaJk;> ,af;f
Kiwik ,jw;F gjpyspf;Fk; tpjj;ij mtjhdpg;gjw;F re;ju;g;gk; toq;fTk;.
• USB Mouse
• Pen drive
• Printer
• HSDPA Dongle
• Control Panel I gad;gLj;jp Rl;b (Mouse) apd; gz;Gfis khw;Wtjw;F re;ju;g;gk;
toq;fTk;.
• Control Panel I gad;gLj;jp xyp (Sound) mikg;ig khw;Wtjw;F re;ju;gg
; k; toq;fTk;.
• Control Panel I gad;gLj;jp Personalization ,y; khw;wq;fis nra;tjw;F re;ju;gg
; k;
toq;fTk;.
• Control Panel I gad;gLj;jp Date & Time ,y; khw;wq;fis nra;tjw;F ,lkspf;fTk;.
• Control Panel I gad;gLj;jp Speech Recognition ,y; khw;wq;fis nra;tjw;F
,lkspf;fTk;.
• Control Panel I gad;gLj;jp User Accounts cUthf;Ftjy;> ,tw;wpy; khw;wq;fis
nra;jy;> Privileges toq;Fjy;> ePff; ptply; Nghd;wtw;iw nra;tjw;F ,lkspf;fTk;.
• Ctrl+Alt+Del %yk; Task Manager / Terminal ,y; ps –A I gad;gLj;jp nray;Kiw
(Process) fis fz;Lgpbg;gjw;Fk;> epWj;Jtjw;Fk; re;ju;g;gk; toq;fTk;.
ghl tplaq; f is njspTgLj; j pf; nfhs; t jw; f hd topfhl; b :
• Windows, Linux Mfpa ,U ,af;f KiwikfisAk; gad;gLj;jp ,t;tDgtq;fisg;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;s re;ju;g;gk; toq;fTk;.
• tiuapay; gadu; ,ilKfj;ijg; ghtpg;gJ Nghd;W fl;lisf; Nfhl;L ,ilKfj;ij
ghtpg;gjw;Fk; re;ju;g;gk; toq;fTk;.

gpujhd nrhw;fs; ((Key words))

• ciw - Folder
• fl;lisNfhl;L - Command line
• nrYj;jp - Drive
• ePbg;G - Extension
• Ntiyj;jsk; - Desktop
ju cs;sPLfs; :
• Windows ,af;f Kiwik nfhz;l fzpdpfs;
• Linux ,af;f Kiwik nfhz;l fzpdpfs;
fzpg;gPl;L kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs;:
• ,af;f Kiwikfis ngaupLthu;.
• ,af;f Kiwik tiffisg; ngaupLthu;.
• ,af;f Kiwiknahd;wpd; mtrpaj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.
• ,af;f Kiwik fzpdpapd; gy;NtW gFjpfisAk; fl;Lg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ vd;gij
fhl;Ltjw;F Njitahd cjhuzq;fSld; gl;bay; jahupg;ghu;.

Mrpupau; ife;E}y; 45 juk; 12

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk;

Nju;r;rp 9 : ehshe;j tho;f;ifj; NjitfSf;fhf jpupNfhz fzpj tpfpjq;fisg;

gad;gLj;jp fUkq;fis ,yFgLj;jpf; nfhs;thu;.

Nju; r ; r p kl; l k; 9.1

9.1: jpupNfhzfzpj tpfpjq;fis tptupg;ghu;.

ghlNtisfs; : 07

fw;ww; NgWfs; : ² Nfhz mstPLfshf ghif> Miuad; Mfpatw;iw ,dq;fhz;ghu;.

² ird;> Nfhird;> jhQ;rd; Mfpa jpupNfhzfzpj tpfpjq;fis
tpsf;Fthu;.
² jpupNfhzfzpj tpfpjq;fisg; gad;gLj;jpg; gpurpdk; jPu;g;ghu;.

ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpLtjw;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs; :

• Nfhzk; vd;why; vd;d? Nfhzj;ij mstpLk; myF ahJ? vDk; tpdhf;fSf;F
khztuplk; tpilfisg; ngw;W ghlj;jpDs; gpuNtrpf;fTk;.
• Nfhzj;ij mstpLtjw;F ghif kl;Lk; gad;gLj;jg;gLtjpy;iynadTk; ,J jtpu
gpw mynfhd;Wk; cs;snjdTk; jpupNfhz fzpjj;jpy; gad;gLk; #j;jpuq;fisg;
ngWtjw;fhf me;j myF mtrpankdTk; RUf;fkhf tpsf;Ff.
• Miuapd; ePsj;jpw;F rkdhd tpy; gFjpapdhy; ikaj;jpy; vjpuikf;fg;gLk; Nfhzk;
xU Miuad; MFnkd mwpKfQ; nra;f. ,jid tupg;glk; %yk; tpsf;Ff. xU
Miuad; 1c my;yJ vd Fwpf;fg;gLk; vd mwpKfQ; nra;f.
• gpd;tUk; tplaq;fis typAWj;Jk; tifapy; fye;JiuahLf.
- tl;lj;jpd; gupjpapdhy; ikaj;jpy; vjpuikf;fg;gLk; Nfhzk;
-
MfNt
• ghifapy; jug;gl;Ls;s rpy Nfhzq;fis Miuad;fspYk;> Miuad;fspy; jug;gl;l
rpy Nfhzq;fis ghifapYk; vOJk; gapw;rpia khztUf;F mspf;fTk;.
• ,jw;Fj; Njitahd topfhl;ly;fis toq;fTk;.
• nrq;Nfhz Kf;Nfhzpapd; cjtpAld; ird;> Nfhird;> jhd;rd; Mfpa jpupNfhz
fzpj tpfpjq;fis mwpKfQ; nra;f.
• gf;fq;fq;fspd; msTfs; jug;gLkplj;J nrq;Nfhz Kf;Nfhzpapd; ngauplg;gl;l
Nfhzq;fspd; jpupNfhz fzpj tpfpjq;fis vOJtjw;fhd gapw;rpia khztUf;F
toq;Ff. vz;zstpyhd ngWkhdq;fisg; gad;gLj;JtJ NghJkhdjhFk;.
• khztu;fis NrhbNrhbahf gpd;tUk; nraw;ghl;by; <LgLj;jp> , Mfpa
Nfhzq;fspd; jpupNfhz fzpj tpfpjq;fisg; ngWtjw;Fr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff. cupa
milT kl;lj;ij vl;lhj khztu;;fSf;Fj; Njitahd topfhl;ly;fis toq;fTk;.
nraw; g hL:
(a)
• gf;f ePsk; 2 myFfs; nfhz;l rkgf;f Kf;Nfhzpnahd;iw tiuf.
• mjd; cr;rpfis A, B, C vdg; ngaupLf.
• cr;rp A apypUe;J gf;fk; B C apw;F nrq;Fj;jpid tiuf.
• ,e;j nrq;Fj;Jf; Nfhl;bd; mbia D vdg; ngapupLf.
• B D apd; ePsk; vt;tsT?
• D C apd; ePsk; vt;tsT?
• apd; ngWkjp ahJ?

Mrpupau; ife;E}y; 46 juk; 12

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk;

(1) ghifapy;
(2) Miuadpy;
• apd; ngWkjp ahJ?
(1) ghifapy;
(2) Miuadpy;
• igjfurpd; njhlu;igg; gad;gL;jp A D apd; ePsj;ijf; fhz;f.
• NkNy ngwg;gl;l ngWkhdq;fis tupg;glj;jpy; Fwpj;Jf; fhl;Lf.
• cq;fsJ tupg;glj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp gpd;tUtdtw;wpd; ngWkhdq;fisf; fhz;f.

(b) rkdhd gf;fq;fspd; ePsk; xU myfhf mikAk; ,Urkgf;f nrq;Nfhz Kf;Nfhzpia

tiuf.
• mjd; cr;rpfis vdg; ngaupLf. ( MFkhW)
• igjfurpd; njhlu;igg; gad;gLj;jp P,R Mfpatw;wpd; ePsj;ijf; fzpf;f.
• Nfhzj;jpd; ngWkjp ahJ?
• Nfhzj;jpd; ngWkjp ahJ?

• mjdbg;gilapy;

Mfpatw;wpd; ngWkhdq;fisf; fzpf;f.

• ePq;fs; ngw;w ngWkhdq;fisg; gpd;tUk; ml;ltizapy; cs;s nghUj;jkhd
ntw;wplq;fspy; vOJf.

• nraw;ghl;bd; ,Wjpapy; khztuhy; ngwg;gl;l ngWkhdq;fspd; nrk;ikia> ,aw;if

ird;> Nfhird;> jhd;rd; ml;ltizfisg; gad;gLj;jpg; guprPypf;f Ntz;Lk;.
• Mfpatw;wpf;Fupa jpupNfhzfzpjg; ngWkhdq;fis ,aw;if ird;> Nfhird;>
jhd;rd; ml;ltiz%yk; ngWf.
• ve;jnthU $u;qN ; fhzj;Jf;Fk; jpupNfhzfzpj tpfpjq;ifsg; ngWtjw;fhf ,aw;if
ird;> Nfhird;> jhd;rd; ml;ltizfisg; gad;gLj;jyhk; vdf; fhl;Lf.
cjhuzq;fs; rpytw;iwf; fye;JiuahLf.
• NkNy Fwpg;gpl;l Nfhzq;fspd; jpupNfhz fzpj tpfpjq;fs; rhu;ej
; vspa gpurpdq;fs;
kw;Wk; eilKiwg; gpur;rpidfs; rpytw;iwj; jPu;g;gjw;F khztiu topg;gLj;Jf.
Mrpupau; ife;E}y; 47 juk; 12
 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk;

• rpy gpurpdq;fis cjhuzq;fshff; fye;Jiuahb gapw;rpfisr; nra;a topg;gLj;JtJ

nghUj;jkhdjhFk;.

gpujhd nrhw;fs; ((Key words))

• jpupNfhz fzpj tpfpjq; f s; - Trignometric ratios
• vjpuik Nfhzk; - Subtended angle

fzpg;gPl;L> kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs; :

gpd;tUk; tplaq;fisj; Jizahff; nfhs;f.
• ghifapy; jug;gl;l Nfhzj;ij Miuadpy; vOjpf; fhl;Ljy;.
• Miuadpy; jug;gl;l Nfhzj;ij ghifapy; vOjpf; fhl;Ljy;.
• mstPLfs; jug;gl;l nrq;Nfhz Kf;Nfhzpapy; ngauplg;gl;l Nfhzj;jpd; jpupNfhz
fzpj tpfpjj;ijf; fzpj;jy;.
• jpupNfhz fzpj tpfpjq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;j;jy;.
• md;whl tho;tpy; jpupNfhz tpfpjq;fspd; gad;ghl;il ,dq;fhzy;.

Mrpupau; ife;E}y; 48 juk; 12

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk;

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 9.2 : jpupNfhz fzpj tpfpjq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.

ghlNtisfs; : 06

fw;ww; NgWfs; : ² eilKiwr; re;ju;g;gq;fspd;NghJ> Vw;wf; Nfhzk;> ,wf;ff; Nfhzk;

Mfpad fpilf;Fk; tpjk; njhlu;ghff; ftdQ; nrYj;Jthu;.
² nrq;Nfhz Kf;Nfhzpfs; rhu;ej; ePsq;fs;> Nfhzq;fisf; fhz;gjw;fhf
jpupNfhz fzpj tpfpjq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jthu;. (eilKiwr; re;ju;gg
; q;fs;
cl;gl)
² Kf;Nfhzpnahd;wpd; epakd; Fwpg;gPl;ilg; gad;gLj;jp>
Kf;Nfhzpnahd;wpd; gug;gsTf;fhf> #j;jpuj;ijg; ngWk;
tpjj;ij tptupg;ghu;.
² mr;#j;jpuj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp> Kf;Nfhzpnahd;wpd; gug;gsitj; Jzpthu;.
(eilKiwr; re;ju;g;gq;fs; cl;gl)

ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpLtjw;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs; :

• Kd;ida ghlj;jpy; jpupNfhzfzpj tpfpjk; gw;wpf; fw;w mwpit Qhgfg;gLj;Jf.
ve; j nthU ngWkhdKila Nfhzj; j pdJk; jpupNfhzfzpj tpfpjj; i j
ml;ltizfspypUe;J ngw;Wf;nfhs;s KbAkhapDk; vk;khy; mZf Kbahj
my;yJ msf;f Kbahj cauj;ij my;yJ J}uj;ij mstpl ,e;j jpupNfhzfzpj
tpfpjq;fisg; gad;gLj;j KbAnkd tpsf;fp ghlj;ij mZFf.
• Vw;wf;Nfhzk;> ,wf;ff;Nfhzk; vDk; vz;zf;fUf;fis mwpKfQ; nra;f.
• tupg;glk;> nray;Kiwr; re;ju;gg
; k; Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; me;j vz;zf;fUf;fis
cWjpg;gLj;Jf.
• cjhuzkhf caukhd fl;llnkhd;wpd; cr;rpapidg; ghu;j;J mjid Nehf;fpr;
nry;Yk;NghJ jiy caUk; msT mjpfupf;Fky;yth vd tpdtp khztuJ
Jyq;fisg; ngWf. mjdbg;gilapy; Vw;wf; Nfhzj;ij tptupf;f.
• mNjNghd;w Xu; cjhuzj;jpid Kd;itj;J ,wf;ff; Nfhzj;ijAk; tptupf;f.
• ,U gupkhz ntspapd; eilKiwr; re;ju;g;gq;fisf; fUj;jpw; nfhz;L Vw;wf;
Nfhzk;> ,wf;ff; Nfhzk; MfpadTk; mlq;Fk; rpy cjhuzq;fisf; fye;Jiuahb>
mJ rk;ge;jkhfg; gapw;rpfspy; <Lgl khztiu topg;gLj;jTk;.
• ahNjDk; Kf;Nfhzpf;fhf> epakf; Fwpg;gPl;bd;%yk; Kf;Nfhzpapd; gug;gsitj;
JzpAk; #j;jpuk; vdg; ngWtjw;fhfg; gpd;tUk; gbKiwfisg;
gpd;gw;Wf.
- Kf;Nfhzpnahd;Wf;Fupa epakf; Fwpg;gPL
A B C Kf;Nfhzpapd; A Nfhzj;jpd; vjpNu cs;s gf;fj;jpd; ePsk; a vdTk;> B
Nfhzj;jpd; vjpNu cs;s gf;fj;jpd; ePsk; b vdTk; C Nfhzj;Jf;F vjpNu
cs;s gf;fk; c vdTk; Fwpg;gPL nra;ag;gLk;.
C

B
A

Mrpupau; ife;E}y; 49 juk; 12

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk;

• mg;NghJ ve;jNthu; cr;rpapypUe;Jk; mjw;F vjpNu cs;s gf;fj;Jf;Fr; nrq;Fj;J

tiutjd; %yk; ,r;#j;jpuj;ijg; ngwyhk;.
cjhuzkhf> A apypUe;J ,w;F BC tiuag;gl;l nrq;Fj;jpd; mb D vdf; fUJNthk;.
C
A B C Kf;Nfhzpapd; gug;gsT
D
A C D nrq;Nfhz Kf;Nfhzpiaf; fUJtjhy;

B
A
Kf;Nfhzpapd; gug;gsT

vdpDk; ck; ck; Mjyhy;

Kf;Nfhzpapd; gug;gsT

• Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;lthwhfNt B, C cr;rpfspypUe;J vjpNu cs;s gf;fq;fshfpa> KiwNa

AC my;yJ A B gf;fq;fSf;F nrq;Fj;Jf;fs; tiutjhy; Kf;Nfhzpapd; gug;gsT

my;yJ vd;gJ fpilf;Fk; vd;gijf; fz;L tpsq;f

khztu;f;Fr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff. Nkw;gb #j;jpuj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp vz;rhu;e;j

gpur;rpidfisj; jPug
; g
; jw;F khztiu topg;gLj;Jf. eilKiwg; gpur;rpidfslq;fpa
gapw;rpfspy; khztiu <LgLj;Jf.

nraw; g hL 1
vDk; Nfhy; mjd; me;jk; epyj;jpYk; me;jk; epiyf;Fj;jhd xU RtupYk;
mikAkhW itf;fg;gl;Ls;s tpjj;ijf; fUJq;fs;
D B

A C

² A kl;lj;jpypUe;J B iag; ghu;f;Fk; re;ju;g;gnkhd;wpidf; fUjp> Vw;wf; Nfhzj;ij

tptupf;Ff.
² BD kl;lj;jpypUe;J C iag; ghu;f;Fk; re;ju;g;gnkhd;wpidf; fUjp> Vw;wf; Nfhzj;ij
tptupf;Ff.
{ ,AB Nfhypd; ePsk; = 20m , DB Nfhzj;Jf;fhd nghUj;jkhd jpupNfhz
fzpj tpfpjj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp AD apdJ ePsj;ijf; fhz;f.
² A apypUe;J Rtu; tiuapyhd J}uk; A C I msg;gjw;fhf Rtupd; mUNf nry;yKbahJ
vdf; fUjp> gpd;tUk; juTfisg; gad;gLj;jp AC If; fzpf;Ff.

Mrpupau; ife;E}y; 50 juk; 12

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk;

nraw; g hL 2
A

c=5
b=3

B a=4 C

² vdf; fhl;Lf.
² A B C Kf;Nfhzpapd; gug;gsit>
#j;jpuj;ijg; gad;gLj;jpg; ngWf.

,k;Kf;Nfhzpapd; gug;gsit> kw;Wk; #j;jpuq;fisg;

gad;gLj;jpAk; ngWf.

gpujhd nrhw;fs; ((Key words))

• Vw;wf; Nfhzk; - Angle of elevation
• ,wf;ff; Nfhzk; - Angle of depression
• ,Ugupkhz ntsp - Two dimensional space

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs; :
• CLfhl;Lk; jd;ikAs;s nghUnshd;wpdhyhd fdTU
• nky;ypa Neupa Foha;fs;

fzpg;gPl;L> kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs; :

gpd;tUk; tplaq;fisj; Jizahff; nfhs;f.
• Vw;wf;Nfhzk;> ,wf;ff;Nfhzk; Mfpatw;iw tpsf;Fjy;.
• jpupNfhz fzpj tpfpjq;fisg; gad;gLj;jpg; gpurpde; jPu;j;jy;.

• #j;jpuj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp Kf;Nfhzpnahd;wpd; gug;gsitj; Jzpjy;.

Mrpupau; ife;E}y; 51 juk; 12

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk;

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 9.3 : tpy;nyhd;wpd; ePsj;ijAk; Miur;rpiwapd; gug;gsitAk; fhz;ghu;.

ghlNtisfs; : 08

fw;ww; NgWfs; : ² tpy;nyhd;wpd; ePsj;ijf; fhz;gjw;fhf #j;jpuj;ij ,dq;fhz;ghu;.

² vDk; #j;jpuj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp tpy;nyhd;wpd; ePsj;ijf; fzpg;ghu;.
² Miur;rpiwnahd;wpd; gug;gsitg; gpd;tUk; #j;jpuq;fs; %yk; fzpg;ghu;.
^ Miuad;fspy; msf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ)

^ Miuad;fspy; msf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ)
,q;F A vd;gJ Miur;rpiw ngwg;gl;l njhlf;f tl;lj;jpd; gug;gsthFk;.
vd;gJ ghiffspy; msf;fg;gl;Ls;s ikaj;jpd; vjpuikf;Fk;
NfhzkhFk;.
² Kf; N fhzpnahd; w pd; gug; g sitf; fhz; g jw; f hf
#j;jpuj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.
² $l;Lj;jsTUtq;fs; rhu;e;j gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;g;gjw;fhf Nkw;gb
#j;jpuq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.

ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpLtjw;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs; :

• tl;lj;jpd; Rw;wsitf; fhz;gjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jpa rkd;ghLfis epidTgLj;Jtjd;%yk;
gpuNtrpf;fyhk;. juk; 10 ,y; tl;l tpy;ypd; ePsj;ijf; fzpj;j Kiwia epidT+l;Lf.
• mt;thwhfNt Miu cila tl;lj;jpd; gupjpapdhy; ikaj;jpy; vjpuikf;Fk;
Nfhzk; vdTk;> mjd; gupjpapd; ePsk; vdTk; epidTgLj;jp> mjw;fika

ikaj; j py; Nfhzj; i j vjpuikf; F k; tpy; y pd; eP s k; MdJ

vd;gjhy; fpilf;fpd;wikia glq;fisAk; gad;gLj;jp tpsf;fTk;.

• ,q;F Nfhzk; MiuadpNyNa jug;glNtz;Lk; vd typAWj;Jf.
• Nfhzj;jpd; ngWkhdk; ghifapy; jug;gl;bUg;gpd;> Miuad; mstPl;Lf;F khw;wp
gpujpapl Ntz;Lk; vd typAWj;Jf.
• Miur;rpiwapd; gug;gsitf; fhz vDk; #j;jpuj;ij khztu;fSld;
fye; J iuahbg; ngWf. tiuglq; f isAk; cgNahfpf; f Tk; . ,q; F gpd; t Uk;
tplaq;fis ntspf;nfhzuTk;.
• ikaj;jpy; Nfhzj;ij vjpuikf;Fk;NghJ tl;lj;jpd; gug;gsT
MFk;. (,q;F tl;lj;jpd; Miu )
• mt;thwhapd;> ikaj;jpy; Nfhzj;ij vjpuikf;Fk; Miur;rpiwapd;
gug;gsT S vdpd;

,jw;F Nkyhf> Miur;rpiwiag; ngw;w Kjy; tl;lj;jpd;

gug;gsT A Mapd;

%yk; my;yJ ikaj;jpy; vjpuikAk; Nfhzj;ij (α) ghiffspy;

Mrpupau; ife;E}y; 52 juk; 12

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk;

msf;Fk; NghJ> %yk; Miur;rpiwapd; gug;gsitf; fhzyhk;.

• NkNy jug;gl;l rkd;ghl;ilg; gad;gLj;jp vspa gapw;rpfspy; <Lgl khztu;f;F

re;ju;g;gj;ij Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhLf;fTk;.
• vspa gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;g;gjd;%yk; ghl tplaq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhz;l gpd;du;>
eilKiwr; re;ju;g;gq;fs; njhlu;ghd gpur;rpidfisj; jPu;f;f topfhl;lTk;.

nraw; g hL :1

• O it ikakhff; nfhz;l 7cm MiuAs;s tl;lnkhd;wpdhy; ikaj;jpy; vjpuikf;Fk;

Nfhzk; 450 Md OAB Miur;rpiw ngwg;gl;Ls;sJ. glj;jpy; fhl;bAs;sthW
O A B Kf;Nfhz tbtg;gFjpia mjpypUe;J ePf;fpa gpd;du;> kPjpahFk; tl;lj;
Jz;lj;jpd; gug;gsitf; fhz;f.

gpujhd nrhw;fs; ((Key words))

• Miur;rpiw - Sector of a circle

fzpg;gPl;L> kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs; :

gpd;tUk; tplaq;fisj; Jizahff; nfhs;f.
• MiuAk;> ikaj;jpy; vjpuikf;Fk; NfhzKk; jug;gLkplj;J tpy;ypd; ePsj;ijj;
Jzpjy;.
• tpy;ypd; ePsj;ijf; fhZk; #j;jpuj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp gpur;rpidfisj; jPu;j;jy;.
• MiuAk;> ikaj;jpy; vjpuikf;Fk; NfhzKk; jug;gLkplj;J Miur;rpiwapd; gug;gsitf;
fhzy;.
• Miur;rpiwapd; gug;gsT fhZk; rkd;ghl;ilg; gad;gLj;jp gpur;rpidfisj; jPuj ; j; y;.

• Kf;Nfhzp xd;wpd; gug;gsitf; fhz rkd;ghLfs;

vDk; #j;jpuj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jjy;.

Mrpupau; ife;E}y; 53 juk; 12

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk;

Nju; r ; r p 10 : ntg;gk; njhlu;ghd mwpit ehshe;jf; fUkq;fSf;fhfTk; tpQ;QhdG+u;tf;

fUkq;fSf;fhfTk; gad;gLj;Jthu;.

Nju; r ; r p kl; l k; 10.1

10.1:jpz;k> jput tpupT gw;wpj; Njbaha;thu;.

ghlNtisfs; : 05

fw;ww; NgWfs; : ² jpz;k kw;Wk; jput tpupT> tpupjfT> ntg;gepiy Mfpatw;Wf; fpilapyhd
njhlu;ig Kd;itg;ghu;.
² ntg;g tpupT gad;gLk; re;ju;g;gq;fis tptupj;J fzpj;jy;fisr;
nra;thu;.

ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpLtjw;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs; :

• ntg;gepiyapd; Kd;dpiyapy; gUkdpy; Vw;gLk; mjpfupg;Ng tpupthFk; vd mwpKfQ;
nra;Aq;fs;.
• rlg;nghUspd; epiyfSf;F mika tpupT tiffs;
• jpz;k tpupT> jput tpupT> thA tpupT Mfpatw;iw mwpKfQ; nra;Aq;fs;.
• jpz;k tpuptpd; tiffshf> ePl;ly; tpupT> gug;gsT tpupT> fdtsT tpupT
Mfpatw;iw mwpKfQ; nra;Aq;fs;.
• ePl;ly; tpuptpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfshf> njhlf;fePsk;> ntg;gepiy
NtWghL Mfpatw;iw mwpKfQ; nra;Aq;fs;.
• ePl;ly; tpupT ntg;gepiy NtWghL
ePl;ly; tpupT njhlf;f ePsk; vd;gij vLj;Jf;fhl;Lq;fs;
ePl;ly; tpupT = njhlf;f ePsk; ntg;gepiy NtWghL
vDk; njhlu;igg; ngWq;fs;. khwpypahfpa MdJ jputpaj;jpd; kPJ
jq;fpapUf;Fk; xU khwpypahFk; vd;gij vLj;Jf;fhl;Lq;fs;.
• gutyhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; rpy jputpaq;fspd; tpupjfTk; ngWkhdq;fs; eilKiwapy;
Kf;fpakhditahifahy; mtw;iw Kd;itAq;fs;
cUf;F = 1.2 x 10-50C-1
gpj;jis = 1.9 x 10-50C-1
mYkpdpak; = 2.5 x 10-50C-1 (vd;wthwhf)
• gug;gsT tpuptpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfisAk;> ePl;lg; tpuptpw; Nghd;Nw
Kd;itj;J> gug;gsT tpupiff;fhd rkd;ghl;ilg; ngw;W gug;gsT tpupjfT
,id mwpKfQ; nra;Aq;fs;.
• ,w;Fk; ,w;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlu;ig = 2 vd mwpKfQ; nra;Aq;fs;
• fdtsT tpupTf;fhd njhlu;igAk; Kd;itj;J mjid vd mwpKfQ; nra;Aq;fs;.
> Mfpatw;Wf;F ,ilapyhd njhlu;Gfis Kd;itAq;fs;.
• tpuptpd; gpuNahfq;fshf
• <UNyhf ehlh gad;gLj;jg;gLk; re;ju;g;gq;fis tptupj;J mt;nthd;nthd;wpYk;
jd;dpaf;fkhf mstpilfs; njhopw;gLk; tpjj;ij mwpKfQ; nra;Aq;fs;.
• tpupT fhuzkhf gpujp$yq;fs; Vw;gLk; rpy re;ju;g;gq;fs; (cjhuzq;fshf)
vLj;Jf;fhl;Lq;fs;.
• kpd; tlq;fs; ,izf;Fk; nghOJ> rw;Wj; jsu;r;rpahf ,izj;jy; Neuply;
• cNyhfj;jpyhd msf;Fk; ehlhf;fspy; mstPl;L tO Vw;gly;.
• jputj;jpd; tpupT jpz;kj;jpd; tpupittpl ngupa ngWkhdj;ijg; ngWk; vd;gijf;
fhl;Ltjw;fhf> jputk; epug;gs rpwpa Fg;gpnahd;wpy; Fkpo;fisg; Ngidtpd; ntWk;
ikf;Fohnahd;wpid ,izj;J mt;tikg;ig ePuj ; n
; jhl;bapDs; itj;J ntg;gNkw;wpf;
Mrpupau; ife;E}y; 54 juk; 12
 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk;

fhl;Lq;fs;. (,J khztu;fs; fPo; tFg;Gf;fspy; nra;Js;s xU gupNrhjidahFk;)

• jput tpuptpd;ghy; ghj;jpuj;jpd; tpupTk; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; vd;gij vLj;Jf;fhl;b>
cz;ik tpupitAk; Njhw;w tpupitAk; mwpKfQ; nra;Aq;fs;.

gpujhd nrhw;fs; ((Key words))

• tpupT - Expansion
• ePl;ly; tpupT - Linear expansion
• gug;G tpupT - Area expansion
• fdtsT tpupT - Volume expansion
• ePl;ly; tpupjfT - Linear expansivity
• <UNyhf ehlh - Bimetallic strip

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs; :
• rpW Fg;gp> Fkpo; Kidg;Ngidapd; ntWk; ikf;Foha;> ePu;j; njhl;b> gd;rd; RluLg;G>
ntg;gkhdp> jhq;fp

fzpg;gPl;L> kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs; :

• jpz;k tpupT tiffis Kd;itj;J tpupjfT vd;gij tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;Jthu;.
• jpz;knkhd;wpd; ePll ; y; tpupT jug;gl;Ls;s NghJ gug;gsT tpupitAk; fdtsT tpupitAk;
fzpg;ghu;.
• tpuptpd; gpuNahfq;fis tptupg;ghu;.
• tpupT fhuzkhf eilKiwapy; Vw;gLk; gpujp$yq;fis tptupg;ghu;.

Mrpupau; ife;E}y; 55 juk; 12

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk;

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 10.2 : ntg;gg; gupkhw;wk;> epiykhw;wk; Mfpad gw;wpj; Njbawpthu;.

ghlNtisfs; : 05

fw;ww; NgWfs; : • ntg;gg; gupkhw;wk; njhlu;ghd fzpj;jy;fisr; nra;thu;.

• epiykhw;wpd; NghJ ngw;w ntg;gj;ij my;yJ ntspNaw;wpa ntg;gj;ijf;
fzpg;ghu;.

ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpLtjw;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs; :

• ntg;gg; gupkhw;wk;
• toq;fg;gl;l ntg;gj;jpd; msTg;gb jput nghUnshd;wpd; ntg;gepiy mjpfupg;gijr;
nra;Jfhl;b> ntg;gf;nfhs;ssT vd;gij mwpKfQ; nra;Aq;fs;.

• nghUnshd;wpd; ntg;gf; nfhs;ssthdJ mjidj; jpzpTf;fika NtWgLtij

tptupj;J>
C m
C=mc
• Q=mc.... vDk; rkd;ghl;il rku;g;gpj;J jd;ntg;gf;nfhs;ssit tiuaWg;gjw;F
khztiu topg;gLj;Jf.
• ntt; N tW ntg; g epiyAila jputq; f isf; fyf; F k; N ghJ ntg; g k;
gupkhw;wkilAk; tpjj;ij tptupAq;fs;.
• NtW topfspy; ntg; g ,og; G epfOk; NghJ fyitnahd; w pd; ntg; g g;
gupkhw;wj;Jf;Fupa njhlu;igg; ngw;W> mJ rhu;e;j fzpj;jy;fisr; nra;a
topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
• kiw ntg;gKk; epiy khw;wKk;
• epiykhw; w j; J f; F cs; s hf; f j; j f; f jputnkhd; W f; f hf> Neuj; J f; F vjpNu
ntg;gepiyia tiughf;Fq;fs;.
• tiugpd; JizAld; kiwntg;gr; re;ju;g;gq;fis mwpKfQ; nra;Aq;fs;.
• kiwntg;gkhdJ> jpzpTf;F Neu;tpfpjrkdhf mjpfupf;Fk; vd;gij vLj;Jf;fhl;b>
Q=mL rkd;ghl;il Kd;itAq;fs;.
• cUfypd; jd;kiw ntg;gj;jiAk;> Mtpahjypd; jd;kiw ntg;gj;ijAk;
tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
• ePupdJ> Mtpahjypd; jd;kiw ntg;gj;ijj; JzpAk; gupNrhjidia elj;j
topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
• Mtpahjpypd; jd;kiw ntg;gj;ijj; JzpAk; gupNrhjidapd; ghy; <LgLj;jp mJ
rhu;e;j gpur;rpdq;fisj; jPu;f;f topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
• epiykhw;wypd;NghJ kiw ntg;gkhdJ eilKiwapy; gad;gLk; re;ju;g;gq;fis
vLj;Jf;fhl;Lq;fs;.
• Mtpahjiy tptupAq;fs;.
• Mtpahf;fw; Mtpahfy; Mfpatw;Wf;F ,ilapyhd xg;gpl;L ml;ltiznahd;iw
Kd;itAq;fs;.

Mrpupau; ife;E}y; 56 juk; 12

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk;

gpujhd nrhw;fs; ((Key words))

• jd;ntg;gf; nfhs;ssT - Specific heat capacity
• Mtpahjypd; jd;kiwntg;gk; - Latent heat of vaporisation
• cUfypd; jd;kiwntg;gk; - Latent heat of fusion
• Mtpahf;fy; - Vaporisation
• Mtpahjy; - Evaporation
jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs; :
• gd;rd; #lhUg;G> fNyhupkhdp> ntg;gkhdp> jhq;fp> <ar;rd;dq;fs;> caukhdp (Hyp-
someter)> ePu;> ehd;F Jyhj;juhR> gdpf;fl;b> tbjhs;> tiyf;$k;Gf; fyf;fp ntg;gf;
fhtypj; jputpaq;fs;> Kf;fhyp> fz;zhbf; Foha;fs;> nfhjpePuhtpg;nghwp

fzpg;gPl;L> kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs; :

• fyitnahd;wpd; ntg;gg; gupkhw;wj;Jf;Fupa njhlu;igf; fl;bnaOg;Gthu;.
• fyit Kiwiag; gad;gLj;jp> fyitfspd; jd;ntg;gf;nfhs;sit gupNrhjid
uPjpapy; fzpg;ghu;.
• epiykhw;wnkhd;wpd; NghJ kiw ntg;gj;jijf; fzpg;ghu;.
• ePupdJ Mtpahjypd; jd; kiwntg;gj;ijg; gupNrhjid uPjpapy; fhz;ghu;.
• fyit Kiwapy;> gdpf;fl;bapy; cUfypd; jd;kiw ntg;gj;ijf; fhz;ghu;.
• ePuhtpapy; mlq;fpAs;s rf;jpia eilKiwapy; gpuNahfpf;fj;jf;f re;ju;g;gq;fisj;
Njbawpthu;.
• Mtpahf;fYf;Fk; MtpahfYf;Fk; ,ilapyhd NtWghl;il Kd;itg;ghu;.

Mrpupau; ife;E}y; 57 juk; 12

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk;

Nju; r ; r p kl; l k; 10.3

10.3:ntg;g ,lkhwy; Kiwfs; njhlu;ghfj; Njbawpthu;.

ghlNtisfs; : 06

fw;ww; NgWfs; : ² ntg;gepiy khwy; Kiwfs; njhlu;ghf tpsf;fkspg;ghu;.

² Nfhnyhd;wpd; topNaahd ntg;gf; flj;jy; tPjj;jpy; nry;thf;Fr;
nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfisf; fz;lwpthu;.
² ntg;gf; flj;jy; tPjj;ijf; fzpg;ghu;.
² eilKiwapy; ntg;gf; flj;jy; tPjj;ijf; Fiwf;fj;jf;f topfisj;
Njbawpthu;.
² ntg;gf; fjpu;g;gpy; Nkw;gug;gsTk; Nkw;gug;gpd; jd;ikAk; nry;thf;Fr;
nrYj;Jk; tpjj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.

ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpLtjw;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs; :

• ntg;g ,lkhw;w Kiwfs;
• flj;jy;
• Nkw;fhTif
• fjpu;g;G vd mwpKfQ; nra;J xt;nthd;iwAk; tpsf;Ff.
• flj;jYf;F> gha;k Clfnkhd;W ,Uj;jy; mtrpak; vd;gijAk; fjpu;g;Gf;F Clfk;
Njitapy;iy vdTk; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lq;fs;. fhtyplg;gl;l Nfhnyhd;wpd; ntg;gf;
flj;jy; tPjj;jpd;ghy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfshf>
• FWf;F ntl;Lg; gug;gsT
• ntg;gepiyg; gbj;jpwd;>
Mfpad nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; tpjj;ij vLj;Jf; fhl;b
rkd;ghl;il Kd;itAq;fs;.

• nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; tpjj;ijf; fhl;b vDk; rkd;ghl;il mjpYs;s

FwpaPLfis mwpKfQ; nra;f. mJ gjhu;j;jq;fspy; jq;fpAs;s Xu; ,ay;ghFk;
vd;gij vLj;Jf;fhl;Lq;fs;
• Nfhy;fs; kw;Wk; Rtu;fSf;F Clhf ntg;gf; flj;jg;gLk; tPjj;ijf; fhzy; njhlu;ghd
gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;f;f re;ju;g;gkspAq;fs;.
• #ohd NghwizfspYk;> tspgjdplg;gl;l miwfspYk;> Fspu; - miwfspfspYk;
(coldrooms)> mtu;fSf;F Clhf ntg;gk; flj;jg;gLtijf; Fiwg;gjw;fhfg;
gpuNahfpf;fj;jf;f cj;jpfs; gw;wpf; fye;Jiuahb> eilKiwr; re;ju;g;gq;fis
Kd;itj;J mjid cWjpg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
cjhuzk; :• $iuNahL cw;gj;jpr; #isfspy; Rtiu mjpf jbg;Gilajhf
mikj;jy;> fspiag; gad;gLj;jp Rtiu mikj;jy;.
• miwapd; ntJntJg;ig> Fspu;r;rpiag; NgZtjw;fhf Rtu;fSf;fhf
ntg;gf; fhtypj; jputpaq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jjy;> ,ul;ilr; Rtu;
mikj;jy;.
• eilKiwr; re;ju;g;gq;fs; rhu;e;j gpurpdq;fis toq;fp mtw;iwj; jPu;f;FkhW
topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
• fjpu;gG
; %yk; ahNjDk; nghUnshd;wpypUe;J ntg;g ,og;G epfOtjpd;ghy; nry;thf;Fr;
nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfshf>
• Nkw;gug;Gg; gug;gsT
• Nkw;gug;gpd; jd;ik
• Nkw;gug;gpd; ntg;gepiy Mfpatw;iw mwpKfQ; nra;Aq;fs;
Mrpupau; ife;E}y; 58 juk; 12
 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk;

• eilKiwapy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ntg;gf; fjpu;jj ; pfspd; gpuNahrk; - FspNuw;wp> thfd

fjpu;j;jp> ,yj;jpudpay; Rw;Wf;fs; cjhuzk; (Micro processors) cjhuzq;fis
vLj;Jf;fhl;b tptupAq;fs;.
mtw;wpy; gad;gLk;
• mjpfupf;FkhW Nkw;gug;igj; jahu;gLj;Jjy;.
• fulhd> fUepw Nkw;gug;Gilajhw; jahupj;jy;.
Nghd;wtw;iw tptupAq;fs;.
• flj; j y; > Nkw; f hTif> fjpu; g ; G Mfpa topfspy; ntg; g ,og; G epfOtij
,opthf;Ftjw;fhff; vLf;fg;gl;l xU Kaw;rpfis> ntg;gf; FLitapd; mikg;ig
Kd;itj;J tpsf;Fq;fs;.
• gr;irtPl;L tpisT vd;gij tptupj;J> mjd; ghjfkhd xU tpisthf G+Nfhs
ntg;gkiljiy (Global warming) tpsf;fp> #oiyf; fhg;gjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij
vLj;Jf; fhl;Lq;fs;.

gpujhd nrhw;fs; ((Key words))

• ntg;g ,lkhw;w Kiwfs; - Methods of heat transfer
• flj;jy; - Conduction
• Nkw;fhTif - Convection
• fjpu;g;G - Radiation
• khwh ntg;gr; nrad;Kiw - Adiabatic process
• rkntg;gr; nrad;Kiw - Isothermal process
• ntg;gtpaf;ftpaypd; Kjyhk; tpjp - The first law of thermodynamics
• ntg;gtpaf;ftpaw; nrad;Kiw - Thermodynamic process

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs; :
• fhtypg; nghUs;fs;> gd;rd; RluLg;G> ntg;gkhdp> ePu;g;ghj;jpu kPw;wu; Nfhy;> rkkhd
FWf;Fntl;Lg; gug;gsTila ntt;NtW ePsKila cNyhff; Nfhy;fs;> ntt;NtW
FWf;Fntl;Lg; gug;gsTila ePskhd cNyhff; Nfhy;fs;> ntg;gf;FLit (thermo
flask)

fzpg;gPl;L> kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs; :

• ntg;gk; ,lkhw;wy; epfOk; topfisf; Fwpg;gpl;L mtw;iw tptupg;ghu;.
• ntg;gf; flj;jy; tPjj;jpd; kPJ nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfisg; gl;baw;gLj;Jthu;.
• jug;gl;l gpurpdnkhd;wpw;fika ntg;gf; flj;jy; tPjj;ijf; fzpg;ghu;.
• eilKiwg; gpuNahfq;fspd;NghJ ntg;gf; flj;jy; tPjj;ij Fiwf;fj;jf;f topfisj;
Njbawpthu;.
• ntg;gf; flj;jw; eilKiwg; gpuNahfq;fs; rhu;e;j gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;g;ghu;.
• ntg;gf; fjpu;g;G %yk; epfOk; ntg;g ,og;G tPjj;jpd; ghy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;
fhuzpfisj; Njbawpthu;.
• gr;ir tPl;L tpisit ,opthf;Ftjw;fhf vLf;fj;jf;f eltbf;iffis tptupg;ghu;.

Mrpupau; ife;E}y; 59 juk; 12

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk;

Nju; r ; r p 11 : ,af;fg; gz;G ,urhadtpaypd; mbg;gil vz;zf;fUf;fisg;

gad;gLj;jp jhf;ftPjj;ij MSif nra;thu;.

Nju; r ; r p kl; l k; 11.1

11.1: , u r h a d j ; j h f ; f t P j j ; j p d ; g h y ; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;
fhuzpfisj; Jzpthu; .

ghlNtisfs; : 07

fw;ww; NgWfs; : ² Xu; myF Neuj;jpy; eilngw;w khw;wj;jpd; msNt tPjk; vd

vLj;Jf;$Wthu;.
² tifaPl;Lf; Fzfj;jpd; cjtpAld; jhf;ftPjj;ij tptupg;ghu;.
² gjhu;j;jq;fspd; mstpy; Vw;gLk; khw;wk; jhf;ftPjj;ij mstpLk;
mbg;gilf; fhuzpnad vLj;Jiug;ghu;.
² jhf;ftPjj;ij xg;gpLk;NghJ gjhu;jj ; q;fspd; msT my;yJ nrwpT
kPJ jq;fpAs;s gpw fhuzpfisg; gad;gLj;jyhk; vd tpsf;Fthu;.
² Neuj;ij mstpLtjd; %ykhf jhf;f-tPjj;ij mstpl> nkJthf
eilngWk; ,urhad jhf;fq;fisj; njupTnra;thu;.
² jhf;ftPjj;jpy; ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;Jk; fhuzp-fshf> ntg;gepiy> nrwpT
(mKf;fk;)> ngsjpf jd;ik (jhf;fpfspd; Nkw;gug;gsT)> Cf;fpfs;
Mfpatw;iwg; ngaupLthu;.
² ,urhad jhf; f nkhd; w pd; tP j j; j pd; g hy; ntg; g epiyapd;
nry;thf;fpidf; fhl;l nra;Jfhl;ly;fisr; nra;thu;.
² jhf; f tP j j; j py; nrwptpd; nry; t hf; f pidf; fhl; L tjw; f hd
cjhuzq;fisr; rku;g;gpg;ghu;.
² jhf; f tP j j; j py; ngsjpf jd; i kapd; (Nkw; g ug; G g; gug; g sT)
nry;thf;fpidf; fhl;l nra;Jfhl;ly;fis Nkw;nfhs;thu;.
² Vftpd> gy;ypd Cf;fpfspdhy; jhf;ftPjk; khWgLk; tpjj;ij
nra;Jfhl;Lthu;.

ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpLtjw;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs; :

• Kbe;jsT ,aw;ifapy; eilngWk; Njhw;wg;ghLfis cjhuzq;fshf toq;fp mtw;iw
fzg;nghOJ / FWfpa fhy / ePz;l fhy Njhw;wg;ghLfs; vd tifg;gLj;jp ghlj;ij
Muk;gpAq;fs;.
• nrk;G> ehf cNyhfq;fis Vwj;jho 50% HNO3 mkpyj;jpypl;L jhf;ftPj khw;wj;ijf;
fhl;Ljy;.
• CUSO4 fiurYf;F ehfj;Jz;ilapl;L fiurypy; Vw;gLk; epwkhw;wj;ijf; fhl;Lf.
fiurypd; nrwptpd; msTuPjpahd khw;wj;ijf; fhz;gjw;F epwkhw;wj;ij gad;gLj;j
KbAk; vdTk; jhf;ftPjj;ij xg;gpLtjw;F epwkhw;wj;ij fUj;jpw; nfhs;s KbAk; vd
fye;Jiuahliy Nkw;nfhs;Sjy;.
• XuyF Neuj;jpy; nrwptpy; Vw;gLk; khw;wk; jhf;ftPjk; vd tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;j KbAk;
vdf; fye;JiuahLf. (jhf;fpfspd; nrwpT Fiwjy; my;yJ tpistpd; nrwpT mjpfupj;jy;)
• rkg;gLj;jg;gl;l ,urhad rkd;ghL

A jhf;fpapd; nrwptpd; khw;wtPjk; } my;yJ

D tpistpd; nrwptpd; khw;wtPjk; } vdf; tifaPlL

; f; Fzfj;jpd; cjtpAld;
tpsf;Ff.

Mrpupau; ife;E}y; 60 juk; 12

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk;

• jhf;ftPjj;jpd; kPJ nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfs;

• ntg;gepiy
• nrwpT (mKf;fk;)
• ngsjPf ,ay;G (jhf;fpfspd; jhf;f Nkw;gug;G)
• jhf;f tPjj;jpd; kPJ ntg;gepiyapd; nry;thf;iff; fhl;Ltjw;F fPNo glj;jpy;
fhl;lg;gl;lthW mikg;nghd;iw xOq;F nra;f. njhFjpjapd; ntg;gepiy khj;jpuk;
khWgLk; tpjj;jpy; Vida fhuzpfs; khwpypahf itj;J jhf;fj;ij Nkw;nfhs;sTk;.

miw ntg;gepiyapy; 60 0C ntg;gepiyapy;

fhzg;gLk; ePu; fhzg;gLk; ePu;

• gupNrhjidapd; mtjhdj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; jhf;ftPjj;jpd; kPJ ntg;gepiy nry;thf;Fr;

nrYj;Jk; tpjj;ij tpsq;fpf; nfhs;s topfhl;Lf.
• jhf;ftPjj;jpd; kPJ nrwpT nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jtijf; fhl;Ltjw;fhd gupNrhjid
mikg;ig fPNo fhzyhk;. ,q;F J}a;ikahf;fg;gl;l 2cm ePskhd kf;dPrpa ehlhj;
Jz;Lfs; ,uz;il ,uz;L gupNrhjidf; Foha;fspDs;Sk; ,Lf. ,uz;L Foha;fSf;Fk;
10cm3 ePiutpl;L xU FohapDs; HCl ,d; ,uz;L JspfisAk; kw;iwajw;F ehd;F
JspfisAk; ,Lf. (,q;F Vida fhuzpfs; khwpypahf itf;fg;gl;L nrwpT khj;jpuk;
khWgLfpwJ)
ePu; 10 cm3 + HCl mkpyk; ePu; 10 cm3 + HCl mkpyk; ehd;F Jspfs;
,uz;L Jspfs;
ePu;

• mtjhdq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L jhf;ftPjj;jpd; kPJ nrwpT nry;thf;Fr;

nrYj;Jtij Kbghff; fhl;Lf.
• jhf;ftPjj;jpd; `kPJ jhf;fpfspd; ngsjpftpay;G (jhf;f Nkw;gug;G) nry;thf;Fr;
nrYj;Jtijf; fhl;Ljy;. rkkhd jpzpT nfhz;l CaCO3 fl;bfs;> CaCO3 J}s;fis
ngw;W ntt;Ntwhd gupNrhjidf; Foha;fs; ,uz;bDs; ,Lf.
• ,uz;L Foha;fspDs;Sk; xNu nrwpT nfhz;l (cjhuzk; 0.01 mol dm-3 HCI(aq) )
mkpyq;fspd; rkkhd fdtsTfis ,Lf.
• ,uz;L gupNrhjidf; Foha;fisAk; ePu; njhl;bapDs; ,Lf.
• thAf;fs; ntspNaWk; Ntfj;jpd; khw;wj;ij mtjhdpf;fr; nra;f.
• ePu; njhl;bapDs; itf;f Ntz;bajd; mtrpaj;ij tpsf;Ff.
• gupNrhjid mtjhdq;fpsd; mbg;gilapy; jhf;ftPjj;jpd; kPJ ngsjPf ,ay;gpd;
nry;thf;if mwpe;J nfhs;sy;.
• Cf;fpfs; vd;gJ jhf;ftPjj;ij mjpfupf;fr; nra;tJk; kw;Wk; jhf;fj;jpy; <Lgl;L

Mrpupau; ife;E}y; 61 juk; 12

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk;

,urhad khw;wj;jpw;F cl;glhjJkhd gjhu;j;jk; vdTk; mjid Vftpdk;> gy;ypdk;

vd ,uz;L tifahfg; gpupf;fyhk; vdTk; tpsf;Ff.
• Vftpd Cf;fpfs;
cjhuzk; # 1'
2'
• gy;ypd Cf;fpfs;
Cf;fpAk;> jhf;fpAk; ntt;NtW tyaq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; NghJ gy;ypd Cf;fpfs;
vdg;gLk;.
cjhuzk; # 1'
2'
,urhad jhf;fnkhd;wpy; jhf;ftPjj;jpd; kPJ Cf;fpfs; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jtij
gupNrhjpj;jy;
• %d;W nfhjpFoha;fSf;F fdtsT 20 H 2O2 10.0 cm3 tPjk; ngWf. (fdtsT 20
vd;gJ Fwpj;j ntg;gepiy> mKf;fj;jpy; H 2O2 nrwptpd; XuyF fdtstpd; O 2 thA
fdtsT 20 fpilf;fg; ngWfpwJ vd;gijf; Fwpf;fpd;wJ)
• KjyhtJ Fohapw;F 5.0 cm3 ePUk;> ,uz;lhtJ Fohapw;F 0.1 mol dm-3 NaOH fiurypd;
5.0 cm3 k;: %d;whtJ Fohapw;F M n O2 J}s; rpwpjsTk; Nru;f;fTk;.
• %d;W Foha;fspYk; thA ntspNaWk; tPjj;ij xg;gpLjy;.
• H 2O2 gpupifj; jhf;fj;jpw;F NaOH Vftpd Cf;fpahfTk; M n O2 gy;ypd Cf;fpahfTk;
nraw;gLtij tpsf;Ff.
• jhf;ftPjj;jpd; kPJ Cf;fpfs; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jfpd;wd vd;Dk; KbTf;F thUq;fs;

gpujhd nrhw;fs; ((Key words))

• jhf;ftPjk; - Rate of reaction
• Vftpd Cf;fpfs; - Homogeneous catalyst
• gy;ypd Cf;fpfs; - Heterogeneous catalyst

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs; :
• NkNy tptupf;fg;gl;l gupNrhjid I,II,III,IV Mfpatw;iw Nkw;nfhs;sj; Njitahd
,urhadg; gjhuj;jq;fs;

fzpg;gPl;L kjpg;gPl;Lf;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs; :

gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghff; ftdQ; nrYj;Jq;fs;
• jhf;ftPjk; vd;d vd;gijAk; mjid msf;Fk; KiwfisAk; tpgupj;jy;
• jug;gl;l jfty;fspd; mbg;gilapy; jhf;ftPjj;ijf; fzpj;jy;
• jhf;ftPjj;jpd; kPJ nrwpT> ntg;gepiy> ngsjpf ,ay;G> Cf;fpfs; Mfpatw;wpd;
nry;thf;if gupNrhjid uPjpapy; fhl;Ljy;
• ,urhadg; gjhu;j;jk;> tpQ;Qhd cgfuzq;fspd; gad;ghL gw;wpa rupahd jpwd;fisf;
fhl;Ljy;
• ,urhad jhf;fj;jpd; kPJ nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfis jFe;j Kiwapy; gad;gLj;jp
jhf;ftPjj;ij fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; re;ju;g;gq;fSf;fhd cjhuzq;fis Kd;itj;jy;

Mrpupau; ife;E}y; 62 juk; 12

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk;

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 11.2 : ,urhadj; jhf;f-nkhd;wpd; tPjj;jpd;kPJ nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;

fhuzpfis tptupg; g jw; f hf ,af; f g; g z; G ,urhadtpaypd;
mbg; g il vz; z f; - fUf; f isg; gad; g Lj; J thu; .

ghlNtisfs; : 07

fw;ww; NgWfs; : ² xw;iwg; gbKiwj; jhf;fk; vd;gJ ahJ vd tptupg;ghu;.

² xw;iwg; gbKiwj;jhf;fQ; rhu;ghf> jhf;f Ms;$Wf;F vjpNu rf;jpia
tiughf;fp Kd;itg;ghu;.
² Vtw; rf;jp vd;gij tpsf;Fthu;.
² jhf;fnkhd;W epfOtjw;F epiwTngw Ntz;ba epge;jidfisf;
Fwpg;gpLthu;.
² %yf;$Wfspd; NkhJif> %yf;$Wfs; nghUj;jkhd jpirKfj;Jld;
NkhJjy;> NkhJk; %yf;$Wfs; Vtw; rf;jpia tpQ;rpapUj;jy;>
Mfpad jhf;fnkhd;W G+u;j;jpailtjw;Fj; Njitahd mbg;gil
epge;jidfshFk; vdf; $Wthu;.
² jhf;fnkhd;W epfOtjw;fhf epiwTnra;a Ntz;ba epge;jidfisg;
G+u;j;jp nra;jypd;ghy; ntg;gepiy> nrwpT> Cf;fp> ngsjpf epiy
Mfpa fhuzpfs; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; tpjj;ij tptupg;ghu;.
² gy;gbKiwj; jhf;fnkhd;wpid tptupg;ghu;.
² jhf;fnkhd;wpd; tPj epu;za gbKiw vJ vd;gij tpsf;Fthu;.

ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpLtjw;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs; :

• jhf;fq;fs; xU gbKiw> gygbKiwfspD}lhf eilngWfpd;wd vdr; Rl;bf;fhl;b
ghlj;ij Muk;gpAq;fs;.
• xU gbKiwapy; khj;jpuk; eilngWk; jhf;fk; jdpg;gbKiwj; jhf;fk; (mbg;gilj;
jhf;fk;) vd miof;fg;gLk;.
• jhf;fnkhd;W eilngWtjw;F rf;jp mtrpak; vdf; fhl;Ljy;
• jdpg;gbKiwapy; eilngWk; jhf;fj;jpw;fhd cjhuzkhd
vd;gij mwpKfg;gLj;jp ,J mfntg;gj; jhf;fk; vd
Fwpg;gplTk;.
• jhf;ff;$l;lj;jpw;F vjpuhf rf;jpf;fhd tiuG %yk; ,j;jhf;fj;ijf; fhl;l KbAk; vd
tpsf;Ff.
• Vtw; rf;jp> Vtw; rpf;fy; vd;gij mwpKfg;gLj;Jf.
• Vtw; rf;jp vd;gJ tpisit cUthf;Ftjw;F NkhJiff;F cs;shFk; %yf;$Wfspy;
fhzg;glNtz;ba kpff;Fiwe;j rf;jp vdTk;> mJ rf;jp jilahf miktJld; mjd;
gUkd; me;je;j jhf;fq;fSf;Fupa rpwg;Gg; ngWkhdq;fisg; ngWfpd;wd vd tpsf;Ff.
• jhf;fnkhd;W eilngWtjw;F gpd;tUk; Njitfs; G+u;j;jpnra;ag;gl Ntz;Lnkd
fye;Jiuahlypy; <LgLf.
• jhf;f %yf;$Wfs; NkhJiff;Fl;gl Ntz;Lk;.
• %yf;$Wfs; Fwpj;j jpirfSld; Nkhj Ntz;Lk;
• Vtw; rf;jp mjpfupj;j %yf;$Wfs; Nkhj Ntz;Lk;.
• jhf;f tPjj;jpd; kPJ ntg;gepiy> nrwpT> Cf;fp> jhf;fpfspd; ngsjpf ,ay;G Mfpait
nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; Kiwia fye;JiuahLf.
• mNef jhf;fq;fs; (vspikahd jhf;fq;fs; Nghy; njupAk; jhf;fq;fs; $l) gy
gbKiwfspD}lhf eilngWfpd;wJ. ,tw;iw gy;gbKiw jhf;fq;fs; vd miof;fg;gLk;.

Mrpupau; ife;E}y; 63 juk; 12

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk;

• ,urhad jhf;fq;fs; gy; gbKiwfspD}lhf eilngWtij mkpykhf;fg;gl;l nghw;whrpak;

gukq;fNdw;Wf; fiurYf;F Ijurd; ngnuhl;irlL Nru;g;gjd; %yk; fhl;l KbAk;.
• gy;gbKiw jhf;fNtfk; jPu;khdpf;fg;gLtJ nkJthf jhf;fk; eilngWk; gbKiw
%ykhFk; vd tpsf;Ff.

gpujhd nrhw;fs; ((Key words))

• jdpg; g bKiwj; jhf; f k; - Single Step reaction
• Vtw;rf;jp - Activation energy
• Vtw;rpf;fy; - Activated complex
• gy; g bKiwj; jhf; f k; - Multi Step reaction
• JzpT tPjg; gbKiw - Rate determining step

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs; :
• HCl fiury;
• CaCO3 J}s;

fzpg;gPl;L kjpg;gPl;Lf;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs; :

gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghff; ftdQ; nrYj;Jq;fs;
• jdpg; gbKiwj; jhf;fj;ij rf;jp tiuG %yk; fhl;Ljy;
• jhf;fnkhd;W eilngWtjw;Fj; Njitahd epge;jidfis tpgupj;jy;
• jhf;fj;jpd; kPJ nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfis tpsf;Fjy;
• gy;gbKiwj; jhf;fq;fis tpgupj;J rf;jp tiuG %yk; fhl;Ljy;

Mrpupau; ife;E}y; 64 juk; 12

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk;

Nju; r ; r p 12 : gy; g Fjpag; gjhu; j ; j q; f s; Ma; e ; j wpthu; .

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 12.1 : gy;NtW epajpfSf;fika gy;gFjpaq;fspid tifg;gLj;jpf;

fl; l ikg; G f; f is Muha; t hu; .

ghlNtisfs; : 10

fw;ww; NgWfs; : • gy;gFjpa %yf;$WfSld; vspa %yf;$Wfis xg;gpLthu;.

• gy; N tW epakq; f Sf; f ika gy; g Fjpa %yf; $ Wfis
tifg;gLj;Jthu;.

ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpLtjw;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs; :

• mjpfsthd vspa %yf;$Wfs; xd;Wld; xd;W njhlu;Gw;W cUthFk; ngupa %yf;$W
gy;gFjpaq;fs; vd miof;fg;gLnkdf; $wp ghlj;ij Muk;gpAq;fs;.
• gy;gFjpa %yf;$wpd; gpd;tUk; ,ay;Gfs; njhlu;ghf khztu;fSld; fye;JiuahLq;fs;.
• gy;gFjpa %yf;$Wfs; ePz;ljhfTk; nefpo;thfTk; fhzg;gLtjhy; mit
xd;Wlndhd;W RUz;L rpf;fyhfp fhzg;gLfpwJ.
• gy;gFjpaj;jpd; %yf;$w;Wj;jpzpT vspa %yf;$nwhd;wpd; jpzpitg; Nghy; gy
klq;iff; nfhz;lJ.
• ,aw;ifapy; fhzg;gLk; Gujk;> khg;nghUs;> nrYNyhR> ,aw;if ,wg;gu; Mfpait
,aw;ifg; gy;gFjpaq;fs; vdg;gLk;.
• nraw;if Kiwapy; gy;gFjpaq;fis ,yFthf cw;gj;jp nra;J nfhs;s KbtJld;>
tpiy FiwthfTk;> gy;NtW NjitfSf;F ,yFthf gad;gLj;jf;f$baJkhf
,Ug;gjd; fhuzkhf mjpf gaDilaJ vd tpsf;Ff.
cjhuzk;: nghypjPd;> nghypGnuhgyPd;> nghypitidy; FNshiul;L (P.V.C)>
nghyp];iuupd; Ngf;iyl;L
• vspa vjyPd; %yf;$Wfs; ngWkstpy; xd;Wld; xd;W Nru;tjd; tpisthf nghypjPd;
fpilf;fg;ngWtij Rl;bf; fhl;Lq;fs;.

n
n
vjpyPd; nghypjPd;
• cw;gj;jpr; nrad;Kiwf;F Vw;g rpy gy;gFjpa %yf;$Wfs; Neu;Nfhl;L tbtpYk;
fpis nfhz;ljhfTk; %yf;$Wfs; xd;Nwhnlhd;W FWf;Fg; gpizg;Gfisf; nfhz;l
gy; gFjpaq;fshfTk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd vd;gij khztu;fSf;F tpsf;Fq;fs;.
Neu;Nfhl;L tbthd nghyp vjpyPd; fpisnfhz;l nghyp vjpyPd;

Mrpupau; ife;E}y; 65 juk; 12

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk;

FWf;F gpizg;gpdhy; Md gy;gFjpak;

• gy;gFjpaj;jpd; Ez;zpay;G Mf %yf;$Wfs; xOq;fike;Js;s Kiwf;F Vw;g gspq;FU

gpuNjrk; (Crystalline regions) ,dq;fhz KbAnkd Rl;bf;fhl;Lq;fs;.
• gpshj;jpf;F gjhu;jj
; q;fspy; ,t;tpuz;L gpuNjrq;fSk; ntt;NtW tpfpjq;fspy; cs;sJld;
KO ,ioa mikg;Gk; (texture) cUtw;w gpuNjrkhf fhzg;glyhk;. rpy rkaq;fspy;
nrhw;g mstpy; my;yJ cau; rjtPjj;jpy; gspq;FUt gpuNjrkhf fhzg;glyhnkd
tpsf;Ff.
• ,Oitapd; fPo; ,OgLk; Kiwf;F Vw;g kPsj ; d;ik gFjpaq;fs;> gpshj;jpf;Fg; gjhu;jj
; q;fs;>
ehu;fs; vd gy;gFjpaq;fis tifg;gLj;j KbAk;.
• ahNjDk; mstpw;Ff; FWf;Fg; gpizg;Gf; nfhz;l gy;gFjpag; gjhu;j;jq;fSf;F
my;yJ RUsp tbtpy; mike;Js;s gy;gFjpa %yf;$Wfisf; nfhz;l gjhu;jj ; q;fSf;F
,Oitia toq;Fk; NghJ ePl;rpailfpd;wd. vdpDk; Gwtpiria ePf;Fk;NghJ kPz;Lk;
kPs;jd;ik %yk; gioa epiyia my;yJ mjw;F mz;kpj;j tbtj;Jf;F khWfpd;wJ.
• ,jw;F cjhuzkhf ,wg;gu;> ,yh];bf;F (elastomer) ,d; ,ay;Gfs; %yk; tpsf;f
KbAk;. ehUUthd ,ioaikg;igf; nfhz;l cw;gj;jpfs; ,Oitf;F cl;gLk;
NghJ ePl;rpailahJ.
• ahNjDk; Fwpj;j mstpw;F FWf;Fg; gpizg;Gf; nfhz;l Gwkhw;wj;jf;f kPs;jd;ik
,ay;igf; fhl;Lk; gy;gFjpaq;fshFk;. cjhuzkhf ty;fidRg;gLj;jg;gl;l ,wg;giuf;
Fwpg;gpl KbAk;. ty;fidRg; gLj;jhj ,wg;gu; kPs;jd;ik ,ay;igf; nfhz;lhYk;
kPz;Lk; KOikahf gioa epiyia milahJ.
• ehUU tbtpy;yike;j ieNyhd; cw;gj;jpfs; ,Oitf;F ePl;rpailahJ.
• ntg;gj;jpw;F ,yFthf ,yFk; gpshj;jpf;Ffs; ntg;gkpsf;Ffpd;w (thermoplastic)
gpshj;jpf;Ffs; vdTk; mt;thW ,y;yhj gpshj;jpf;Ffs; ntg;gepiyepWj;jp (theromostat)
gpshj;jpf;Ffs; vd miof;fg;gLtij Rl;bf;fhl;Lq;fs;.
• ntg;gkpsf;Ffpd;w gpshj;jpf;Ffs; ntg;gj;jpw;F ,yFjd;ik miltjdhy; Njitahd
tbtj;ijAk; ngw;Wf;nfhLj;J Fspu;r;rpaile;jJk; Muk;g tbtj;jpYk; NtWgl;l
tbtj;ijf; nfhz;l nghUs;fshf khw;wKbAk; vd tpsf;Fq;fs;.
• ntg; g kpsf; F fpd; w gpshj; j pf; F spy; FWf; F g; gpizg; G fs; fhzg; g lhjJld;
ntg; g epiyepWj; j p gpshj; j pf; F fspy; FWf; F g; gpizg; G fs; fhzg; g Ltijr;
Rl;bf;fhl;Lq;fs;.

gpujhd nrhw;fs; ((Key words))

• gy; g Fjpfsk; - Polymer
• gspq; F UTs; s gpuNjrk; - Crystalline regions
• cUtw;w gpuNjrk; - Amorphous regions
• ntg; g kpsf; F fpd; w gpshj; j pf; F - Thermo plastic
• ntg; g epiyepWj; j p gpshj; j pf; F - Thermosetting plastic

Mrpupau; ife;E}y; 66 juk; 12

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk;

fzpg;gPl;L kjpg;gPl;Lf;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs; :

gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghff; ftdQ; nrYj;Jq;fs;
• gy;gFjpa %yf;$wpw;Fk;> vspa %yf;$wpw;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l fl;likg;GuPjpahd NtWghl;ilf;
Fwpg;gplTk;.
• vspa %yf;$WfSk; mit Nru;tjdhy; cUthFk; gy;gFjpa %yf;$WfisAk;
ml;ltizg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
• gy;gFjpa %yf;$Wfis gy;NtW epajpfspd; fPo; tifg;gLj;jy;

Mrpupau; ife;E}y; 67 juk; 12

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk;

Nju; r ; r p 13 : ehshe; j tho; f ; i fapy; gpur; r pidfs; jP u ; g ; g jw; f hf gpuNahf

nkd;nghUs;fisg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.

Nju; r ; r p kl; l k; 13.1

13.1:Mtzkhf; f Yf; f hf nrhy; Kiw topg; g Lj; j y; nkd; n ghUisg;
gad;gLj;Jthu;.

ghlNtisfs; : 10

fw;ww; NgWfs; : ² nrhy;Kiw topg;gLj;Jk; nkd;nghUisj; jpwe;J Nfhg;Gf;fisr;

Nrkpj;jy;> mbg;gilahd gjpg;gpj;jy; gzpfisr; nra;jy;> tbtikj;jy;
(Formatting)> ghlq; f isAk; ,yf; F g; nghUs; f isAk; (objects)
gpujpnra;jy;> efu;j;Jjy; Mfpatw;iwr; nra;thu;.
² ge;jpfisAk; gf;fq;fisAk; tbtikg;ghu;. ml;ltizfisr; nrUFthu;.
gl;bay;fis mikg;ghu;.
² tiutpay;fs;> xspg;glq;fisr; nrUFthu;.
² vOj; J r; rupghu; j ; j y; > nrhw; f sQ; r pak; > fhl; r p tiffisg;
gad;gLj;Jthu;.
² gf;f mikg;Gf;fhf (Page setting) mr;R Kd;fhl;rpiag; (Page preview)
gad;gLj;Jthu;.
² Mtznkhd;wpid mr;rpLthu;.

ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpLtjw;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs; :

• fPNo Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sthW nghUj;jkhd gpuNtrnkhd;iwg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sTk;.
• md;whlk; fhzf;$ba gy;NtWgl;l Mtzq;fs; rpytw;iwf; fhz;gpj;J> mtw;wpy;
nrhy;Kiwtopg;gLj;jy; nra;ag;gl;Ls;s tpjk;> gf;fk;> epiu> ge;jp mike;Js;s
tpjk; Nghd;wtw;iwf; fye;Jiuahly;.
• ghlq;fisj; jtpu mjDs; ,lg;gl;Ls;s Vidait gw;wpAk; fye;Jiuahly;
(tiuglq;fs;> ml;ltiz Nghd;wit)
• mtw;Ws; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;s gy;NtW tbtikj;jy;fis mwpKfg;gLj;jy;.
• mit mr;rplg;gl;Ls;s tpjk; gw;wpf; fye;Jiuahly;
(,jw;F mr;Rg;Gj;jfq;fs;> nra;jpj;jhs;> nraw;wpl;l mwpf;if> tuNtw;gpjo; Nghd;w
mr;Rg;gpujpfisg; ghtpf;fyhk;.
• kuG uP j pahd nrhy; K iwg; g Lj; J k; KiwfSld; fzpdp Kiw %yk;
nraw;gLj;jg;gLfpd;w nrhy;Kiwg;gLj;jypid xg;gpl;L mjd; ed;ikfis khztu;fs;
mwpe;J nfhs;Sk; tifapy; fye;JiuahlTk;.
• gupe;Jiu nra;ag;gl;l nkd;nghUSf;F Vw;Gila tifapy; ghl cs;slf;ff;$ba
tifapy; nra;Kiwg; gapw;rpfSf;F Kd;Dupikaspj;J fw;gpj;jw; nraw;ghLfis
cupa fhyj;jpw;Fs; nra;J Kbf;fTk;.
(ghl tplaq;fisj; njspTgLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;fhd topfhl;biag; ghu;f;fTk;)

gpujhd nrhw;fs; ((Key words))

• nrhy;Kiwtopg;gLj;jy; nkd;nghUs; - W ord processing software
• tbtikj;jy; - Formatting
• gf; f k; mikj; j y; - Page setting

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs; :
• nrhy;Kiw topg;gLj;jp nkd;nghUs; xd;Nwh my;yJ gytw;iwNah nfhz;l fzpdpfs;

Mrpupau; ife;E}y; 68 juk; 12

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk;

• ikf;Nuh nrhg;l; xgP];

• jpwe;j ts nkd;nghUs;fs; (Libre Office)
• gy;NtW tifahd Mtz mr;Rg;gpujpfs;
• gy;Y}lf xspvwpTf; fUtp (Multimedia Projector)

tpje; J iuf; f g; g l; l ,izaj; j sq; f s;

http://www.flyertutor.com/microsoft-word-tutorials/flyer-tutor/florist-flyer-flower-garden.asp
https://wiki.documentfoundation.org/images/3/35/WG40-WriterGuideLO.pdf

fzpg;gPl;L> kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs; :

• nrhy; K iwtopg; g Lj; j p nkd; n ghUnshd; i w cgNahfpj; J Mtznkhd; i w
cUthf;Fthu;.
• me;j Mtzj;jpy; Njitahd tbtikj;jy;fisr; nra;thu;.
• me;j Mtzj;jpw;Fj; Njitahd ml;ltizfis cs;spLthu;.
• ,jw;Fj; Njitahd tiufiyfs;> epow;glq;fs; Nghd;wtw;iwr; nrUFthu;.
• vOj;Jg; gpio jpUj;jp> nghUs; tpsf;f nrhw;fsQ;rpak; vd;gtw;iwg; gad;gLj;jp
rupahd nrhw;gpuNahfj;ij Nkw;nfhs;thu;.
• mr;rplKd; Nehf;fiyg; gad;gLj;jj; Njitahd rupg;gLj;jy;fSf;Fg; gpd; Mtzj;ij
mr;rpLthu;.

Mrpupau; ife;E}y; 69 juk; 12

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk;

Nju; r ; r p kl; l k; 13.2

13.2:ml;ltizg;gLj;jpa juTfisf; fsQ;rpag;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; juTfisg;
gFg;gha;tjw;Fk; tpupjhs; nkd;nghUs;fisg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.

ghlNtisfs; : 10

fw;ww; NgWfs; : • tpupjhs; nkd;nghUspd; mtrpaj;ijAk; mjd; gad;ghl;ilAk; tpsq;fpf;

nfhs;thu;.
• tpupjhs; top fz;lwpjy; (Navigation) gz;Gf;$Wfis kPsha;T nra;J
Ntiyj;jhnshd;iw mikg;ghu;.
• cjtp "Help" iag; gad;gLj;Jthu;.
• juTfisr; nrUfp mtw;iw xOq;F Kiwg;gb fhl;rpg;gLj;Jthu;.
• nrUfpa juTfisf;nfhz;L fzpj;jy;fisr; nra;thu;
• juTfis> gjpg;Gr;nra;jy;> efy;nra;jy;> efu;jJ
; jy;> ntl;Ljy;> xl;Ljy;>
tbtikj;jy; Mfpatw;iwr; nra;thu;.
• "Auto fill" #j;jpuj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.
• rpw;wiwfis ,izf;Fk; tpjj;ijAk; ikag;gLj;Jk; tpjj;ijAk;
fw;wwpthu;.
• juTg;ngau;> tPr;R> tb> njupT kw;Wk; nry;Ygbahf;fg;gl;l
gl;bay;fisg; gad;gLj;jp juTfisf; ifahs;thu;.
• tha;g;ghLfisAk; rhu;GfisAk; gad;gLj;Jthu;.
• tiuGfs;> glq;fs; mikg;ghu;.
• jiyg;GfSk; mbf;Fwpg;GfSk; nrUFthu;.
• Ntiyg;Gj;jfj;ijr; Nrkpg;ghu;> gf;f gz;Gf;$Wfs; (Features)mikg;ghu;>
mr;rpLthu;.

ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpLtjw;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs; :

• tFg;gpy; khztu;fsJ Gs;spg; gjpNtL jahupf;Fk; Kiw gw;wp fye;JiuahLtjd;
%yk; ghlj;jpw;F gpuNtrpf;fTk;.
• fzpg;nghwpiag; gad; gLj;jp> khztu;fspd; nkhj;jg; Gs;sp> ruhrup> epiy
vd;gtw;iw fhZk; tpjj;ijf; fye;JiuahlTk;.
• Gs;spfspy; khw;wk; Vw;gLk; NghJ Gs;spg; gjpNtl;bid jpUj;JtjpYs;s
rpukq;fis vLj;Jf; fhl;lTk;.
• fzpdp %yk; Gs;spg; gjpNtL jahupf;Fk; NghJ> mjpYs;s ,yF jd;ikiaAk;
mjdhy; fpilf;Fk; ed;ikfisg; gw;wpAk; khztu;fs; mwpe;J nfhs;sf;
$bathwhd fye;Jiuahlnyhd;iw Nkw;nfhs;sTk;.
• tpupjhs; nkd;nghUisj; jpwe;J mjd; ,ilKfj;ijAk; fPo; fhZk;
tplaq;fisAk; cs;slq;ff; $ba tifapy; njspT gLj;jiy Nkw;nfhs;sTk;.
o gzpGj;jfk; (work book)> gzpjhs; ( worksheet)> tupir> neLtupir> fyd;
ngau;> tupir ,yf;fk;> neLtupir vOj;J> tPr;R> #j;jug; gl;il vd;gd.
• gzpjhnshd;wpy; Rl;b fhl;bapd; tbtk; khWk;; re;ju;g;gq;fisAk; mk;khw;wq;fs;
xt;nthd;wpd; NghJk; nra;af;$batw;iwAk; njspT gLj;jTk.;
• gzpjhspy; fyd;fSf;fpilapy; efu;jy;> Ntz;ba fydpw;F nry;yy;> KjyhtJ
fydpw;F xNu jlitapy; nry;yy; Nghd;wtw;iw njspT gLj;jTk;.
• juT gjpjy;> gjpe;j juit jpUj;Jjy;> gpujpaply;> efu;j;jy;> ntl;b xl;Ljy;
kw;Wk; tbtikj;jy; vd;gtw;iw tpsf;fTk;.

Mrpupau; ife;E}y; 70 juk; 12

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk;

• ciu> vz;> #j;jpuk; vd;gtw;iw tpsf;fg; gLj;jp> mit fyd;fspy; mikAk;

tpjj;ij fhz;gpf;fTk;.
• Auto Fill gad;gLj;jf;$ba re;ju;g;gq;fisf; fhz;gpf;fTk;.
• juT tupirg; gLj;jy;> tbfl;ly;> nry;Ygbahd gl;bay; vd;gtw;iw njspT
gLj;jTk;.
• rkd;ghLfisAk; #j;jpuq;fisAk; njspT gLj;jTk;.
• tiuGfis njspT gLj;jTk;.
• jiyg;G> mbf;Fwpg;G vd;gtw;iw tpsf;fTk;.
• gzpGj;jfj;ij Nrkpj;jy;> gf;f mikT ( page setup) mr;Rg; gpujp vLj;jy;
vd;gtw;iw njspT gLj;jTk;.

gpujhd nrhw;fs; ((Key words))

• tpupjhs; nkd;nghUs; - Spread sheet software
• gzpj;jhs; -W orksheet

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs; :
• tpupjhs; nkd;nghUSld; $ba fzpdpfs;
• Gs;spg;gjpNtL xd;W my;yJ gy
• xspvwpTf; fUtp

fzpg;gPl;L> kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs; :

• tpupjhs; nkd;nghUs; gad;gLj;jf;$ba re;ju;g;gq;fis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;thu;.
• tpupjhs; gad;gLj;jp Gs;spg;gjpNtL jahupg;ghu;.
• tpupjhs; %yk; tiuGfs; cUthf;Fthu;.
• rkd;ghLfisAk; #j;jpuq;fisAk; gad;gLj;jp fzpg;gPLfis ,yFthf
Nkw;nfhs;thu;.
• gf;f mikTfis Njitf;Nfw;g nra;J mr;rpg; gpujp vLg;ghu;.

Mrpupau; ife;E}y; 71 juk; 12

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk;

Nju; r ; r p kl; l k; 13.3

13.3:,yj; j pudpay; epfo; j ; - Jiff; n fd epfo; j ; J if nkd; n ghUl; f isg;
gad;gLj;Jthu

ghlNtisfs; : 06

fw;ww; NgWfs; : • mbg;gil epfo;j;Jiffisj; jpl;lkpl;L mjd; gbkmyFfisj;

jPu;khdpg;ghu;.

• ghlk;> fUg;nghUs;. ghzp Mfpatw;Wld; njhopw;gLthu;.

• tiuglq;fs;> Fwpg;Gfs;> ml;ltizfs;> tbtq;fs; Mfpatw;iwg;
gad;gLj;Jthu;.
• Clfg; glr; nrUfy;> mirT+l;lk; Mfpatw;Wld; njhopw;gLthu;.
• fUg;nghUs;> ghzp> gpd;dzp Mfpatw;iwg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.
• epfo; j ; J if nkd; n ghUspd; rpwg; g pay; G fis epfo; j ; J ifia
epUkhzpg;gjw;nfdg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.
• xyp> Clfg; glk; (Media Clip)> mirT+ll; k; Mfpatw;iw epfo;jJ; ifapy;
cl;gLj;Jthu;.
• gy;NtW khjpupaq;fSf;fika epfo;j;Jifiag; gjpg;Gr; nra;thu;.

fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfs; :

• fPNo Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sthW nghUj;jkhd gpuNtrnkhd;iwg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sTk;.
• md;whl tho;tpy; epfo;j;Jiffs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;w re;ju;g;gq;fs; gw;wp
khztu;fSld; fye;JiuahlTk;.
• ,yj;jpudpay; epfo;j;Jifapd; %yk; epfo;j;JdUf;Fk; mtjhdpg;NghUf;Fk;
fpilf;Fk; fpilf;Fk; gad;fs; gw;wpf; fye;JiuahlTk;.
• cUthf;fg;gl;l epfo;j;Jifnahd;iwf; fhz;gpj;J> mjpy; fhzg;gLk;> tpNrl
kw;Wk; ftu;r;rpahd mk;rq;fs; vd;gtw;iw mwpKfg;gLj;jTk;.
• epfo;j;Jif nkd;nghUis jpwf;Fk; tpjj;ijf; fhz;gpf;fTk;.
• Microsoft Office kw;Wk; jpwe;j %y Mfpa ,UtiffisAk; cgNahfpjJ ; nra;Kiwg;
gapw;rpfspy; <LglTk;.
• epfo;j;Jifnahd;wpd; Kf;fpa mk;rq;fis mwpKfg;gLj;jTk;.
• gltpy;iy (Slide)> jiyg;Giu> cgjiyg;Giu tbtikg;Gfs;
• epfo;j;Jif xd;iw jpl;lkplypy; cs;s Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpsf;fTk;.
• jiyg;Giu> cg jiyg;Giu> glq;fs;> ml;ltizfs; vd;gtw;iwr; rupahd
Kiwapy; gltpy;iyapDs; ,ly;
• mit fhl;rpg;gLj;jg;glNtz;ba tupirKiwiaAk; tbtikg;G Kiw gw;wpAk;
tpsf;fk; ,Uj;jy;
• gltpy;iy ,Ds; xt;nthU tplaq;fisAk; cs;sply; nra;Ak; Kiwiaf;
fhz;gpf;fTk;.
• jiyg;G> cgjiyg;G> glq;fs;> ml;ltiz Clhf FWk;gl ,izg;Gj; Jz;lq;fs;
vd;gd
• epfo;j;Jif fhl;rpg;gLj;Jk; tpjk;> tof;fg;gLj;jy; gw;wp tpsf;fj;ijg; ngw;Wf;
nfhLf;fTk;.
• Custom Animation, Slide Transition
• Njitahd cUtiu (Layouts) Gjpa gltpy;iy epfo;j;Jifapy; cl;gLj;jy;
gw;wpa tpsf;fk; ngw;Wf;nfhLj;jy;

Mrpupau; ife;E}y; 72 juk; 12

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk;

gpujhd nrhw;fs; ((Key words))

• epfo;jJ
; if - Presentation
• Clf FWk;gl ,izg;G - Media Clip

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs; :
• epfo;j;Jif nkd;nghUSld; $ba fzpdp
• cUthf;fg;gl;l epfo;j;Jifnahd;W my;yJ gy.
• gy;Y}lf xsp vwpTf;fUtp (Multimedia projector)

fzpg;gPl;L> kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs; :

• toq;fg;gLk; re;ju;g;gj;jpw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd epfo;j;Jifnahd;iw tbtikg;ghu;.
• epfo;j;Jif nkd;nghUnshd;iwj; jpwe;J mjw;Fj; Njitahd cUtiuiaj;
njupTnra;thu;.
• nghUj;jkhd tplaq;fis cs;slf;fp epfo;j;Jifia nkU$l;Lthu;.
• xt;nthU gFjpiaAk; Njitf;Nfw;wthW mirT+l;lk; nra;thu;.
• epfo;j;Jifiaj; NjitahdthW fhl;rpg;gLj;Jthu;.
• epfo;j;Jifia vjpu;fhy Njitf;fhfr; Nrkpj;J itg;ghu;.

gupe; J iuf; f g; g l; l ,iza ,izg; G f; f s;

http://ase.tufts.edu/its/trainDocuments/powerpoint07Basics.pdf

http://www.roanestate.edu/webfolders/youngm/gis110/powerpoint/powerpoint_tutorial.pdf

http://library.med.utah.edu/ed/eduservices/handouts/PowerPoint_Web/
PPT2003_basic_tutorial.pdf

http://inpics.net/powerpoint03.html ( You can Start from this URL)

http://wiki.openoffice.org/wiki/Documentation/How_Tos/First_Steps_in_Impress2

Mrpupau; ife;E}y; 73 juk; 12

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk;

Nju; r ; r p 14 : gaDWjpkpf; f tifapy; jfty; f isg; ngWjy; > njhlu; g hly;

Mfpatw; W f; n fd ,izaj; i jg; gad; g Lj; J thu; .

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 14.1 : jfty;fis mZFtjw;fhf ,izaj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.

ghlNtisfs; : 05

fw;ww; NgWfs; : • ,izaj;jpd; tuyhw;iwf; fye;JiuahLthu;.

• ,izaj;Jld; njhlu;Gw;W nra;jpfisg; gupkhwpf; nfhs;thu;.
• ,iza Kftupfisg; gFj;jhuha;thu;.
• ,izaj;js Kftupapd; $Wfis tptupg;ghu;.
• Njlw;nghwpiag; gad;gLj;Jthu;.
• tiyf;flg;gplj;jpd; njhopw;ghLfis tptupg;ghu;.
• tiyf;flg;gplq;fspYs;s jfty;fisg; gad;jUk; tpjkhfj; NjLthu;.
• gy;NtW tifg;gl;l tiyf;flg;gplq;fis ,dq;fhz;ghu;.
• ,izar; Nritfis tptupj;J mtw;iwg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.

ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpLtjw;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs; :

• nry;ypl njhiyNgrpfs; xd;Nwhnlhd;W njhlu;GgLk; tpjj;ijg; gw;wp khztu;fSld;
fye;Jiuahb tiyg;gpd;dy; gw;wpa vz;zf;fUit tpsf;FtJld; ghlj;jpw;F
gpuNtrpf;fTk;.
• ‘fzpdp tiyg;gpd;dy;’ vd;gij tpsf;fTk;
• ,izak; ‘tiyg;gpd;dy;fspd; xU tiyg;gpd;dy;’(Network of networks) vd;gij
tpsf;fTk;.
• KjyhtJ fzpdp tiyg;gpd;dy; ARPAnet tiyg;gpd;dy; njhlf;fk; ,d;W fhzg;gLfpd;w
,izak; tiuf;Fkhd tsu;r;rpapid tpsf;fTk;.
• ,izak; tsu;;r;rpailAk; NghJ newpKiw (Protocol) fspd; Njitfs; Njhd;wpa
tpjj;ij tpsf;FtJld; newpKiwiaAk; tpsf;fTk;.
• ,izaj;jpw;F Eiotjw;fhf gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;w ,iza cyhtpfis (Internet Ex-
plore, Google Chrome, Mozilla firefox etc.) mwpKfg;gLj;jp mtw;wpd; nraw;ghLfis tpsf;fTk;.
• URL vd;gJ ahnjd;gij mwpKfg;gLj;jp mjd; gFjpfisAk; tpsf;fTk;.
• IP KftupiaAk; mjd; gFjpfisAk; mwpKfg;gLj;jTk;.
• jsk; (Domain) vd;gJ ahnjd;gij tpsf;fTk;> jsg; ngaiuAk; (Domain Name) mjd;
nraw;ghl;bidAk; tpsf;fTk;.
• ,iza Nrit ngw;Wf; nfhs;sf;$ba epWtdq;fs; gw;wp fye;JiuahlTk;. mjw;fika
ISP (Internet Service Provider) apid tpsf;fTk;.
• ,d;W ngw;Wf; nfhs;sf;$ba gy;NtW ,iza nghjpfs; gw;wp mwpag;gLj;jTk;.
• ,izaj;jpd; %yk; fpilf;fpd;w gy;NtW Nritfs; gw;wp fye;JiuahlTk;. mjw;fika
fPo; fhzg;gLfpd;w Nritfs; gw;wp fye;JiuahlTk;.
• kpd;dQ;ry;
• cyfshtpa tiy (W W W-W orld W ide W eb)
• Kjd; K iwahf ,t; n tz; z f; f Uit Kd; i tj; j Tim Barnes Lee gw; w pAk;
W W W,izaj;jpDs; nraw;gLk; tpjk; gw;wpAk; tpgupf;fTk;.
• ,iza cyhtp> Njlw; nghwp vd;gtw;wpw;F ,ilNaAs;s NtWghl;il njspTgLj;jTk;.
• gy;NtW tifahd ,izaj; jsq;fs; gw;wpAk;> Njlw; nghwpfs; (Search Engines)
%yk; Njitahd ,izaj; jsq;fisj; Njbf; nfhs;Sk; Kiw gw;wpAk; tpsf;fTk;.
• ,izaj; j py; fhzg; g Lfpd; w rpy ,izaj; jsq; f s; gw; w pAk; gutyhfg;

Mrpupau; ife;E}y; 74 juk; 12

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk;

gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;w r%f ,izaj; jsq;fs; (Chat rooms and News groups) gw;wpAk;
njspTgLj;jpf; fhl;lTk;.
Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfspd;NghJ Njitahd rfy re;ju;gg
; q;fspYk;
,izaj;ij cgNahfpj;J nra;Kiwg; gapw;rp tbtpy; nraw;gLj;jTk;.

gpujhd nrhw;fs; :
• Njlw; nghwp - Search engine

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs; :
• ,iza trjpfSld; $ba fzpdp xd;W my;yJ gy.

fzpg;gPl;L kjpg;gPl;Lf;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs; :

gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghff; ftdQ; nrYj;Jq;fs;
• NkNy fhl;lg;gl;l fw;wy; gyd; rupahd Kiwapy; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sjh vd;gij
guPlr; pg;gjw;fhfg; nghUj;jkhd fzpg;gn
P lhd;iwj; jahupj;J khztu;fSf;Fr; rku;gg
; pf;fTk;.

Mrpupau; ife;E}y; 75 juk; 12

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk;

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 14.2 : nra;jpg; gupkhw;wj;jpw;nfd kpd; mQ;riyg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.

ghlNtisfs; : 05

fw;ww; NgWfs; : • kpd; mQ;ry; vd;why; vd;dntd tptupg;ghu;.

• kpd; mQ; r ypy; cs; s gy; N tW Nritfis ,dq; f z; L
gad;gLj;Jthu;.
• kpd; mQ;ry; Kftupfs; cUthf;Fthu;.
• kpd; mQ;rypy; nra;jpfisg; mDg;Gjy;> ngWjy; Mfpatw;iw
Nkw;nfhs;thu;.

ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpLtjw;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs; :

• jfty; gupkhw;w Kiwfspnyhd;whd jghypy; fbjk; mDg;gg;gLjy; njhlu;ghf
khztu;fSld; fye;Jiuahlnyhd;iw Nkw;nfhs;Sq;fs;.
• ifalf;fj; njhiyNgrpfspdhy; mDg;gg;gLk; SMS vdg;gLk; FWQ;nra;jpfSf;Fk;>
rhjhuz fbjj;jpw;Fkpilapyhd NtWghl;il fye;JiuahLq;fs;. ,q;F FWQ;nra;jpfs;
Ntfkhf eilngw;whYk; nra;jp FWfpajhf mikfpd;wJ.
• rjhuz jghypy; mDg;gg;gLfpd;w fbjq;fs; (Snail mail) vd miof;fg;gLtJld;
mDg;gg;gLk; fbjq;fs; ngWdUf;F fpilf;Fk; fhyk; ePz;ljhf mikfpd;wJ.
• rjhuz jhgypw;F khw;wPlhf kpd;dQ;riyg; gad;gLj;j KbAk; vd tpsf;Fq;fs;.
kpd;dQ;ry; FWfpa nra;jpahf mikahJ ePz;l fbjkhf miktJld; SMS Nghy;
Ntfkhf ngWdUf;F mDg;gKbAnkd Rl;bf;fhl;Lq;fs;.
• kpd; d Q; r y; Nritapdhy; ngwg; g Lk; gy; N tW tpjkhd trjpfs; njhlu; g hf
fye;Jiuahliy Nkw;nfhs;Sq;fs;.
• mjpfkhNdhUf;F xNu jlitapy; mDg;gf;$ba Mw;wYz;L. ,jw;F CC, BCC
Mfpa Kiwfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
• kpd;dQ;ry; %yk; mDg;gf; $bait - glq;fs;> jfty;fs;> gbtq;fs;> gy;Y}lf
Mtzq;fs;)
• kpd;dQ;riy mDg;Gtjw;F ,ytrkhf Nritfis toq;Fk; ,izaj;jsq;fs; cs;s
vd tpsf;Fq;fs;.
• gmail • yahoo • hotmail
• Nkw;$wg;gl;l ,izaj;jsnkhd;wpw;Fr; nrd;W kpd;dQ;ry; fzf;nfhd;iw cUthf;Ftjw;F
nra;Kiwg; gapw;rpnahd;iw Nkw;nfhs;Sq;fs;.
• kpd;dQ;ry; fzf;nfhd;iw Muk;gpg;gjw;F
• Njitahd jfty;fis toq;fp tpz;zg;gbtj;ij G+u;j;jp nra;Aq;fs;.
• fzf;fpw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd gadhspapd; ngau; (user name) xd;iwj; njupT
nra;Aq;fs;.
• Kiwahd EioTr; nrhy;iyj; njupT nra;Aq;fs;.
• gadhspg; ngau; my;yJ EioTr; nrhy; kwe;J Nghdhy; njhiyNgrp ,yf;fk;
my;yJ Nkyjpf kpd;dQ;ry; Kftupia gjptJ Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
• kpd;dQ;ry; Kftup jdpj;JtkhdJ. (unique)
• Nkw;gbj; jffy;fisg; gad;gLj;jp kpdd
; Q;ry; fzf;nfhd;iw cUthf;fpf; nfhs;Sq;fs;.
• mDg;gf;$ba fhfpjhjpfspd; nfhs;ssTf;F vy;iyAz;L vdTk;> mJ xt;nthU
,izaj;jsj;jpw;Fk; mika NtWgLk; vdTk; tpsf;fk; mspf;fTk;.
• kpd;dQ;ry; mDg;Gjy;> ngw;Wf;nfhs;sy; vd;gtw;iw khztu;fspilNa gupkhWtjd;
%yk; CC, BCC, Reply, Forwarding Mfpa nrhw;fisg; gad;gLj;j khztu;fSf;Fg;
goq;Fq;fs;.
Mrpupau; ife;E}y; 76 juk; 12
 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk;

• gy;NtW ,izaq;fspd; %yk; ngwg;gLk; Njitaw;w fbjq;fis ‘Spam’ %yk;

jLj;Jf; nfhs;sKbAk; vdr; Rl;bf;fhl;Lq;fs;.
• kpd;dQ;ry; ghtidapd; NghJk; ,izag; ghtidapd; NghJk; gpd;gw;w Ntz;ba
ePjpnewpfis tpsf;fTk;. gpd;tUtdtw;iw Nkw;nfhs;tijj; jtpu;j;Jf; nfhs;Sk;gb
mwpT+l;Lq;fs;.
• Vidatu;fspd; kpd;dQ;ry; fzf;FfSf;Fs; GFtijAk; my;yJ Gf Kay;tijAk;
jtpu;jj
; y;.
• nghUj;jkw;w my;yJ Mghrkhd my;yJ Vidatu;fisg; Gz;gLj;jf;$ba my;yJ
kdijf; Fog;gf;$ba fbjq;fis mDg;Gtijj; jtpu;j;jy;
• kpd;dQ;rypD}lhf ituRf;fis mDg;ghjpUj;jy;
• Vidatu;fspd; jfty;fisg; gad;gLj;jp mtu;fspd; ngaupy; kpd;dQ;ry; fzf;Ffis
Muk;gpj;jy;.
• Njitahd kw;Wk; Njitaw;w vy;yh Neuq;fspYk; my;yJ fhupahya Neuq;fspYk;
kpd;dQ;ry; fzf;fpDs; GFjy;

gpujhd nrhw;fs; :
• kpd;dQ;ry; - email

fzpg;gPl;L kjpg;gPl;Lf;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs; :

Nkw;gbr; nraw;ghLfis fzpdpf; $lj;jpy; ,izaj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;
nraw;ghLfs; Mjyhy; ,r;nraw;ghl;bd; NghNj khztu;fis kjpg;gpl KbAk;.
• kpd;dQ;ry; fzf;ifr; rupahf cUthf;fy;
• kpd;dQ;ry; fzf;fpD}lhf Nfhitnahd;iw mDg;Gjy;
• CC, BCC gad;gLj;jp gyUf;F fbjk; mDg;Gjy;.

Mrpupau; ife;E}y; 77 juk; 12

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk;

Nju; r ; r p 15 : tpir> tpirapd; tpisTfs; Mfpad gw;wpa mwpit ehshe;j

tho; f ; i fj; NjitfSf; f hfg; gad; g Lj; J thu; .

Nju; r ; r p kl; l k; 15.1 : tpirapd; jd;ikiaAk; mjd; jhf;fq;fisAk; ,af;fk; njhlu;ghd

epa+w;wd; tpjpfs; %yk; tptupg;ghu;.

ghlNtisfs; : 12

fw;ww; NgWfs; : • tpirnahd;wpd; gUkd; vd;gij tptupg;ghu;

• tpirnahd;wpd; jpiria tptupg;ghu;
• tpirapd; njhopw;gL Gs;spia ,dq;fhz;ghu;.
• tpirnahd;wpd; njhopw;gL Nfhl;il tptupg;ghu;.
• tpirapd; SI myFfis Kd;itg;ghu;.
• ,af;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jjy;> ,af;fj;jpd; jd;ikia khw;Wjy;
Mfpatw;iw epa+w;wdpd; tpjpfs; %yk; tpsf;Fthu;.
• epa+w;wdpd; ,uz;lhk; tpjpia F = ma tbtpy; Kd;itj;J vspa
gpurpdq;fis jPu;g;ghu;.
• jhNd nrg;gkhFk; tpirfspd; jd;ikia tptupg;ghu;.
• epiyapay; cuha;T> vy;iy cuha;T> ,af;f cuha;T Mfpa
gjq;fis tpsf;fp> cuha;T gw;wp tptupg;ghu;.
• tpirnahd;wpid xd;Wf;nfhd;W nrq;Fj;jhd ,uz;L jpirfspw;
gpupg;ghu;.

ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpLtjw;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs; :

• tpir vd;gJ ahNjDk; nghUspd; Xa;T epiyia khw;Wfpd;w my;yJ rPuhd Ntfj;jpy;
epfOk; ,af;fj;ij khw;Wfpd;w my;yJ khw;w Kidfpd;w Gwf;fhuzpahFk; vd;gij
tpsf;Ff.
• tpirnahd;Wf;F> gUkd;> jpir> jhf;fg;Gs;sp vd;gd cz;L vd;gij vspikahd
cjhuzq;fis vLj;Jf;fhl;b tpsf;Ff.
• tpirapd; fhtpj;jd;ikia vLj;Jf;fhl;b mjd; jhf;ff;Nfhl;il tptupf;Ff.
• tpiria msf;Fk; myF ‘epA+w;wd;’ MFk; vd;gijf; Fwpg;gpLf.
• epA+w;wdpd; KjythJ tpjpia Kd;itf;Ff.
• ahNjDk; nghUspd; jpzpT> Ntfk; NtWgLfpd;wikahy; ce;jKk; NtWgLk; vd;gij
vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf.
• epA+w;wdpd; ,uz;lhtJ tpjpia Kd;itj;J mjd;%yk; F = ma rkd;ghl;ilg; ngWf.
F = ma rhu;e;j vspikahd gpurpdq;fis toq;fpj; jPu;f;fr; nra;f.
• neUf;fy; juhnrhd;wpd; (Kitchen scale) jl;bd; kPJ RikNaw;Wtjd; %yk;> jhf;fk; -
kWjhf;fk; Mfpatw;iw mwpKfQ; nra;J epA+w;wdpd; %d;whtJ tpjpia Kd;itf;Ff.
• jhNd nrg;gkilAk; tpirfis tptupj;J> ,Otpir cijg;G> cuha;T Mfpad
rhu;e;j cjhuzq;fis vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf.
• kuf;Fw;wpnahd;Wld; tpw;wuhnrhd;wpidf; fl;b ,Of;Fk; vspikahd gupNrhjid %yk;>
cuha;T tpirfspd; ,ay;Gfis tptupj;J> epiyapay; cuha;T> vy;iy cuha;T
,af;f cuha;T tpirfs; njhopw;gLk; tpjj;ij tiuG %yk; tptupf;Ff.
• ahNjDk; tpirf;Fg;gjpyhf> xd;Wf;nfhd;W nrq;Fj;jhd jpirfspd; topNa ,uz;L
tpirfisf; fhl;lyhk; vd;gij vLj;Jf;fhl;b mt;tpuz;L tpirfisAk; KjyhtJ
tpirapd; $Wfshf mwpKfQ; nra;J> ,t;thwhf xU tpiria xd;Wf;nfhd;W nrt;tdhd
,uz;L $Wfs; %yk; fhl;LtJ> tpirg;gpupg;G MFk; vdf; Fwpg;gpLf.

Mrpupau; ife;E}y; 78 juk; 12

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk;

• tpirg; gpupg;G njhlu;ghd vspikahd gpurpdq;fis toq;fpj; jPu;f;fr; nra;f.

gpujhd nrhw;fs; :
• tpir -Force
• ce;jk; -Momentum
• epA+w; w dpd; ,af; f tpjpfs; - Newton’s laws of motion
• cuha;T -Friction

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs; :
• kuf;Fw;wp> tpw;wuhR> neUf;fy; juhR (Kitchen scale) > wg;gu; thu;fs;

fzpg;gPl;L kjpg;gPl;Lf;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs; :

gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghff; ftdQ; nrYj;Jq;fs;
• ahNjDk; nghUspd; my;yJ njhFjpjapd; kPJ njhopw;gLk; Gw rkdpy; tpirfis
,dq;fhZjy;.
• ,af;f tpjpfis Kd;itj;jy;.
• jhf;fk; kWjhf;fk; cl;gl> nghUnshd;wpd; kPJ njhopw;gLk; tpirfisf; Fwpj;Jf;fhl;Ljy;.
• F = ma rkd;ghl;ilg; gad;gLj;jp vspikahd gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;j;jy;.
• jug;gl;Ls;s tpirfisf; $Wfs; %yk; fhl;Ljy;.

Mrpupau; ife;E}y; 79 juk; 12

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk;

Nju; r ; r p 15 : tpir> tpirapd; tpisTfs; Mfpad gw;wpa mwpit ehshe;j

tho; f ; i fj; NjitfSf; f hfg; gad; g Lj; J thu; .

Nju; r ; r p kl; l k; 15.2 : tpirj; njhFjpnahd;wpd; tpisAisf; fhz;ghu;.

ghlNtisfs; : 06

fw;ww; NgWfs; : • xU Nfhl;L tpirfspuz;bd; tpisAspd; gUkidAk; jpiriaAk;

fhz;ghu;.
• tpirapizfu tpjpfspd; ml;ruf; fzpjf; Nfhitiag; gad;gLj;jp>
rha;thd ,uz;L tpirfspd; tpisAisf; fhz;ghu;.

ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpLtjw;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs; :

• tpirnahd;wpid ,uz;L $Wfshfg; gpupj;Jf; fhl;l KbtJ Nghd;Nw ,uz;L
tpirfSf;Fg; gjpyhf xU jdp tpiriag; gpuNahfpf;f KbAk; vd;gij vspikahd
gupNrhjidfs; %yk; vLj;Jf; fhl;Lf.
• ,uz;L tpirfSf;fhf my;yJ ,uz;Lf;F Nkw;gl;l tpirfSf;fhfg; gpuNahfpf;fj;jf;f
tpiria mt;tpirfspd; tpisAs; vdf; Fwpg;gpLf.
• kuf;Fw;wpfs;> tpw;wuhRfslq;fpa mikg;Gf;fs; %yk; nra;J fhl;b>
• xU Nfhl;L tpirfs; ,uz;L> xNu jpirapy; njhopw;gLk; NghJ R=P+Q %yKk;
• xU Nfhl;L tpirfs; vjpnujpu;j;jpirfspy; njhopw;gLk; NghJ R=P-Q %yKk;
tpisAs;fspd; gUkd; fpilf;Fk; vd;gij vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf.
• tpir xU fhtpahifahy;> ahNjDk; Gs;spapy; nraw;gLk; rha;thd tpirfspuz;bd;
tpisAisf; fhz;gJ mt;tsT vspikahdjy;y vd;gij vLj;Jf;fhl;b mjw;fhf
Nfj;jpufzpj Kiwnahd;wpd; Njitia vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf.
• ahNjDnkhU Gs;spapy; njhopw;gLk; rha;thd ,uz;L tpirfspuz;bd; tpisAisf;
fhz;gjw;fhf> tpirapizfuj; Njw;wj;ij Kd;itf;Ff.

>>
>

Q R

P >

• Nkw;gb glj;jpy; Nfj;jpu fzpjg;gb tpisAspd; gUkDf;fhf R 2=P2+Q2+2PQ Nfhird;

IAk;
tpisAs; tpirapd; jpirf;fhf>
jhd; ird; Nfhird; IAk; Kd;itf;Ff.
• MdJ xU nrq;Nfhzkhf> $u;qN ; fhzkhf> tpupNfhzkhf mikAk; re;ju;gg
; q;fSf;fhf>
tpisAisf; fhz;gjw;fhf gpurpdq;fis toq;fp> mtw;iwj; jPu;g;gjw;Fj; Njitahd
topfhl;liy toq;Ff.
• Ma;T$lj;jpy; cs;s> gyifnahd;wpy; fg;gpfs; nghUj;jg;gl;l mikg;igg; gad;gLj;jp>
,j;Njw;wj;ijr; Nrhjpf;FkhW khztiu topg;gLj;Jf.

Mrpupau; ife;E}y; 80 juk; 12

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk;

gpujhd nrhw;fs; :
• tpir tpisAs; - Resultant force
• tpirapizfuj; Njw;wk; - Theorem of force paralellogram
• tpisAspd; jpir - Direction of resultant

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs; :
• kuf;Fw;wp> tpw;wuhR> wg;gu; thu;fs;> tpirapizfuff; Nfhl;ghl;il tha;gG
; g; ghu;gg
; jw;fhfg;
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; fg;gpfs; nghUj;jg;gl;lit> gbj;njhFjp

fzpg;gPl;L kjpg;gPl;Lf;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs; :

gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghff; ftdQ; nrYj;Jq;fs;
• tpir tpisAs; vd;gJ ahJ vd tptupj;jy;.
• fg;gpfs; nghUj;jg;gl;l gyifiag; gad;gLj;jp> tpirapizfuf; Nfhl;ghl;il tha;gG
; g;
ghu;jj; y;.
• fPNo jug;gl;Ls;s> me;je;jr; re;ju;g;gj;Jf;fhffj; jug;gl;Ls;s tpirfspuz;bdJk;
tpisAisf; fhZjy;
• ,uz;L tpirfs; xNu jpirapy; njhopw;gLk; NghJ
• ,uz;L tpirfs; vjpnujpu;j;jpirapy; njhopw;gLk; NghJ
• ,uz;L tpirfs; nrt;tdhfj; njhopw;gLk; NghJ
• ,uz;L tpirfs; $u;q;Nfhzj;jpd; rha;thfj; njhopw;gLk; NghJ
• ,uz;L tpirfs; tpupNfhzj;jpy; njhopw;gLk; NghJ

Mrpupau; ife;E}y; 81 juk; 12

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk;

Nju; r ; r p 15 : tpir> tpirapd; tpisTfs; Mfpad gw;wpa mwpit ehshe;j

tho; f ; i fj; NjitfSf; f hfg; gad; g Lj; J thu; .

Nju; r ; r p kl; l k; 15.3 : tpirnahd;wpd; Row;rp tpisit mstpLthu;.

ghlNtisfs; : 04

fw;ww; NgWfs; : • tpirj; jpUg;gj;jpd; kPJ nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfis

Kd;itg;ghu;.
• tpirnahd;wpd; jpUg;gk; vd;gij tiuaWg;ghu;.
• tpirapiznahd;wpd; jpUg;gj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.

ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpLtjw;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs; :

• Gw tpirnahd;W fhuzkhf ahNjDk; nghUnshd;W jug;gl;l xU Gs;spiag; gw;wpr;
RoYk; nraiy msf;Fk; fzpak; tpirj;jpUg;gkhFk; vdf; Fwpg;gpLf.
• fjnthd;W %lg;gLk; re;ju;g;gk;> thfdr; rpy;nyhd;W fow;wg;gLk; re;ju;g;gk;>
Foha;f;fpzw;wpypUe;J ePiug; ngWtjw;fhff; ifg;gpbiag; gad;gLj;Jk; re;ju;g;gk;
Nghd;wtw;iw epidT+l;b> jpUg;gj;jpd; kPJ nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfisg;
gpd;tUkhW ml;ltizg;gLj;Jf.
• tpirapd; gUkd;
• jpUg;gg; Gs;spapypUe;J tpir gpuNahfpf;fg;gLk; ,lk; tiuapyhd J}uk;
• ahNjDk; Gs;spia my;yJ mr;irg; gw;wpa tpirapd; jpUg;gk; vd;gJ> tpirapdJk;>
jpUg; g g; G s; s papy; / mr; r py; ,Ue; J tpir njhopw; g Lk; NfhL tiuapyhd
nrq;Fj;J}uj;jpdJk; ngUf;fkhFk; vd tiuaWf;Ff.

ir
d;

cU 1 cU 2
cU 1 ,y; fhl;bAs;sthW O Gs;spiag; gw;wp> nghUspd; jpUg;gk; G Mapd; G=Fr
vd vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf.
cU 2 ,y; fhl;bAs;sthW rha;thd J}uk; jug;gl;Ls;s NghJ O Gs;spiag; gw;wp
nghUspd; jpUg;gk; G=Fr ird vd vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf.
• ahNjDk; khwhj; jpUg;gq;fSf;fhf> nrq;Fj;Jj; J}uj;ij mjpfupj;Jf; nfhs;tjhy;>
gpuNahfpf;Fk; tpiriaf; Fiwj;Jf;nfhs;s KbAk; vd;gij rkd;ghl;bd; gb
vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf. Ntiyr; #oiy mt;thwhd gpuNahrdq;fisg; gl;baw;gLj;j
topg;gLj;Jf.
• kPww
; u; Nfhnyhd;wpid kj;jpapy;> Roiyapy; epWj;jp mjd; xU Kidapy; Riknahd;wpidj;
njhq;ftpl;L kW Kidapy;> ntt;NtW J}uq;fspy;> jpUg;gj;ijr; rkdpiyg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf
njhq;ftplNtz;ba Rikapd; msTfisf; fz;lwpe;J> Nkw;gb njhlu;igf; fhZk;
nraw;ghl;by; <LgLj;Jf.
• jpUg;gk; njhlu;ghd vspikahd gpurpdq;fis toq;fpj; jPu;f;fr; nra;f.
• rkkhd gUkd; nfhz;l> vjpnujpu;j;jpirfspyike;j> xU jhf;ff;Nfhl;by; mikahj

Mrpupau; ife;E}y; 82 juk; 12

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk;

,uz;L tpirfs;> tpirapiz MFk; vdf; Fwpg;gpLf.

• ,iznahd;wpd; jpUg;gkhdJ> xU tpirapdJk;> ,uz;L tpirfSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd
nrq;Fj;Jj; J}uj;jpdJk; ngUf;fk; %yk; fpilf;fpd;wJ vd;gij vLj;Jf; fhl;Lf.

G=Fr

,iznahd;wpdJ jpUg;gkhdJ jpUg;gj;ijg; ngWk; Gs;spf;F mika NtWgLtjpy;iy

vd;gij vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf.

gpujhd nrhw; f s; :
• tpirj; jpUg;gk; - Momentum of force
• tpirapiz - Couple of forces
• ,iznahd;wpd; jpUg;gk; - Momentum of a couple

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs; :
• kPww
; u; Nfhy;fs;> fj;jp tpspk;Gfs;> juhRj; jl;Lf;fs;> gbj;njhFjp> jhq;fpfs;> Riufisf;
fow;Wtjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;Jk; ntt;NtW ePs msTs;s Riur;rhtpfs;

fzpg;gPl;L kjpg;gPl;Lf;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs; :

gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghff; ftdQ; nrYj;Jq;fs;
• tpirnahd;wpd; jpUg;gj;ij tiuaWj;jy;.
• jpUg;gj;jpd; kPJ nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfisg; gl;baw;gLj;jy;.
• tpirj;jpUg;gj;ijj; Jzpjy; rhu;e;j gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;j;jy;.
• Fiwe;j tpirAld; ahNjDk; jpUg;gj;ijg; ngWtjw;fhf gpuNahf uPjpapy; mikg;Gf;fs;
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; re;ju;g;gq;fis Njbg;ghu;j;jy;.
• ‘tpir ,iz’ vd;gij tpsf;Fthu;. ,iznahd;wpd; jpUg;gj;Jf;Fupa njhlu;ig
Kd;itj;jy;.
• tpirapiz gad;gLj;jg;gLk; eilKiwr; re;ju;g;gq;fis tptupj;jy;.
• tpirapiz njhlu;ghd gpurpdq;fs; jPu;j;jy;.

Mrpupau; ife;E}y; 83 juk; 12

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk;

Nju; r ; r p 15 : tpir> tpirapd; tpisTfs; Mfpad gw;wpa mwpit ehshe;j

tho; f ; i fj; NjitfSf; f hfg; gad; g Lj; J thu; .

Nju; r ; r p kl; l k; 15.4 : tpirj; njhFjpnahd;wpd; rkdpiy njhlu;ghfg; gFj;jha;thu;.

ghlNtisfs; : 08

fw;ww; NgWfs; : • ,uz; L tpirfspd; fP o ; > Gs; s pg; n ghUspdJk; tpiwj; j

nghUnshd;wpdJk; rkdpiyia tptupg;ghu;.
• %d;W tpirfspd; fPo;> Gs;spg;nghUnshd;wpd; rkepiyf;Fupa
Njitfis Kd;itg;ghu;.
• rha; t hd %d; W tpirfspd; fP o ; tpiwj; j nghUnshd; w pd; ;
rkdpiyf;Fupa Njitfis Kd;itg;ghu;.
• rkhe;jukhd %d;W tpirfspd; fPo; tpiwj;j nghUnshd;wpd;
rkdpiyf;Fupa Njitfis Kd;itg;ghu;.
• jpUg;gf; Nfhl;ghl;ilg; gad;gLj;jp vspikahd gpurpdq;fs; jPug
; g
; hu;.

ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpLtjw;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs; :

• nghUnshd;wpd; kPJ njhopw;gLk; Gw tpirfs; fhuzkhf mJ Mu;KLftpy;iynadpd;
my;yJ Roytpy;iynadpd;> mg;nghUs; rkdpiyapy; cs;sJ vd;gij vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf.
• ,jw;fhfg; gpd;tUk; ,uz;L re;ju;g;gq;fisAk; vLj;Jf; fhl;Lf.
• tpisAs; G+r;rpakhjy;
• jpUg;gk; G+r;rpakhjy;
• xU Gs;spapy; njhopw;gLk; tpirfspd; fPo;> nghUshdJ rkdpiyapy; ,Ug;gjw;Fupa
mbg;gilahd Njit> tpisAs; G+r;rpakhjyhFk; vd;gij vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf. mjd;
%yk;
• xU Gs;spapy; njhopw;gLk; ,uz;L tpirfspd; fPo; nghUnshd;W rkdpiyailtjw;fhf
mt;tpuz;L tpirfSk; gUkdpd; rkkhditahf my;yJ jpirapy; vjpnujpuhf
mikjy; Ntz;Lk; vd;gij vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf.
• xU Gs;spapy; njhopw;gLk; %d;W tpirfspd; fPo; nghUshdJ rkdpiyailtjw;fhf
mk;%d;W tpirfSs; vitNaDk; ,uz;bdJ tpisAs;shdJ kw;iwa tpirapd;
gUkDf;Fr; rkkhdjhAk; jpirfs; vjpnujpuhditahfTk; mikjy; Ntz;Lk; vd;gij
vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf.
• ,t;thwhd rkepiyr; re;ju;g;gq;fis cjhuzq;fhl;b tptupf;Ff.
• Vw;fdNt gad;gLj;jpa> fg;gpfs; nghUj;jg;gl;l gyiffis my;yJ E}ypdhy; fl;ba
3 tpw; w uhRfs; mlq; f pa mikg; i gg; gad; g Lj; j p ,g; g upNrhjidiar; nra; a
re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.
• tpiwj;j nghUnshd;W ,uz;L tpirfspd; fPo; rkdpiyailtjw;Fupa gpd;tUk;
Njitfis vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf.
• ,uz;L tpirfs;
• gUkd; rkkhjy;
• jpirfs; vjpnujpuhjy;
• xNu jhf;ff; Nfhl;by; mikjy;
• tpiwj;j nghUnshd;W %d;W tpirfspd; fPo; rkdpiy miltjw;Fupa gpd;tUk;
Njitfis vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf.
mk;%d;W tpirfSs; vitNaDk; ,uz;L tpirfspd; tpisAs;shdJ kw;iwa
tpirapd;

Mrpupau; ife;E}y; 84 juk; 12

 njhopDl;gtpaYf;fhd tpQ;Qhdk;

• gUkDf;Fr; rkdhjy; Ntz;Lk;

• vjpu;j;jpirapy; mikjy; Ntz;Lk;
• xNu jhf;ff; Nfhl;by; mikjy; Ntz;Lk;
,t;thwhf rkdpiyapy; fhzg;gLk; tpjj;ijg; gpd;tUk; glj;jpd;gb tptupj;J eilKiwr;
re;ju;g;gq;fis vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf.
tpirfs; rha;thd re;ju;g;gk; tpirfs; rkhe;jukhd re;ju;g;gk;

• jpUg;gf; Nfhl;ghl;il Kd;itj;J mjd;%yk; nghUshdJ rkdpiyapy; ,Uf;Fk;

NghJ Gs;spnahd;wpidg; gw;wpa jpUg;gq;fspd; ml;rufzpjf; $l;Lj;njhif G+r;rpakhFk;
vd vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf.
mjd;gb> tpirfspd;
,lQ;Ropj;jpUg;gq;fspd; $l;Lj;njhif = tyQ;Ropj;jpUg;gq;fspd; $l;Lj;njhif
vd vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf.

%d;W tpirfspd; fPo>; rkdpiyr; re;ju;gg

; q;fSf;fhd jpUg;gf; Nfhl;ghL gpuNahfpf;fg;gLk;
re;ju;g;gq;fs; njhlu;ghd vspikahd gpurpdq;fis toq;fp jPu;f;fr; nra;f.

gpujhd nrhw;fs; :
• tpirr; rkdpiy - Equilibrium of forces
• tpiwj;j nghUs;fs; - Rigid object
• jpUg;gf; Nfhl;ghL - Principle of momentum

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs; :
• tpw;wuR> tpirapizfuf; Nfhl;ghl;il tha;g;Gg; ghu;g;gjw;Fupa fg;gpfs; nghUj;jg;gl;l
gyif> tiujw; gyif> gbj;njhFjp> kPw;wu; Nfhy;fs;> fj;jp tpspk;Gfs;> E}y;

fzpg; g P l ; L kjpg; g P l ; L f; f hd mwpTWj; j y; f s; :

gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghff; ftdQ; nrYj;Jq;fs;
• tpirr; rkdpiy vd;gij tiuaWj;jy;.
• Gs;spg; nghUnshd;wpd; tpirr; rkepiyf;Fupa Njitfis Kd;itj;jy;.
• tpiwj;j nghUnshd;wpd; tpirr; rkepiyf;Fupa Njitfs Kd;itj;jy;.
• jpUg;gf; Nfhl;ghl;il Kd;itj;jy;.
• %d;W tpirfspd; rkepiyf;fhf Nkw;gb Nfhl;ghl;ilAk; gad;gLj;jp gpurpdj; jPu;j;jy;.

Mrpupau; ife;E}y; 85 juk; 12