Odd Semester 2023-24

Electrical Engineering Department

Government Polytechnic, Amravati

Shri. T. G. Vilhekar
Lecturer in Electrical Engineering Department

B.Tech. (Government Engineering, Amravati)

M.Tech (College of Engineering, Pune)
PhD Pursuing (VNIT, Nagpur)

Fundamental of Electrical Engineering (CC2502)

Tushar G Vilhekar LEE, GP Amravati 1
Unit-6 Displays, Relays and Switches

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 Seven Segment Display (SSD)
• Seven segment displays are the output display device.
• It is used to display information in the form of images or text or decimal
numbers.
• It is widely used in digital clocks, basic calculators, electronic meters, and
other electronic devices that display numerical information.
• It consists of seven segments of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) which are
assembled like numerical 8.
• SSD can form alphabets A, B, C, D, E, and F, so they can also be used for
representing.
• SSD must be controlled by other external devices where different types of
microcontrollers are useful to communicate with these external devices,
like switches. Tushar G Vilhekar LEE, GP Amravati 3
 Truth Table

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 Types of Seven Segment Displays

According to the type of application, there are two types of configurations SSD
• Common cathode SSD: all the cathode connections of LED segments are connected
together through a current limiting resistor to forward bias the individual anode
terminals a to g.
• Common anode SSD: The LED segments are connected together to common anode
through a current limiting resistor to the cathode of a particular segment a to g.

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 Operation of Seven Segment Displays

• The number 8 is displayed when the power is given to all the segments and if you
disconnect the power for ‘g’, then it displays the number 0.
• In a seven-segment display, power (or voltage) at different pins can be applied at the
same time, so we can form combinations of display numerical from 0 to 9.
• Common cathode SSD: In the common cathode display, all the cathode connections of
the LED segments are joined together to ground. The individual segments are
illuminated by application of a “HIGH”, signal via a current limiting resistor to
forward bias the individual Anode terminals (a-g).
• Common anode SSD: In the common anode display, all the anode connections of the
LED segments are joined together to high. The individual segments are illuminated by
applying a ground, signal via a suitable current limiting resistor to the Cathode of the
particular segment (a-g).
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Common Anode connection diagram

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Common Cathode connection diagram

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 Applications of Seven Segment Displays

➢Digital clocks
➢Clock radios
➢Calculators
➢Wristwatches
➢Speedometers
➢Motor-vehicle odometers
➢Radiofrequency indicators

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 Specification of Seven Segment Displays

➢Colour of seven segment display e.g. Red, blue etc.

➢Current rating of each segment LED is about 20 mA and total current
rating of seven segment is 140 mA.
➢Voltage rating to illuminated correctly e.g. 5 volt
➢The value of the current limiting resistor e.g. 200Ω.
➢Size of seven segment display e.g. 10mm, 20mm, 40mm

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 Liquid Crystal Displays Construction
• Electronic display device that operates by applying a varying electric voltage to a
layer of liquid crystal, thereby inducing changes in its optical properties.
• LCDs are commonly used for portable electronic games, as viewfinders for digital
cameras and camcorders, in video projection systems, for electronic billboards, as
monitors for computers, and in flat-panel televisions.
• Liquid crystals are materials with a structure that is intermediate between that of
liquids and crystalline solids.
• As in liquids, the molecules of a liquid crystal can flow past one another. As in solid
crystals, however, they arrange themselves in recognizably ordered patterns.
• LCDs molecules may take on different alignments relative to the plane of the sheets.

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 Application of Liquid Crystal Displays
LCDs are commonly used for
➢Portable electronic games
➢Viewfinders for digital cameras and camcorders
➢Video projection systems
➢Electronic billboards
➢Monitors for computers
➢Flat-panel televisions

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 Specification of Liquid Crystal Displays
➢LCD displays have various touch technologies,
e.g. Resistive, Capacitive touch and No touch
➢LCD brightness
➢Operating Temperature Range
e.g -20 to +70oC, -30 to +70oC
➢ Color Depth
e.g. 16 bit / 65K, 18 bit / 262K, 24 bit / 16M
➢Viewing Angle
e.g. TFT, IPS, OLED

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 Liquid Crystal Displays Operation
• The optical properties of liquid crystals depend on the direction light travels through
a layer of the material. An electric field (induced by a small electric voltage) can
change the orientation of molecules in a layer of liquid crystal and thus affect its
optical properties.
• Such a process is termed an electro-optical effect, and it forms the basis for LCDs.
• For nematic LCDs, the change in optical properties results from orienting the
molecular axes either along or perpendicular to the applied electric field, the
preferred direction being determined by the details of the molecule’s chemical
structure.
• Liquid crystal materials that align either parallel or perpendicular to an applied field
can be selected to suit particular applications. The small electric voltages necessary to
orient liquid crystal molecules have been a key feature of the commercial success of
LCDs; other display technologies have rarely matched their low power consumption. 15
 General purpose Relay
• A Relay is an electromechanical device that can be used to make or break an
electrical connection.
• It consists of a flexible moving mechanical part which can be controlled through an
electromagnet.
• Basically, a relay is just like a mechanical switch but you can control it with an
electrical signal instead of manually turning it on or off.
• So relay is a switch which controls (open and close) circuits electromechanically.
• The main operation of this device is to make or break contact with the help of a signal
without any human involvement in order to switch it ON or OFF.
• It is mainly used to control a high powered circuit using a low power signal. Generally,
a DC signal is used to control the circuit which is driven by high voltage
like controlling AC home appliances with DC signals from microcontrollers. 16
 General purpose Relay construction

• It detects the intolerable or undesirable condition

with an assigned area and gives the commands to
the circuit breaker to disconnect the affected
area. Thus protects the system from damage.
• An electromechanical relay is basically designed
using few mechanical parts like Electromagnet, a
movable armature, contacts, yoke, and a spring.
• When sufficient voltage is applied to the core it
starts to create a magnetic field around it and acts
as a magnet.
• Since the movable armature is placed within its
range, it gets attracted to that magnetic field
created by the core, thus the position of the
armature is being altered. Tushar G Vilhekar LEE, GP Amravati 17
• So finally, we can say that when a coil is energized the armature is attracted and the
switching action can be seen, if the coil is de-energized it loses its magnetic property and the
armature goes back to its initial position.
• It is now connected to the normally opened pin of the relay and external circuit connected
to it function in a different manner
• Electromagnet: An Electromagnet plays a major role in the working of a relay. It is a metal
which doesn’t have magnetic property but it can be converted into a magnet with the help of an
electrical signal. So, when a metal winded with a copper wire and driven by the sufficient power
supply, that metal can act as a magnet and can attract the metals within its range.
• Movable Armature: A movable armature is a simple metal piece which is balanced on a pivot or
a stand. It helps in making or breaking the connection with the contacts connected to it.
• Contacts: These are the conductors that exist within the device and are connected to the
terminals.
• Yoke: It is a small metal piece fixed on a core in order to attract and hold the armature when the
coil is energized.
• Spring: It is connected to one end of the armature to ensure its easy and free movement. Instead
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Tushar G Vilhekar LEE, GP Amravati
of a spring, a metal stand like structure can be used.
 General purpose Relay Specification
• Switched Voltage +/- 200 V Peak
• Switched Current 0.5 Amps
• Switched Power 10 VA
• Breakdown Voltage 300 V peak
• Carry Current 1.0 Amps
• Switch Speed 1 ms
• Power use per relay 120 mW
• Insulation Resistance 10^10 Ohms
• Minimum Current 100 pA
• Voltage Offset 20 uV
• Life Expectancy (Rated Load) 100 Million 19

Tushar G Vilhekar LEE, GP Amravati

 General purpose Relay Application

• Traffic signal ( associated with running and stopping control),

• Water supply (Solenoid valve), water treatment of buildings.
• Used to control circuit (relay sequence) for control circuits of automated machines
• Used for various production sites,
• Used for various control systems such as lighting, air conditioning, and
• Protection systems of electrical power system.

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 Rotary Switches
Working: Rotary switches operate by rotating a shaft or spindle,
which in turn changes the position of contacts. The contacts are
arranged in a circular pattern, and as the switch is turned, different
sets of contacts are brought into or out of connection.
General Specifications: Rotary switches come in various
configurations, such as single-pole, multi-pole, and multi-position.
They can have different numbers of positions, indicating the number
of possible connections. Common designs include single-deck or
multi-deck configurations. Switching Capacity, Shaft Diameter and
Length
Applications: Commonly used in electronic devices where multiple
settings or functions need to be selected, such as volume controls in
audio equipment or mode selectors in appliances like multimeter,
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Old TV channel select switch etc.
Tushar G Vilhekar LEE, GP Amravati
 Push-to-On Switches
Working: Push-to-on switches, also known as momentary switches, make or break the
electrical circuit only while the button is being pressed. They return to their original
state when the actuating force is removed. When the button or actuator is pressed, the
internal mechanism of the switch causes the contacts to come into contact, closing the
circuit. This closure is temporary and lasts only as long as the actuating force is applied.
Once the actuating force is released, the contacts return to their open position.
General Specifications: Typically, these switches are designed to handle low power
applications. They are available in various sizes and configurations, including push
buttons and tactile switches. Actuation Force, Life Cycle Rating, Contact Rating,
Termination Type
Applications: Used in applications where a temporary electrical connection is needed,
such as in doorbell buttons or as part of a reset mechanism, starter switch to on or off
pump. Control Panels, Momentary Functions, Instrumentation, Safety Devices, Reset
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Switches
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Tushar G Vilhekar LEE, GP Amravati
 Push-to-Off Switches
Working: Push-to-off switches, like push-to-on switches, are momentary and make or
break the electrical circuit only while the button is being pressed. However, they are in
the off state when not actuated.
General Specifications: Similar to push-to-on switches, they are designed for low power
applications. Available in various forms, including push buttons and tactile switches.
Actuation Force, Life Cycle Rating, Contact Rating, Termination Type
Applications: Commonly used in applications where a momentary disconnection is
required, such as in emergency stop buttons or reset switches. Battery-Powered
Devices, Test and Measurement Equipment, Safety Devices, Reset Switches, Control
Panels.

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Tushar G Vilhekar LEE, GP Amravati

 Solenoid Switches
Working: The core component of a solenoid switch is the solenoid itself, which is essentially a
coil of wire wound around a movable plunger or core. When an electric current flows through
the coil, it generates a magnetic field. This magnetic field attracts the plunger, causing it to
move within the coil. When the solenoid is energized, the plunger moves, and the contacts are
brought into the closed position, completing the electrical circuit. When the solenoid is de-
energized, the spring or other mechanisms return the plunger to its original position, opening
the contacts and interrupting the circuit
General Specifications: Solenoid switches are often used in high-power applications where a
significant amount of current needs to be controlled. They can handle both AC and DC circuits.
E.g. Voltage and Current Ratings, Environmental Considerations, Duty Cycle, Mounting and
Connection
Applications: Widely used in automotive applications for starting the engine (starter solenoid).
Also used in industrial settings for controlling heavy machinery. Locking Mechanisms, Valve
Control, Security Systems

Tushar G Vilhekar LEE, GP Amravati

 Transducers
• A transducer is a device that converts one form of energy into another.
• Definition: transducers are devices that convert physical quantities such as
temperature, pressure, sound, light, or mechanical displacement into electrical signals.
• They play a crucial role in various applications, including sensors, actuators, and signal
processing systems.
• Transducers can be classified based on their mode of operation, resulting in two main
categories.
• Active Transducers and
• Passive Transducers.

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 Active Transducers
• Active transducers are devices that require an external power source to operate and produce an
output signal that is a function of both the input and the external power.
• These transducers typically include some form of amplification or signal processing within the
device itself.
• Active transducers are known for providing high sensitivity and a better signal-to-noise ratio.
Some common types of active transducers include.
➢ Thermocouples:
• Convert temperature differences between two junctions into voltage.
• Commonly used for temperature measurement in a variety of applications.
➢ Piezoelectric Sensors:
• Generate an electrical charge in response to mechanical stress or pressure.
• Widely used in accelerometers, pressure sensors, and various vibration measurement
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applications.
Tushar G Vilhekar LEE, GP Amravati
 Passive transducers
• Passive transducers are devices that do not require an external power source to operate.
• They directly convert a physical quantity into an electrical signal without the need for an
additional energy input.
• Passive transducers are often simple in design and are widely used in various applications.
Here are some common types of passive transducers.
➢ Resistance type:
1. Strain Gauges (Wire Type):
• Changes in strain or deformation lead to a change in the electrical resistance of the wire.
• Example: Bonded to the surface of a structure to measure stress or strain in materials.
2. Thermistors:
Temperature-sensitive resistors that exhibit a significant change in resistance with temperature.
Example: Used for temperature sensing in various applications, temperature control systems 28
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 Passive transducers Application
1. Strain Gauges (Wire Type):
• Monitor the structural integrity of buildings, bridges, aircraft, and other critical structures.
• To study the mechanical properties of materials under stress.
• For measuring strains in components such as chassis, suspension systems, and engine
components.
• Monitor the deformation of components during fabrication and ensure product quality.
• To measure strains in bones, tissues, and implants.
• Used in soil and rock mechanics to study the deformation of the ground and structures.
• Incorporated in load cells to measure the load applied to a structure.
• Utilized in robotics for feedback on mechanical deformations and stresses in robot
components.
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 Passive transducers Application
2. Thermistors:
• Thermistors are integrated into electronic circuits to provide temperature compensation.
• Thermistors contribute to temperature control in heating systems.
• Thermistors are used in energy-efficient systems that require precise temperature control.
• Thermistors contribute to temperature control and safety features in household appliances.
• Thermistors are integrated into battery packs to monitor and control battery temperatures.
• Thermistors are used in electronic circuits for temperature compensation and protection.
• Thermistors are used in heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems.
• Thermistors play a role in ensuring food safety and quality.
• Thermistors are used in weather stations and meteorological instruments for temperature
measurements.
• Thermistors are employed in medical devices where precise temperature measurements are
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critical.
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➢ Inductive type:
1. LVDT (Linear Variable Differential Transformer):
• Measures linear displacement by detecting changes in the magnetic coupling between a
movable core and transformer windings.
• Used for position sensing in applications such as industrial automation and aerospace.
• LVDTs are extensively used for measuring the linear displacement or position of components in
industrial machinery, including hydraulic cylinders, valves, and machine tools.
• LVDTs are used in vibration monitoring systems to measure the amplitude and frequency of
vibrations in machinery.
• Position sensing in robotic surgery systems.
• Monitoring ground movements and deformations.
• Automotive testing and research for measuring the displacement of various vehicle
components.
• Displacement of components in turbines and generators.
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➢ Capacitive type: Hall Effect Transducer:
• The core component of a Hall effect transducer is a small semiconductor device known as the
Hall element or sensor.
• The Hall element is typically made of a thin piece of semiconductor material, often a thin slab
of a specific semiconductor material like gallium arsenide.
• Proximity Sensors: Used as proximity switches for detecting the presence or absence of a
magnetic field, making them suitable for applications like door and elevator control.
• Speed Sensors: Commonly employed in automotive applications for measuring the speed of
rotating components, such as wheel speed sensors in anti-lock braking systems (ABS).
• Current Sensors: Utilized for measuring current in electronic circuits, especially in applications
where a non-intrusive and contactless measurement is required.
• Position Sensors: Applied in industrial settings for detecting the position of moving parts in
machinery, such as in robotics and manufacturing systems.
• Magnetic Field Measurement: Used for measuring and mapping magnetic fields in scientific
and research applications. 32

Tushar G Vilhekar LEE, GP Amravati