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Chapter 3 - Alexander`s Fundamentals of Electric circuits

Ch.3 Solution
Fundamentals of Electric circuits (군산대학교)

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Chapter 3, Solution 1

Using Fig. 3.50, design a problem to help other students to better understand
nodal analysis.
R1 R2

Ix
+ +
12 V  9V 
R3

Figure 3.50
For Prob. 3.1 and Prob. 3.39.

Solution

Given R 1 = 4 kΩ, R 2 = 2 kΩ, and R 3 = 2 kΩ, determine the value of I x using

nodal analysis.

Let the node voltage in the top middle of the circuit be designated as V x .

[(V x –12)/4k] + [(V x –0)/2k] + [(V x –9)/2k] = 0 or (multiply this by 4 k)

(1+2+2)V x = 12+18 = 30 or V x = 30/5 = 6 volts and

I x = 6/(2k) = 3 mA.

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Chapter 3, Solution 2

At node 1,

 v1 v1 v  v2
  6 1 60 = - 8v 1 + 5v 2 (1)
10 5 2

At node 2,
v2 v  v2
 36 1 36 = - 2v 1 + 3v 2 (2)
4 2

Solving (1) and (2),

v 1 = 0 V, v 2 = 12 V

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Chapter 3, Solution 3

Applying KCL to the upper node,

v0 vo vo v
8    20  0 = 0 or v 0 = –60 V
10 20 30 60

v0 v
i1 =  –6 A , i 2 = 0  –3 A,
10 20
v0 v
i3 =  –2 A, i 4 = 0  1 A.
30 60

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Chapter 3, Solution 4

v1 3A v2
i1 i2 i3 i4
20  10  40  40  2A
6A

At node 1,

–6 – 3 + v 1 /(20) + v 1 /(10) = 0 or v 1 = 9(200/30) = 60 V

At node 2,

3 – 2 + v 2 /(10) + v 2 /(5) = 0 or v 2 = –1(1600/80) = –20 V

i 1 = v 1 /(20) = 3 A, i 2 = v 1 /(10) = 6 A,
i 3 = v 2 /(40) = –500 mA, i 4 = v 2 /(40) = –500 mA.

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Chapter 3, Solution 5

Apply KCL to the top node.

30  v 0 20  v 0 v 0
  v 0 = 20 V
2k 5k 4k

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Chapter 3, Solution 6.

Solve for V 1 using nodal analysis.

10 
10 

+
5 +
10 V
–
V1 10  20 V 
+
–

Figure 3.55
For Prob. 3.6.

Step 1. The first thing to do is to select a reference node and to identify all the
unknown nodes. We select the bottom of the circuit as the reference node. The only
unknown node is the one connecting all the resistors together and we will call that node
V 1 . The other two nodes are at the top of each source. Relative to the reference, the one
at the top of the 10-volt source is –10 V. At the top of the 20-volt source is +20 V.

Step 2. Setup the nodal equation (there is only one since there is only one
unknown).

Step 3. Simplify and solve.

or
V 1 = –2 V.

The answer can be checked by calculating all the currents and see if they add up to zero.
The top two currents on the left flow right to left and are 0.8 A and 1.6 A respectively.
The current flowing up through the 10-ohm resistor is 0.2 A. The current flowing right to
left through the 10-ohm resistor is 2.2 A. Summing all the currents flowing out of the
node, V 1 , we get, +0.8+1.6 –0.2–2.2 = 0. The answer checks.

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Chapter 3, Solution 7

Vx  0 Vx  0
2   0.2Vx  0
10 20

0.35V x = 2 or V x = 5.714 V.

Substituting into the original equation for a check we get,

0.5714 + 0.2857 + 1.1428 = 1.9999 checks!

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Chapter 3, Solution 8
6 i1 v1 i3 20

i2

+ 60V +
V0 4 –
+ 5V 0
– –
20

v1 ( v1  60)  0 v1  5v 0
i1 + i2 + i3 = 0   0
10 20 20
2
But v0  v1 so that 2v 1 + v 1 – 60 + v 1 – 2v 1 = 0
5
or v 1 = 60/2 = 30 V, therefore v o = 2v 1 /5 = 12 V.

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Chapter 3, Solution 9

Let V 1 be the unknown node voltage to the right of the 250-Ω resistor. Let the ground
reference be placed at the bottom of the 50-Ω resistor. This leads to the following nodal
equation:

V1  24 V1  0 V1  60I b  0
  0
250 50 150
simplifying we get
3V1  72  15V1  5V1  300I b  0

24  V1
But I b  . Substituting this into the nodal equation leads to
250

24.2V1  100.8  0 or V 1 = 4.165 V.

Thus, I b = (24 – 4.165)/250 = 79.34 mA.

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Chapter 3, Solution 10

v1 v2 v3

At node 1. [(v 1 –0)/8] + [(v 1 –v 3 )/1] + 4 = 0

At node 2. –4 + [(v 2 –0)/2] + 2i o = 0

At node 3. –2i o + [(v 3 –0)/4] + [(v 3 –v 1 )/1] = 0

Finally, we need a constraint equation, i o = v 1 /8

This produces,
1.125v 1 – v 3 = 4 (1)

0.25v 1 + 0.5v 2 = 4 (2)

–1.25v 1 + 1.25v 3 = 0 or v 1 = v 3 (3)

Substituting (3) into (1) we get (1.125–1)v 1 = 4 or v 1 = 4/0.125 = 32 volts. This leads to,

i o = 32/8 = 4 amps.

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Chapter 3, Solution 11

Find V o and the power absorbed by all the resistors in the circuit of Fig. 3.60.

12  Vo 6

+ –
60 V 12  24 V
_ +

Figure 3.60
For Prob. 3.11.

Solution
Vo  60 Vo  0 Vo  (24)
At the top node, KCL produces   0
12 12 6

(1/3)V o = 1 or V o = 3 V.

P 12Ω = (3–60)2/1 = 293.9 W (this is for the 12 Ω resistor in series with the 60 V
source)

P 12Ω = (V o )2/12 = 9/12 = 750 mW (this is for the 12 Ω resistor connecting V o to

ground)

P 4Ω = (3–(–24))2/6 = 121.5 W.

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Chapter 3, Solution 12

There are two unknown nodes, as shown in the circuit below.

20  10 
V1 Vo

Ix
+
40 V _ 20  10 
4 Ix

At node 1,
V1  40 V1  0 V1  Vo
   0 or
20 20 10
(0.05+0.05+.1)V 1 – 0.1V o = 0.2V 1 – 0.1V o = 2 (1)

At node o,
Vo  V1 V 0
 4I x  o  0 and I x = V 1 /20
10 10
–0.1V 1 – 0.2V 1 + 0.2V o = –0.3V 1 + 0.2V o = 0 or (2)

V 1 = (2/3)V o (3)

Substituting (3) into (1),

0.2(2/3)V o – 0.1V o = 0.03333V o = 2 or

V o = 60 V.

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Chapter 3, Solution 13

Calculate v 1 and v 2 in the circuit of Fig. 3.62 using nodal analysis.

10 V

15 A

Figure 3.62
For Prob. 3.13.

Solution

At node number 2, [((v 2 + 10) – 0)/10] + [(v 2 –0)/4] – 15 = 0 or

(0.1+0.25)v 2 = 0.35v 2 = –1+15 = 14 or

v 2 = 40 volts.

Next, I = [(v 2 + 10) – 0]/10 = (40 + 10)/10 = 5 amps and

v 1 = 8x5 = 40 volts.

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Chapter 3, Solution 14

Using nodal analysis, find v o in the circuit of Fig. 3.63.

12.5 A

8

1 2
+
–
4 50 V
+
vo
100 V +
– 

Figure 3.63
For Prob. 3.14.
12.5 A
Solution

8
v0
v1
1 2
+
–
4 50 V
+
vo
100 V +
– 

At node 1,

[(v 1 –100)/1] + [(v 1 –v o )/2] + 12.5 = 0 or 3v 1 – v o = 200–25 = 175 (1)

At node o,

[(v o –v 1 )/2] – 12.5 + [(v o –0)/4] + [(v o +50)/8] = 0 or –4v 1 + 7v o = 50

(2)

Adding 4x(1) to 3x(2) yields,

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4(1) + 3(2) = –4v o + 21v o = 700 + 150 or 17v o = 850 or

v o = 50 V.

Checking, we get v 1 = (175+v o )/3 = 75 V.

At node 1,

[(75–100)/1] + [(75–50)/2] + 12.5 = –25 + 12.5 + 12.5 = 0!

At node o,

[(50–75)/2] + [(50–0)/4] + [(50+50)/8] – 12.5 = –12.5 + 12.5 + 12.5 – 12.5 = 0!

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Chapter 3, Solution 15
5A

8
v0
v1
1 2
–
4 20 V
+
40 V +
–

Nodes 1 and 2 form a supernode so that v 1 = v 2 + 10 (1)

At the supernode, 2 + 6v 1 + 5v 2 = 3 (v 3 - v 2 ) 2 + 6v 1 + 8v 2 = 3v 3 (2)

At node 3, 2 + 4 = 3 (v 3 - v 2 ) v3 = v2 + 2 (3)

Substituting (1) and (3) into (2),

 56
2 + 6v 2 + 60 + 8v 2 = 3v 2 + 6 v2 =
11
54
v 1 = v 2 + 10 =
11

i 0 = 6v i = 29.45 A

2
v12  54 
P 65 =  v12 G    6  144.6 W
R  11 
2
  56 
= v G  5  129.6 W
2
P 55 2
 11 

P 35 = v L  v 3  G  (2) 2 3  12 W
2

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Chapter 3, Solution 16
2S

v1 v2 8S
v3
i0
+ 13 V +
2A 1S v0 4S
–
–

At the supernode,

2 = v 1 + 2 (v 1 - v 3 ) + 8(v 2 – v 3 ) + 4v 2 , which leads to 2 = 3v 1 + 12v 2 - 10v 3 (1)

But
v 1 = v 2 + 2v 0 and v 0 = v 2 .

Hence
v 1 = 3v 2 (2)
v 3 = 13V (3)

Substituting (2) and (3) with (1) gives,

v 1 = 18.858 V, v 2 = 6.286 V, v 3 = 13 V

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Chapter 3, Solution 17 v1
i0
4 2
10 
60 V v2 8

60 V + 3i 0
–

60  v1 v1 v1  v 2
At node 1,   120 = 7v 1 - 4v 2 (1)
4 8 2
60  v 2 v1  v 2
At node 2, 3i 0 +  0
10 2

60  v1
But i 0 = .
4

Hence

360  v1  60  v 2 v1  v 2
  0 1020 = 5v 1 + 12v 2 (2)
4 10 2

60  v1
Solving (1) and (2) gives v 1 = 53.08 V. Hence i 0 =  1.73 A
4

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Chapter 3, Solution 18

–+
v2
v1 v3
30 V
2 2 + +
15A
v1 v3
4 8 – –

(a) (b)

v 2  v1 v 2  v 3
At node 2, in Fig. (a),  –15 = 0 or –0.5v 1 + v 2 – 0.5v 3 = 15 (1)
2 2
v  v1 v 2  v 3 v1 v 3
At the supernode, 2    = 0 and (v 1 /4) – 15 + (v 3 /8) = 0 or
2 2 4 8
2v 1 +v 3 = 120 (2)

From Fig. (b), – v 1 – 30 + v 3 = 0 or v 3 = v 1 + 30 (3)

Solving (1) to (3), we obtain,

v 1 = 30 V, v 2 = 60 V = v 3

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Chapter 3, Solution 19

At node 1,

V1  V3 V1  V2 V1
5  3   
 16  7V1  V2  4V3 (1)
2 8 4
At node 2,

V1  V2 V2 V2  V3
  
 0  V1  7V2  2V3 (2)
8 2 4
At node 3,

12  V3 V1  V3 V2  V3
3   0 
  36  4V1  2V2  7V3 (3)
8 2 4
From (1) to (3),

 7  1  4  V1   16 
    
  1 7  2 V2    0  
 AV  B
4
 2  7  V3    36 
Using MATLAB,

 10 
V  A 1 B   4.933  
 V1  10 V, V2  4.933 V, V3  12.267 V
12.267 

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Chapter 3, Solution 20

Nodes 1 and 2 form a supernode; so do nodes 1 and 3. Hence

V1 V2 V3
  0  V1  4V2  V3  0 (1)
4 1 4

.
V1 . V2 2 V3

4 1 4

Between nodes 1 and 3,

 V1  12  V3  0 
 V3  V1  12 (2)
Similarly, between nodes 1 and 2,
V1  V2  2i (3)
But i  V3 / 4 . Combining this with (2) and (3) gives
. V2  6  V1 / 2 (4)

Solving (1), (2), and (4) leads to

V1  3V, V2  4.5V, V3  15V

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Chapter 3, Solution 21
4 k

2 k 3v 0
v3 3v 0
v1 v2
+ +

+ + +
v0 v3 v2
3 mA 1 k – –
–

(b)
(a)

Let v 3 be the voltage between the 2k resistor and the voltage-controlled voltage source.
At node 1,
v  v 2 v1  v 3
3x10 3  1  12 = 3v 1 - v 2 - 2v 3 (1)
4000 2000

At node 2,
v1  v 2 v1  v 3 v 2
  3v 1 - 5v 2 - 2v 3 = 0 (2)
4 2 1

Note that v 0 = v 2 . We now apply KVL in Fig. (b)

- v 3 - 3v 2 + v 2 = 0 v 3 = - 2v 2 (3)

From (1) to (3),

v 1 = 1 V, v 2 = 3 V

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Chapter 3, Solution 22

12  v 0 v1 v  v0
At node 1,  3 1 24 = 7v 1 - v 2 (1)
2 4 8

v 1  v 2 v 2  5v 2
At node 2, 3 + 
8 1

But, v 1 = 12 - v 1

Hence, 24 + v 1 - v 2 = 8 (v 2 + 60 + 5v 1 ) = 4 V

456 = 41v 1 - 9v 2 (2)

Solving (1) and (2),

v 1 = - 10.91 V, v 2 = - 100.36 V

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Chapter 3, Solution 23

We apply nodal analysis to the circuit shown below.

2 Vo
1 4
Vo V1
+ –

+
+
30 V _ 2 Vo 16 
3A
_

At node o,

Vo  30 Vo  0 Vo  (2Vo  V1 )
   0  1.25Vo  0.25V1  30 (1)
1 2 4

At node 1,

(2Vo  V1 )  Vo V1  0
  3  0  5V1  4Vo  48 (2)
4 16

From (1), V 1 = 5V o – 120. Substituting this into (2) yields

29V o = 648 or V o = 22.34 V.

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Chapter 3, Solution 24
SKIP

Consider the circuit below.

8

+ Vo _
2A
4A
V2 4
V3
V1 V4

1 2 2 1

V1  0 V  V4
4 1  0  1.125V1  0.125V4  4 (1)
1 8
V  0 V2  V3
4 2   0  0.75V2  0.25V3  4 (2)
2 4
V3  V2 V3  0
  2  0  0.25V2  0.75V3  2 (3)
4 2
V  V1 V4  0
2 4   0  0.125V1  1.125V4  2 (4)
8 1

 1.125 0 0  0.125 4

 0 0.75  0.25 0     4
 V 
 0  0.25 0.75 0    2
   
 0.125 0 0 1.125  2

Now we can use MATLAB to solve for the unknown node voltages.

>> Y=[1.125,0,0,-0.125;0,0.75,-0.25,0;0,-0.25,0.75,0;-0.125,0,0,1.125]

Y=

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1.1250 0 0 -0.1250
0 0.7500 -0.2500 0
0 -0.2500 0.7500 0
-0.1250 0 0 1.1250

>> I=[4,-4,-2,2]'

I=

4
-4
-2
2

>> V=inv(Y)*I

V=

3.8000
-7.0000
-5.0000
2.2000

V o = V 1 – V 4 = 3.8 – 2.2 = 1.6 V.

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Chapter 3, Solution 25 SKIP

Consider the circuit shown below.

20
4
 

10
1 10
1   3 
2
  

 30
8
4 20

At node 1.
V  V2 V1  V4
4 1   80  21V1  20V2  V4 (1)
1 20
At node 2,
V1  V2 V2 V2  V3
   0  80V1  98V2  8V3 (2)
1 8 10

At node 3,
V2  V3 V3 V3  V4
    0  2V2  5V3  2V4 (3)
10 20 10
At node 4,
V1  V4 V3  V4 V4
    0  3V1  6V3  11V4 (4)
20 10 30
Putting (1) to (4) in matrix form gives:

 80   21 20 0 1   V1 
    
 0    80 98 8 0  V2 
0  0 2 5 2  V3 
    
0  3 0 6 11 V4 

B =A V V = A-1 B

Using MATLAB leads to

V 1 = 25.52 V, V 2 = 22.05 V, V 3 = 14.842 V, V 4 = 15.055 V

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Chapter 3, Solution 26

At node 1,

15  V1 V  V3 V1  V2
 3 1    45  7V1  4V2  2V3 (1)
20 10 5
At node 2,
V1  V2 4 I o  V2 V2  V3
  (2)
5 5 5
V1  V3
But I o  . Hence, (2) becomes
10
0  7V1  15V2  3V3 (3)
At node 3,
V  V3  10  V3 V2  V3
3 1   0  70  3V1  6V2  11V3 (4)
10 15 5
Putting (1), (3), and (4) in matrix form produces

 7  4  2  V1    45 
    
 7  15 3  V2    0  
 AV  B
  3  6 11  V   70 
  3   
Using MATLAB leads to
  7.19 
 
V  A 1B    2.78 
 2.89 
 
Thus,
V 1 = –7.19V; V 2 = –2.78V; V 3 = 2.89V.

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Chapter 3, Solution 27

At node 1,

2 = 2v 1 + v 1 – v 2 + (v 1 – v 3 )4 + 3i 0 , i 0 = 4v 2 . Hence,

2 = 7v 1 + 11v 2 – 4v 3 (1)
At node 2,

v 1 – v 2 = 4v 2 + v 2 – v 3 0 = – v 1 + 6v 2 – v 3 (2)

At node 3,
2v 3 = 4 + v 2 – v 3 + 12v 2 + 4(v 1 – v 3 )

or – 4 = 4v 1 + 13v 2 – 7v 3 (3)

In matrix form,

7 11  4  v 1   2 
1  6 1   v    0 
  2   
4 13  7  v 3    4

7 11 4 2 11 4
  1 6 1  176,  1  0 6 1  110
4 13 7 4 13 7

7 2 4 7 11 2
2  1 0 1  66,  3  1  6 0  286
4 4 7 4 13  4

 1 110  66
v1 =   0.625V, v 2 = 2   0.375V
 176  176

3 286
v3 =   1.625V.
 176

v 1 = 625 mV, v 2 = 375 mV, v 3 = 1.625 V.

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Chapter 3, Solution 28 SKIP

At node c,
V d  V c V c  Vb V c
   0  5Vb  11Vc  2Vd (1)
10 4 5
At node b,
Va  90  Vb Vc  Vb Vb
  
  90  Va  4Vb  2Vc (2)
8 4 8
At node a,
Va  60  Vd Va Va  90  Vb
  0  60  7Va  2Vb  4Vd (3)
4 16 8
At node d,
Va  60  Vd Vd Vd  Vc
  
 300  5Va  2Vc  8Vd (4)
4 20 10
In matrix form, (1) to (4) become
 0  5 11  2  Va   0 
    
 1  4 2 0  Vb    90 
 7  2 0  4  V    60    AV  B
   
c

 5 0 2  8  V   300 
  d   
We use MATLAB to invert A and obtain

  10.56 
 
1  20.56 
VA B
1.389 
 
  43.75 
 
Thus,
V a = –10.56 V; V b = 20.56 V; V c = 1.389 V; VC d = –43.75 V.

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Chapter 3, Solution 29 SKIP

At node 1,
5  V1  V4  2V1  V1  V2  0 
  5  4V1  V2  V4 (1)
At node 2,
V1  V2  2V2  4(V2  V3 )  0 
 0  V1  7V2  4V3 (2)
At node 3,
6  4(V2  V3 )  V3  V4  6  4V2  5V3  V4 (3)
At node 4,
2  V3  V4  V1  V4  3V4 
 2  V1  V3  5V4 (4)
In matrix form, (1) to (4) become
 4  1 0  1 V1    5 
    
  1 7  4 0 V2   0 
 0  4 5  1 V    6   AV  B
    
3
  1 0  1 5 V   2 
  4   
Using MATLAB,

  0.7708 
 
1  1.209 
V  A B
2.309 
 
 0.7076 
 
i.e.
V1  0.7708 V, V 2  1.209 V, V 3  2.309 V, V 4  0.7076 V

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Chapter 3, Solution 30

–+
40 
i0
96 V

v1 20  v0

10  1 2

+
80 V 4v 0 + 2i 0
– – 80 

At node 1,

[(v 1 –80)/10]+[(v 1 –4v o )/20]+[(v 1 –(v o –96))/40] = 0 or

(0.1+0.05+0.025)v 1 – (0.2+0.025)v o =
0.175v 1 – 0.225v o = 8–2.4 = 5.6 (1)

At node 2,

–2i o + [((v o –96)–v 1 )/40] + [(v o –0)/80] = 0 and i o = [(v 1 –(v o –96))/40]
–2[(v 1 –(v o –96))/40] + [((v o –96)–v 1 )/40] + [(v o –0)/80] = 0
–3[(v 1 –(v o –96))/40] + [(v o –0)/80] = 0 or
–0.0.075v 1 + (0.075+0.0125)v o = 7.2 =
–0.075v 1 + 0.0875v o = 7.2 (2)

Using (1) and (2) we get,

 0.175  0.225  v1  5.6

 0.075 0.0875  v   7.2 or
  o   
0.0875 0.225 0.0875 0.225
 v1   
0.075 0.175 5.6  0.075 0.175 5.6

v   0.0153125  0.016875 7.2   0.0015625 7.2
 o    

v 1 = –313.6–1036.8 = –1350.4

v o = –268.8–806.4 = –1.0752 kV

and i o = [(v 1 –(v o –96))/40] = [(–1350.4–(–1075.2–96))/40] = –4.48 amps.

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Chapter 3, Solution 31
1

+ v0 –
v1 v2 2v 0 v3 2

i0
1A 10 V +
4 1 4 –

At the supernode,

v1 v 2 v1  v 3
1 + 2v 0 =   (1)
4 1 1

But v o = v 1 – v 3 . Hence (1) becomes,

4 = -3v 1 + 4v 2 +4v 3 (2)

At node 3,
v3 10  v 3
2v o +  v1  v 3 
4 2

or 20 = 4v 1 + 0v 2 – v 3 (3)

v3
At the supernode, v 2 = v 1 + 4i o . But i o = . Hence,
4

v2 = v1 + v3 (4)

Solving (2) to (4) leads to,

v 1 = 4.97V, v 2 = 4.85V, v 3 = –0.12V.

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Chapter 3, Solution 32

5 k v3
10 V 20 V

–+ +–
v1
v2 +
+ loop 1 v3
v1 loop 2
10 k 12 V + –
– –
4 mA

(b)
(a)

We have a supernode as shown in figure (a). It is evident that v 2 = 12 V, Applying KVL

to loops 1and 2 in figure (b), we obtain,

-v 1 – 10 + 12 = 0 or v 1 = 2 and -12 + 20 + v 3 = 0 or v 3 = -8 V

Thus, v 1 = 2 V, v 2 = 12 V, v 3 = -8V.

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Chapter 3, Solution 33

(a) This is a planar circuit. It can be redrawn as shown below.

5

3 1

2 4
6

2A

(b) This is a planar circuit. It can be redrawn as shown below.

4

3

5
12 V + 2
–

1

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Chapter 3, Solution 34

(a) This is a planar circuit because it can be redrawn as shown below,

7

2
1 3
6

10 V + 5
–
4

(b) This is a non-planar circuit.

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Chapter 3, Solution 35

30 V + 20 V +
– –
+
i1 i2 v0 4 k
2 k 5 k –

Assume that i 1 and i 2 are in mA. We apply mesh analysis. For mesh 1,

-30 + 20 + 7i 1 – 5i 2 = 0 or 7i 1 – 5i 2 = 10 (1)

For mesh 2,

-20 + 9i 2 – 5i 1 = 0 or -5i 1 + 9i 2 = 20 (2)

Solving (1) and (2), we obtain, i 2 = 5.

v 0 = 4i 2 = 20 volts.

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Chapter 3, Solution 36
10 V
4
i1 +–
i2 i3

12 V + I1 I2
– 6 2

Applying mesh analysis gives,

10I 1 – 6I 2 = 12 and –6I 1 + 8I 2 = –10

4 3
 
 6   5  3  I1   6   I1  3 5  6 
or  5   3 4  I    5 or I   11  5
    2     2   

I 1 = (24–15)/11 = 0.8182 and I 2 = (18–25)/11 = –0.6364

i 1 = –I 1 = –818.2 mA; i 2 = I 1 – I 2 = 0.8182+0.6364 = 1.4546 A; and

i 3 = I 2 = –636.4 mA.

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Chapter 3, Solution 37
6 20

60 V +
+ – 5v 0
v0 4 i1 i2 +
– –
20

Applying mesh analysis to loops 1 and 2, we get,

30i 1 – 20i 2 + 60 = 0 which leads to i 2 = 1.5i 1 + 3 (1)

–20i 1 + 40i 2 – 60 + 5v 0 = 0 (2)

But, v 0 = –4i 1 (3)

Using (1), (2), and (3) we get –20i 1 + 60i 1 + 120 – 60 – 20i 1 = 0 or

20i 1 = –60 or i 1 = –3 amps and i 2 = 7.5 amps.

Therefore, we get,
v 0 = –4i 1 = 12 volts.

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Chapter 3, Solution 38

Consider the circuit below with the mesh currents.

4 3

+ I3 I4
60 V 1
_ 10 A

2 2

Io
1
+
1 I1 I2 _ 22.5V

4
5A

I 1 = –5 A (1)

1(I 2 –I 1 ) + 2(I 2 –I 4 ) + 22.5 + 4I 2 = 0

7I 2 – I 4 = –27.5 (2)

–60 + 4I 3 + 3I 4 + 1I 4 + 2(I 4 –I 2 ) + 2(I 3 – I 1 ) = 0 (super mesh)

–2I 2 + 6 I 3 + 6I 4 = +60 – 10 = 50 (3)

But, we need one more equation, so we use the constraint equation –I 3 + I 4 = 10. This
now gives us three equations with three unknowns.

7 0  1 I 2   27.5
 2 6 6   I    50 
  3   
 0  1 1  I 4   10 

We can now use MATLAB to solve the problem.

>> Z=[7,0,-1;-2,6,6;0,-1,0]

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Z=

7 0 -1
-2 6 6
0 -1 0
>> V=[–27.5,50,10]'

V=
–27.5
50
10
>> I=inv(Z)*V

I=
–1.3750
–10.0000
17.8750

I o = I 1 – I 2 = –5 – 1.375 = –6.375 A.

Check using the super mesh (equation (3)):

–2I 2 + 6 I 3 + 6I 4 = 2.75 – 60 + 107.25 = 50!

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Chapter 3, Solution 39

Using Fig. 3.50 from Prob. 3.1, design a problem to help other students to better
understand mesh analysis.

Solution

Given R 1 = 4 kΩ, R 2 = 2 kΩ, and R 3 = 2 kΩ, determine the value of I x using

mesh analysis.
R1 R2

Ix
+ I1 I2 +
12 V  9V 
R3

Figure 3.50
For Prob. 3.1 and 3.39.

For loop 1 we get –12 +4kI 1 + 2k(I 1 –I 2 ) = 0 or 6I 1 – 2I 2 = 0.012 and at

loop 2 we get 2k(I 2 –I 1 ) + 2kI 2 + 9 = 0 or –2I 1 + 4I 2 = –0.009.

Now 6I 1 – 2I 2 = 0.012 + 3[–2I 1 + 4I 2 = –0.009] leads to,

10I 2 = 0.012 – 0.027 = –0.015 or I 2 = –1.5 mA and I 1 = (–0.003+0.012)/6 = 1.5

mA.

Thus,

I x = I 1 –I 2 = (1.5+1.5) mA = 3 mA.

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Chapter 3, Solution 40

2 k 6 k
6 k i2
2 k
56V + i1
–
i3
4 k 4 k

Assume all currents are in mA and apply mesh analysis for mesh 1.

–56 + 12i 1 – 6i 2 – 4i 3 = 0 or 6i 1 – 3i 2 – 2i 3 = 28 (1)

for mesh 2,

–6i 1 + 14i 2 – 2i 3 = 0 or –3i 1 + 7i 2 – i 3 =0 (2)

for mesh 3,

–4i 1 – 2i 2 + 10i 3 = 0 or –2i 1 – i 2 + 5i 3 =0 (3)

Solving (1), (2), and (3) using MATLAB, we obtain,

i o = i 1 = 8 mA.

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Chapter 3, Solution 41
10 

i1
6V
2
+–

1
i2
4 i3 5
8V +
–

i
i2 i3
0

For loop 1,
6 = 12i 1 – 2i 2 3 = 6i 1 – i 2 (1)
For loop 2,
-8 = – 2i 1 +7i 2 – i 3 (2)
For loop 3,

-8 + 6 + 6i 3 – i 2 = 0 2 = – i 2 + 6i 3 (3)

We put (1), (2), and (3) in matrix form,

6  1 0  i1   3
 2  7 1  i    8 
  2   
0  1 6 i 3  2

6 1 0 6 3 0
  2  7 1  234,  2  2 8 1  240
0 1 6 0 2 6

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6 1 3
 3  2  7 8  38
0 1 2

3  2  38  240
At node 0, i + i 2 = i 3 or i = i 3 – i 2 =  = 1.188 A
  234

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Chapter 3, Solution 42

Although there are many ways to work this problem, this is an example based on the same kind
of problem asked in the third edition.

Problem

Determine the mesh currents in the circuit of Fig. 3.88.

Figure 3.88

Solution

For mesh 1,
 12  50I 1  30I 2  0  12  50I1  30I 2 (1)
For mesh 2,
 8  100 I 2  30 I 1  40 I 3  0 
 8  30 I 1  100 I 2  40 I 3 (2)
For mesh 3,
 6  50 I 3  40 I 2  0  6  40 I 2  50 I 3 (3)
Putting eqs. (1) to (3) in matrix form, we get

 50  30 0  I 1  12 
    
  30 100  40  I 2    8  
 AI  B
 0
  40 50  I 3   6 
Using Matlab,

 0.48 
1
 
I  A B   0.40 
 0.44 
 

i.e. I 1 = 480 mA, I 2 = 400 mA, I 3 = 440 mA

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Chapter 3, Solution 43

20 
a

80 V + 30 
i1 +
–

i3 30  V ab
20 

80 V + i2 30  –
–
20  b

For loop 1,

80 = 70i 1 – 20i 2 – 30i 3 8 = 7i 1 – 2i 2 – 3i 3 (1)

For loop 2,

80 = 70i 2 – 20i 1 – 30i 3 8 = -2i 1 + 7i 2 – 3i 3 (2)

For loop 3,

0 = -30i 1 – 30i 2 + 90i 3 0 = i 1 + i 2 – 3i 3

(3)

Solving (1) to (3), we obtain i 3 = 16/9

I o = i 3 = 16/9 = 1.7778 A

V ab = 30i 3 = 53.33 V.

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Chapter 3, Solution 44
90 V

2 i3 4
i2
1
180V +
–
5
i1

45 A

i1 i2

Loop 1 and 2 form a supermesh. For the supermesh,

6i 1 + 4i 2 – 5i 3 + 180 = 0 (1)

For loop 3, –i 1 – 4i 2 + 7i 3 + 90 = 0 (2)

Also, i 2 = 45 + i 1 (3)

Solving (1) to (3), i 1 = –46, i 3 = –20; i o = i 1 – i 3 = –26 A

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Chapter 3, Solution 45

4 8

i3 i4

2 6

30V +
– i1 3 i2 1

For loop 1, 30 = 5i 1 – 3i 2 – 2i 3 (1)

For loop 2, 10i 2 - 3i 1 – 6i 4 = 0 (2)

For the supermesh, 6i 3 + 14i 4 – 2i 1 – 6i 2 = 0 (3)

But i 4 – i 3 = 4 which leads to i 4 = i 3 + 4 (4)

Solving (1) to (4) by elimination gives i = i 1 = 8.561 A.

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Chapter 3, Solution 46

For loop 1,
 12  3i1  8(i1  i 2 )  12  11i1  8i 2  0 
 11i1  8i 2  12 (1)
For loop 2,
8(i 2  i1 )  6i 2  2v o  8i1  14i 2  2v o  0
But vo  3i1 ,
 8i1  14i2  6i1  0 
 i1  7i2 (2)
Substituting (2) into (1),
77i2  8i2  12 
 i 2  0.1739 A and i1  7i2  1.217 A

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Chapter 3, Solution 47

First, transform the current sources as shown below.

- 6V +
2

I3
V1 8 V2 4 V3

4
8
I1 2 I2
+ +
20V 12V
- -

For mesh 1,

 20  14 I 1  2 I 2  8I 3  0 
 10  7 I 1  I 2  4 I 3 (1)
For mesh 2,

12  14 I 2  2 I 1  4 I 3  0 
  6   I1  7 I 2  2I 3 (2)
For mesh 3,

 6  14 I 3  4 I 2  8I 1  0 
 3  4 I 1  2 I 2  7 I 3 (3)
Putting (1) to (3) in matrix form, we obtain

 7  1  4  I 1   10 
    
  1 7  2  I 2     6  
 AI  B
  4  2 7  I   3 
  3   
Using MATLAB,

 2 
I  A 1 B  0.0333 
 I 1  2.5, I 2  0.0333, I 3  1.8667
1.8667 
But

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20  V
I1  
 V1  20  4 I 1  10 V
4

V 2  2( I 1  I 2 )  4.933 V

Also,
V3  12
I2  
 V3  12  8I 2  12.267 V.
8

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Chapter 3, Solution 48

We apply mesh analysis and let the mesh currents be in mA.

3k 

I4

4k  2k  5k 

Io
1k  I3 -
I1 I2 3V
+ +
6V + 10k 
- 4V
-

For mesh 1,
 6  8  5I1  I 2  4I 4  0   2  5I1  I 2  4I 4 (1)
For mesh 2,
 4  13I 2  I1  10I 3  2I 4  0  4  I1  13I 2  10I 3  2I 4 (2)
For mesh 3,
 3  15I 3  10I 2  5I 4  0  3  10I 2  15I 3  5I 4 (3)
For mesh 4,
 4 I 1  2 I 2  5I 3  14 I 4  0 (4)
Putting (1) to (4) in matrix form gives
 5 1 0  4  I1   2 
    
  1 13  10  2  I 2   4 
 0  10 15  5  I    3  
 AI B
    
3
  4  2  5 14  I   0 
  4   
Using MATLAB,

 3.608 
 
1  4.044 
IA B 0.148
3.896 
 
 3 
 
The current through the 10k  resistor is I o = I 2 – I 3 = 148 mA.

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Chapter 3, Solution 49
3

i3

1 2

2 i1 i2 27 V +
–
2i 0

i1 i2
0
(a)

1 2

27V
+ +
2 +
i1 v0 v0 i2 –
or –

(b)

For the supermesh in figure (a),

3i 1 + 2i 2 – 3i 3 + 27 = 0 (1)

At node 0, i 2 – i 1 = 2i 0 and i 0 = –i 1 which leads to i 2 = –i 1 (2)

For loop 3, –i 1 –2i 2 + 6i 3 = 0 which leads to 6i 3 = –i 1 (3)

Solving (1) to (3), i 1 = (–54/3)A, i 2 = (54/3)A, i 3 = (27/9)A

i 0 = –i 1 = 18 A, from fig. (b), v 0 = i 3 –3i 1 = (27/9) + 54 = 57 V.

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Chapter 3, Solution 50

4 i1 2
i3
10 

8
35 V +
– i2

3i 0

i2 i3

For loop 1, 16i 1 – 10i 2 – 2i 3 = 0 which leads to 8i 1 – 5i 2 – i 3 = 0 (1)

For the supermesh, –35 + 10i 2 – 10i 1 + 10i 3 – 2i 1 = 0

or –6i 1 + 5i 2 + 5i 3 = 17.5 (2)

Also, 3i 0 = i 3 – i 2 and i 0 = i 1 which leads to 3i 1 = i 3 – i 2 (3)

Solving (1), (2), and (3), we obtain i 1 = 1.0098 and

i 0 = i 1 = 1.0098 A

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Chapter 3, Solution 51

5A

i1

8

2

1 i3
i2 +
4 v0 20V –
40 V + +
– 

For loop 1, i 1 = 5A (1)

For loop 2, -40 + 7i 2 – 2i 1 – 4i 3 = 0 which leads to 50 = 7i 2 – 4i 3 (2)

For loop 3, -20 + 12i 3 – 4i 2 = 0 which leads to 5 = - i 2 + 3 i 3 (3)

Solving with (2) and (3), i 2 = 10 A, i 3 = 5 A

And, v 0 = 4(i 2 – i 3 ) = 4(10 – 5) = 20 V.

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Chapter 3, Solution 52

+
v0 2  i2 8
–
3A i2
VS +
– i1 i3

4 i3 + 2V 0
–

For mesh 1,

2(i 1 – i 2 ) + 4(i 1 – i 3 ) – 12 = 0 which leads to 3i 1 – i 2 – 2i 3 = 6 (1)

For the supermesh, 2(i 2 – i 1 ) + 8i 2 + 2v 0 + 4(i 3 – i 1 ) = 0

But v 0 = 2(i 1 – i 2 ) which leads to -i 1 + 3i 2 + 2i 3 = 0

(2)

For the independent current source, i 3 = 3 + i 2 (3)

Solving (1), (2), and (3), we obtain,

i 1 = 3.5 A, i 2 = -0.5 A, i 3 = 2.5 A.

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SKIP
Chapter 3, Solution 53

Applying mesh analysis leads to;

–12 + 4kI 1 – 3kI 2 – 1kI 3 = 0 (1)
–3kI 1 + 7kI 2 – 4kI 4 = 0
–3kI 1 + 7kI 2 = –12 (2)
–1kI 1 + 15kI 3 – 8kI 4 – 6kI 5 = 0
–1kI 1 + 15kI 3 – 6k = –24 (3)
I 4 = –3mA (4)
–6kI 3 – 8kI 4 + 16kI 5 = 0
–6kI 3 + 16kI 5 = –24 (5)
Putting these in matrix form (having substituted I 4 = 3mA in the above),

 4  3  1 0   I1   12 
 3 7
 0 0  I 2    12 
k 
  1 0 15  6  I 3   24
     
0 0  6 16   I 5   24

ZI = V

Using MATLAB,

>> Z = [4,-3,-1,0;-3,7,0,0;-1,0,15,-6;0,0,-6,16]

Z=

4 -3 -1 0
-3 7 0 0
-1 0 15 -6
0 0 -6 16

>> V = [12,-12,-24,-24]'

V=

12
-12
-24
-24

We obtain,

>> I = inv(Z)*V

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I=
1.6196 mA
–1.0202 mA
–2.461 mA
3 mA
–2.423 mA

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Chapter 3, Solution 54

Let the mesh currents be in mA. For mesh 1,

 12  10  2 I 1  I 2  0  2  2I1  I 2 (1)
For mesh 2,
 10  3I 2  I 1  I 3  0  10   I 1  3I 2  I 3 (2)
For mesh 3,
 12  2 I 3  I 2  0  12   I 2  2 I 3 (3)
Putting (1) to (3) in matrix form leads to

 2  1 0  I 1   2 
    
  1 3  1 I 2   10  
 AI  B
 0  1 2  I  12 
  3   
Using MATLAB,

 5.25 
I  A B   8.5 
1

 I 1  5.25 mA, I 2  8.5 mA, I 3  10.25 mA
10.25

I 1 = 5.25 mA, I 2 = 8.5 mA, and I 3 = 10.25 mA.

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Chapter 3, Solution 55
10 V
I2
b + c

1A
i1 I2
4A 6
1A
d I3 2
I1
i2
I4 i3
I3
4A
12  4

a +– 0
I4
8V
It is evident that I 1 = 4 (1)

For mesh 4, 12(I 4 – I 1 ) + 4(I 4 – I 3 ) – 8 = 0 (2)

For the supermesh 6(I 2 – I 1 ) + 10 + 2I 3 + 4(I 3 – I 4 ) = 0

or -3I 1 + 3I 2 + 3I 3 – 2I 4 = -5 (3)

At node c, I2 = I3 + 1 (4)

Solving (1), (2), (3), and (4) yields, I 1 = 4A, I 2 = 3A, I 3 = 2A, and I 4 = 4A

At node b, i 1 = I 2 – I 1 = -1A

At node a, i 2 = 4 – I 4 = 0A

At node 0, i 3 = I 4 – I 3 = 2A

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Chapter 3, Solution 56
+ v1 –

2
i2
2 2

2 +
2
12 V + v2
– i1 i3 –

For loop 1, 12 = 4i 1 – 2i 2 – 2i 3 which leads to 6 = 2i 1 – i 2 – i 3 (1)

For loop 2, 0 = 6i 2 –2i 1 – 2 i 3 which leads to 0 = -i 1 + 3i 2 – i 3 (2)

For loop 3, 0 = 6i 3 – 2i 1 – 2i 2 which leads to 0 = -i 1 – i 2 + 3i 3 (3)

In matrix form (1), (2), and (3) become,

 2  1  1  i1  6
  1 3  1 i   0
  2   
  1  1 3  i 3  0

2 1 1 2 6 1
 =  1 3  1  8,  2 =  1 3  1  24
1 1 3 1 0 3
2 1 6
 3 =  1 3 0  24 , therefore i 2 = i 3 = 24/8 = 3A,
1 1 0
v 1 = 2i 2 = 6 volts, v = 2i 3 = 6 volts

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Chapter 3, Solution 57

Assume R is in kilo-ohms.
V2  4kx15mA  60V, V1  90  V2  90  60  30V
Current through R is
3 3
iR  i o, V1  i R R  30  (15)R
3 R 3 R
This leads to R = 90/15 = 6 kΩ.

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Chapter 3, Solution 58
30 

i2

10  10 
30  30 

i1 +
i3
–
120 V

For loop 1, 120 + 40i 1 – 10i 2 = 0, which leads to -12 = 4i 1 – i 2 (1)

For loop 2, 50i 2 – 10i 1 – 10i 3 = 0, which leads to -i 1 + 5i 2 – i 3 = 0 (2)

For loop 3, -120 – 10i 2 + 40i 3 = 0, which leads to 12 = -i 2 + 4i 3 (3)

Solving (1), (2), and (3), we get, i 1 = -3A, i 2 = 0, and i 3 = 3A

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Chapter 3, Solution 59
40 
–+

I0 i2 96 V
10 

20 
+
80V + i1 i3 v0 80 
4v 0 +
– – –

2I 0

i2 i3

For loop 1, -80 + 30i 1 – 20i 2 + 4v 0 = 0, where v 0 = 80i 3

or 4 = 1.5i 1 – i 2 + 16i 3 (1)

For the supermesh, 60i 2 – 20i 1 – 96 + 80i 3 – 4 v 0 = 0, where v 0 = 80i 3

or 4.8 = -i 1 + 3i 2 – 12i 3 (2)

Also, 2I 0 = i 3 – i 2 and I 0 = i 2 , hence, 3i 2 = i 3

(3)

 3  2 32   i1   8 
From (1), (2), and (3),   1 3  12 i   4.8
   2  
 0 3  1  i3   0 

3 2 32 3 8 32 3 2 8
 = 1 3  12  5,  2 =  1 4.8  12  22.4,  3 =  1 3 4.8  67.2
0 3 1 0 0 1 0 3 0

I 0 = i 2 =  2 / = -28/5 = –4.48 A

v 0 = 8i 3 = (-84/5)80 = –1.0752 kvolts

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Chapter 3, Solution 60
0.5i 0

4 56 V 8
v1 v2

1 56 V + 2
–

i0

At node 1, [(v 1 –0)/1] + [(v 1 –56)/4] + 0.5[(v 1 –0)/1] = 0 or 1.75v 1 = 14 or v 1 = 8 V

At node 2, [(v 2 –56)/8] – 0.5[8/1] + [(v 2 –0)/2] = 0 or 0.625v 2 = 11 or v 2 = 17.6 V

P 1 = (v 1 )2/1 = 64 watts, P 2 = (v 2 )2/2 = 154.88 watts,

P 4 = (56 – v 1 )2/4 = 576 watts, P 8 = (56 – v 2 )2/8 = 1.84.32 watts.

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SKIP
Chapter 3, Solution 61

20  10 
v1 v2

i0
is +
–
v0 30  + 5v 0 40 
–

At node 1, i s = (v 1 /30) + ((v 1 – v 2 )/20) which leads to 60i s = 5v 1 – 3v 2 (1)

But v 2 = -5v 0 and v 0 = v 1 which leads to v 2 = -5v 1

Hence, 60i s = 5v 1 + 15v 1 = 20v 1 which leads to v 1 = 3i s , v 2 = -15i s

i 0 = v 2 /50 = -15i s /50 which leads to i 0 /i s = -15/50 = –0.3

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Chapter 3, Solution 62

4 k 8 k 2 k
A B

100V + +
– i1 i2 i3 40 V
–

We have a supermesh. Let all R be in k, i in mA, and v in volts.

For the supermesh, -100 +4i 1 + 8i 2 + 2i 3 + 40 = 0 or 30 = 2i 1 + 4i 2 + i 3 (1)

At node A, i1 + 4 = i2 (2)

At node B, i 2 = 2i 1 + i 3 (3)

Solving (1), (2), and (3), we get i 1 = 2 mA, i 2 = 6 mA, and i 3 = 2 mA.

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Chapter 3, Solution 63

10  A

5
50 V +
– i1 i2

+
– 4i x

For the supermesh, -50 + 10i 1 + 5i 2 + 4i x = 0, but i x = i 1 . Hence,

50 = 14i 1 + 5i 2 (1)

At node A, i 1 + 3 + (v x /4) = i 2 , but v x = 2(i 1 – i 2 ), hence, i 1 + 2 = i 2 (2)

Solving (1) and (2) gives i 1 = 2.105 A and i 2 = 4.105 A

v x = 2(i 1 – i 2 ) = –4 volts and i x = i 2 – 2 = 2.105 amp

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Chapter 3, Solution 64
CHECK
i1 50  A i 2 10 
+ 
v0
i0

10  i2 + 4i 0
i1 –
i3 40 
250V +
–

5A
0.2V 0

i1 B i3

For mesh 2, 20i 2 – 10i 1 + 4i 0 = 0 (1)

But at node A, i o = i 1 – i 2 so that (1) becomes i 1 = (16/6)i 2

(2)

For the supermesh, –250 + 50i 1 + 10(i 1 – i 2 ) – 4i 0 + 40i 3 = 0

or 28i 1 – 3i 2 + 20i 3 = 125

(3)

At node B, i 3 + 0.2v 0 = 2 + i 1 (4)

But, v 0 = 10i 2 so that (4) becomes i 3 = 5 + (2/3)i 2 (5)

Solving (1) to (5), i 2 = 0.2941 A,

v 0 = 10i 2 = 2.941 volts, i 0 = i 1 – i 2 = (5/3)i 2 = 490.2mA.

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Chapter 3, Solution 65 SKIP

For mesh 1,
–12 + 12I 1 – 6I 2 – I 4 = 0 or
12  12 I 1  6 I 2  I 4 (1)
For mesh 2,
–6I 1 + 16I 2 – 8I 3 – I 4 – I 5 = 0 (2)
For mesh 3,
–8I 2 + 15I 3 – I 5 – 9 = 0 or
9 = –8I 2 + 15I 3 – I 5 (3)
For mesh 4,
–I 1 – I 2 + 7I 4 – 2I 5 – 6 = 0 or
6 = –I 1 – I 2 + 7I 4 – 2I 5 (4)
For mesh 5,
–I 2 – I 3 – 2I 4 + 8I 5 – 10 = 0 or
10   I 2  I 3  2 I 4  8I 5 (5)
Casting (1) to (5) in matrix form gives
 12  6 0 1 0  I1  12 
    
  6 16  8  1  1  I 2   0 
 0  8 15 0  1  I    9    AI  B
  3   
 1 1 0 7  2  I 4   6 
 0  1  1  2 8  I  10 
  5   

Using MATLAB we input:

Z=[12,-6,0,-1,0;-6,16,-8,-1,-1;0,-8,15,0,-1;-1,-1,0,7,-2;0,-1,-1,-2,8]
and V=[12;0;9;6;10]

This leads to
>> Z=[12,-6,0,-1,0;-6,16,-8,-1,-1;0,-8,15,0,-1;-1,-1,0,7,-2;0,-1,-1,-2,8]

Z=

12 -6 0 -1 0
-6 16 -8 -1 -1
0 -8 15 0 -1
-1 -1 0 7 -2
0 -1 -1 -2 8

>> V=[12;0;9;6;10]

V=

12

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0
9
6
10

>> I=inv(Z)*V

I=

2.1701
1.9912
1.8119
2.0942
2.2489

Thus,
I = [2.17, 1.9912, 1.8119, 2.094, 2.249] A.

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Chapter 3, Solution 66

The mesh equations are obtained as follows.

12  24  30I1  4I2  6I3  2I4  0

or
30I 1 – 4I 2 – 6I 3 – 2I 4 = –12 (1)
24  40  4I1  30I2  2I4  6I5  0
or
–4I 1 + 30I 2 – 2I 4 – 6I 5 = –16 (2)

–6I 1 + 18I 3 – 4I 4 = 30 (3) SKIP

–2I 1 – 2I 2 – 4I 3 + 12I 4 –4I 5 = 0 (4)

–6I 2 – 4I 4 + 18I 5 = –32 (5)

Putting (1) to (5) in matrix form

 30  4  6  2 0    12 
 4 30 0  2  6   16 
   
  6 0 18  4 0  I   30 
   
 2  2  4 12  4  0 
 0  6 0  4 18   32

ZI = V

Using MATLAB,

>> Z = [30,-4,-6,-2,0;
-4,30,0,-2,-6;
-6,0,18,-4,0;
-2,-2,-4,12,-4;
0,-6,0,-4,18]

Z=

30 -4 -6 -2 0
-4 30 0 -2 -6
-6 0 18 -4 0
-2 -2 -4 12 -4

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0 -6 0 -4 18

>> V = [-12,-16,30,0,-32]'

V=

-12
-16
30
0
-32

>> I = inv(Z)*V

I=

-0.2779 A
-1.0488 A
1.4682 A
-0.4761 A
-2.2332 A

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Chapter 3, Solution 67

Consider the circuit below.

5A

V1 4 2
V2 V3

+ Vo -

3 Vo
10  5 10 A

 0.35  0.25 0   5  3Vo 

 0.25 0.95  0.5 V   0 
   
 0  0 .5 0.5   15 

Since we actually have four unknowns and only three equations, we need a constraint
equation.

Vo = V2 – V3

Substituting this back into the matrix equation, the first equation becomes,

0.35V 1 – 3.25V 2 + 3V 3 = –5

This now results in the following matrix equation,

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 0.35  3.25 3   5
 0.25 0.95  0.5 V   0 
   
 0  0.5 0.5   15 

Now we can use MATLAB to solve for V.

>> Y=[0.35,-3.25,3;-0.25,0.95,-0.5;0,-0.5,0.5]

Y=

0.3500 -3.2500 3.0000

-0.2500 0.9500 -0.5000
0 -0.5000 0.5000

>> I=[–5,0,15]'

I=

–5
0
15

>> V=inv(Y)*I

V=

–410.5262
–194.7368
–164.7368

V o = V 2 – V 3 = –77.89 + 65.89 = –30 V.

Let us now do a quick check at node 1.

–3(–30) + 0.1(–410.5) + 0.25(–410.5+194.74) + 5 =

90–41.05–102.62+48.68+5 = 0.01; essentially zero considering the
accuracy we are using. The answer checks.

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Chapter 3, Solution 68

Although there are many ways to work this problem, this is an example based on the
same kind of problem asked in the third edition.

Problem

Find the voltage V o in the circuit of Fig. 3.112.

3A

10  25 

+
4A 40  Vo 20  _ 24 V

Figure 3.112
For Prob. 3.68.

Solution

Consider the circuit below. There are two non-reference nodes.

3A

10  25 
V1 Vo
+

+
4A 40  Vo 20  _ 24 V

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0.125  0.1  43   7 

  0.1 0.19  V   3  24 / 25   2.04
     

Using MATLAB, we get,

>> Y=[0.125,-0.1;-0.1,0.19]

Y=

0.1250 -0.1000
-0.1000 0.1900

>> I=[7,-2.04]'

I=

7.0000
-2.0400

>> V=inv(Y)*I

V=

81.8909
32.3636
Thus, V o = 32.36 V.
We can perform a simple check at node V o ,

3 + 0.1(32.36–81.89) + 0.05(32.36) + 0.04(32.36–24) =

3 – 4.953 + 1.618 + 0.3344 = – 0.0004; answer checks!

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Chapter 3, Solution 69

Assume that all conductances are in mS, all currents are in mA, and all voltages are in
volts.

G 11 = (1/2) + (1/4) + (1/1) = 1.75, G 22 = (1/4) + (1/4) + (1/2) = 1,

G 33 = (1/1) + (1/4) = 1.25, G 12 = -1/4 = -0.25, G 13 = -1/1 = -1,
G 21 = -0.25, G 23 = -1/4 = -0.25, G 31 = -1, G 32 = -0.25

i 1 = 20, i 2 = 5, and i 3 = 10 – 5 = 5

The node-voltage equations are:

 1.75  0.25  1   v 1   20

  0.25
 1  0.25 v 2    5 
  1  0.25 1.25  v 3   5 

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Chapter 3, Solution 70

3 0  4I x  20 
0 5  V    4 I  7 
   x 

With two equations and three unknowns, we need a constraint equation,

I x = 2V 1 , thus the matrix equation becomes,

  5 0  20 
 8 5 V    7 
   

This results in V 1 = 20/(–5) = –4 V and

V 2 = [–8(–4) – 7]/5 = [32 – 7]/5 = 5 V.

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Chapter 3, Solution 71

 9  4  5  30 
 4 7  1 I   15
   
  5  1 9   0 

We can now use MATLAB solve for our currents.

>> R=[9,–4,–5;–4,7,–1;–5,–1,9]

R=

9 –4 –5
–4 7 –1
–5 –1 9

>> V=[30,–15,0]'

V=

30
–15
0

>> I=inv(R)*V

I=

6.255 A
1.9599 A
3.694 A

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Chapter 3, Solution 72

R 11 = 5 + 2 = 7, R 22 = 2 + 4 = 6, R 33 = 1 + 4 = 5, R 44 = 1 + 4 = 5,
R 12 = -2, R 13 = 0 = R 14 , R 21 = -2, R 23 = -4, R 24 = 0, R 31 = 0,
R 32 = -4, R 34 = -1, R 41 = 0 = R 42 , R 43 = -1, we note that R ij = R ji for
all i not equal to j.

v 1 = 8, v 2 = 4, v 3 = -10, and v 4 = -4

Hence the mesh-current equations are:

 7 2 0 0   i1   8 
 2 6  4 0  i   4 
  2    
 0  4 5  1  i 3    10
    
 0 0  1 5  i4    4 

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Chapter 3, Solution 73

R 11 = 2 + 3 +4 = 9, R 22 = 3 + 5 = 8, R 33 = 1+1 + 4 = 6, R 44 = 1 + 1 = 2,
R 12 = -3, R 13 = -4, R 14 = 0, R 23 = 0, R 24 = 0, R 34 = -1

v 1 = 6, v 2 = 4, v 3 = 2, and v 4 = -3

Hence,

 9  3  4 0   i1   6 
 3 8
 0 0   i 2   4 

 4 0 6  1  i 3   2 
    
 0 0  1 2   i 4    3

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Chapter 3, Solution 74

R 11 = R 1 + R 4 + R 6 , R 22 = R 2 + R 4 + R 5 , R 33 = R 6 + R 7 + R 8 ,
R 44 = R 3 + R 5 + R 8 , R 12 = -R 4 , R 13 = -R 6 , R 14 = 0, R 23 = 0,
R 24 = -R 5 , R 34 = -R 8 , again, we note that R ij = R ji for all i not equal to j.

 V1 
 V 
2
The input voltage vector is = 
 V3 
 
  V4 

 R 1  R4  R6  R4  R6 0   i1   V1 
  R4 R2  R4  R5 0  R5  i   V 
  2    2 
  R6 0 R6  R7  R8  R8   i 3   V3 
    
 0  R5  R8 R3  R5  R8   i 4    V4 

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Chapter 3, Solution 75

* Schematics Netlist *

R_R4 $N_0002 $N_0001 30

R_R2 $N_0001 $N_0003 10
R_R1 $N_0005 $N_0004 30
R_R3 $N_0003 $N_0004 10
R_R5 $N_0006 $N_0004 30
V_V4 $N_0003 0 120V
v_V3 $N_0005 $N_0001 0
v_V2 0 $N_0006 0
v_V1 0 $N_0002 0

i3

i2
i1

Clearly, i 1 = –3 amps, i 2 = 0 amps, and i 3 = 3 amps, which agrees with the answers in
Problem 3.44.

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Chapter 3, Solution 76

* Schematics Netlist *

I_I2 0 $N_0001 DC 4A
R_R1 $N_0002 $N_0001 0.25
R_R3 $N_0003 $N_0001 1
R_R2 $N_0002 $N_0003 1
F_F1 $N_0002 $N_0001 VF_F1 3
VF_F1 $N_0003 $N_0004 0V
R_R4 0 $N_0002 0.5
R_R6 0 $N_0001 0.5
I_I1 0 $N_0002 DC 2A
R_R5 0 $N_0004 0.25

Clearly, v 1 = 625 mVolts, v 2 = 375 mVolts, and v 3 = 1.625 volts, which agrees with
the solution obtained in Problem 3.27.

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Chapter 3, Solution 77

As a check we can write the nodal equations,

 1.7  0.2 5

 1.2 1.2  V   2
   

Solving this leads to V 1 = 3.111 V and V 2 = 1.4444 V. The answer checks!

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Chapter 3, Solution 78

The schematic is shown below. When the circuit is saved and simulated the node
voltages are displayed on the pseudocomponents as shown. Thus,

V1  3V, V2  4.5V, V3  15V,

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Chapter 3, Solution 79

The schematic is shown below. When the circuit is saved and simulated, we obtain the
node voltages as displayed. Thus,

V a = –10.556 volts; V b = 20.56 volts; V c = 1.3889 volts; and V d = –43.75 volts.

1.3889 V

R3 R4 R5
10 5 4

R1 R2
–43.75 V 20.56 V
20 8

R6
4 R7 R8
16 8

V1
V2 90Vdc
60Vdc

–10.556 V

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Chapter 3, Solution 80

* Schematics Netlist *

H_H1 $N_0002 $N_0003 VH_H1 6

VH_H1 0 $N_0001 0V
I_I1 $N_0004 $N_0005 DC 8A
V_V1 $N_0002 0 20V
R_R4 0 $N_0003 4
R_R1 $N_0005 $N_0003 10
R_R2 $N_0003 $N_0002 12
R_R5 0 $N_0004 1
R_R3 $N_0004 $N_0001 2

Clearly, v 1 = 84 volts, v 2 = 4 volts, v 3 = 20 volts, and v 4 = -5.333 volts

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Chapter 3, Solution 81

Clearly, v 1 = 26.67 volts, v 2 = 6.667 volts, v 3 = 173.33 volts, and v 4 = –46.67 volts
which agrees with the results of Example 3.4.

This is the netlist for this circuit.

* Schematics Netlist *

R_R1 0 $N_0001 2
R_R2 $N_0003 $N_0002 6
R_R3 0 $N_0002 4
R_R4 0 $N_0004 1
R_R5 $N_0001 $N_0004 3
I_I1 0 $N_0003 DC 10A
V_V1 $N_0001 $N_0003 20V
E_E1 $N_0002 $N_0004 $N_0001 $N_0004 3

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Chapter 3, Solution 82
2i 0

+ v0 –

3 k
2 k 2 3v 0 3 6 k 4
1 +
4A
4 k 8 k 100V +
–

This network corresponds to the Netlist.

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Chapter 3, Solution 83

The circuit is shown below.

20  70 
1 2 3

20 V + 50  2A 30 
–

When the circuit is saved and simulated, we obtain v 2 = –12.5 volts

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Chapter 3, Solution 84

From the output loop, v 0 = 50i 0 x20x103 = 106i 0 (1)

From the input loop, 15x10-3 + 4000i 0 – v 0 /100 = 0 (2)

From (1) and (2) we get, i 0 = 2.5 A and v 0 = 2.5 volt.

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Chapter 3, Solution 85

The amplifier acts as a source.

Rs

+
Vs RL
-

For maximum power transfer,

R L  R s  9

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Chapter 3, Solution 86

Let v 1 be the potential across the 2 k-ohm resistor with plus being on top. Then,

Since i = [(0.047–v 1 )/1k]

[(v 1 –0.047)/1k] – 400[(0.047–v 1 )/1k] + [(v 1 –0)/2k] = 0 or

401[(v 1 –0.047)] + 0.5v 1 = 0 or 401.5v 1 = 401x0.047 or

v 1 = 0.04694 volts and i = (0.047–0.04694)/1k = 60 nA

Thus,
v 0 = –5000x400x60x10-9 = –120 mV.

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Chapter 3, Solution 87

v 1 = 500(v s )/(500 + 2000) = v s /5

v 0 = -400(60v 1 )/(400 + 2000) = -40v 1 = -40(v s /5) = -8v s ,

Therefore, v 0 /v s = –8

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Chapter 3, Solution 88

Let v 1 be the potential at the top end of the 100-ohm resistor.

(v s – v 1 )/200 = v 1 /100 + (v 1 – 10-3v 0 )/2000 (1)

For the right loop, v 0 = -40i 0 (10,000) = -40(v 1 – 10-3)10,000/2000,

or, v 0 = -200v 1 + 0.2v 0 = -4x10-3v 0 (2)

Substituting (2) into (1) gives, (v s + 0.004v 1 )/2 = -0.004v 0 + (-0.004v 1 – 0.001v 0 )/20

This leads to 0.125v 0 = 10v s or (v 0 /v s ) = 10/0.125 = –80

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Chapter 3, Solution 89

Consider the circuit below.

C 15 V
0.7 V | |
_ + 100 k
+ IC
V CE
_
1 k
+
2.25 V _

For the left loop, applying KVL gives

–2.25 – 0.7 + 105I B + V BE = 0 but V BE = 0.7 V means 105I B = 2.25 or

I B = 22.5 µA.

For the right loop, –V CE + 15 – I C x103 = 0. Addition ally, I C = βI B = 100x22.5x10–6 =

2.25 mA. Therefore,

V CE = 15–2.25x10–3x103 = 12.75 V.

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Chapter 3, Solution 90
1 k

10 k IB i2
+
+ V CE
+ V BE –
vs +
– 18V
- i1 + -
500 
V0
IE –

For loop 1, -v s + 10k(I B ) + V BE + I E (500) = 0 = -v s + 0.7 + 10,000I B + 500(1 + )I B

which leads to v s + 0.7 = 10,000I B + 500(151)I B = 85,500I B

But, v 0 = 500I E = 500x151I B = 4 which leads to I B = 5.298x10-5

Therefore, v s = 0.7 + 85,500I B = 5.23 volts

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Chapter 3, Solution 91
We first determine the Thevenin equivalent for the input circuit.
R Th = 6||2 = 6x2/8 = 1.5 k and V Th = 2(3)/(2+6) = 0.75 volts

5 k

IC
1.5 k IB i2
+
+ V CE
+ V BE –
+
0.75 V – 9V
- i1 + -
400 
V0
IE –

For loop 1, -0.75 + 1.5kI B + V BE + 400I E = 0 = -0.75 + 0.7 + 1500I B + 400(1 + )I B

I B = 0.05/81,900 = 0.61 A

v 0 = 400I E = 400(1 + )I B = 49 mV

For loop 2, -400I E – V CE – 5kI C + 9 = 0, but, I C = I B and I E = (1 + )I B

V CE = 9 – 5kI B – 400(1 + )I B = 9 – 0.659 = 8.641 volts

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Chapter 3, Solution 92
Although there are many ways to work this problem, this is an example based on the same kind
of problem asked in the third edition.

Problem
Find I B and V C for the circuit in Fig. 3.128. Let  = 100, V BE = 0.7V.

Figure 3.128

Solution

I1 5 k
10 k
VC

IC
IB
+
+ V CE
V BE –
+
– 12V
4 k
+ -
V0
IE –

I 1 = I B + I C = (1 + )I B and I E = I B + I C = I 1

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Applying KVL around the outer loop,

4kI E + V BE + 10kI B + 5kI 1 = 12

12 – 0.7 = 5k(1 + )I B + 10kI B + 4k(1 + )I B = 919kI B

I B = 11.3/919k = 12.296 A

Also, 12 = 5kI 1 + V C which leads to V C = 12 – 5k(101)I B = 5.791 volts

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Chapter 3, Solution 93

1
4 v1 i 3v 0 v2 i3 2 3v 0
+ +
i1 2 i
i2
+ + +
24V + 2 8
– 4 v0 v1 v2
– – –

(a) (b)

From (b), -v 1 + 2i – 3v 0 + v 2 = 0 which leads to i = (v 1 + 3v 0 – v 2 )/2

At node 1 in (a), ((24 – v 1 )/4) = (v 1 /2) + ((v 1 +3v 0 – v 2 )/2) + ((v 1 – v 2 )/1), where v 0 = v 2

or 24 = 9v 1 which leads to v 1 = 2.667 volts

At node 2, ((v 1 – v 2 )/1) + ((v 1 + 3v 0 – v 2 )/2) = (v 2 /8) + v 2 /4, v 0 = v 2

v 2 = 4v 1 = 10.66 volts

Now we can solve for the currents, i 1 = v 1 /2 = 1.333 A, i 2 = 1.333 A, and

i 3 = 2.6667 A.

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