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Lesson 8

This lesson is All about 1st quarter of Mathematics in the modern world. A general subject in 1st year college.

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John Kenneth Peña
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21 views30 pages

Lesson 8

This lesson is All about 1st quarter of Mathematics in the modern world. A general subject in 1st year college.

Uploaded by

John Kenneth Peña
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Mathematics in the Modern World

Logical Reasoning
Reasoning is the action of
constructing thoughts into a valid
argument.
What do you think is the difference
between validity and truth?
All cats are monkeys.
Chihiro is a cat.

Therefore, Chihiro is a monkey.

All dogs are mammals.


Chihiro is a dog.

Therefore, Chihiro is a mammal.


Validity is a property of the
arguments that is, if the conclusion
follows the premises.
Truth is the property of the
statements, i.e. premises and
conclusion, and is concerned with
what is the case.
A valid argument is reasoning that
is comprehensive on the foundation of
logic or fact.
A sound argument is an argument
that is both valid and is based on true
premises.
Let us study a few arguments.

A person in San Jose died after


getting the COVID vaccine.
Another person in Manila died
after getting the COVID
vaccine.
The COVID vaccine kills.
Economy class buses often
arrive late.
Mina bought an economy class
bus ticket.
Mina’s bus is likely to be late.
Albert does not know any person
who suffered during the Martial
Law.
Jay does not know any person
who suffered during the Martial
Law.
No person suffered during the
Martial Law.
So what does it all mean?

The beauty of the argument


does not assure its truthfulness.
Inductive and Deductive
Reasoning
Inductive reasoning is reasoning
where the premises support the
conclusion. The conclusion is the
hypothesis, or probable.
Deductive Reasoning is a type of
reasoning where true premises
develop a true and valid conclusion.
Deductive Reasoning

Deductive
Reasoning starts
with a
generalization to
Deductive Reasoning
reach a specific
conclusion.
Inductive Reasoning

Inductive Reasoning is
drawing a general Inductive Reasoning
conclusion from a
repeated observations
of specific examples.
Note: Just because a logical
reasoning is valid does not mean
it’s true.
Inductive Deductive
Bottom to top Top to bottom
reasoning reasoning
Let us practice!
Tell whether the following
statements are using deductive or
inductive reasoning.
All animals have kidneys.
Dolphins have kidneys.
Therefore, dolphins are animals.
All cats have a keen sense of smell.
Fluffy is a cat, so Fluffy has a keen
sense of smell.
My older brother is good in Math.
Jun’s older brother is good in Math.
Paul Mark’s brother is good in Math.
Therefore, all older brothers are good
in Math.
Inductive Deductive
is used to arrive Is used to test a
at a conjecture conjecture or a
or a theory. theory.
▪ Vaccines that have the
• Mikko got sick when he got Emergency Use Authorization
vaccinated. (EUA) are safe.
• Archie also got sick when he ▪ Sinovac, Pfizer, Moderna, and
was vaccinated. Janssen all have EUA.
• Vaccines make you sick. ▪ Sinovac, Pfizer, Moderna, and
Janssen are all safe to use.
Can you cite other examples of
inductive or deductive reasoning?
Let us exercise (not literally)

Determine whether the following


arguments is an example of inductive
reasoning or deductive reasoning.
1. No man can stop the passage
of time. Noel is a man. Therefore,
Noel cannot stop the passage of
time.
2. Felix is a dog. Dog has a keen
sense of smell. Felix has a keen
sense of smell.
3. All birds have feather. Ducks are
birds. Therefore, ducks have
feathers.
4. Essay test is difficult. Problem
solving test is difficult. Therefore, all
tests are difficult.
5. 1 is an odd number. 11 is an odd
number. 21 is an odd number.
Therefore, all numbers ending with
1 is an odd number.

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