Structure of DNA and RNA

1. What is the basic building block of DNA?

o A) Amino acid
o B) Nucleotide
o C) Sugar
o D) Fatty acid
2. Which of the following components is NOT part of a nucleotide?
o A) Phosphate group
o B) Nitrogenous base
o C) Ribose sugar
o D) Glycerol
3. Which nitrogenous base pairs with adenine in DNA?
o A) Cytosine
o B) Thymine
o C) Guanine
o D) Uracil
4. What type of bond connects complementary nitrogenous bases?
o A) Ionic bonds
o B) Hydrogen bonds
o C) Covalent bonds
o D) Metallic bonds
5. What shape does DNA typically form?
o A) Single strand
o B) Double helix
o C) Circular
o D) Linear
6. Who were the scientists that first described the structure of DNA?
o A) Watson and Crick
o B) Franklin and Wilkins
o C) Avery and MacLeod
o D) Mendel and Darwin
7. Which of the following nitrogenous bases is found in RNA but not in DNA?
o A) Adenine
o B) Thymine
o C) Cytosine
o D) Uracil
8. What is the function of DNA?
o A) Energy storage
o B) Protein synthesis
o C) Genetic information storage
o D) Metabolism regulation
9. Which part of the nucleotide varies among different nucleotides?
o A) Phosphate group
o B) Sugar
o C) Nitrogenous base
o D) All parts are the same
10. In DNA, which base pairs with guanine?
 o A) Thymine
o B) Adenine
o C) Cytosine
o D) Uracil
11. What is the backbone of the DNA molecule composed of?
o A) Nitrogenous bases
o B) Sugars and phosphates
o C) Amino acids
o D) Lipids
12. How many hydrogen bonds form between adenine and thymine?
o A) One
o B) Two
o C) Three
o D) Four
13. Which direction does DNA polymerase synthesize a new DNA strand?
o A) 3' to 5'
o B) 5' to 3'
o C) 5' to 5'
o D) 3' to 3'
14. What type of DNA is circular and found in prokaryotes?
o A) Linear DNA
o B) Mitochondrial DNA
o C) Plasmid DNA
o D) Chromosomal DNA
15. What term describes the opposite orientation of the two strands in DNA?
o A) Antiparallel
o B) Parallel
o C) Convergent
o D) Divergent
16. Which enzyme is responsible for unwinding the DNA double helix during replication?
o A) DNA ligase
o B) DNA helicase
o C) DNA polymerase
o D) RNA polymerase
17. What is the approximate length of the DNA in a single human cell?
o A) 1 meter
o B) 2 meters
o C) 3 meters
o D) 6 meters
18. What is the significance of the major and minor grooves in DNA?
o A) They determine the DNA's shape
o B) They provide binding sites for proteins
o C) They influence DNA replication
o D) They store genetic information
19. In which part of the cell is DNA found?
o A) Cytoplasm
o B) Nucleus
o C) Ribosome
 o D) Endoplasmic reticulum
20. Which type of RNA is synthesized using DNA as a template?
o A) tRNA
o B) rRNA
o C) mRNA
o D) All of the above
21. What is the function of the 5' cap on mRNA?
o A) Enhances transcription
o B) Protects mRNA from degradation
o C) Signals for translation
o D) All of the above
22. What is the role of DNA ligase in DNA replication?
o A) Unwinds DNA
o B) Synthesizes RNA primers
o C) Joins Okazaki fragments
o D) Adds nucleotides to the growing strand
23. What type of mutation occurs when a single nucleotide is changed?
o A) Frameshift mutation
o B) Point mutation
o C) Deletion
o D) Insertion
24. Which of the following is a key feature of the DNA double helix?
o A) It is uniform in width.
o B) It is made up of identical strands.
o C) It contains ribose sugars.
o D) It is antiparallel.
25. Which technique can be used to separate DNA fragments based on size?
o A) PCR
o B) Gel electrophoresis
o C) Cloning
o D) Southern blotting
26. What is the approximate number of base pairs in the human genome?
o A) 3 million
o B) 300 million
o C) 3 billion
o D) 30 billion
27. Which part of the DNA nucleotide contains genetic information?
o A) Sugar
o B) Phosphate group
o C) Nitrogenous base
o D) All parts
28. What process converts the information in DNA to RNA?
o A) Replication
o B) Translation
o C) Transcription
o D) Transformation
29. Which of the following statements about DNA is TRUE?
o A) DNA is usually found in a double-stranded form.
 o B) DNA is composed of amino acids.
o C) DNA contains uracil.
o D) DNA can catalyze chemical reactions.
30. What is the role of telomeres in DNA?
o A) Store genetic information
o B) Protect chromosome ends from degradation
o C) Facilitate protein synthesis
o D) Regulate gene expression

1. What is the basic building block of RNA?

o A) Amino acid
o B) Nucleotide
o C) Sugar
o D) Fatty acid
2. Which sugar is found in RNA?
o A) Deoxyribose
o B) Ribose
o C) Glucose
o D) Fructose
3. Which nitrogenous base is found in RNA but not in DNA?
o A) Adenine
o B) Uracil
o C) Cytosine
o D) Thymine
4. What is the typical structure of RNA?
o A) Double helix
o B) Single strand
o C) Circular
o D) Triple helix
5. What type of bond connects nucleotides in an RNA strand?
o A) Ionic bonds
o B) Hydrogen bonds
o C) Covalent bonds
o D) Peptide bonds
6. Which type of RNA carries genetic information from DNA to ribosomes?
o A) tRNA
o B) rRNA
o C) mRNA
o D) snRNA
7. What is the role of tRNA in protein synthesis?
o A) Carries amino acids to the ribosome
o B) Synthesizes RNA
o C) Forms the ribosome structure
o D) Regulates gene expression
8. What is the shape of tRNA molecules?
o A) Linear
o B) Cloverleaf
o C) Circular
 o D) Helical
9. How many nucleotides are in a typical mRNA codon?
o A) One
o B) Two
o C) Three
o D) Four
10. Which type of RNA is a component of the ribosome?
o A) mRNA
o B) tRNA
o C) rRNA
o D) mRNA
11. What process synthesizes RNA from a DNA template?
o A) Replication
o B) Translation
o C) Transcription
o D) Transformation
12. What is the function of the 5' cap in mRNA?
o A) Protects mRNA from degradation
o B) Signals for translation
o C) Aids in ribosome binding
o D) All of the above
13. Which type of RNA is involved in splicing?
o A) mRNA
o B) tRNA
o C) rRNA
o D) snRNA
14. Which nitrogenous base pairs with adenine in RNA?
o A) Thymine
o B) Uracil
o C) Cytosine
o D) Guanine
15. What is the typical length of RNA compared to DNA?
o A) Generally shorter
o B) Generally longer
o C) Same length
o D) Variable, no specific trend
16. Which enzyme is responsible for synthesizing RNA during transcription?
o A) DNA polymerase
o B) RNA polymerase
o C) Ligase
o D) Helicase
17. What is the primary function of mRNA?
o A) Protein synthesis
o B) Regulating gene expression
o C) Carrying amino acids
o D) DNA replication
18. What is the secondary structure of RNA primarily stabilized by?
o A) Covalent bonds
 o B) Ionic interactions
o C) Hydrogen bonds
o D) Hydrophobic interactions
19. What is the function of ribosomes?
o A) Carry genetic information
o B) Catalyze biochemical reactions
o C) Synthesize proteins
o D) Facilitate DNA replication
20. What is a significant difference between RNA and DNA?
o A) RNA is double-stranded.
o B) RNA contains uracil instead of thymine.
o C) RNA has a different sugar than DNA.
o D) Both B and C
21. Which type of RNA is responsible for bringing amino acids to the ribosome?
o A) mRNA
o B) rRNA
o C) tRNA
o D) siRNA
22. In eukaryotes, where does transcription occur?
o A) Cytoplasm
o B) Nucleus
o C) Ribosome
o D) Mitochondria
23. Which process involves decoding mRNA into a protein?
o A) Transcription
o B) Replication
o C) Translation
o D) Transformation
24. What is the role of the poly-A tail in mRNA?
o A) Aids in transcription
o B) Promotes degradation
o C) Enhances stability and translation
o D) Signals for splicing
25. Which of the following RNA types is NOT involved in protein synthesis?
o A) mRNA
o B) tRNA
o C) rRNA
o D) mRNA

Answers to MCQs on DNA Structure

1. B) Nucleotide
2. D) Glycerol
3. B) Thymine
 4. B) Hydrogen bonds
5. B) Double helix
6. A) Watson and Crick
7. D) Uracil
8. C) Genetic information storage
9. C) Nitrogenous base
10. C) Cytosine
11. B) Sugars and phosphates
12. B) Two
13. B) 5' to 3'
14. C) Plasmid DNA
15. A) Antiparallel
16. B) DNA helicase
17. B) 2 meters
18. B) They provide binding sites for proteins
19. B) Nucleus
20. C) mRNA
21. B) Protects mRNA from degradation
22. C) Joins Okazaki fragments
23. B) Point mutation
24. D) It is antiparallel.
25. B) Gel electrophoresis
26. C) 3 billion
27. C) Nitrogenous base
28. C) Transcription
29. A) DNA is usually found in a double-stranded form.
30. B) Protect chromosome ends from degradation

Structure of RNA

1. B) Nucleotide
2. B) Ribose
3. B) Uracil
4. B) Single strand
5. C) Covalent bonds
6. C) mRNA
7. A) Carries amino acids to the ribosome
8. B) Cloverleaf
9. C) Three
10. C) rRNA
11. C) Transcription
12. D) All of the above
13. D) snRNA
14. B) Uracil
15. A) Generally shorter
16. B) RNA polymerase
17. B) Regulating gene expression
18. C) Hydrogen bonds
19. B) Catalyze biochemical reactions
20. D) Both B and C
21. C) tRNA
22. B) Nucleus
23. C) Translation
24. C) Enhances stability and translation
25. D) mRNA