IR GUIDE

2022 EDITION IR ENTRANCE TESTS-JNU

JAMIA, OTHER PG ETs,
UGC-NET
POLITICAL SCIENCE

• Fact Sheets covering entire UG

Political science CBCS syllabus

• Extensive coverage of IR GK

• 5 sets of Sample Papers with

Answers and additional
Information

• PDF of PYQ Analysis- JNU

PISM/IRAM, JMI IR,
Puducherry IR

By the Author of
POL SC HELP
 DEAR STUDENTS…WELCOME BACK!
• This guide is updated version of 2021 exam guide for entrance tests. It includes all the
information, updated, as in 2021 guide.
• In addition, it includes 2 additional contents 1. extensive facts and information on
IR GK and Trivia 2. Key information on Political Geography, History, Economics,
and Sociology to make it IR exam guide for Entrance tests and Competitive exams.
• The guide is equally helpful for all other competitive exams including UGC-NET.
• Hope it would be one of the unique help materials for competitive exams with
objective questions.
What it contains?
• Arranged in five Sections:
• Section 1: More than 70 theme wise fact sheets, in tabular form, containing key facts
& information covering the entire 3-year UG CBCS syllabus in Political Science.
More than 25 fact sheets for IR GK and Trivia.
• Section 2 and 3: 5 sets of sample question papers, of 70 MCQ each, with Answer
Hints and additional information
o MCQs selected after analysing past year papers of JNU PISM/IRAM, Jamia
IR ET, Puducherry IR PG ET, and UGC-Net
• Section 4: Tips and tricks to prepare for and tackle MCQs.
• Section 5: PDF of all Pol Sc Help Videos analysing PYQs of JNU PISM/IRAM, JMI
MA IR, and Puducherry MA IR

How to use the Guide for the best results?

• Read carefully all the key points given in tabular form at least 4-5 times
• Watch the related Pol Sc Help videos for more information related to key points given
in the fact sheets.
• Highlight the most important information, in your view, and revise them on daily
basis; at least 10-12 times before the exam.
• Make a mental map of information; for example: thinkers who gave security
theory- Robert Jervis, Karl Deutsch, Barry Buzan, etc.; Headquarters of important
IGOs, venue and date of their latest meetings, and so on.
• Try the MCQ sample paper in exam mode- in one go, within 2 hour, without seeing
answers or searching google; assess your performance, identify knowledge gap and
try to plug them.
• Make multiple MCQs from one MCQ. Note: I have purposely included many MCQs
on matching types, from each of them make 3-4 MCQs. From the Answer hints also
additional MCQs can be made.
• Most importantly, be positive, enjoy the process, and smile.
GOOD WISHES!

2
 INDEX
(WHERE IS WHAT?)
Political Theory & Concepts 5
IR Theory & Concepts 16
IR Books/Authors 34
IR Events, treaties 50
UN, IMF, World Bank, WTO 86
IGOs and Regional Organisations 105
More IR GK & Trivia 116
Political Geography, History, Economics, 132
Sociology
Indian Constitution 157
Indian Polity 180
Comparative Politics 207
Public Admin 212
Western Political Thought 224
Indian Political Thought 263
5 Sets of Sample papers 278
Answer key with Addl. Info 391
Tips & Tricks to crack MCQs 416

3
THEME WISE
FACT SHEETS

4
 SECTION 1

FACT SHEETS:
POLITICAL
CONCEPTS &
THEORY

5
FACT SHEET 1: DEFINITIONS OF POLITICAL CONCEPTS

Concept/Term Different definitions

Politics • Politics is the art of the possible- Otto Von Bismarck

• Politics is about who gets what, when and how- Harold Lasswell
• Politics as capacity of acting in concert- Hannah Arendt
• Politics as authoritative allocation of value - David Easton
• politics is an ethical activity concerned with creating a ‘just
society’ and ensuring ‘good Life’ of the community- Aristotle
• Politics is power-structured relationships, arrangements whereby
one group of persons is controlled by another- Kate Millet
• Politics is about ‘attending to the general arrangements of a set of
people whom chance or choice have brought together’- Oakeshott
• How Andrew Haywood defined Politics?
• Politics as that which concerns the state
• Politics is conduct of public Life
• Politics is conflict resolution in public domain
• Politics as conflict (among differing interests) in public domain

Power • A has power over B to the extent that A can get B to do something
which B would not have done otherwise- Robert Dahl
• Power is to politics as money is to economy; Like money, power
also circulates in society- Talcott Parsons
• Power as creating action in group by communication to realize the
public realm - Hanah Arendt
• ‘Power tends to corrupt, and absolute power corrupts absolutely’-
Lord Acton
• Power as normalization and subjection through governable
identities- Foucault
• Power as Cultural Hegemony- Antonio Gramsci
• Power as structural arrangement in which perceptions of people
are shaped to perpetuate domination without any observable
conflict- Steven Lukes

6
 • Extractive vs Developmental Power; Extractive power- Power
over, power to get other do something; Developmental Power-
ability to fulfils one’s own self-appointed goals- C.B. MacPherson

Justice • Justice as harmony of soul and each individual and class

performing its duty to best of their abilities and aptitudes- Plato
• Justice as 'fairness’ in distribution of income, wealth, rewards,
honours, political offices, punishments etc , based on the principle
of equity- proportional and arithmetic equality- Aristotle
• Justice as Fairness in distribution of resources, awards, honours,
and political offices- John Rawl
• Entitlement Theory of Justice: distribution of holdings in a society
is just if everyone in that society is entitled to what he has- Robert
Nozick
• Justice by practical reasoning; justice as fair procedure (Niti) vs
justice realized (Nyaya)- Amartya Sen
• Justice as perfect obligation- J.S.Mill

Rights • A person has a right to X when if and only if others have moral
obligation to provide or allow him/her X- Immanuel Kant
• Rights are entitlements to act or be treated in a particular way-
Andrew Heywood
• One man’s capacity of influencing the act of others, not by his own
strength but by the strength of the society – Holland
• A right is a claim recognized by society and enforced by the state-
Bosanquet
• Rights are those conditions of social life without which no man can
seek, in general, to be himself at his best- Harold Laski
• Rights are what we may expect from others and others from us, and
all genuine rights are conditions of social welfare- Hobhouse
• A person has a right to X when his or her interest in X is
sufficiently important for others to have duty to provide or allow
him/her X- Interest based theory of Rights

Liberty/Freedom Freedom is obeying laws reflecting general will of the political

community- Rousseau

7
It is a positive power of doing or enjoying something worth doing or
enjoying – Moral Freedom ( T.H.Green)
A free man, is he, that in those things, which by his strength and wit
he is able to, is not hindered to do what he has a will to- Hobbes
freedom is state in which man is not subject to coercion by arbitrary
will of others- Fredrich Hayek
Man is free to act without subject to arbitrary will of another within
allowance of moral law- John Locke

8
 FACT SHEET 2: MAJOR POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES

Ideologies Core Theme and Features Main Thinkers

Liberalism • Individual autonomy, • Classical vs • Classical:

Individualism modern Locke, Hobbes,
• Prefer ‘Rights’ over ‘Common liberalism Aadam Smith,
Good’: Moral primacy of • Classical- Thomas Paine
claim of individual against minimal state, • Modern: John
claims of society/state Inviolable Rawl,
• Inviolable natural rights of property rights, T.H.Green,
Life, Liberty, Property universalism Laski, Dworkin,
Hobhouse,
• Melioristic: social institutions • Modern: Welfare R.H.Tawany,
and political arrangements can state, distributive
justice, G.D.H Cole,
be improved J.S.Mill,
multiculturalism
• Tolerance, multi-culturalism Bentham
• Modern
Liberalism also • Libertarian-
called Positive Robert Nozick,
liberalism. Fredrich Hayek,
Milton Friedman
• Libertarianism-
revival of
classical
liberalism- neo-
liberalism
Marxism • Analyse political phenomenon • Multiple strands • Classical:
from class lens • Classical Lenin, Mao
• Historical Materialism: Marxism Zedong, Rosa
Changes in economic base Luxemburg,
• Neo-Marxism Alexandra
(mode of production) of
society brings about changes • Neo-classical Kollontai,
in its socio-political-cultural • Critical Theories M.N.Roy
(superstructure); civilization • Gramscianism • Neo- Marxist:
progresses through this Louis Althusser,
dialectical process Justin
• Perpetual class struggle- Rosenberg,
exploited vs exploiter; change Immanuel
in mode of production Wallerstein,
changes the class Andre Gunder
characteristics Frank

9
 • master/slave, lord/serf, • Neo-classical
capitalist/labour Marxism-
• Capitalist system is Gerald A.
exploitive, keep surplus Cohen, Adam
labour as profit, alienate Przeworski,
workers, and faces regular John E. Roemer
crisis and Erik Olin
Wright
• Vision of state less, class less,
property less communist • Gramscianism :
society Ernesto Laclau ,
Robert W. Cox ,
• ‘From each according to his Chantal Mouffe
ability, to each according to
his needs’- in final stage of • Critical
Communism Theory-
Frankfurt school
thinkers- though
they are critical
of both Marxism
and Liberalism

Conservatism • Preserving ideas, institutions • Branch of • David Hume

and socio-cultural traditions. classical • Edmund Burke
• Belief in Hierarchy, order, and liberalism • Hobbes
authority • In economy-
conservatives are • Locke
• Society as organic entity- has
evolved over centuries of quite liberal • Michael
social • But conservative Oakeshott
customs/practices/traditions in socio-cultural • Joseph de
• State required for social order domain Maistre

• Only gradual and calibrated • More popular and • Metternich

change in social electorally • Benjamin
practices/traditions successful than Disraeli
liberal parties
• Pragmatism- Truth lies in • Contemporary
concrete experience than • support right times- Quintin
moral preposition wing ideology Hogg, Margret
• …prefer the familiar to the Thatcher,
unknown, to prefer the tried to Angela Merkel,
the untried, fact to mystery, Marine Le Pen,
the actual to the possible, the Ronald Reagon
limited to the unbounded, the
near to the distant…( about
conservativism by Oakeshott)

10
Post- • No objective truth, against the • Post-structuralism • Richar Asley
modernism Binary ( good vs bad) • De- • Jenny Adkins,
• All knowledge is subjective constructivism • Foucault (Post-
• Knowledge is not simply a • Critical theory structuralism)
cognitive factor, it is also • Subjectivity • Derrida (De-
normative and political constructivism)
• Truth is
• Power & knowledge linked subjective, • Lyotard( refuted
and create each other depends on the meta-narrative)
• Reality socially constructed perspective of the • Baudrillard
• Does not believes in meta subject(observer)
• Nietzsche
narratives (grand • Timeline- (Nihilism)
narrative/story) beginning 1970s
• Richard Rorty
• Critical of classical liberalism,
and positivism, superiority of • Fredric Jameson
science, modernity discourse • Emmanuel
Lévinas

Anarchism • Against any form of formal, • Utopic ideologies • William

external, and hierarchical • Stateless, Godwin-
authority in managing socio- authority less Philosophical
political arrangements blissful social life Anarchism
• Organisation of society on a • Gandhiji- • Pierre-Joseph
voluntary cooperative basis enlightened Proudhon -
without force/coercion Anarchism Mutualism
• Belief in virtuous(good) • Mikhail
human nature, which can Bakunin
manage both individual & revolutionary
social life without any Anarchist
external formal authority • Leo Tolstoy-
• State is unnecessary evil Pacificist
• Accept authority of experts Anarchist
and moral authority of • Gandhiji-
collective decision enlightened
Anarchism

Feminism Given in separate fact sheet.

11
FACT SHEET 3: APPROACHES TO POLITICAL THEORY

Approaches Important facts/meaning Main thinkers/activists-

their contributions

Normative • Also called philosophical approach • Plato- Ideal State

Approach • Raises normative question- ‘Why • Saint Augustine- ‘City of
should I obey the state?’, ‘How should God’
rewards be distributed?’ and ‘What • Thomas Aquinas- 5 proof of
should the limits of individual freedom existence of God
be’? ‘How good life of community be
ensured?’ • John Rwal- Normative
theory of Justice as fairness
• Focus: moral, ethical, just political
arrangements • Robert Nozick- Entitlement
theory of Justice
• what ‘should be’ rather than what ‘is’
• Leo Strauss: brought value
• Value loaded, prescriptive, political back in Political theory
philosophy
• Hanah Arendt
• Macheal Sandel-
Communitarian
• T.H.Green- moral freedom
• Charles Taylor-
Communitarian

Empirical • Analyse and describe political • Aristotle- 1st empirical

Approach phenomenon ‘as it is’, factual analysis of Constitutions
• Uses methods of scientific observation, • Auguste Comte- father of
quantitative analysis, testable Positivism and inventor of
hypothesis the term sociology
• 2 pillars: Behaviouralism and Logical • David Easton- father of
Positivism empirical approach- gave
• Objective, factual, value-free, scientific system theory

• Attempt to build scientific political • Karl Popper- scientific

theory (science of politics) theory are falsifiable
• Robert Dahl- Pluralist
thinker
• Seymour Lipset
• Gabrieal Almond-
structural-functional
approach

12
 • Jean Blondel
• Peter Laslett( declared
death of normative political
theory)

Historical • Uses history as genetic process of • Karl Marx- Historical

Approach: evolution of political phenomena. Materialism
• History used as vast repository of test • Hegel: historical idealism
cases to be used to theorizing for • Machiavelli- used this
present and future. approach in ‘the Prince’
• Studying past to understand the causes • Skocpol- ‘States and Social
of political phenomenon in present. Revolutions: a Comparative
• more weightage to individual human Analysis of France, Russia
agency than societal structure and and China’
institutions- prefer actor over structure • Ram Manohar Lohia –
‘Wheels of History’
• Vivekanand- ‘Cycle of
Caste rule’
• Oakeshott- ‘What Is
History?’

Critical • Critical of the mainstream thinking and • All post-modernist thinkers-

Approach theories Foucault, Derrida, Lyotard,
• Want to overturn existing socio- Baudrillard, Nietzsche
political arrangements/structures. • All thinkers of Frankfurt
• Include radical feminism, green School (Neo-Marxism):
politics, constructivism, post- Ernst Bloch, Walter
structuralism, deconstructivism and Benjamin, Max
postcolonialism, neo-Marxism, etc. Horkheimer, Erich Fromm,
Herbert Marcuse, Habermas
• Adopt post-positivist approaches,
discourse analysis, and deconstruction • All radical feminists- Kate
Millet, Rebecca Walker,
• Align itself with sub-altern, Eve Ensler, Shulamith
marginalized and oppressed groups Firestone, etc.
• Reveal inequalities, injustice, and • Post-colonial and
asymmetries that mainstream Dependency school
approaches intend to ignore thinkers- Samir Amin,
Edward said, Andre Gunder
Frank

13
 FACT SHEET 4: FEMINISM- IN MULTIPLE WAVES

Feminist Important facts Main thinkers/activists-

wave their contributions

1st wave • Also called Liberal Feminism • Marry Wollstonecraft:

• Timeline: 19th & early 20th century ‘Vindication of the
rights of women- 1792’
• It demanded Equal rights for women in public
sphere/political • Fanny (Frances) Wright

• Focus- education, job, equal pay, voting rights, • J.S.Mills: ‘Subjugation

property rights, legal rights, equality in of women-1869’
marriage, family, society • Harriet Taylor- wife of
J.S.Mill
• Raja Ram Mohan Roy
• Pandita Ramabai- ‘the
high caste Hindu
women’- 1887

2nd Wave • Also called Radical Feminism • Simone de Beauvoir:

• Timeline: 1960s-70s ‘the second sex’ –
women are not born but
• Questioned socially constructed gender made-1949
notions of masculinity and femininity,
patriarchy, and reproductive role • Shulamith Firestone:
‘The Dialectic of sex-
• Reshape society and restructure its institutions 1970’
• Slogan- ‘Personal is political’; ‘women are • Kate Millet: ‘Sexual
made, not born’ politics-1971’
• Universal sisterhood, included black/coloured • Germaine Greer- ‘The
women Female Eunuch’-1972

3rd • May be called post-modern feminism, eco- • Rebecca Walker-

Wave feminism, transfeminism, etc. ‘Becoming the Third
• Timeline: 1990s-2010 Wave’

• Demanded freedom to control their bodies and • Eve Ensler- ‘Vagina

their lives Monologues’

• Intersectionality- women experience "layers of • Amy Richards- ‘Opting

oppression" – caste, class, colour, gender, race In’

14
 • Fighting classism, racism, sexism by • Naomi Wolf- ‘The
overturning the notions of gender, race, class, Beauty Myth’.
and structure & symbols supporting them. • Susan Faludi-
• Raised issues of violence against women, ‘Backlash’
women's reproductive rights, sexual liberation, • Germaine Greer-‘The
derogatory terms for women, transgender Whole Woman’
rights, etc.
• Carol Ann Duffy- ‘The
World's Wife’

4th Wave • Timeline- since 2012 • Rebecca Solnit- ‘Men

• Focus: focus on empowerment of women, Explain Things to Me
against sexual harassment, body shaming, and (2014)’
rape culture, etc. • Jessica Valenti- ‘Sex
• Use of social media Object: A Memoir
(2016)’
• Me Too movement
• Laura Bates- ‘Everyday
Sexism (2016)’

Marxist Class and private property, and not gender • Friedrich Engles: ‘the
or discrimination, are the main issues origin of family, private
Socialist Consider mainstream feminism as capitalist or property, and state-
Feminism Bourgeoise feminism- limited to white women 1884’
• Alexandra Kollontai-
‘Sexual relation and the
class struggle’
• Sheila Rawbatham:
‘Women, resistance,
revolution and hidden
form of history-1943’
• Martha Nussbaum-‘Sex
and Social Justice’

15
 FACT SHEETS:
IR THEORIES & CONCEPTS

16
 FACT SHEET 1 : IR THEORIES
1A: REALISM: REALIST APPROCAH TO IR

Themes/components Facts/features
Core Themes • National Interest defined in terms of Power is the bases
of IR and Global politics
• Interest and power are signposts of politics
• Statism: States are the main actors in IR
• International state system is Anarchic- absence of any
world Govt. Each state is to survive by self-help
• No Idealism, universal morality, benevolence, altruism
in IR
• Each nation can do anything to protect its national
interest, only limitation is the relative power and
capabilities
• Politics is autonomous of universal moral principles.
Politics has its own rules of morality.
• Nations while protecting their national interests are not
bound by universal moral precepts.

Features • 3 ‘S’ : Statism, Survival, Self-Help

• Statism: States are main actors of IR
• Survival and Self-Help: International state system
is anarchic; hence self-help is only way for survival
of state
• Great variation in relative powers of the states
• Balance of Power: In absence of world govt for survival
Power must be balanced by power.
• States are defined as rational actors, pursuing their
interests rather than being agents of morality.
• Interests rather than national morality guides actions of
states in global world order.
• State pursue goal of ‘security maximization’ or ‘power
maximization’ for its survival
• Security Dilemma( coined by John Herz) : lack of
trust- each state increasing its capabilities/power- end
result heightened tension, no increase in security

17
Classical Realism • Hans Morgenthau is father of Classical Realism
• Gave 6 principles of Realism in his book ‘Politics among
nation(1948)’
• Based on human nature: competitive and egoistic human
nature as base of realist approach
• Behaviours of States matches human behaviour
• Interest and power are signposts of politics
• Politics has its own standard of morality.
• National interest, and Not national morality, decides
foreign policy
• Other thinkers: Thucydides, Thomas Hobbes, E.H. Carr,
Arnold Wolfers

Neo Realism • Propounded by Kenneth Waltz in his book ‘Theory of

International Politics(1979)’
• Instead of human nature its bases its theory on Anarchic
Structure of International state system and great
variation in relative powers and capabilities of states.
• Also called structural realism
• States aim security, power is means to attain security
• Hence, States are security maximiser
Offensive Vs Defensive • Offensive: State are power maximiser
Neo Realism • States try to achieve security through domination and
hegemony
o John Mearsheimer-chief proponent
• Defensive: States are security maximiser, for them
power is only means to achieve security goal.
• States maintain moderate and reserved policies to attain
security
• Structural modifiers- security dilemma, geography, elite
beliefs and perceptions
o Kenneth Waltz, Robert Jervis, John Herz,
Stephen Walt, Jack Snyder

Main Thinkers- • Thucydides: Father of Realism; His ’Melian

Classical Realism dialogue’(on Peloponnesian War- between Athens &
Sparta) is regarded as a classic realist account.
• Machiavelli : His ‘Prince’ a classic in Realism

18
 • Thomas Hobbes: His ‘Leviathan’ is realist in approach
• Hans Morgenthau: Father of IR; ‘Politics Among
Nations’ (1948)- gave 6 principles of Classical Realism
• Interest & Power Flag post/placard of Politics
• Interest defined in terms of power- bases of IR
• Politics separate from morality
• E. H. Carr : ‘The Twenty Years' Crisis’ (1939)
Main Thinkers- Neo- • Kenneth Waltz: Father of Neo-Realism
Realism • wrote ‘Man, the State, and War’,( 1959)
‘Theory of International Politics’ (1979)- this book
gave birth to Neo-realism
• John Mearsheimer: Offensive Neo-realism; “The
Tragedy of Great Power” (2001)
• Robert Kaplan: ‘’The Coming Anarchy ”(paper
articles), Asia's Cauldron; pioneer in system approach
in IR
• Robert Jervis : Perception and Misperception in
International Politics
• Reinhold Niebuhr : Christian realism ; ‘Moral Man and
Immoral Society’(1932), ‘Nature and destiny of
Man’(19390

19
 FACT SHEET 1.B: LIBERALISM: LIBERAL APPROACH TO IR
Themes/components Facts/features

Core Themes • Taking human nature as positive (rational, co-operative,

tolerant), it focusses more on co-operation,
interdependence, international institutions, etc. in IR
• National Interests are varied, multi-dimensional, cannot
be solely defined in terms of power
• States are main but not the sole actor
• NGOs, MNCs, International Institutions, cobweb of
people/groups linked through multiple channels of
interactions
• Free trade, free flow of capital, modernisation,
globalisation, democracy, people to people contact and
cooperation, international regime and institutions, shall
bound/integrate nations towards cooperation and
interdependence
• Vision of less conflictual and more peaceful and
progressive world joined by common interests and
bound by interdependence and integration.

Features • Liberalism and realism are two contending mainstream

theories in IR
• Deals with ‘Low politics’ Issues- Economic, Social,
ecological, technological (High politics- National
security, War, Diplomacy- dealt in by realism)
• Idealism- Belief in moral values, cosmopolitanism,
progress, peace, Institutions
• Closely linked to liberal democracy- free market
capitalist economy, Democratic welfare state- and
Liberalisation, Privatisation, Globalisation (LPG)
• 2 variations: Classical and Neo-Liberalism
• Neo-liberalism has gone too close to neo-realism in
ideology

Neo Liberalism • Less idealistic, more pragmatic

• Primacy of state, power politics, anarchic world order
but belief in Institutions to facilitate peace and
cooperation

20
 • States are rational actor, seeking to maximize their
interests- which are varied- in the anarchic world order
• In cooperative venture, states are concerned with
absolute gains, not relative gains, but concerned about
cheating
• State may shift loyalty and resources to institutions if
they are mutually beneficial and fulfil interests of the
state
• Obstacle to cooperation: areas of no common interest
(zero sum game), cheating- no compliance by others,
• International regimes and institutions help govern a
competitive and anarchic world system

Democratic peace • Liberal belief that democracies often avoid going to wars
theory due to people’s pressure
• Given first by Immanuel Kant (‘Perpetual Peace’)
• Democratic Peace Theory: Michael W. Doyle

Complex • Given by Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye

Interdependence theory • Multiple and layered channel of interconnections: Inter-
state, trans governmental, and transnational
• Absence of Hierarchy among Issues: overlapping issues-
no primacy to security/military issue
• Minor role of Military force in resolving conflicts in
globalized world
• It has become core principle of neo-liberalism. It is half
way between realism and liberalism, between power
politics and cooperation, between high and low politics.

Main Thinkers • Classical:

• Immanuel Kant: gave ‘Perpetual Peace’ Theory
• Thomas Paine: wrote ‘Rights of Man(1791)’
• Jeremy Bentham: Father of utilitarianism
• Woodrow Wilson: 14 point - statement of principles
for peace
• Neo-Liberalism
• Democratic Peace; Security Community
• Michael W. Doyle- ‘’Democratic Peace’’,
‘’Liberalism and World Politics’’

21
• Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye: Complex
Interdependence Theory- ‘Power and
Interdependence’
• David Mitrany- Functional integration theory-‘ The
Functional Theory of Politics(1975)’

22
 1.C: THE NEO-NEO DEBATE

Comparison Item Neo-realism Neo-Liberalism

Both agree on Anarchic structure and great variations in state capabilities of the
international state system
Both agree on central role of States in IR
States are rational actors; they try to maximize their national
interest
They Differ on
Motives for Relative Gains- belief in IR Absolute gains- both sides may win
cooperation within the as ‘Zero Sum Game’- you
international system lose, I gain and vice-versa
Efficacies of Doubt their effectiveness in They admit chances of ‘cheating’
International moderating or influencing and ‘free-ride’ in cooperation
Institutional Regimes state behaviours through institutional mechanism.
But believe that states as members
of International Institutions and
regimes moderate their behaviours
and actions
institutions also facilitate
cooperation in the realm of security

23
 FACT SHEET 1.D: MARXISM: MARXIST APPROACH TO IR

Themes/components Facts/features

Meaning- Core Theme • Viewing and analysing IR from class lens.

• Based on Marxist theory of state- state acting to
protect and further the interests of dominant class
• Class, and not states are the main actor in IR
• IR is not interplay of Interest and power but reflection
of global mode of production and resulting relation of
production among states- global economic structure
determine global politics
• International system is capitalist world order whose
structure and dynamics further the interest of
dominant class
• Colonialism and imperialism were process of
capitalist expansion; Globalization is nothing but
global expansion of capitalism- new capitalist
imperialism
• Dominant class/state not only use force but also its
hegemony to make their ideas, ideologies,
worldviews as mainstream and commonly accepted
by subordinate class/states- soft power or cultural
hegemony

Features • A kind of critical theory.

• Present a 3rd way, different from mainstream Realism
and Liberalism
• Multiple Strands
• World System and Dependency Theory
• Hegemony of Gramsci
• Neo-Marxism
• Critical Theories- The Frankfurt School

World System Theory • Given by Immanuel Wallerstein

• Structure of global state system – Core, periphery, and
semi- periphery areas;

24
 • Core: developed capitalist states; Periphery: poor
state working as satellite of core- exploited by core
• Closely linked to theory of imperialism and
dependency theory
• Dominant class in core in alliance with dominant class
in periphery exploit masses/labour class in periphery.

Dependency Theory • Given by Raúl Prebisch, Fernando Henrique Cardoso,

and Andre Gunder Frank
• Seemingly developed regions within an
underdeveloped nation are satellites of the ‘Core’
• These satellites further develop their own satellites in
the hinterland of the periphery
• Hierarchical satellite structure
• Such development is not autonomous, self-
generating, sustainable, and equitable. Actually, it is
development of underdevelopment( A.G. Frank)!

Hegemony by Gramsci • Antonio Gramsci’s concept of ‘Hegemony’ in his

‘Prison Notebook’(1971)
• Hegemony- 3rd dimension of power –manufactured
consent- moral, political, cultural values/ideas of
dominant class accepted as ;normal and ‘common
sense’ by subordinate/exploited class
• Hegemony is created and maintained by civil society
and network of institutions- media, educational
system, NGOs, etc. in the ‘Superstructure’
• Through Hegemony, dominant class maintain its
dominance in the ‘Base’ without use of
coercion/violence
• In IR, hegemony manifest in dominant capitalist
power/state controlling global superstructure –
internet, financial market, global trade- and
manufacturing consent on prevailing moral, political,
cultural values/ideas- dress, food, entertainment,
Leisure, worldview, etc.

Great Debate in Marxist • Structuralist vs Instrumental view of Capitalist State

IR- Miliband–Poulantzas • Miliband: Capitalist state works to serve the interest
debate of the capitalist class- instrumental view of state

25
 • Nicos Poulantzas: Instead of serving the interest of
capitalist class, the state reproduces the social
structure which perpetuates capitalism- structural
view of the state

Main Thinkers • Classical: Lenin, Stalin, Mao Zedong, Louis

Althusser, Karl Kautsky
• World system theory & Dependency theory:
Immanuel Wallerstein, Raúl Prebisch, Fernando
Henrique Cardoso, Andre Gunder Frank
• Gramscianism: Antonio Gramsci, Robert Cox
• Neo-Marxism: Justin Rosenberg, Immanuel
Wallerstein, Samir Amin, AG Frank
• Analytical Marxism: G. A. Cohen, Jon Elster, John
Roemer, Erik Olin Wright, Adam Przeworski
• Frankfurt School: Herbert Marcuse, Jurgen
Habermas, Andrew Linklater
• Marxist Feminist: Rosa Luxemburg, Alexandra
Kollontai

26
 FACT SHEET 1.E: FEMINIST APPROACH TO IR

Themes/components Facts/features

Core Themes • Viewing and analysing IR from Gender lens.

• Theory and practices of IR are guided by Masculine world
view
• National interest defined in terms of power, power
defined as domination, security defined as having
maximum power
• Competition for power, war, exploitation
• States are Power seeking, rational and amoral entity
• International processes are not gender-neutral, and gender
relation are not insulated from international factors.
• Personal is International
• all aspects of IR are related to gendered relation in
family/society– war, security, power, Interest, foreign
policy
• Question invisibility and marginalization of women in IR-
where are the women?
• ‘Militarization’, overemphasis on brute power, war,
conflict, interests further push women to the margin of
IR
• Redefining concepts and components of IR from feminist
perspective will make world more peaceful,
interconnected, co-operative, moral, and less exploitative,
unequal, conflictual

Features • A kind of critical theory.

• Reveal the gendered aspect of IR
• Multiple Strand
• Liberal Feminism
• Radical Feminism
• Marxist Feminism
• 3rd World Feminism
• Eco-feminism

27
Main Thinkers • Liberal:
• Marry Wollstonecraft (‘’vindication of the rights of
women’’)
• J.S.Mill- ‘Subjection of Women’
• Raja Ram Mohan Roy
• Radical:
• Simone de Beauvoir- ‘the second sex’
• Marxist:
• Rosa Luxemburg, Alexandra Kollontai
• Prominent IR feminists:
• Judith Ann Tickner:
• Most influential feminist in IR
• She re-formulated Morgenthau’s 6 principles of IR
from feminist perspective
• Her famous books:
• ‘Feminism and International Relations’;
‘Gender in international relations’
• Cynthia Enloe:
• Where is women in International Relation?
• Her books: ‘Bananas Beaches and Bases’;
‘personal is international’
• Carol Cohn : Her books : ‘Women and Wars’
• Laura Sjoberg: “Gendering Global Conflict:
Toward a Feminist Theory of War ”

28
 FACT SHEET 1.F: CONSTRUCTIVISM IN IR

Themes/components Facts/features

Core Themes • Core aspects of IR, such as Anarchism, Power politics,

institutionalism, etc., are socially constructed, that is, they
are given their form by ongoing processes of social
practice and interaction.
• Thus, instead of human nature or structure of state system,
it bases its theory on social construction of ideas and
concepts related to IR.
• For Constructivists, features and events of IR are matter
of interpretation rather than explanation.
• Constructivists cut both neo-realism and neo-liberalism
citing them as too much materialistic. Rather it gives more
weightage to ideas, which are socially constructed.
• Core them “structures of human association are
determined primarily by shared ideas rather than
material forces, and that the identities and interests of
purposive actors are constructed by these shared ideas
rather than given by nature” (given by Alexander Wendt)
• Social Theory of IR

Features • A kind of critical theory.

• Reveal the socially constructed character of IR
• It negates cognitivist approach to knowledge, rather it
focusses more on knowledge created through social
interactions, meaning making by societies.
• Focusses on role of ideas, identities, norms and culture in
international politics
• Identity determines interests; interests determine action
• International organizations are purposive social agents in
world politics that can shape state interests
• Closer to post-modernist approach to IR

Main Thinkers • Nicholas Onuf – coined the term ‘constructivism’

o His book ‘World of Our Making(1989)’
• Alexander Wendt- most influential constructivist thinker
• His books: ‘’Social Theory of International Politics’’

29
• Peter J. Katzenstein
• Emanuel Adler
• Michael Barnett
• Kathryn Sikkink
• John Ruggie
• Martha Finnemore
• Her Book: ‘’National Interests in International
Society’’
• ‘’Rules for the World: International Organizations in
Global Politics’’

30
FACT SHEET 1.G: OTHER THEORIES/APPROACHES TO IR
Themes/components Facts/features

Post-Modernist • Negate possibility of any objective truth.

Approach to IR • Truth or knowledge is subjective, depends on the
perspective of the subject
• mistrust of grand narrative( meta-narrative): It reject
grand theory such as Marxism or Hegel’s historicism
• De-constructivism: to understand true meaning of any
word, concept, we need to analyse the word in relation
to its opposites and other related words and how its
meaning is related to these words.
• For example, feminist use de-constructivism to analyse
gender relation by deconstructing the meaning of men
& women in any language.
• Uses genealogy, text, narrative, discourse,
deconstruction and double reading to explain world
politics.
• Linked to Post-structuralism: analysing themes &
concepts of IR going beyond the structure of state
system, as done in Neo-realism & neo-liberalism.
• Michel Foucault and Jacques Derrida, both post-
modernists, are founders of post-structuralism.
• Post-structuralism uses methods of deconstruction,
double reading, archaeology and genealogy, etc. to
understand IR.

Main Thinkers • Jean-François Lyotard: mistrust of grand narratives

• Michel Foucault: Power as normalisation, giving
specific identity, and making people governable
o Knowledge- power constituting each other
• Jacques Derrida- Deconstruction of text

English school in IR • The English school is built around three key concepts:
international system, international society and world
society.
• International System:
• formed when two or more states have sufficient
contact between them, and have sufficient impact on

31
 one another’s decisions to cause them to behave as
parts of a whole.
• International Society:
• An international society exists when a group of
like-minded states conceive themselves to be bound
by a common set of rules in their relations with one
another, and share in the working of common
institutions
• international society is about the creation and
maintenance of shared norms, rules and institutions.
• World system:
• world society transcends the state system and takes
individuals, non-state actors and ultimately the
global population as the focus of global societal
identities and arrangements.

Main Thinkers • Herbert Butterfield –‘Diplomatic Investigations (1966)’

• Hedley Bull- The Anarchical Society (1977)
• Martin Wight- Systems of States (1977)
o He combined rationalism of Hugo Grotius,
Realism of Hobbes, and Revolutionism of Kant
to develop a synthetic IR theory
• James Mayall - Nationalism and International Society
(1990)

The Copenhagen • The Copenhagen School places particular emphasis on

School the non-military aspects of security, a shift away from
traditional security studies
• Main thinkers: Barry Buzan, Ole Wæver and Jaap
de Wilde.
• The primary book of the Copenhagen School is Security:
A New Framework for Analysis, written by Buzan,
Wæver and de Wilde.
• Many of the school's members worked at the
Copenhagen Peace Research Institute.
• A prominent critic of the Copenhagen School is Bill
McSweeney.

32
Rational Choice • States and non-state actors in IR are rational actors- in
Theory interaction they try to maximize their
interest/preferences
• Outcomes in IR are result of rational behaviour by the
concerned actors
• “logic of consequences” - actors choose the most
efficient means to reach their goals on the basis of a cost-
benefit analysis
• Key concepts - incomplete information, credibility,
signalling, transaction costs, trust, and audience costs
• Rational Choice Institutionalism: actors use
international institutions to maximize their utility, and
that institutions affect rational behaviour of the actors.
• Main Thinkers: James D. Fearon(rationalist explanation
for war), Thomas Schelling(conflicts as bargaining
situations)

33
FACT SHEET: IR BOOKS &
AUTHORS

34
 FACT SHEET 2: IMPORTANT IR BOOKS AND THEIR
AUTHOR(S)

Ideology Book( year) Author Theme

Realism Politics Among Nations: Hans 6 principles of classical

The Struggle for Power Morgenthau realism
and Peace (1948)

Melian dialogue (about Thucydides War between Athens &

400 BCE) Sparta- Peloponnesian
war

1.‘Theory of International Kenneth Gave theory of Neo-

Politics’(1979) Waltz realism
2. Man, the State, and War
Level of Analysis

The Tragedy of Great John Offensive Neo-realism-

Power Politics (2001) Mearsheimer states are power
maximisers; conflict
between great powers
will never see an end

The Twenty years' Crisis E. H. Carr Realist account of

(1939) International-war period

Moral Man and Immoral Reinhold Christian realism

Society (1932) Niebuhr
Nature and destiny of Man
(1939)

1) The Coming Robert 1) Theses on the state of

Anarchy (article,1994) Kaplan current world affairs
2) Asia's Cauldron in the post-Cold War
(2014) era
3) Monsoon: The 2) Conflict among
Indian Ocean and the nations in south China
Future of American Sea
Power (2010) 3) growing importance
of the Indian Ocean
and its perimeter states
as the new geopolitical

35
 center of the
developing world

Perception and Robert Jervis political psychology:

Misperception in cognitive psychology to
International Politics( decision making in IR-
1976)

The Art of War(1521) Niccolò A realist account of

Machiavelli military history,
strategy, or theory; in the
form of Socratic
dialogue

The Art of War(5th Sun Tzu ancient Chinese military

Century BCE) treatise

Leviathan (1651) Thomas Realist account of state

Hobbes of nature, state,
sovereignty, a-moral and
value-free international
system, etc.

System and Process in Morton A. unit level analysis and

International Politics Kaplan system theory in IR
(1957)

Liberalism On the Law of War and Hugo Grotius •Jus ad Bellum (right to
Peace(1625) war)
•Jus in Bello (rights in
war)
•Rights of Individuals
•Humanitarian
Intervention
•Freedom of the Seas

Perpetual Immanuel Democratic peace theory

Peace (1795) Kant

14 point peace Woodrow Idealism in IR- peace,

principle(1918) Wilson cooperation,
interdependence

After Hegemony: Robert Gave principles of neo-

Cooperation and Discord Keohane liberalism in IR

36
 in the World Political
Economy(1984)

Soft Power: The Means To Joseph Nye Nye coined ‘soft power’
Success In World Politics( in IR
2004)

Power and Keohane and Gave theory of complex

Interdependence-World Nye interdependence
Politics in Transition Primary book of neo-
(1977) liberalism in IR

1.Liberal Peace: Selected Michael W. Gave democratic peace

Essays ( 2011) Doyle theory
2. ’Liberalism and World
Politics’’( 1986)

The Functional Theory of David Gave theory of

Politics (1975) Mitrany Functional integration

International Regimes Stephen D. international regime as

(1983) Krasner international process and
collection of rules,
norms of behaviour in IR

Diplomacy and Domestic Robert Gave Two-Level Game

Politics: The Logic of Putnam theory for international
Two-Level Games (1988) organisation

Taking Preferences Andrew Role of domestic factors

Seriously: A Liberal Moravcsik in shaping international
Theory of International relations
Relations (1997)

Marxism Economic and Karl Marx Early Marx- Theory of

Philosophic Manuscripts Alienation
(1844) materialistic conception
With Engels
The German Ideology of history
(1845),; published in class struggle, conflict in
1932 With Engels
capitalist society, social
The Manifesto of the revolution "The history
Communist Party (1848) of all hitherto existing
society is the history of
class struggles“

37
 Dissection of
Das Kapital (Capital)- Capitalism, its
1967 contradiction,
With Engles
destructive tendencies
a critique of the ‘Young
Hegelians’ and their
The Holy Family(1844) thoughts
Note He wrote on class
Other books by Marx: struggle, and socio-
The Poverty of political history of
Philosophy’ ; ‘The France.
Eighteenth Brumaire of
Louis Bonaparte’ ;’The
Civil War in France’ ;
‘the Grundrisse’;
‘Theories of Surplus
Value’ ;'the critique of
political economy’, ‘The
Class Struggles in
France’, and ‘The
Critique of the Gotha
Program of 1875’

The Origin of the Family, Critique of capitalist

Private Property and the Frederick nuclear family
State (1884) Engels
Socialism: Utopian and
Scientific (1880)

World-Systems Analysis: Gave ‘World System

An Introduction (2004) Immanuel Theory’- Core, Semi-
The Modern World- Wallerstein periphery, and Periphery
System ( 1974)
The Capitalist World-
Economy (1979)

The Development of Andre Gave the dependency

Underdevelopment (1966) Gunder theory
Frank

38
Capitalism and
Underdevelopment in
Latin America (1967)

Unequal Samir Amin Unequal exchange

development(1974) between the ‘Core’ and
‘periphery’
Amin coined the term’
Eurocentrism’

‘Prison Notebooks’ Antonio Gave theory of ‘cultural

(1929-35) A Gramsci Hegemony’
Great and Terrible
World: The Pre-Prison
Letters, 1908-1926

The follies of critique of “realist”

globalisation Theory Justin theory of IR ; provides a
(2000) Rosenberg historical-materialist
The empire of civil society approach to the
(1994) international system

Production, power, and Robert W. reciprocal relationship

world order (1987) Cox between power and
Political economy of a production
plural world (2002) Globalisation: global
civil society, power and
knowledge

Beyond Realism and Andrew Critical Theorist

Marxism(1990) Linklater
‘The Transformation of
Political Community’
(1998)
Critical Theory and
World Politics (2007)

One-Dimensional Man Herbert critique of both

(1964) Marcuse capitalism and the
Communist society of
the Soviet Union

39
 The Theory of Jürgen Criticism of
Communicative Action Habermas modernisation;
(1981) adaptation of Talcott
Parsons’ AGIL
Paradigm

Feminism Gendering world politics J. Ann Feminist re-formulation

(2001) Tickner of 6 Principles of
Morgenthau
Gender in international J. Ann
relations (1992) Tickner

Bananas, Beaches and Cynthia Role of women in IR as

Bases(1990) Enloe plantation sector
workers, diplomatic
wives, sex workers on
military bases, etc.
tackles themes of
tourism, nationalism,
militarism,
consumerism,
diplomacy, and domestic
work.

‘Women and Wars’ Carol Cohn

(2013)

Gendering Global Laura Women’s issue in

Conflict. Toward a Sjoberg conflict & war
Feminist Theory of War
(2013)

Beyond the Band of Megan Busting the myth of only

Brothers (2015) MacKenzie man capable of military
service

Just War Theory( 1991) Jean Bethke

New Wine in Old Bottles: Elshtain
International Politics and
Ethical Discourse (1998)
Women and War(1995)

Feminist International Christine

Relations: An Unfinished Sylvester
Journey(2001)

40
 Feminist International Marysia
Relations: 'Exquisite Zalewski
Corpse'(2013)

Feminism and Sandra

international relations Whitworth
(1994)

Social Social Theory of Alexander Propound constructivist

Constructivism International Politics Wendt approach to the study of
(1999) international relations

World of our making ( Nicholas Formative book on

1989) Onuf constructivist approach
to IR

World Ordering: A Social Emanuel An evolutionary-

Theory of Cognitive Adler constructivist social
Evolution( 2019) theory of change and
stability of international
social orders

A world of regions (2005) Peter J. Importance of regions in

Katzenstein post-cold war global
politics.

National Interests in Martha

International Society Finnemore
(1996)

Empire of Humanity: A Michael

History of Barnett
Humanitarianism (2011)

Security Communities Emanuel a group of states that

(1998) Adler and enjoy relations of
Michael dependable expectations
Barnett of a peace.

Security: A New Barry Buzan, New perspective on non-

Framework for Analysis Ole Wæver military security

41
The and Jaap de
Copenhagen Wilde.
School
People, States and Fear: Barry Buzan
The National Security
Problem in International
Relations (1983)

Mixed Models, methods, and J.David Scientific study of world

progress in world politics Singer politics and the causes
(1990) and prevention of war.

Political Community and Karl Deutsch Theory of Security

the North Atlantic Area Community
(1957)

Essence of Decision Graham Decision making in IR

(1971) Allison by case study of 1962
Cuban Missile Crisis

India and Asian Shivshankar

Geopolitics: The Past, Menon
Present (2021)

Never-Ending War on Alex Lubin

Terror (2021)

The Rule of Unwritten Peter G.

International Law (2020) Staubach

The Best and the Brightest David Explains origins of the

(1972) Halberstam, Vietnam War- how
common sense defy
global politics

Seeing Like a State (1998) James Scott, About man-made

disasters by centralized
political authority (i.e.,
the absence of dissent)
and “totalistic”
ideologies

Strategy of Conflict Thomas Against the backdrop of

Schelling the nuclear arms race in
the late 1950s, the book

42
 explains game theory in
IR

Arms and Influence Thomas Explains the diplomacy

Schelling of violence- how arms
capability gives
bargaining powers to
states

Guns, Germs, and Steel. Jared explains why small

Diamond differences in climate,
population, agronomy,
and the like turned out to
have far-reaching effects
on the evolution of
human societies and the
long-term balance of
power in IR

The Influence of Sea Alfred Role of sea power in IR

Power Upon History: Thayer
1660–1783 Mahan

An Inconvenient Truth Al Gore Al Gore got Nobel peace

prize for his work on
climate change. He
headed IPCC.

Things Fall Apart Chinua significant account of

Achebe colonialism in Africa

Heart of Darkness Joseph raises questions

Conrad about imperialism and
racism

Black skin, while mask Frantz Fanon post-colonial studies,

Eurocentrism, black side
of European culture

A dying Colonialism Frantz Fanon Frantz Fanon- one of the

most prolific post-
colonial writer/thinker

The wretched of the Earth Frantz Fanon

43
Orientalism Edward Said provides deep insight
about colonialism from
the perspective of
colonized people.
a critique of the cultural
representations of
‘Eastern’ Culture by
‘Europe’

Capitalism and Andre Explained his

Underdevelopment in Gunder dependency Theory-
Latin America Frank developing nation as
satellites to the core-
developed nations

Eurocentrism: Modernity, Samir Amin Explained his concept of

Religion & Democracy Eurocentrism
The Implosion of
Contemporary Capitalism

The Clash of Civilization Samuel P. In this book Huntington

(1996) Huntington argued that future wars
would be fought not
between countries, but
between cultures

The Third Wave: Samuel P. Account of

Democratization in the Huntington democratisation all
Late Twentieth Century around the globe in
(1991) 1980s with weakening of
Communism.

The Great Illusion (1909) Norman discuss why there is war

Angell between the countries of
Europe, and how those
could be avoided

Bounding Power (2007) Daniel Explains republican

Deudney security theory, a stream
of realism in IR

Men and Citizens in the Andrew deals with the tension

Theory of International Linklater between the obligations
Relations(1982) of citizenship and the
obligations of humanity
in modern theories of the

44
 state and international
relations

• The Rise and Fall of the Paul

Great Powers (1987) Kennedy
• Preparing for the
Twenty-first Century
(1993)

• Conflict and defense Kenneth E.

(1962) Boulding

• Seeing Like a James C. Raises question to high

State(1998) Scott modernism, that centers
on confidence in the
ability to design and
operate society in
accordance with
• Weapons of the scientific laws
Weak(1985) Coined the term ‘Infra-
politics’- methods
adopted by weak/sub-
alterns to resist the
dominant class

• The Influence of Sea Alfred

Power upon Thayer
History(1890) Mahan

• The Great Karl Polanyi political upheavals that

Transformation( 1944) took place in England
during the rise of the
market economy

• Manias, Panics and Charles P. Account of great

Crashes( 1978) Kindleberge depression and other
global financial crisis

• Rules for the World( Martha How International

2004) Finnemore organisation works

• The Anti-Politics James a critique of the

Machine(1990) Ferguson mainstream discourse of
"development"

45
• Our enemies and US( Ido Oren challenges IR’s
2003) understanding of itself as
an objective, progressive
social science.

• The Better Angels of Steven long-term downwards

Our Nature( 2011) Pinker trends in war and use of
violence in IR

• Ruling the Void Peter Mair Raises issue of decline of

Democratic politics

• White House Years & Henry Known for his ‘ Shuttle

Years of Kissinger Diplomacy’
Upheaval(1973)

• The Best and the David origins of the Vietnam

Brightest(1972) Halberstam War

• Arms and Thomas Use of military

Influence(1966) Schelling capabilities as
bargaining power in IR

• People, States and Barry Buzan Buzan- Copenhagen

Fear(1983) School

• Systems of states (1977) Martin Wight Wight – English School

• The Anarchical Society Hedley Bull Belonged to the English

(1977) School

• After Victory (2001) John He is liberal

and Liberal Leviathan Ikenberry
(2011)

• The Cold War: A New John Lewis Greatest historian of the

History(2005) Gaddis cold war

• Pax Indica ( 2012) Shashi

Tharoor

• Friends Not Masters( Mohammad autobiography of

1967) Ayub Khan President Mohammad
Ayub Khan of Pakistan,
and also a description of

46
 the major events in the
history of Pakistan

• The shallow graves of 2000 Shahryar Khan

Rwanda

• An American Social Stanley

Science: International Hoffmann
Relations

• Nationalism and Anthony D.

modernism Smith

• Imagined Benedict Nation as imagined

Communities(1983) Anderson community

• Nations and Ernest

Nationalism( 1983) Gellner

• Tragedy of Garrett How rational choice by

Commons(1968) Hardin actors kill the common
property

• Silent Spring( 1962) Rachel Landmark book on

Carson ecology

• Limits to growth( 1972) Club of Early idea of sustainable

Rome development

• Our Common Future( Brundtland This was UN

1987) Commission commission on
sustainable development

• Neo-colonialism: The Kwame Coined the term’ Neo-

Last Stage of Nkrumah colonialism’
Imperialism (1965)

• The nerves of Karl Deutsch Landmark book on

government (1963) communication theory-
cybernetics

• View from the UN U Thant 3rd secretary-general of

UN -1961 to 1971
1st from Asia
Longest serving UN Sec-
Gen

47
 • In the Eye of the Storm Kurt 4th secretary-general of
Waldheim UN

• Pilgrimage for Peace Javier Pérez 5th secretary-general of

de Cuéllar UN

• Interventions: A Life in Kofi Annan 7th secretary-general of

War in Peace UN

• Unvanquished: A U.S.– Boutros 6th secretary-general of

U.N. Saga Boutros- UN
Ghali

• Casino Capitalism Susan Challenges conventional

(1986) Strange ideas on global economy
• The Retreat of the state( How globalisation affect
1996) Sovereignty of states

Books on • Globalism/Anti- Anthony

globalisation Globalization(2002) McGrew and
David Held

• Democracy and the David Held Held is one the most

global order(1995) influential thinker on
• Globalization(1999) globalisation
• Cosmopolitanism: Also remember his book
Ideals and : ‘Models of Democracy
Realities(2007) (1987)’
• Global
Transformations( 1999)

• The World is Flat: The Thomas

Globalized World in the Friedman
Twenty-first Century(
2007)

• In Defense of Jagdish
Globalization (2004) Bhagwati

• Globalization and Its Joseph Globalisation itself is not

Discontents (2002) Stiglitz bad but it has not been
pushed carefully, or
fairly
Stiglitz is a Noble
laureate

48
 • Ten Lessons for a Post- Fareed He is considered as neo-
Pandemic World( 2020) Zakaria classical realist
• The Post-American
World (2008)

Few popular • Revolution in Kevin Mazur

Contemporary Syria(2021)
books on IR

• Sincerity in Politics and Sorin Baiasu Collection of Essays

International Relations(
2021)

• India and Asian Shivshankar Menon served as

Geopolitics( 2021) Menon National Security
Adviser( NSA) of India
under Prime Minister of
India Manmohan Singh

• Territorial Politics and Martin Belov

Secession(2021)

49
FACT SHEETS: MAJOR
GLOBAL EVENTS,
TREATIES,
MOVEMENTS

50
 FACT SHEET 1: MAJOR COLD WAR EVENTS IN
CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER

Event Year Addl. Info/Features/Trivia

Truman 1947 • US foreign policy towards containment of

Doctrine Communist expansion worldwide, especially in 3rd
world
• “US would provide political, military and economic
assistance to all democratic nations under threat from
external or internal authoritarian forces”
• Called ‘containment’ policy

Berlin 1948-49 • Blockade of West Berlin by USSR; Western Allies

Blockade organised the Berlin Airlift to keep food and supplies
flowing to West Berlin
• 1st major crisis of the cold war

Korean War 1950-1953 • Korea was Japan’s colony; after defeat of Japan in
WWII, it was divided into North and South Korea
along 38 degree latitude; North-Communist; South:
Capitalist
• 1950-53: War between north & south Korea
supported by USSR/China and USA respectively
• 1st major war during the Cold war

The Suez 1956 • Egypt nationalised the Suez Canal

Crisis • This led to invasion of Egypt in late 1956 by Israel,
followed by the United Kingdom and France
• Known as 2nd Arab-Israel war, after the 1st war in
1948

Hungarian 1956 • countrywide revolution against the USST supported

Revolution communist Government
• Was suppressed by USSR

U-2 Incident 1960 • USSR shot down U-2 reconnaissance plane of USA
over its territory claiming it was Spy plane
• Resulted into diplomatic crisis and cancelling the
1960 Paris Summit between the WWII allied powers

51
Congo Crisis 1960-65 • Civil war in Congo after it gained independence from
Belgium
• Proxy war between USA and USSR; they supported
rival groups

Erection of the 1961 • Major diplomatic activities concerning the city of

Berlin Wall Berlin
• The ‘Iron Curtain’ manifested in form of physical
barrier ( the Berlin Wall) between the ‘East’ and
‘West’

Bay of Pigs 1961 • a failed attempt by the USA to topple the Communist
Invasion regime in Cuba by supporting opposition groups
(Cuban exiles)
• This angered Cuban President Fidel Castro and led to
Cuban Missile Crisis

Cuban Missile 1962 • Cuba became communist led by Fidel Castro in 1959.
Crisis It allowed USSR to install nuclear missiles facing
USA
• USA blocked sea access to Cuba, heightened tension
between the superpowers
• Sanity returned to both superpower and war avoided
• 1st real possibility of nuclear war during the cold war
• IR theory of decision making used this as case study-
Graham Allison wrote ‘Essence of Decision:
Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis’

The Vietnam 1965-75 • Vietnam (Indochina) was French Colony. During

War WWII Japan took over Indochina;
• 1955: France leaves, new state of Vietnam was
divided into North & South along 17 degree Latitude
; North-Communist; South : Capitalist
• 1965: USA sends massive land troops to south
Vietnam to fight Communist forces; war lingers till
1975;
• Communist won, Vietnam United as communist
nation; huge negative impact on USA
• This led to renewed cold war called ‘ New Cold War’

The Prague 1968 • a period of political liberalization and mass protest in

Spring the Czechoslovakia against the dominance of USSR
• Was suppressed by USSR but lasted for 8 months as
people/civilian resisted

52
 • Finally the Velvet Revolution ( 1989) set the country
free from Soviet domination.

Arab-Israel 1967-73 Israel and Arab countries fought 5 wars; most intense
Conflicts were
• 1967: The Six-Day War ( 3rd Arab-Israel war)
• 1973: The Yom Kippur War( Ramadan War, or
October War)- led to oil crisis, Camp David Accords

Iranian 1979 • Islamic revolution in Iran led by its spiritual leader

Revolution Ayatollah Khomeini
• Iran overthrew the US supported Shah dynasty and
became an Islamic Republic
• Since then, US has strained relation with Iran

Afghanistan 1979- 89 • 1978: Communist coalition toppled the centrist govt;

Crisis USA helped the ‘Mujahideen’ opposing the
communist Govt.
• USSR sent a large troop to protect the communist
regime; proxy war between USSR and USA lingered
for 10 years, when in 1989 USSR pulled out of
Afghanistan

Fall of the 1989 • 9 November 1989: the wall dividing east and West
Berlin war Germany was broken- Germany unified
• Signalled end of the cold war

August Coup August Coup by hardliner communist leaders against

in USSR 1991 Gorbachev; failed by street protest led by Boris Yeltsin

Dissolution of December Gorbachev Resigned, USSR dissolved

USSR 25, 1991

53
FACT SHEET 2: MAJOR GLOBAL EVENTS, EXCLUDING
THE COLD WAR EVENTS
Event Year Addl. Info/Features/Trivia

Treaty of Versailles 1919 Formal treaty ending the WWI

It also sowed the seed of WWII by treating Germany
very harshly pricking its national pride

Women's Suffrage 1920, 19th Amendment of the US Constitution- granting

USA voting rights to women after a long struggle
New Zealand, in 1893, 1st country to give voting rights
to Women

Stalin Became USSR 1924 Stalin’s doctrine: 1. Leninism 2. Socialism in single

chief country

The Great Depression 1929 Wall street, the US share market, crashed in October
1929 starting the

The New Deal 1933 Series of programs, public work projects, financial
reforms, and regulations enacted by President Franklin
D. Roosevelt to counter the effects of the Great
Depression

Berlin Olympic 1936 Played under the backdrop of Nazi Germany’s idea of
Games racial purity; Athlete Jesse Owens, busted this racial
myth by winning 4 gold medals- Hitler watched

Annexation of the 1938 Hitler, as part of theory of Lebensraum( nation need

Sudetenland space to breath), annexed the Sudetenland region of
neighbouring Czechoslovakia; the allied power just
watching

WW II Begins 1939 1 September 1939- Hitler attacked Poland, the allied

powers declared war on Germany; WW II begins

Molotov–Ribbentrop 1939 A non-aggression pact between Hitler and the Stalin

Pact that enabled those two powers to partition Poland
between them
Obviously Hitler broke this pact two years later

Operation Barbarossa 1941 June 22, 1941- Hitler launched attack on Russia

54
Pearl Harbour 1941 Dec 7 , 1941- Japan did a massive air attack on U.S.
Bombing Navy ships parked at Pearl Harbour, Hawaii, US
military base in pacific ocean; USA joined WWII

The D-Day- invasion 1944 June 6, 1944- Codenamed Operation Neptune- most
of Normandy crucial victory of the Allied forces which captured
Normandy, France- led to liberation of France and
victory of Allied powers in the Western Fronts

Nuclear Bombing on 1945 6 and 9 August, 1945- USA dropped Nuclear bomb (
Japan named ‘Little Boy’ and ‘Fat Man’) on Hiroshima (
6Aug- Little boy) and Nagasaki( 9 Aug- Fat Man)

End of WWII 1945 Sept 2, 1945- Japan surrenders, WWII ends

Truman Doctrine 1947 US foreign policy of containment of Communism

Independence of 1948
Burma and Ceylon
(Sri Lanka) from
Britain

The Marshall Plan 1948 Official name ‘European Recovery Program’- USA
giving aid of $13 billion to 16 Western European
countries to rebuild their economy after WWII

Birth of Israel 1948 May 15, 1948

1st Arab-Israel War

Berlin Blockade 1948 24 June, 1948: USSR surrounding West Berlin, air lift
operation by USA and its western allies
Start of the Cold War

Apartheid 1948 Beginning of apartheid in South Africa.

Creation of NATO 1949 30 member countries

North Macedonia latest to Join in March 2020

Rise of Communist 1949 1st Oct, 1949- Establishment of the People's Republic
China of China( PRC) under leadership of Mao Zedong; The
Republic of China ( RoC) led by Chiang Kai-shek
relocates to Taiwan.

USSR goes Nuclear 1949 2nd nuclear country, 3rd was UK, 4th France, 5th China

55
First Hydrogen Bomb 1952 USA tested First Hydrogen Bomb- code-named Mike,
Test

Bandung Conference. 1955 29 African Asian countries participated

Warsaw Pact 1995 Easter Bloc counter to NATO; now dissolved

Pakistan’s 1956 Pakistan adopts its own Constitution

Constitution

Treaty of Rome 1957 Treaty of Rome, which would eventually lead to the
European Union

Sputnik 1 1957 Launch of Sputnik 1 by USSR and the beginning of

The Space age the Space Age.
Yuri Gagrin- 1st man to space- 1961; Valentina
Tereshkova 1st woman in space
Laika, the Dog, 1st animal in space

French Fifth Republic 1958 French Fifth Republic established

Great Leap Forward 1958 Mao Zedong launched Great Leap Forward- economic
and social campaign as part of 2nd Five year plan

Dalai Lama to India 1959 Uprising in Tibet against China leads to the exile of
the Dalai Lama to India

Beginning of the 1959 1st Nov, 1959

Vietnam War

American Civil Rights 1960 Against racialism, equal civil rights to Blacks
Movement

Sino-Soviet split. 1960 1950- Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and

Mutual Assistance

independence of 1962 From France

Algeria

Martin Luther King 1963 Very famous speech on jobs and freedom
Jr. delivers "I Have a
Dream" speech

Assassination of John 1963 22 Nov, US president Kennedy assassinated

F. Kennedy

56
Segregation ends in 1964 Civil Rights Act abolishes segregation in the USA.
USA.

Singapore gains 1965 separated from Malaysia to become an independent

independence and sovereign state.

Cultural Revolution in 1966 Mao Zedong launched Cultural Revolution- purging (

China cleaning, removing) remnants of capitalist and
traditional elements from Chinese society

Six-Day War 1967 3rd Arab-Israel war

resulted in Israel occupying the Gaza Strip, the Sinai
Peninsula( from Egypt), the West Bank( from Jordan)
and the Golan Heights( from Syria).

ASEAN founded 1967 Bangkok Declaration is the founding document of

ASEAN ; 10 members; Headquarter- Jakarta

Sino-Soviet border 1969 near Manchuria

conflict

Man on Moon 1969 20 July- under the Apollo Mission, Neil Armstrong
and Buzz Aldrin become the first two humans on the
moon.

Black September 1970 known as the Jordanian Civil War- between Jordanian
army under the leadership of King Hussein, and the
Palestine Liberation Organisation (PLO), under the
leadership of Yasser Arafat

Munich massacre 1972 17 Israeli Olympic team members( during the Munich
Olympic- 1972) killed in terrorist act by Black
September terrorist organization

Oil crisis. 1973 Sharp rise in oil prices causing global energy crisis
Break of Bretton Woods exchange System

Carnation Revolution 1974 Overthrow of authoritarian regime of Estado Novo ;

transition to Democracy

Operation Entebbe 1976 a remarkable counter-terrorist hostage-rescue mission

carried out by Israeli commandos at Entebbe Airport
in Uganda

57
Open Door policy of 1978 economic policy reforms initiated by Deng Xiaoping
Deng Xiaoping in 1978 to open China to foreign businesses that
wanted to invest in the country
Start of China becoming capitalist

Solidarity movement. 1979 a broad anti-bureaucratic social movement in Poland,

using methods of civil resistance to advance the causes
of workers' rights and social change
Lech Wałęsa was the main leader of the movement

Iran hostage crisis 1979 Taking hostage of 52 US diplomats and citizens by the
students supporting the Islamic Revolution in Iran;
they took over the U.S. Embassy in Tehran
The crisis went for 444 days!

Iran–Iraq War. 1980

Operation Opera 1981 a surprise airstrike conducted by the Israeli Air Force
on an unfinished Iraqi nuclear reactor near Baghdad

Falklands War. 1982 undeclared war between Argentina and the UK over
two British dependent territories in the South Atlantic:
the Falkland Islands ;

Israeli invasion of 1982

Lebanon

Bombing of U.S. 1983 results in 63 deaths.

Embassy in Beirut

Invasion of Grenada 1983 Grenada is an island nation in Caribbean sea

by USA.

Bhopal Gas disaster. 1984 Leak of methyl isocyanate (MIC) gas from the
Pesticide plant of Union Carbide, killing several
thousands

Mikhail Gorbachev 1985 Mikhail Gorbachev becomes General Secretary of the

Communist Party of the Soviet Union.

Iran–Contra affair 1985 a political scandal in USA involving the sale of arms
to the Khomeini government of the Islamic Republic
of Iran

Challenger disaster 1986 Space Shuttle Challenger breaks apart 73 seconds into
its flight, killing all seven crew members aboard.

58
 Major setback to NASA space programs

The Chernobyl 1986 nuclear accident in the Chernobyl Nuclear Power plant
disaster Worst Nuclear accident

Perestroika and 1988 Perestroika( economic restructuring) and Glasnost(

Glasnost Political Openness) by Mikhail Gorbachev
Many consider them as Genie taken out of Bottle by
Gorbachev; led to fall of USSR

Tiananmen Square 1989 Chinese troops fired at student-led demonstrations

Massacre held in Tiananmen Square, Beijing

US invasion of 1989
Panama

Gulf War 1990 Code name: Operation Desert Storm

Liberation of Kuwait, which was annexed by Iraq by
US -led coalition of 35 nations

German reunification. 1990 3 Oct, West and East Germany united

Operation Solomon 1991 a secret Israeli military operation to airlift Ethiopian

Jews to Israel.

Yugoslav Wars 1991 Beginning of breakup of Yugoslavia- Balkanisation

Velvet Divorce 1993 Peaceful breakup of Czechoslovakia into Czech

Republic and Slovakia.

World Trade Center 1993 Terrorist attack on the WTC, New York
bombing.

EU was born 1993 1st Nov, 1993- European Union Becomes Reality

Amazon.com is Born 1994 By Jeff Bezos

Hong Kong back to 1997 Transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong from the
China United Kingdom to China.
Hong Kong and Macau- Special Administrative
Region following “one country, two systems" policy

Asian financial crisis 1997 Impacted much of East Asia and Southeast Asia ;
raised fears of a worldwide economic meltdown

Google founded 1998 Google was founded by Larry Page and Sergey Brin.

59
Euro introduced 1999 The new currency of EU- Euro introduced

UN The Millennium 2000 To discuss role of UN in new millennium

Summit UN MDG- 8 Millennium Development Goals-2000-
2015

9/11 2001 11 Sept, 2001- Al-Qaeda terrorist attacks on USA

US-Iraq War 2003 Despite Hans Blix, the head on Un enquiry

commission finding no Nuclear or WMD in Iraq USA
attacks Iraq with its coalition of willing

Facebook Founded 2004 By Mark Zuckerberg

The iPhone 2007 Steve Jobs introduced iPhone, which changed the
mobile handset market

Sub-prime lending 2008 Engulfed almost entire globe

Financial crisis

Bin Laden Killed 2011 At Abbottabad, Pakistan by US Navy SEAL

Russia Annex Crimea 2014 Russia annexed the Crimean Peninsula in the Black
Sea
USSR was expelled from G-8

Hong Kong Protests 2019 Street protest in Hong Kong against possible dilution
of ‘one country, two system’ policy which gives some
autonomy to the Hong Kong

The Pandemic 2020 COVID-19, the worst Pandemic engulfs the globe,
changing the very way human lived on planet Earth

Russian Attacks on 2022 February, 2022- Putin’s Russia invades Ukraine on

Ukraine pretext of self-defense as it apprehend Ukraine joining
NATO
Ukraine’s President: Volodymyr Zelenskyy
Ukraine’s Capital: Kiev

60
 FACT SHEET 3: IMPORTANT TREATIES, COVENANTS,
AGREEMENTS
Treaties Year Facts, Features, Impacts. Relevance

Thirty Years' 446/445 • Signed between ancient Greek city-states of

Peace BCE Athens and Sparta
• Ended the First Peloponnesian War

Magna Carta 1215 • royal charter of rights agreed to by King John of

England
• Granted certain rights to Feudal Lords and Barons

Westphalia Treaty 1648 • Ends the Thirty Years' War and the Eighty Years'
War, and gave the Westphalian template of
International state system- Sovereignty, territorial
integrity, equality, non-interference in domestic
issues, etc.
• The treaty is still very much relevant.

Treaty of Paris 1657 • Established military alliance between England and

(1657) France against Spain.
• There are many ‘treaty of Paris’ ; included here
only as arbit info

Treaty of Union 1707 • Unites the Kingdoms of England and Scotland to

create the Kingdom of Great Britain.

Peace of Utrecht 1713 • Ends the War of the Spanish Succession.

Treaty of 1765 • Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II grants Diwani

Allahabad rights to the British East India Company, India.
• Start of British Colonial Rule in India

Treaty of 1776 • Between the Peshwa of the Maratha and the British
Purandar East India Company, India.

Treaty of Salbai 1782 • Between the Peshwa of the Maratha and the British
East India Company, India. To end the first Anglo-
Maratha War

Treaty of 1784 • between Tipu Sultan and the British East India
Mangalore Company to end the Second Anglo-Mysore War.

61
Treaty of 1792 • between Tipu Sultan and the British East India
Seringapatam Company to end the third Anglo-Mysore War.

Carnatic Treaty 1801 • The Nawab of Arcot give away territories in India
to Great Britain for two hundred rupees

Treaty of Paris of 1815 • After the end of Napoleonic Wars, the 5 great
1815 and powers of Europe- Austria, France, Prussia,
Congress of Russia, and the United Kingdom- entered into an
Vianna agreement
• This general consensus among great power in
Europe was called ‘the concert of Europe ’which
lasted till WW I

Treaty of Sugauli 1816 • between the East India Company and Nepal after
the Anglo-Nepalese War of 1814–16
• It fixed the boundary line of Nepal,

Treaty of Nanking 1842 • peace treaty which ended the First Opium War
(1839–1842) between the United Kingdom and
China

Treaty of Lahore 1846 • Ends the First Sikh War between Great Britain and
the Sikh Empire.

First Geneva 1864 • Establishes rules for the humanitarian treatment of

Convention battlefield casualties.

Treaty of Bern 1874 • Setting up the Universal Postal Union( UPU),

which became the second oldest international
organization
• The oldest is International Telecommunication
Union(ITU), set up in 1865

Treaty of 1879 • Ends the first phase of the Second Anglo-Afghan

Gandamak War.

Triple Alliance 1882 • Alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary and

(1882) Italy.

London 1900 • Convention for the Preservation of Wild Animals,

Convention of Birds and Fish in Africa
1900 • First international agreement on wildlife
conservation.

62
Treaty of 1905 • Formally ended the 1904–1905 Russo-Japanese
Portsmouth War.
• Japan defeated Russia, giving confidence to many
Asian colonial nations

International 1912 • The first international drug control treaty.

Opium
Convention

Treaty of Brest- 1918 • Between Russia and the Central Powers; Russia
Litovsk pulls out of World War I.

Treaty of 1919 • the most important of the peace treaties that

Versailles brought World War I to an end.
• But it sowed the seed of WWII by treating
Germany very harshly
• Also called treaty of Paris

Treaty of 1919 • brought the Third Anglo-Afghan War to an end

Rawalpindi • United Kingdom recognizes Afghanistan's
independence

Treaty on the 1922 • Birth of USSR

Creation of the
Union of Soviet
Socialist
Republics

Treaty of Berlin 1926 • Germany and the Soviet Union pledge neutrality.

Kellogg–Briand 1928 • signed by Germany, France, and the United States

Pact or • They pledged not to take recourse to war
Pact of Paris
• These were series of treaties to avoid WW II

Geneva 1929 • Establishes rules for the treatment of prisoners of

Convention on war; predecessor of the 1949 Third Geneva
Prisoners of War Convention.

Statute of 1931 • Creates the British Commonwealth.

Westminster

63
Montevideo 1933 • The Convention codifies the declarative theory of
Convention statehood as accepted as part of customary
international law
• It also states rights & duties of states
• Give 4 criteria to statehood: a permanent
population, a defined territory, government, and
capacity to enter into relations with the other states

Munich 1938 • Czechoslovakia Surrenders the Sudetenland to

Agreement Germany.

Molotov– 1939 • Also known as Hitler–Stalin Pact, Nazi–Soviet

Ribbentrop Pact Pact or Nazi–Soviet Alliance
• a non-aggression pact between Nazi Germany and
the Soviet Union
• Of course this didn’t stop Hitler to attack Russia

Pact of Steel 1939 • a military and political alliance between Fascist

Italy and Nazi Germany

Tehran 1943 • Top leaders of 3 allied powers met at Tehran , Iran

Conference after the Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
• the three leaders coordinated their military strategy
against Germany and Japan and made a number of
important decisions concerning the post World
War II era

Bretton Woods 1944 • creates IMF and World bank

system • Bretton woods exchange system for global trade
• The exchange system came to an end in 1973

Dumbarton Oaks 1944 • also called the Washington Conversations

Conference • Idea of setting up the UN were formulated and
negotiated

Yalta Conference 1945 • Also known as the Crimea Conference

• Conference of the Victors, the allied powers, to
decide the post WWII world
• Attended by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt,
British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and
Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin.

64
Potsdam 1945 • Another conference of the allied power to plan the
Conference post-war peace

San Francisco 1945 • UN set up

Conference • 51 nations( Poland next day) signed the UN charter
on 26 June 1945

General 1947 • a legal agreement between many countries, signed

Agreement on at Geneva in 1947, whose overall purpose was to
Tariffs and Trade promote international trade by reducing or
(GATT) eliminating trade barriers such as tariffs or quotas
• On 1st January 1995, WTO started functioning as
new Avatar of GATT, though GATT still exists

North Atlantic 1949 • Also known as the Washington Treaty

Treaty • NATO was set up

Treaty of London 1949 • Created the Council of Europe

Universal 1948 • UDHR was proclaimed by the United Nations

Declaration of General Assembly in Paris on 10 December 1948
Human Rights
(UDHR)

Genocide 1948 • Signed at Paris; Criminalizes genocide

Convention

Treaty of San 1951 • Formally ends the war between the Allied powers
Francisco and Japan, ending the WWII

ANZUS Treaty 1951 • collective security non-binding agreement

between Australia , New Zealand separately, and
the United States to co-operate on military matters
in the Pacific Ocean region

Central Treaty 1955 • Also known as the Baghdad Pact

Organization • Military alliance between Iran, Iraq, Pakistan,
(CENTO) Turkey and the United Kingdom
• formed in 1955 and dissolved in 1979.

Southeast Asia 1955 • Formed in 1955 by the Manila Pact, signed in 1954
Treaty • Members( 8): the United States, France, Great
Organization Britain, New Zealand, Australia, the Philippines,
(SEATO) Thailand and Pakistan

65
 • Was dissolved in 1977
• Note: Pakistan was member of both CENTO and
SEATO

Bandung 1955 • Meeting of 29 newly independent Asian and

Conference African states, which took place in 1955 in
Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
• It was precursor to the NAM Summit at Belgrade-
1961

Warsaw Treaty 1955 • Called the Warsaw Pact

Organization • Established the military alliance of communist
Eastern Bloc under the leadership of USSR
• Was dissolved in 1991

Treaty of Rome 1957 • Established the European Economic Community.

International 1957 • Established the International Atomic Energy

Atomic Energy Agency( IAEA)
Treaty • IAEA promotes the peaceful use of nuclear energy,
and to inhibit its use for any military purpose,
including nuclear weapons.

Indus Waters 1960 • a water-distribution treaty between India and

Treaty Pakistan, mediated by the World Bank
• Pakistan got- Jhelum, Chenab, Indus water
• India got waters of Ravi, Beas, Satluj

Montevideo 1960 • Establishes the Latin American Free Trade

Treaty Association.

Vienna 1961 • International treaty on diplomatic intercourse and

Convention on the privileges and immunities of diplomatic
Diplomatic missions
Relations

International 1969 • Elimination of racial discrimination, and

Convention on the criminalize hate speech
Elimination of All •
Forms of Racial
Discrimination
(ICERD)

66
Montreal 1971 • Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts
Convention against the Safety of Civil Aviation

Camp David 1978 • signed by Egyptian President Anwar Sadat and Israeli
Accords Prime Minister Menachem Begin
• The accord led directly to the 1979 Egypt–Israel
peace treaty.

Schengen 1985 • Common VISA for European Community member

Agreement nations

Vienna 1969 • International agreement regulating treaties between

Convention on the states.
Law of Treaties • Known as the "treaty on treaties", it establishes rules,
procedures, and guidelines for how international treaties
are defined, drafted, amended, interpreted, and generally
operated

Malta Summit 1989 • Meeting between US President George Bush and Soviet
General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev during which they
declared the end of Cold war

Madrid 1991 • a peace conference, held in Madrid and co-

Conference sponsored by US and USSR.
• It was an attempt to revive the Israeli–Palestinian
peace process through negotiations, involving also
Arab countries, including Jordan, Lebanon and
Syria.

Maastricht Treaty 1992 • Foundational treaty to establish European Union (EU)

• Signed between the then-twelve member states of the
European Communities
• Created the ‘Euro Zone’- new EU currency

Oslo Accord 1993 • set up a framework that would lead to the resolution of
the ongoing Israeli–Palestinian conflict.
• It was the first face-to-face agreement between the
government of Israel and the Palestine Liberation
Organization (PLO).
• Established Palestinian interim self-government,

North American 1994 • Free trade agreement between Canada, the United States
Free Trade of America, and Mexico

67
Agreement • NAFTA is now replaced by United States-Mexico-
(NAFTA) Canada Agreement (USMCA), which entered into force
on July 1, 2020

United Nations 1994 • Provides universal legal controls for the management of
Convention on the marine natural resources and the control of pollution
Law of the Sea
(UNCLOS)

United Nations 2000 • non-binding UN pact to encourage businesses and firms

Global Compact worldwide to adopt sustainable and socially responsible
policies, and to report on their implementation

UNASUR 2008 • created Union of South American Nations (UNASUR)

Constitutive • Signatories: twelve South American nations
Treaty

68
FACT SHEET 4: LESSER-KNOWN CONVENTIONS WHICH MAY BE
ASKED AS ARBIT QUESTIONS
Treaty Year Facts & Features

Basel 1989 • Control of international Movements of Hazardous Wastes and

Convention Their Disposal
• It does not, however, includes the movement of radioactive
waste.

Warsaw 1929 • international convention which regulates liability for

Convention international carriage of persons, luggage, or goods performed
by international aircraft carriers.
• The Montreal Convention, signed in 1999, replaced the
Warsaw Convention

Metre 1875 • Signed in Paris, the treaty created the International Bureau of
Convention Weights and Measures (BIPM)

Marrakesh 1994 • Signed in Marrakesh, Morocco, the agreement concluded 8-

Agreement year-long Uruguay Round and established the World Trade
Organization( WTO)

Ramsar 1972 • conservation and sustainable use of wetlands.

Convention

Ashgabat 2016 • a multimodal transport agreement between the governments of

Agreement Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Iran, India, Pakistan,
and Oman for creating an international transport and transit
corridor facilitating transportation of goods between Central
Asia and the Persian Gulf
• India joined the agreement in 2018

Chicago 1944 Established the International Civil Aviation Organization

Convention (ICAO), a specialized agency of the UN charged with
coordinating international air travel

Madrid 1996 to provide for an international registration system facilitating the

Protocol registration of trademarks in multiple jurisdictions around the
world

69
Nagoya 2010 Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing
Protocol of Benefits Arising from their Utilization to the Convention on
Biological Diversity(Rio de Janeiro - 1992-93)

70
FACT SHEET 5: ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECOLOGICAL TREATIES,
CONVENTIONS, AGEERMENTS

Treaty Year Facts & Features

Antarctic Treaty 1959 • Sets aside Antarctica as a scientific preserve, establishes

freedom of scientific investigation and bans military
activity on the continent
• First arms control and environmental treaty

Outer Space 1967 • Forbids the placing of nuclear weapons or any other
Treaty weapons of mass destruction on celestial bodies and into
outer space in general.

Stockholm 1972 • United Nations Conference on the Human Environment

Conference • First UN summit on environment and sustainable
development
• UNEP- United Nations Environment Programme was set up
in 1972

Montreal 1987 • To protect the stratospheric Ozone hole, banned used of

Protocol CFC
• It was the outcome of the 1985 Vienna Convention for the
Protection of the Ozone Layer

Rio Earth Summit 1992 • Landmark agreement on sustainable development

• to devise strategy for stabilizing CHG (greenhouse gases)
emissions at safe levels on the basis of equity and in
accordance with ‘common but differentiated
responsibilities and respective capabilities’
• Agenda 21: Developed states should take the lead,
committing themselves to restoring 1990 levels of
CHG emissions by the year 2000.
• UN framework Convention on Climate Change
(UNFCCC): framework for further action ; bound signing
parties/nations to continue dialogue through Conference of
Parties (CoP).
• Since Rio summit, 26 CoP have been held till date. All
global negotiations and Climate agreements are signed
through the CoP mechanism

71
Kyoto Protocol 1997 • 3rd CoP held at Kyoto, Japan
• Set legally binding targets for developed nations to limit or
reduce their greenhouse gas emissions to at least 5.2 per
cent below their 1990 levels by 2012
• Kyoto Protocol also established 3 innovative market
mechanisms for meeting emission targets- Clean Dev
Mechanism (CDM), Joint implementation, Carbon

Bali Climate 2007 • It was Cop 13- 13th meeting of CoP to UNFCCC
Change • Roadmap for new Emission Reduction Regime post Kyoto
Conference Protocol after 2012

Copenhagen 2009 • CoP 15 of UNFCCC

Summit • The Summit was to decide a new framework for climate
change mitigation beyond 2012
• But no final agreement on the new Regime post Kyoto

Paris Climate 2015 • CoP 21 under UNFCCC

Agreement • The agreement set goal to limit global warming to well
below 2 degree compared to pre-industrial levels.
• The agreement legally binds all parties to communicate
commitment, in terms nationally determined contribution
(NDC), to reduce their CHG emissions in order to reach the
goals of the Paris Agreement.
• However, implementation of NDC itself is not legally
binding.
• By 2020, all countries had to submit their nationally
determined contributions (NDCs) for reducing CHG
emission and other climate change actions by 2035.
• US, in 2020, become the first nation in the world to formally
withdraw from the Paris climate agreement.

Glasgow Climate 2021 • CoP 26 under UNFCCC

Change • The latest CoP and Climate change conference held in
Conference Glasgow-Nov, 2021

72
 FACT SHEET 6: ARMS CONTROL TREATIES

Treaty Year Facts & Features

Antarctic Treaty 1959 • Sets aside Antarctica as a scientific preserve,

establishes freedom of scientific investigation and
bans military activity on the continent
• First arms control and environmental treaty

Partial Test Ban 1963 • Banned Nuclear Weapon Tests in the Atmosphere, in
Treaty (PTBT) Outer Space and Under Water
• First nuclear arms control treaty
• India signed and ratified the treaty

Anti-Ballistic Missile 1972 • Signed by USA and USSR

Treaty (ABM) • Limits the use of anti-ballistic missile (ABM) systems

Non-Proliferation 1968 • Limits the spread of nuclear weapons through non-

Treaty (NPT) proliferation, disarmament, and the right to utilize
nuclear technology for peaceful purposes.
• India has neither signed nor ratified
• Israel and Pakistan also not signed
• North Korea signed but came out of it in 2003

Biological Weapons 1972 • effectively bans biological and toxin weapons by

Convention (BWC) prohibiting their development, production,
acquisition, transfer, stockpiling and use

SALT (Strategic 1972 • bi-lateral nuclear arms limitation treaty between USA
Arms Reduction and USSR during the height of the cold-war
Talks) • Signed by US president Richard Nixon and Leonid
Brezhnev, general secretary of USSR
• This agreement set limits on the number of strategic
ballistic launchers of the US and USSR for a period of
five years pending a comprehensive agreement.
• The agreement set target for reduction of ICBM and
SLBM (Inter-continental ballistic and submarine-
launched ballistic missile).

73
Threshold Test Ban 1974 • established a nuclear "threshold," by prohibiting
Treaty nuclear tests of devices having a yield exceeding 150
kilotons

SALT II 1979 • Signed by US president Jimi Carter and Leonid

Brezhnev, general secretary of USSR
• SALT II was not ratified due to the deterioration of
the relation between USA and USSR following the
Soviet intervention in Afghanistan.

Moon Treaty 1979 • The Agreement Governing the Activities of States on

the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies as per the
international law, including the United Nations
Charter.

INF Treaty 1987 • Signed by USA and USSR

• Eliminates nuclear and conventional ground-launched
ballistic and cruise missiles with ranges of 500 to
5,500 kilometres

START (Strategic 1991 • bilateral treaty between the United States and the
Arms Reduction Soviet Union on the reduction and the limitation of
Treaty)- START I and strategic offensive arms
Start II • START resulted in the removal of about 80% of all
strategic nuclear weapons then in existence
• START 1 was followed by Start II ( signed in 1993)
and in 2010 it was renewed as ‘New START Treaty’
between USA and Russia, extending deep reductions
of American and Soviet or Russian strategic nuclear
weapons through February 2026
• START II banned the use of multiple independently
targetable re-entry vehicles (MIRVs) on
intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs). Hence, it
is often cited as the De-MIRV-ing Agreement

Treaty on Open Skies 1992 • Signed in Helsinki, Finland

• Establishes a program of unarmed aerial surveillance
flights over the entire territory of its participants.

Chemical Weapons 1993 • Prohibition of the Development, Production,

Convention (CWC) Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on
their Destruction

74
Comprehensive 1996 • Bans nuclear weapons test explosions and any other
Nuclear-Test-Ban nuclear explosions, for both civilian and military
Treaty (CTBT) purposes, in all environments.
• India has not signed CTBT
• yet to enter into force

Strategic Offensive 2002 • Also known as treaty of Moscow,

Reductions • Limits the nuclear arsenals of Russia and the United
Treaty(SORT) States.
• was superseded in 2011 by the New START treaty

Vienna Document 1990- • series of agreements on confidence and security-

2011 building measures between the states of Europe

Arms Trade Treaty 2013 • multilateral treaty that regulates the international
trade in conventional weapons

Wassenaar 1996 • promoting transparency and greater responsibility in

Arrangement transfers and trades of conventional arms and dual-use
goods and technologies
• India is party to the agreement

Australia Group( AG) 1985 • is a multilateral export control regime (MECR)

• to help member countries to identify those exports
which need to be controlled so as not to contribute to
the spread of chemical and biological weapons.
• India Joined AG in 2018

Nuclear Suppliers 1975 • Voluntary association of 48 countries that are capable

Group (NSG) of exporting and transporting nuclear technology
• Purpose of the NSG’s guidelines is to prevent civilian
nuclear material, equipment, and technology from
reaching countries that might use it to construct
nuclear weapons
• India is Not a member of NSG

Treaty on the 2017 • UN backed treaty of nuclear disarmament

Prohibition of nuclear • first legally binding international agreement to
weapons (TPNW) comprehensively prohibit nuclear weapons with
the ultimate goal being their total elimination.

75
• But till date only about 50 nations have signed
the treaty. None of the 9 nuclear nations,
including India has signed the treaty.
• USA has openly opposed the treaty calling its
allies not to sign the treaty.

76
 FACT SHEET 7: CONVENTIONS ON HUMAN RIGHTS

Treaty Year Facts & Features

Universal Declaration of 1948 • UDHR was proclaimed by the United Nations

Human Rights (UDHR) General Assembly in Paris on 10 December
1948

International Covenant on 1966 • Signing parties commits to respect the civil and
Civil and Political Rights political rights of individuals, including the
(ICCPR) right to life, freedom of religion, freedom of
speech, freedom of assembly, electoral rights
and rights to due process and a fair trial.
• China and Cuba have Not signed ICCPR

International Covenant on 1966 • It commits the signing parties to work toward

Economic, Social and the granting of economic, social, and cultural
Cultural Rights (ICESCR) rights (ESCR) to the individuals, including
labour rights and the right to health, the right to
education, and the right to an adequate standard
of living.

International Bill of Human 1994 • Name given to UN General Assembly

Rights Resolution 217
• Includes UDHR, ICCPR, and ICESCR

Convention on the 1979 • international bill of rights for women

Elimination of All Forms of • to eliminate discrimination against women and
Discrimination against girls in all areas and promotes women's and
Women (CEDAW) girls' equal rights

Convention on the Rights of 1989 • Protection of civil, political, economic, social,

the Child (CRC) health and cultural rights of children

International Convention on 2003 Monitored by The Committee on Migrant

the Protection of the Rights of Workers (CMW)
All Migrant Workers and
Members of Their Families
(ICRMW)

International Convention for 2006 to prevent forced disappearance defined in

the Protection of All Persons international law, crimes against humanity.

77
from Enforced Disappearance
(CED)

Convention on the Rights of 2007 to promote, protect, and ensure the full
Persons with Disabilities enjoyment of human rights by persons with
(CRPD) disabilities and ensure that persons with
disabilities enjoy full equality under the law.

78
 FACT SHEET 8 : IMPORTANT GLOBAL WOMEN’S
MOVEMENTS AND ORGANISATIONS

Movement/organisation Country Year Facts/Features

Women’s Rights USA 1848 Start of series of Women’s right

Movement movement
Led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton

woman suffrage USA 1869 Lucy Stone

movement to Henry B. Blackwell, Julia Ward
1890 Howe, T.W. Higginson

National Organization USA 1966 Largest Feminist Organisation

for Women( NOW) Fonder: Betty Friedan and many
other Feminists

Equality Now Global 1992 Founder: Jessica Neuwirth

protection and promotion of the
human rights of women and girls

Every Woman Global 2011 Founder: Sophie Armstrong

Foundation (EWF) to provide outreach programs and
community events to women of all
ages, circumstances and
backgrounds

International Alliance of Geneva 1904 Founder: Carrie Chapman Catt

Women (IAW) works to promote women's rights
and gender equality, and that
historically was the main
international organization that
campaigned for women's suffrage(
voting rights)
IAW for professional women
founded in 1980

International Council of Washington 1888 first international women's

Women (ICW) D.C. organization

79
 women's rights organization working
across national boundaries for the
common cause of advocating human
rights for women
The ICW enjoys consultative status
with the United Nations and its
Permanent Representatives to
ECOSOC, ILO, FAO, WHO,
UNDP, UNEP, UNESCO, UNICEF,
UNCTAD, and UNIDO.

One Billion Rising 2012 Started by Eve Ensler

Movement to end rape and sexual
violence against women
The "billion" refers to the UN
statistic that one in three women will
be raped or beaten in her lifetime.

V-Day (movement) 1998 Started by Eve Ensler

To end violence against women and
girls

Time's Up USA 2018 Advocacy and support for victims of

workplace sexual harassment

United Nations UN 1976 provides financial and technical

Development Fund for assistance to innovative programmes
Women (UNIFEM) and strategies that promoted
women's human rights, political
participation and economic security
Replaced by UN Women in 2011

UN Women UN 2011 United Nations Entity for Gender

Equality and the Empowerment of
Women
New Avatar of UNIFEM

Women Deliver 2007 Founded by Jill Sheffield

works to generate political
commitment and financial
investment for fulfilling Millennium
Development Goal 5—reducing
maternal mortality and achieving

80
 universal access to reproductive
health

Women without Borders Vienna 2001 founded by Dr. Edit Schlaffer

(WwB) works to empower women as agents
of change

Women's International Geneva 1915 working "to bring peace for women"
League for Peace and and to unite women worldwide who
Freedom (WILPF) oppose oppression and exploitation

World Pulse Internet 2003 Social-Media-for-Social-Revolution

a social network for women.

Zonta International 1919 a global organization of executives

and professionals working together
to advance the status of women
worldwide through service and
advocacy

81
 FACT SHEET 9: LIST OF SOME PROMINENT GLOBAL
SOCIAL MOVEMENTS

Name Year Addl. Info, Features, Trivia

World social 2001 Global resistance movement against neo-liberal

forum (WSF) globalisation
WSF meets every year same time when World
Economic Forum Meet.
They advocate alt-globalisation- more humane, equal,
and just globalisation

Battle of Seattle 1999 series of protests surrounding the WTO Ministerial

Conference of 1999 at Seattle, USA

Peoples’ Global worldwide co-ordination of radical social movements,

Action grassroots campaigns and direct actions in resistance to
capitalism and for social and environmental justice
PGA was part of the anti-globalization movement.

Animal 2019 climate justice movement with the stated aim of

Rebellion compelling government action towards a plant-based
food system

Anti- a social movement critical of economic globalization

globalization Also called global justice movement
movement

Alt-right 2010 A far-right, white nationalist movement

Black Lives 2013 highlight racism, discrimination, and inequality

Matter experienced by black people
This movement re-ignited after the murder of a black
US citizen- George Floyd- by a Police officer

Brights Insisting that public policies should be based on science

movement

Chicano 1940s & resistance movement in USA by people of Mexican

Movement 50s descent

Chipko 1970s People resisted cutting of forest trees by Government

Movement contractors in Uttarakhand

82
Civil rights 1954— to abolish racial segregation, discrimination, and
movement 1968 disenfranchisement of blacks/coloured people in United
States

Earth First! 1980 a radical environmental advocacy group in United

States.

Ecofeminism draw on the concept of gender to analyse the

relationships between humans and the natural world
Relate women to mother Earth

Efficiency early 20th to identify and eliminate waste in all areas of the
movement century economy and society, and to develop and implement
best practices

Environmental USA- Greenpeace

movements India: Narmada Bachao, Chipko, Silent Valley
movement

LGBT Worldwide movements for equal rights of Lesbian, gay,

movements bisexual, and transgenders

India Against 2011 IAC led the famous Anna Hazare movement against
Corruption corruption

Mad Pride 1993 Mad Pride is a mass movement of the users of mental
health services, former users, and the aligned, which
advocates that individuals with mental illness should be
proud of their 'mad' identity.

March for Our 2018 March for Our Lives (MFOL) was a student-led
Lives demonstration in support of gun control legislation in
USA

MeToo 2017 Worldwide movement against sexual harassments of

movement women ; the movement encouraged women to reveal
the identity of the perpetrator.

Namantar 1978-94 a Dalit Buddhist movement to change the name of

Andolan Marathwada University, in Aurangabad, Maharashtra,
India, to Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar University.

Occupy 2011-12 expressed opposition to social and economic inequality

movement and to the lack of perceived "real democracy" around
the world.

83
Pro-choice Women’s movement in USA supporting the view that a
movement woman should have the legal right to abortion

pro-life Just opposite to anti=abortion movement in USA

movement

Slow Food An anti-globalisation movement which advocates local

movement food and traditional cooking against the fast food
culture.

Tea Party 2009-13 an American fiscally conservative political movement

movement calling for lower taxes and for a reduction of the
national debt and federal budget deficit through
decreased government spending

The Bees Army an opposition movement, using social media nad

electronic platforms, aimed at confronting what the
movement describes as Saudi Arabian government
propaganda

The Zeitgeist 2008 Anti-capitalist movement in USA

Movement critical of market capitalism, describing it as
structurally corrupt and wasteful of resources

Time to Change 2007 a mental health campaign in England, launched in 2007

with the objective of reducing mental health-related
stigma and discrimination

Time's Up Time's Up is a non-profit group that raises money to

support victims of sexual harassment

Umbrella 2014 a political movement that emerged during the Hong

Movement Kong democracy protests of 2014. Its name arose from
the use of umbrellas by the protesters as a tool for
passive resistance

Veganism Veganism is the movement for abstaining from the use

of animal products, particularly in diet, and an
associated philosophy that rejects the commodity status
of animals

Via Campesina 1993 an international farmers organization based at Belgium

an international movement which coordinates peasant
organizations of small and middle-scale producers,
agricultural workers, rural women, and indigenous
communities from Asia, Africa, America, and Europe

84
My Stealthy 2014 Women’s online movement in Iran
Freedom Women’s protest against the compulsory hijab laws

Women Against 1950 first of these organizations was created in the 1950s in
War response to the Vietnam War.

Women's Begin Worldwide long movement to obtain voting rights for

suffrage mid-19th women; mainly based in USA
century International Woman Suffrage Alliance- formed in
Berlin -1904

85
 FACT SHEETS:
INTERNATIONAL
INTER-OVERNMENTAL
ORGANISATIONS

UN, IMF, World Bank,

WTO

86
 FACT SHEET- 1: UN: ESSENTIAL FACTS, GK, TRIVIA

Information Facts & Features

Item

Formation Finalised in San Francisco Conference (April 25–June 26, 1945)

Dumbarton Oaks Conference in 1944- Finalisation of basic principles
Yalta Conference: Those principles were re-affirmed

Inauguration 24 October, 1945

Day

Objectives • maintaining international peace and security,

• protecting human rights,
• delivering humanitarian aid,
• promoting sustainable development,
• and upholding international law

Headquarter New York City

Nos. of 51
Founding 50 members signed the UN charter on June 26, 1945
Members
Poland, the 51st founding member, signed in Oct, 1945
India is one of the founding member

Current 193 ; last member to join UN- South Sudan in 2011

members

6 organs or 1. the General Assembly- all members- equal votes

principal 2. the Security Council- 15, 5 permanent members have veto
organisations
3. the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)
4. the Trusteeship Council; now dissolved
5. the International Court of Justice( ICJ)- at Hague
6. and the UN Secretariat, headed by UN secretary General

UN UN special Agency Year Set Up/ Function

specialized Headquarter
agencies Current Head

UNESO Nov,1945/ Paris Helping improve

education worldwide
and to protecting

87
 Director General important historical
(DG): Ms Audrey and cultural sites
Azoulay around the world.

Food and Agriculture Oct, 1945/ Rome leads international

Organization (FAO) DG: Qu Dongyu efforts to fight hunger.
technical knowledge
and information to aid
development.

WHO (World Health 1948/ Geneva attainment by all

Organisation) DG: Dr Tedros peoples of the highest
Ghebreyesus possible level of
health.
Health: a state of
complete physical,
mental and social
well-being and not
merely the absence of
disease or infirmity.

ILO 1919/ Geneva Promotes

DG: Guy Ryder international labour
rights by formulating
international
standards on the
freedom to associate,
collective bargaining,
the abolition of forced
labour, and equality of
opportunity and
treatment.

UNIDO (United 1966/ Vienna promotes industrial

Nations Industrial DG : Gerd Müller development for
Development poverty reduction,
Organization) inclusive
globalization and
environmental
sustainability.

ITU (International 1865 (Oldest)/ protect and support

Telecommunication Geneva everyone's
Union) Secretary General- fundamental right to
Dr Hamadoun Touré communicate, set

88
 global standard for
telecommunication

UPU ( Universal Postal 1874 ( set up by helps to ensure a truly

Union) treaty of Bern; 2nd universal network of
oldest) up-to-date postal
DG: Masahiko services
Metoki

IMO (International 1948/ London sets standards for the

Maritime Secretary-General- safety and security of
Organization) Kitack Lim international shipping

ICC (International Set up in 1998 under permanent

Criminal Court) the Rome Statute international court
Headquarter: Hague, with jurisdiction to
Netherland prosecute individuals
for the international
President: Justice
crimes of genocide,
Piotr Hofmański
crimes against
humanity, war crimes
and the crime of
aggression

WMO (World 1950/Geneva promoting

Meteorological President: David international
Organization) Grimes cooperation on
atmospheric science,
climatology,
hydrology and
geophysics

IMF(International 1944/Washington Exchange rate, global

Monetary Fund) MD: Kristalina economic
Georgieva development,
structural adjustment
program, loan to tide
over Balance of
payment

World Bank Group 1944/ Washington Funding development

President: David projects to both
Malpass Government and
NGOs for education,

89
 energy, health,
development

UN Funds, Programs, related agencies

UN Funds, UNDP Set up: 1965 United Nations
Programs, Headquarter: New Development
related York City Programme
agencies helping to eradicate
poverty, reduce
inequalities and build
resilience so countries
can sustain progress to
meet SDG

UN-HABITAT Set up : 1975 To promote socially

Headquarter: and environmentally
Nairobi, Kenya sustainable human
settlements
development and the
achievement of
adequate shelter for
all.

UNICEF Set up: 1946 United Nations

Headquarter: New International
York City Children's Emergency
Fund
to save children’s
lives, to defend their
rights, and to help
them fulfil their
potential, from early
childhood through
adolescence

WFP Set up: 1961 World Food

Headquarter: Rome, Programme
Italy world’s largest
humanitarian agency
was awarded the
Nobel Peace Prize in
2020.

90
UNFPA Set up: 1969 United Nations
Headquarter: New Population Fund
York City

UNHCR Set up: 1950 United Nations High

Headquarter: Commissioner for
Geneva Refugees

UN WOMEN Set up: 2010 gender equality and

Headquarter: New the empowerment of
York City women

IAEA (International Set up : 1957 Called "Atoms for

Atomic Energy Agency Headquarter: Vienna Peace" organization
DG: Rafael Mariano "Atoms for Peace"
Related Agency Grossi was famous address of
US president
Eisenhower
Aim: to promote the
safe, secure and
peaceful use of
nuclear technologies

WTO Set up: 1995 World Trade

Headquarter: Organisation
Geneva

IOM Set up: 1951 International

Headquarter: Organization for
Geneva Migration

UNFCCC Set up: 1992 United Nations

Headquarter: Bonn, Framework
Germany Convention on
Climate Change
Conference of parties
( CoP) for climate
talks held every year
under UNFCCC

UN Commission on Set up: 1992 To oversee the

Sustainable Headquarter: New outcomes of the 1992
Development (CSD) York City Rio Earth Summit on

91
 Sustainable
Development

UN Human Rights Set up: 2006 to promote and protect

Council Headquarter: human rights around
Geneva the world.

Office of the High Set up: 1993 to promote and protect

Commissioner for Headquarter: human rights that are
Human Rights Geneva guaranteed under
(OHCHR) international law and
stipulated in the
Universal Declaration
of Human Rights
(UDHR) of 1948

Current António Guterres- Portuguese

Secretary
General

First Trygve Lie- Norwegian

Secretary
General

UN SDG SDG- Sustainable Development Goals- 17 key Goals for entire humanity,
adopted in 2015, for universal call to end poverty, protect the planet, and
ensure that by 2030 all people enjoy peace and prosperity:
1. No Poverty, (2) Zero Hunger, (3) Good Health and Well-being,
(4) Quality Education, (5) Gender Equality, (6) Clean Water and
Sanitation, (7) Affordable and Clean Energy, (8) Decent Work
and Economic Growth, (9) Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure,
(10) Reducing Inequality, (11) Sustainable Cities and
Communities, (12) Responsible Consumption and Production, (13)
Climate Action, (14) Life Below Water, (15) Life On Land, (16)
Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions, (17) Partnerships for the
Goals.
Also remember MDG (Millenium Development Goals)- 8 goals- 2000-
2015

Trivia • 1st Asian to become secretary General- U Thant of Myanmar

• U Thant is also the longest serving UN secretary General

92
• 1st South Asian to be elected as President of General assembly-
Vijaya Laxmi Pandit- India
• 1st Pakistani to be elected as President of General assembly-
Muhammad Zafarullah Khan
• Current President of General assembly, Abdulla Shahid, is from
Maldives
• 1965: Numbers of security council members increased to 15
• NIEO: New International Economic Order- proposal by ‘South’ in
UN under UNCTAD(United Nations Conference on Trade and
Development- 1964) and during the 4th NAM summit at Algiris;
rejected by developed ‘North’
• All the climate talks, called CoP, are done under UNFCCC (United
Nation framework convention on climate change), which was
framed during Rio earth Summit-1992
• G-77: at the UN is a loose coalition of developing nations, designed
to promote its members' collective economic interests
• Now China is 2nd biggest fund giving nation , after USA, to UN

93
FACT SHEET 2: SOME ADDITIONAL TRIVIA RELATED TO
UN

Info item UN Secretary Addl. Info/Trivia

General
Quote: “The United Nations was not created to Dag • 2nd UN Sec Gen(1953-
take humanity to heaven, but to save it from Hammarskjold 61)
hell” • Swedish
• Known for his
quotes/one liner
Quote: “The one common undertaking and Trygve Lie 1st UN Sec Gen (1946-53)
universal instrument of the great majority of the Book: ‘In the Cause of
human race is the United Nations.” Peace (1954)’

“State should be viewed as the servant of its Kofi Anan 7th UN Secretary General
people and not vice versa” He was from Ghana
Wrote “We the Peoples: A
UN for the Twenty-First
Century”

Agenda For Peace- 1995 Boutros Boutros- • 6th UN Sec Gen (1992-
Ghali 96)
• From Egypt
• It included Preventive
diplomacy, peace
making peace-keeping,
and Post-conflict Peace
building ( in this order)

“Uniting for Peace" UN General The Resolution states that

Assembly in any cases where the
resolution- 377 A Security Council, because
(1950) of a lack of unanimity
among its five permanent
members (P5), fails to act
the GA will do
whatsoever possible, by
collective actions, to
maintain peace.

94
“Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)” 8 global 8 MDGs: No extreme
development poverty and hunger,
goals to be universal primary
achieved by 2015 education, gender
fixed after the equality and women
Millennium empowerment, reduce
Summit of the child mortality, improve
UN in 2000 maternal health, combat
2000-2015 HIV/AIDS, malaria, and
other diseases,
environmental
sustainability, global
partnership for
development

“SDG”- 2015-30 17 key Goals for For sustainable

entire humanity development

95
FACT SHEET 3: UN CHARTER- CHAPTERS AND THEIR CONTENTS

Chapter What it contains Addl. Info/Trivia

of UN
charter

Chapter I Purposes and Principles

Chapter 2 Membership

Chapter 3 UN Organs

Chapter 4 The General Assembly UNGA- like Parliament of UN

Much less powerful than UNSC

Chapter 5 The Security Council UNSC- like Government of UN

15 members- 5 permanent with Veto
From 11 to 15 member- 1965

Chapter 6 Pacific Settlement of Peacekeeping force/mission- not mentioned in

Disputes UN charter

Chapter 7 Action with Respect to Using force to bring Peace

Threats to the Peace, Peacekeeping mission: called chapter six and
Breaches of the Peace, half ( why?)
and Acts of Aggression
As it is in between chapter 6 (Pacific Settlement
of Disputes) and chapter 7 ( using force for
peace)

Chapter 8 Regional Arrangements Regional IGOs- such as ASEAN

Chapter 9 International Economic

and Social Cooperation

Chapter The Economic and ECOSOC- Economic and Social Council , one
10 Social Council of the six principal organs of the UN,
responsible for the direction and coordination of
the economic, social, humanitarian, and cultural
activities carried out by the UN

Chapter Declaration Regarding

11 Non-Self-Governing
Territories

96
Chapter International
12 Trusteeship System

Chapter The Trusteeship Council The Trusteeship Council, which was set up
13 under UN mandate system, was dissolved in
1994, when Palau, the last of the original 11
trust territories, gained its independence.

Chapter The International Court ICJ is the principal judicial organ of the United
14 of Justice (ICJ) Nations
Headquarter: Peace palace, Hague, Netherland
ICC Also co-located

Chapter The Secretariat UN secretary General Heads the UN Secretariat

15

Chapter Miscellaneous
16 Provisions regarding
International Treaties

Chapter Transitional Security

17 Arrangements

Chapter Amendments to UN When adopted by a vote of two thirds of the

18 charter members of the General Assembly and ratified
in accordance with their respective
constitutional processes by two thirds of the
Members of the United Nations, including all
the permanent members of the Security Council.

Chapter Ratification and 50 members signed UN charter, at San

19 Signature Francisco, 26 June 1945
Poland Signed UN charter on 15 October 1945-
51 founding member
India is one of the Founding Members

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 FACT SHEET 4: UN SECRETARY GENERALS

Name Country Period Addl. Info/Trivia

Trygve Lie Norway 1946 1st *Sec-Gen UN

1952 Wrote’ In the Cause of Peace’

Dag Sweden 1953- 2nd and perhaps most popular Sec-Gen UN

Hammarskjöld 1961 Wrote ‘Markings( 1963)’
Famous for his Quotes on UN

U Thant Myanmar 1961-71 Longest serving UN Sec Gen

1st from Asia
Wrote ‘View from the UN’

Kurt Waldheim Austria 1972-81 Wrote ‘In the Eye of the Storm’

Javier Pérez de Peru 1982-91 Also was PM of Peru

Cuéllar Longest lived UN Sec-Gen
Wrote ‘Pilgrimage for Peace’

Boutros Boutros- Egypt 1992-96 Oversaw breakup of Yugoslavia and the Rwandan
Ghali genocide
1st from Africa
Published ‘Agenda For Peace’ in 1995
Wrote ‘Unvanquished: A U.S.–U.N. Saga’

Kofi Annan Ghana 1997- Won 2001 Nobel Peace Prize

2006 “We the Peoples: A UN for the Twenty-First
Century”
UN global compact and MDG during his tenure
In September 2016, Annan was appointed to lead a
UN commission to investigate the Rohingya crisis
in Myanmar

Ban Ki-moon South 2007- 2nd from Asia

Korea 2016 UN SDG

António Guterres Portugal 2017- Current UN Sec-Gen

*Sec- Gen: Secretary General

98
FACT SHEET 5: INDIA’S PARTICIPATION IN UN PEACEKEEPING
MISSION

Peace Keeping Mission Year Addl. Info

UN Peacekeeping in Korean 1950- Operation Tomahawk by USA forces

war 54

Indo-China 1954– Indo China- Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos

70

United Nations Emergency 1956–

Force (UNEF) in Middle East 67

United Nations Operation in 1960–

the Congo ( ONUC) 64

United Nations Transitional 1992-

Authority in Cambodia 1993

United Nations Operation in 1992–

Mozambique(ONUMOZ) 94

United Nations Operation in 1993–

Somalia 94

United Nations Assistance 1994-

Mission for Rwanda 96

Angola 1989- The United Nations Angola Verification

1999 Mission I (I UNAVEM) was a peacekeeping
mission in Angola during the civil war.

Sierra Leone 1999- United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone

2001 (UNAMSIL)

Ethiopia-Eritrea 2006– United Nations Mission in Ethiopia and

08 Eritrea (UNMEE)

Lebanon Since Currently ongoing UN peacekeeping

1998

Congo Since Ongoing- UN Stabilization Mission in the

2005 Democratic Republic of the Congo or
MONUSCO

99
Golan Heights Since UN Disengagement Observer Force
2006 (UNDOF) is a United Nations peacekeeping
mission tasked with maintaining the ceasefire
between Israel and Syria in the aftermath of
the 1973 Yom Kippur War

Ivory Coast Since United Nations Operation in Côte d'Ivoire

2004 (UNOC)

Haiti Since United Nations Stabilisation Mission in Haiti

1997

Liberia Since United Nations Mission in Liberia

2007

100
 FACT SHEET-6 : WORLD BANK GROUP

Information Facts & Features

Item

Formation Was set up in 1944 along with IMF as outcome of Bretton Woods
agreement to provide concessional loan to European countries for
reconstruction post WWII

Objectives • To provide concessional loan to European countries for reconstruction

post WWII
• Since 1960s, it has changed and widened its role. Now it provides long
term low interest loans technical assistance to both Government and
Non-Government developmental projects in middle-income or
creditworthy poorer nations in the areas of Health care, education,
energy, agriculture, water & electricity, environmental protection,
sustainable development, etc.
• It is further widening its role from project financing to macro-
economic management by broader "structural adjustment” loans to
Middle & low Income nations

Headquarter Washington, D.C.

It is group of 5 World Bank Group Consists of:

organisations 1. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
(IBRD)- popularly called the World Bank
2. International Development Agency (IDA)
3. International Finance Corporation (IFC)
4. and Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA)
5. The International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes
(ICSID)

Current 189
members

Current David R. Malpass- American economist

President

First MD Eugene Meyer

Trivia • In addition to providing loans, the World Bank’s assessment of

a member government’s economic performance significantly

101
 influences the borrower’s access to other donor aid and private
capital
• To position itself as “Knowledge Bank” where it tried to position
itself as the repository of ‘development expertise’.
• Member nations of IMF automatically becomes its members
• Sources of funds: by selling World Bank bonds to investors and
Contributions from Members
• voting rights proportionate to economic strength (share of
the Bank's capital stock held by the member)
• World Bank is technically an agency of the United Nations
system

102
 FACT SHEET-7 : IMF: INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND

Information Facts & Features

Item

Formation Finalised in The Bretton Woods Conference- 1944, formally known as

the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference, at the Mount
Washington Hotel, situated in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, USA

Inauguration 1944
Year

Objectives Initial: oversee the new monetary order that was established by the
Bretton Woods agreement
After collapse of Bretton Woods agreement: Reducing global poverty,
encouraging international trade, and promoting financial stability and
economic growth

Headquarter Washington, D.C.

Nos. of 44
Founding
Members

Current 190
members

Current MD Kristalina Georgieva- Bulgarian economist

First MD Dr. Camille Gutt

Trivia • Gita Gopinath is the Chief Economist of IMF from 1 October

2018
• IMF became infamous in 3rd world countries due to its
‘Structural Adjustment’ program to help poor countries tide the
Forex crisis
• Chief Institution through which L.P.G. guided by the
Washington consensus - was carried out in 2nd & 3rd world
countries
• Member states contribute fixed quota proportion to their
economic strength and getting proportionate voting rights

103
 FACT SHEET-8 : WTO: WORLD TRADE ORGANISATION

Information Item Facts & Features

Formation Finalised in the Uruguay rounds of GATT in 1995, which is UN

forum for trade.
WTO is new Avatar of GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and
Trade ) which is a legal trade agreement among many nations under
UN conference on Trade and Employment in 1947 at Geneva

Inauguration Day 1 January 1995

Objectives Regulating and facilitating ‘free’ trade among member nations and
dispute resolution related to trade

Headquarter Geneva, Switzerland

Nos. of Founding 23
Members

Current members 164

Current MD Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala- Nigeria- 1st Women DG

First MD Peter Sutherland- Ireland

Important WTO • Doha Round, started in 2001 is the latest rounds of trade
rounds of talks talks
• Doha Development Agenda: to improve the trading
prospects of developing countries.
• Stalemate of Doha Round on Agriculture and subsidies

Trivia • ITO (International Trade Organization) was to set up along

with IMF and World bank as outcome of Bretton Woods
conference in 1944; but due to reluctance of USA, ITO never
became reality.
• India is the founding member of WTO
• China joined WTO in 2001
• trading territory (custom territory) may become member-
Hong Kong and Taiwan; EU is also a member.
• Each member has permanent mission or representative at
WTO headquarter at Geneva
• One Member One Vote- Unlike IMF

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 FACT SHEETS:
REGIONAL
INTER-OVERNMENTAL
ORGANISATIONS

ASIA AND BEYOND

105
 FACT SHEET 1: REGIONAL COOPERATION ORGANISATIONS:
ASIA
Regional Forum Facts & Features

ASEAN • Association for South East Asian Nations

• Established: • 1967- Bangkok Declaration
• 10 Members: 5 founders- Indonesia, Malaysia, the
Philippines, Singapore and Thailand Plus Brunei
Darussalam, Vietnam, Lao PDR, Myanmar (Burma) and
Cambodia
• Headquarter: at Jakarta, Indonesia
• Current chairmanship: Cambodia
• Latest ASEAN Summit: Oct, 2021 at Bandar Seri
Begawan, Brunei

SAARC • South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation

• Set up: 8 December 1985 at Dhaka, Bangladesh-
SAARC charter signed
• Members: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan,
Maldives, Sri-Lanka (Founders) plus Afghanistan
(joined in 2007)
• Headquarter: at Kathmandu, Nepal
• Latest SARRC Summit: 18th at Kathmandu- Nov,
2014

BIMSTEC • Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical

and Economic Cooperation
• members of BIMSTEC: India, Sri-Lanka, Bangladesh,
Bhutan, Nepal (SAARC nations) plus Myanmar and
Thailand (non-SAARC nations)
• Called mini-SAARC, India investing in it as an
alternative to SAARC under its ‘Look east Policy’
• Headquarter: at Dhaka, Bangladesh.
• Latest BIMSTEC Summit: 4th - Kathmandu, Nepal
August 2018

APEC • Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation

• Promotes free trade throughout the Asia-Pacific region.

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 • 21 Members- USA, Canada, Russia, China, Australia,
New Zealand, Chile, Peru, Mexico, Japan, South Korea,
Hong Kong, Taiwan, and 7 ASEAN nations
• It is backed by USA
• More than 50% of World’s GDP
• Headquarter : at Singapore
• Latest APEC summit: Nov, 2021 chaired by New
Zealand, held virtually.

RCEP • Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership

• a free-trade agreement involving the ASEAN Plus Six
(excluding India)
• It is backed by China
• The RCEP is the first free trade agreement between
China, Japan, and South Korea, three of the four largest
economies in Asia.
• RCEP is the world's largest trading bloc- $2.3 trillion
trade potential in 2019
• Headquarter: Hanoi, Vietnam
• India backed out and didn’t join RCEP

BRICS • Acronym coined for an association of five major

emerging national economies: Brazil, Russia, India,
China and South Africa
• Formed in 2009, S. Africa joined next year
• Headquarter: Shanghai, China
• BRICS Development Bank: now called New
Development Bank
• Latest BRICS Summit: Host- India, Sept, 2021- virtual

PECC • Pacific Economic Cooperation Council

• A network of member committees composed of
individuals and institutions dedicated to promoting
cooperation across the Asia Pacific region
• 23 members- many ASEAN members, China, Japan,
Korea, etc
• Headquarter: Singapore

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Shanghai Cooperation • Also called Shanghai Pact, is a Eurasian political,
Organisation (SCO) economic, and security alliance; set up in 2003
• Members: 8: Shanghai Five- China, Kazakhstan,
Kyrgyzstan, Russia and Tajikistan PLUS India, Pakistan,
Uzbekistan
• India, Pakistan Joined in 2017
• The SCO is the largest regional organisation in the world
in terms of geographical coverage and population,
covering three-fifths of the Eurasian continent and nearly
half of the human population.
• Headquarter: Beijing, China
• Latest SCO summit: Sept, 2021- virtual

Gulf Cooperation • Members: Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia,

Council (GCC) and the United Arab Emirates
• All members are Monarchy
• Founded 1981
• Headquarter: Riyadh in Saudi Arabia.
• Proposed to become "Gulf Union" with tighter economic,
political and military coordination.

OIC • Organisation of Islamic Cooperation

• founded in 1969, consisting of 57 member states, mostly
being Muslim-majority countries
• Objective:” the collective voice of the Muslim world"
and works to "safeguard and protect the interests of the
Muslim world in the spirit of promoting international
peace and harmony"
• SAARC nations who are members of OIC:
Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Maldives
• Headquarter: Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

The Indian Ocean • Aims:

Rim Association • Social development of Indian Ocean Rim region.
(IORA)
• Enhancing security and protection from piracy.
• Trade facilitation.
• Set up on 6 March 1997
• Headquarters: Ebene, Mauritius

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 • 23 members- Australia, Bangladesh, the Comoros,
France, India, Indonesia, Iran, Kenya, Madagascar,
Malaysia, Maldives, Mauritius, Mozambique, Oman,
Seychelles, Singapore, Somalia, South Africa, Sri Lanka,
Tanzania, Thailand, the United Arab Emirates, Yemen

Collective Security • Military alliance in Eurasia consisting of Armenia,

Treaty Organization Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan and
(CSTO) Uzbekistan
• Headquarter: Moscow

Other • BCIM: The Bangladesh–China–India–Myanmar Forum

Forum/economic for Regional Cooperation
corridors in Asia • CPEC: China–Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC)
• BBIN: Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal (BBIN)
initiative
• CMEC: China-Myanmar Economic Corridor (CMEC)

Asia Cooperation • IGO to include whole Asia and to integrate separte

Dialogue (ACD) regional organisations- ASEAN, SAARC, SCO, GCC,
etc
• Set up 2002
• Members: 34 country- India, China, Indonesia, and
almost all Asian countries
• Headquarter : Kuwait

Mekong Ganga • MGC was set up in 2000 at Vientiane, Laos to cooperate

Cooperation (MGC) in the areas of tourism, culture, education, and
transportation.
• 6 member countries- India, Thailand, Myanmar,
Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam

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FACT SHEET 2: GLOBAL IGOs and REGIONAL ORGANISATIONS:
OTHER THAN ASIA

Regional Facts & Features

Forum/IGO

G-7 • An inter-governmental organisation (IGO) of world’s

largest and advanced economies and wealthiest liberal
democracies- Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, UK,
and USA
• Set up in 1973; 1st Summit- 1975
• Headquarter: None! as it is not based on a treaty and has no
permanent secretariat or office
• It was called G-8 from 1997 to 2014, when Russia was also
a member; after Russian annexation of the Crimea, it was
expelled from the group
• Also called ‘Library Group’
• Latest G-7 Summit : June 2021 in Cornwall, England

G-20 • IGO comprising 19 countries and the European Union

(EU).
• Composed of both industrialized and developing nations-
90% GDP, 75-80& trade, 2/3rd population, and half the
land !
• India, Brazil, Argentina, China, Indonesia, Saudi Arabia,
South Korea, South Africa- developing nation and member
of G-20
• Set up in 1999
• Headquarter: does not have a permanent secretariat or
Headquarters
• Current President: Indonesia
• Primary forum for international economic and financial
cooperation among developed & developing world
• Latest G-20 Summit: Oct, 2021- Rome, Italy
• Next planned at Bali, Indonesia in Oct, 2022

NAM • Founded in Belgrade Yugoslavia in 1961 by newly

independent 3rd world countries

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 • 5 founding members- 1. Josip Broz Tito from Yugoslavia
2. Jawaharlal Nehru from India · 3. Gamal Abdel Nasser
from Egypt 4. Sukarno from Indonesia 5. Kwame
Nkrumah from Ghana
• Its Algiris Summit in 1973 led to demand of NIEO- New
International Economic Order
• Latest Summit: October 25–26, 2019 in Baku, Azerbaijan
• Current Presidency: Azerbaijan, till 2022

G-77 • Set up in 1964, at Geneva, by 77 developing nations as an

outcome of UNCTAD- United Nations Conference on
Trade and Development-1964
• UNCTAD itself is an IGO based at Geneva
• Since then membership of G-77 increased to 134
• Headquarter: same as UN Headquarter
• Work for the economic interest of developing nation, new
economic order( NIEO), and sustainable and equitable
development
• Latest Summit : 45TH Annual Meeting of Ministers for
Foreign Affairs – Nov, 2021, New York
• Present Chairmanship: Pakistan

NATO • North Atlantic Treaty Organization

• Set up: 1949
• Security Alliance: mutual defence in response to an attack
by any external party.
• Members: 30 (USA, UK, and other European nations)
• Recent members: Montenegro in 2017 and Macedonia
2020.
• Headquarter: at Brussels, Belgium

WARSAW PACT • officially the Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and

Mutual Assistance among USSR and Eastern Bloc
nations
• Set up: 1955, Warsaw, Poland
• Direct rival to NATO
• Headquarter: at Moscow, USSR.
• Was Dissolved in 1991

EU • European Union

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 • Set up: 1993 by the Maastricht treaty
• Political and economic union of European nations
• 27 Members- UK, France, Germany, and all
western/central/south plus few erstwhile Eastern Bloc
European nations.
• North Macedonia- latest member to join EU – march
2020
• UK exited EU ( BREXIT)- on 31 January 2020
• Headquarter: at Brussels, Belgium
• Behave like supra-nation: Has European Parliament,
Common currency (Euro), common VISA (Schengen
Visa), Common Foreign and Security Policy, common
market
• European Commission- its executive arm
• EU is member (represented) of UN, WTO, G7, G20

AU • African Union
• Replaced Organisation of African Unity (OAU), set up in
1963
• Set up : 2001 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
• 55 members: almost all African Nation
• Headquarter: Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
• Largest regional organisation in terms of membership count
• Latest Summit: 34th- February , 2021- virtual

NAFTA • North American Free Trade Agreement

• Set up 1994
• Members: USA, Canada, Mexico
• Headquarter: The NAFTA Secretariat is located in separate
national offices in Mexico City, Ottawa and Washington
• One of the largest trade blocs in the world by GDP
• NAFTA is now replaced by United States-Mexico-Canada
Agreement (USMCA), which entered into force on July 1,
2020

MERCOSUR • Official name : Southern Common Market

• South American trade bloc
• Set up : by the Treaty of Asunción in 1991

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 • Full members are Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and
Uruguay.
• Venezuela is a full member but has been suspended since 1
December 2016.
• Associate countries are Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador,
Guyana, Peru and Suriname
• Headquarter: Montevideo, Uruguay.

UNASUR • Union of South American Nations

• Regional IGO of 12 South American countries
• Headquarter: Quito, Ecuador
• Set up in 2008
• Almost defunct (non-working) as most of the members have
withdrawn

OAS • Organization of American States

• Set up 1948
• 35 Members: of both North and South America
• Headquarter: Washington, USA

CIS • Commonwealth of Independent States

• Formed in 1991 by erstwhile republics under USSR
• 9 members: 4 central Asian republics ( except Turkmenistan
which is associate member), Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus,
Moldova, and Russia
• Headquarter: Minsk, Belarus

OPEC • Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries

• Set up: 1960 in Baghdad
• Members: 5 founders- Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and
Venezuela plus: 7 African nation( Libya, Angola, Algeria,
Gabon, Guinea, Nigeria, Congo), UAE
• Headquarter at Vienna, Austria

Cairns Group • The Cairns Group is a coalition of 19 agricultural exporting

countries which account for more than 25 per cent of the
world’s agricultural exports, and one observer (Ukraine).
• Set up in Cairns, Australia, in 1986

ANZUS • The Australia, New Zealand, United States Security Treaty

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 • Collective security non-binding agreement between
Australia, New Zealand, and the United States to co-operate
on military matters in the Pacific Ocean region
• ANZUS was overshadowed in late 2021 by AUKUS, a
trilateral security pact between Australia, the United
Kingdom, and the United States.

Now Dissolved or • UNASUR: Union of South American Nations; Set up:

Defunct 2008 ; but by 2019 most members withdrew
organisations • SEATO: set up in 1954 by Southeast Asia Collective
Défense Treaty, or Manila Pact, as cold war military
alliance; was dissolved in 1977
• CENTO: Central Treaty Organisation (CENTO),
originally known as the Baghdad Pact, a cold war military
alliance, set up in 1955, dissolved in 1979
• Pakistan was member of both SEATO and CENTO ; both
the organisation was backed by USA for its strategic
interests in Asia.
• WARSAW PACT: see above.
• NAFTA- replaced by USMCA

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 FACT SHEET 3: SOME LESS KNOWN IGOs, ECONOMIC
CORRIDORS, ETC

IGO/Corridors Facts & Features

The Asia‐Africa • Set up: 2017

Growth Corridor • The AAGC consists of four main components: 1. development
(AAGC) and cooperation projects, 2.quality infrastructure and
institutional connectivity, 3.capacity and skill enhancement and
4. people-to-people partnerships
• Unlike OBOR, now BRI (Belt and Road Initiative), which
entails development of both land corridor (new economic belt)
and ocean (marine silk road), AAGC will essentially be a sea
corridor linking Africa with India and other countries of South-
East Asia and Oceania by reviving ancient sea-routes

ECOWAS • Economic Community of West African State

• Set up: 1975
• Headquarter: Abuja, Nigeria
• Members: 15 member states of West Africa
• Objective: to achieve "collective self-sufficiency" for its
member states by creating a single large trade bloc
• ECOWAS also serves as a peacekeeping force in the region

AEC • African Economic Community

• an organization of African Union( AU) which aims the creation
of free trade areas, customs unions, a single market, a central
bank, and a common currency
• Includes many Regional Economic Communities (RECs)-
Community of Sahel-Saharan States(CEN-SAD, COMESA-
Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa, Economic
Community of Central African States (ECCAS), ECOWAS,
Southern African Development Community (SADC), and AMU

Arab Maghreb • Maghreb: western part of North Africa and the Arab world-
Union (AMU) Algeria, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco and Tunisia
• Set up: 1989
• Members: Algeria, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, and Tunisia
(the Maghreb states)

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FACT SHEETS:
MORE IR GK
AND TRIVIA

116
FACT SHEET 1: NAMES OF LINES SEPARATING TWO COUNTRIES

Line Separating Countries

Durand Line • Afghanistan and Pakistan

Radcliff Line • India and Pakistan

• India and Bangladesh

McMahan Line • India and China

Line of Actual • India and China after 1962 Ceasefire
Control ( LOAC)
The Macartney– • a proposed boundary in the disputed area of Aksai China
MacDonald Line • It was proposed by British Indian Government to China in 1899
via its envoy to China, Sir Claude MacDonald.
The Ardagh– • is the north-eastern boundary of Kashmir drawn, in 1897, by
Johnson Line surveyor William Johnson and recommended by John Charles
Ardagh as the official boundary of British India
• Both the above lines were not made operational
38th parallel Line • North and South Korea
17th Parallel Line • North and South Vietnam

20th Parallel • Libya and Sudan

22nd Parallel • Egypt and Sudan

31st Parallel • Iran and Iraq

49th Parallel • Canada and USA

Blue Line • Lebanon and Israel

Maginot Line • Between France and Germany
• France built it with series of defence structure to prevent attack
from Nazi Germany

117
FACT SHEET 2: MAJOR OPERATIONS/EXCERCISES BY INDIAN
FORCES/ GOVT

Operations/exercises Period, boarder Remarks

Operation Brasstacks, 1986-87, Rajasthan It was the major and largest

mobilization of Indian forces
involving the combined strength of
two Army Commands - almost
500,000 troops - half the Indian Army.

Operation Parakram 2001-02; along the This was in response to a terrorist

Line of Control (LoC) attack on the Indian Parliament in
in the region of New Delhi on 13 December 2001
Kashmir

Operation Meghdoot 1984, Siachen Codename for the Indian Armed

Forces' operation to seize control of
the Siachen Glacier in Kashmir,
precipitating the Siachen conflict.

Operation Pawan, Virat, 1987 Operations of Indian Peace Keeping

Trishul, Checkmate force ( IPKF) against LTTE in Sri-
Lanka

Operation Vijay 1999, Kargil, J&K Indian operation to push back the
infiltrators from the Kargil Sector, in
the 1999 Kargil War.

Operation Black 2008, Mumbai Against the 2008 Mumbai Terror

Tornado, Operation Attacks
Cyclone

Surgical Strike 2016, Uri sector India’s response to hit terrorist camps
in POK after the Uri terrorist Attack

Balakot strike 2019, Balakot, India’s response to hit terrorist camps

Kashmir in POK after the Pulwama terrorist
Attack

Operation Rakshak J&K Indian Army operations in Jammu and

(1990), Operation Sarp Kashmir
Vinash (2003) and Include humanitarian missions such
Operation Randori as Operation Megh Rahat and
Behak (2020.) operations with a social aim such as

118
 Operation Goodwill and Operation
Calm Down.[

Operation Polo: 1948, Hyderabad Integration of Hyderabad

Operation Devi Shakti 2021, Afghanistan To help fleeing Hindus and Sikhs
from the Islamic Republic of
Afghanistan.

Operation Vijay 1961, Goa Liberation of Goa

Smiling Budhha 1974 Pokhran, First Pokhran Test

Rajasthan Indian became a nuclear Power

Operation Shakti 1998 Rajasthan Second Pokhran Test

Operation Safe 2011 To evacuate its citizens who were

Homecoming fleeing from the Libyan Civil War

Operation Sukoon 2006 launched by the Indian Navy to

evacuate Indian, Sri Lankan and
Nepalese nationals, as well as
Lebanese nationals with Indian
spouses, from the conflict zone during
the 2006 Lebanon War.

Project Mausam 2014 A cultural project by the Indian

Ministry of Culture and
Archaeological Survey of India (ASI)
aims to rebuild maritime cultural
connections with the 39 countries
bordering the Indian Ocean

Operation Raahat 2015 To evacuate Indian citizens and

foreign nationals from Yemen during
the 2015 Yemeni Crisis

Operation Maitri 2015 A rescue and relief operation in Nepal

carried out by the government of India
and Indian armed forces in the

119
 aftermath of the April 2015 Nepal
earthquake.

Operation Ganga 2022 To evacuate Indian citizens/students

stranded in Ukraine on face of the
Russian attack on Ukraine, February
2022

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 FACT SHEET 3: INDIA’S FOREIGN POLICY INSTRUMENTS IN
RECENT TIMES

Foreign Policy Year Facts & Features

Component

‘Extended 1998- • India’s extended neighbourhood can be said to

Neighbourhood’ 2004 stretch from the Suez Canal to the South China Sea.
policy • This includes West Asia/the Gulf, Central Asia,
Southeast Asia and the Indian Ocean Region

Genuine NAM 1977- • Policy of non-alignment, without fear or leaning to

79 one side or another
• This was against the Policy of leaning more
towards USSR
• Under Indian PM Morarji Desai

Indira Doctrine 1971- • India’s security is coterminous with the region and
77 any interference of external powers is taken as a
threat to India’s security.

‘Look East’ Policy 1991 • Under PM Narsimha Rao

• To develop political, economic and security co-
operation with countries in Southeast Asia
• To act as a counterweight to China in Southeast
Asia
• More engagement with ASEAN

‘Act East’ Policy 2014 • Under PM Narendra Modi

• to promote economic cooperation, cultural ties and
develop a strategic relationship with countries in the
Asia-Pacific region
• focus is being given to the development of the North
East region.

Gujral Doctrine 1996 • Good relation with immediate neighbours, in south

Asia, by extending one way ( non-reciprocal )
concessions

AIFTA 2009 • ASEAN India Free Trade Agreement

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 • The ASEAN-India Trade in Goods Agreement was
signed and entered into force on 1 January 2010

‘Look West’ Policy 2014 • To engage more with Middle East and Gulf
countries- politically, economically, and culturally
• Free Trade Agreements with Gulf Cooperation
Council(GCC)
• Closer ties with OPEC (Organization of the
Petroleum Exporting Countries)

BIMS-TEC 1997 • Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral

Technical and Economic Cooperation
• 5 SAARC nations- India, Bangladesh, Nepal,
Bhutan, Sri Lanka Plus Myanmar and Thailand
• Secretariat is in Dhaka, Bangladesh.
• Referred to as the mini SAARC.
• Due to political conflict between SAARC members,
India focussing on BIMS-TEC

2+2 Talks • Top level bilateral talks of foreign and defines

minister of each country
• India is holding 2+2 talks with USA Japan, and
Australia

QUAD 2007 • Quadrilateral Security Dialogue

• Strategic dialogue between the USA, Japan,
Australia and India
• Started in 2007, on Japan’s initiative
• Joint military exercises called ‘Exercise Malabar’
• Latest QUAD meeting: March 2022- virtual

FTA • Free Trade Agreement

• India signed FTA with Sr-Lanka and ASEAN

CEPA • Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement

• India signed CEPA with South Korea ( 2009),
Japan(2010), and UAE( 2022)

122
FACT SHEET 4: FORMER NAMES OF ASIAN/SOUTH ASIAN
COUNTRIES/ CAPITALS

New Name Old Name

Ethiopia • Abyssinia

Beijing • Peking

Jakarta • Batavia

Cote D'Ivoire • Ivory Coast

Ghana • Gold Coast

Harare • Salisbury

The Netherlands • Holland

St Petersburg • Leningrad

Sri-Lanka • Ceylon

Taiwan • Formosa
Iran • Persia

Iraq • Mesopotamia

Indonesia • Dutch East Indies

Istanbul • Constantinople

Japan • Nippon

Thailand • Siam

Myanmar • Burma

Malaysia • Malaya

Malawi • Nyasaland

123
Manchuria • Manchukuo

Cambodia • Kampuchea

Vietnam • Cochin-China

Istanbul • Constantinople

Beijing • Peking

Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam • Saigon

Surinam • Dutch Guyana

Tokyo, Japan • Edo

Tanzania • Zanzibar

Yangon • Rangoon

Zaire • Congo

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FACT SHEET 5: CAPITALS OF SOME SELECTED COUNTRIES

Country Capital
United Arab Emirates • Abu Dhabi

Nigeria • Abuja

Ghana • Accra

Ethiopia • Addis Ababa

Turkey • Ankara

Turkmenistan • Ashgabat

Azerbaijan • Baku

Kyrgyzstan • Bishkek

Tajikistan • Dushanbe

Kazakhstan • Nūr-Sūltan

Georgia • Tbilisi

Uzbekistan • Tashkent
Croatia • Zagreb

New Zealand • Wellington

Poland • Warsaw

Mongolia • Ulaanbaatar

Libya • Tripoli

Taiwan • Taipei

Bosnia and Herzegovina • Sarajevo

Chile • Santiago

Iceland • Reykjavík

125
Morocco • Rabat

Ecuador • Quito

North Korea • Pyongyang

Mauritius • Port Louis

Cambodia • Phnom Penh

Uruguay • Montevideo

Peru • Lima
Gabon • Libreville

Bolivia • La Paz

Ukraine • Kiev

Rwanda • Kigali

Sudan • Khartum

Uganda • Kampala

Cuba • Havana

Ireland • Dublin

Tanzania • Dar es Salaam

Syria • Damascus
Venezuela • Caracas

Australia • Canberra

Hungary • Budapest

Romania • Bucharest

Colombia • Bagota

Paraguay • Asunción

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FACT SHEET 6: INDIA’S FRIENDSHIP AND STRATEGIC TREATIES

Treaty Year Facts & Features

Indo-Bhutan Treaty 1949 • Was extended by signing 2007 Treaty of Perpetual

of Perpetual Peace Peace and Friendship
and Friendship

Liaquat–Nehru Pact 1950 • Also called Delhi Pact

• bilateral treaty between India and Pakistan in which
refugees were allowed to return, abducted women and
looted property were to be returned, forced conversions
were unrecognized, and minority rights were
confirmed.

India-Nepal Treaty of 1950 • The treaty allows free movement of people and goods
Peace and Friendship between the two nations and a close relationship and
collaboration on matters of defense and foreign policy.

Indo–Soviet Treaty of 1971 • Signed in the backdrop of India-Pakistan conflict in

Peace, Friendship and 1971
Cooperation • Raised questions on India’s commitment to NAM

Shimla Agreement 1972 • Signed in 1972 after the Bangladesh war

• signed by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi and President
Zulfikar Ali Bhutto of Pakistan on 2nd July 1972
• Agreement to solve all issues by bilateral talks without
involving external agencies

India–Bangladesh 1972 • Signed by the Prime Minister of India Indira Gandhi

Treaty of Friendship, and the Prime Minister of Bangladesh Sheikh Mujibur
Cooperation and Rahman.
Peace

India Bangladesh 1974 • Exchange of the landlocked territories

Land Boundary • was revived in 2015; for this Indian Parliament enacted
Agreement 100th constitutional Amendment Act 2015.

India- Sri Lanka 1987 • Signed in Colombo on 29 July 1987, between Indian
Accord Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi and Sri Lankan President
J. R. Jayewardene

127
 • It was to resolve the Sri Lankan Civil War by enabling
the 13th Amendment to the Constitution of Sri Lanka
and the Provincial Councils Act of 1987
• India sent its Force- Indian Peace Keeping Force
(IPKF), which had to fight a bitter and tough battle with
LTTE
• This failed accord became prime reason for loss of life
of Rajeev Gandhi

Lahore Declaration 1999 • The Lahore Declaration was an agreement between

and Lahore Treaty India and Pakistan to reduce the risk of accidental or
unauthorized use of nuclear weapons.
• Signed at Lahore by Pakistani PM Nawaz Sharif and
Indian PM Atal Bihari Vajpayee after the historic
Lahore Summit
• Before the Summit, Vajpayeeji rode the inaugural
Delhi–Lahore Bus service to reach Lahore from Delhi.
• But this bonhomie (friendly relation) lasted only for a
short time as soon afterwards Pakistan forces entered
into Kargil, which led to the outbreak of 1999 Indo-
Pakistan Kargil War in May 1999.
• Lahore Bus service was suspended after 2001
Parliament attack.

Mahakali treaty 1996 Agreement between India and Nepal regarding the
development of watershed of Mahakali River

128
 FACT SHEET 7: INDIA’S FTAS AND ECONOMIC PARTNERSHIP

FTA Agreement Year Signed with Addl. Info, Features,

Trivia

CEPA-Comprehensive South Korea- 2009 Most Comprehensive

Economic Partnership Japan-2010 FTA
Agreement
UAE-2022

CECPA- Comprehensive 2021 Mauritius

Economic Cooperation
and Partnership
Agreement

CECA- Comprehensive Singapore (2005)

Economic Cooperation and Malaysia (2011)
Agreement

BECA: Basic Exchange 2020 USA

and Cooperation
Agreement

India-Sri Lanka Free 1998 1st FTA of Sri-Lanka

Trade Agreement
(ISLFTA)

Asia Pacific Trade 1975 Previously known as An initiative under the

Agreement (APTA) the Bangkok United Nations
Agreement Economic and Social
Oldest preferential Commission for Asia
trade agreement and the Pacific (ESCAP)
between countries in for trade expansion
the Asia-Pacific through exchange of
tariff concessions among
Members:
developing country
Bangladesh, China,
members of the Asia
India, Lao PDR,
Pacific Region.
Republic of Korea
and Sri Lanka

ASEAN-India Free Trade 2009 A free trade area among the ten member states of
Area (AIFTA) the Association of Southeast Asian Nations
(ASEAN) and India

129
 FACT SHEET 8: COLONIES OF MAJOR COLONIAL
POWERS

Colonial Power Colonies

UK/ Great • In Asia: India, Sri Lanka (Ceylon), Myanmar( Burma), Malaysia,
Britain Singapore , Hongkong, Brunei, Jordan, Bahrin, Qatar , Kuwait ,
Muscat and Oman
• Africa: Egypt, Myanmar, Kenya, West Indies, Nigeria, Uganda,
Kenya, Sudan, Lesotho, Botswana, Somalia, Egypt, Eastern
Ghana(Gold Coast), Gambia, South Africa , Zimbabwe
(Rhodesia ), Niger, Zambia , Malawi Cameroon, New Guinea , and
Benin
• South America: Guiana
• Central America: Belize (British Honduras)
• Australia, New Zealand, Canada, Thirteen Colonies (United States)
• Islands and other: Fiji, Caribbean islands- Barbados, Antigua,
Jamaica, Grenada, Bermuda, Solomon Islands, Cyprus, Malta,
Zanzibar, Tonga, Samoa

France AFRICA:
• French North Africa: French Algeria, Libya, Morocco and Tunisia
• French West Africa: Mauritania, Senegal, Mali, Guinea, Ivory
Coast, Burkina Faso, Benin, Gambia, Senegal, and Niger.
• French Equatorial Africa: Chad, the Central African Republic,
Congo, French Cameroon, and Gabon
• East Africa and Indian Ocean: Madagascar, Mauritius, Djibouti,
Seychelles, Chagos Archipelago

ASIA:
• French Indochina: Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam
• Palestine, Syria, Lebanon, Yemen
• Island ( Oceania): Papua New Guinea

Netherland/Dutch Dutch East Indies (Indonesia), Dutch New Guinea, Suriname, Dutch
Brazil

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Spain Peru, Chile, Canary Islands, many areas of Latin America, Cuba,
Puerto Rico

Portugal Brazil, Portuguese Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Cape Verde),

Portuguese India (Goa, Daman, Diu)

USA Cuba, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Philippines, Nicaragua, Panama, Liberia

JAPAN Taiwan, Korea, Kwantung

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 FACT SHEETS:
POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY
HISTORY
ECONOMICS
SOCIOLOGY

132
 FACT SHEET: POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY
WORLD’S MAJOR WATER BODIES : OCEANS, SEA, LAKES, INLAND WATER
BODIES, STRAITS

Type of Name of the inland Facts and Features

water body water bodies

OCEAN Pacific Ocean Largest and deepest( Mariana Trench)

Atlantic Ocean 2nd largest; Commercially most important

Indian Ocean 3rd largest; Growing strategic importance

Arctic Ocean Encircling the North Pole

Antarctic Ocean Part of 5 Global Common

Inland Water Caspian Sea Largest Inland Water body

Bodies- Bordering countries: Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan,
Lakes/Sea Iran, Azerbaijan, and Russia
In 2018, these 5 countries signed a deal to share
the Caspian Sea
Legally it is neither Sea nor Lake

Black Sea Important inland sea in the South Europe

Bordering countries: Ukraine, Russia, Georgia,
Turkey, Bulgaria, and Romania
Crimea, a peninsula in the Black Sea, was
annexed by Russia from Ukraine in 2014

Aral Sea A sink lake or terminal lake between Kazakhstan

and Uzbekistan in central Asia
Drained by 2 rivers- Syr Darya and Amu Darya
The sea has been drying fast

5 Great Lakes- Largest- Superior, then Huron, Michigan, Erie,

Superior, Michigan, Ontario
Huron, Erie and All are connected to each other and to the Atlantic
Ontario Ocean
Saint Lawrence River drain these lakes
Commercially very important waterways

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 Lake Victoria Third-largest Lake in the world, largest in Africa
Bordering countries: Tanzania, Uganda, Kenya

Lake Tanganyika One of the great lakes of Africa

Deepest lake in Africa
Bordering countries: Burundi, Tanzania, Zambia,
Democratic Republic of Congo

Lake Baikal In Siberia, Russia

largest freshwater lake by volume.
Deepest lake
Bordering Country: Russia

Dead Sea A Salt Lake- saltiest lake

Lowest point on Earth Surface!
Bordering Country: Jordan, Israel, West Bank(
Philistine)

Great Bear Lake largest lake of Canada

Lying entirely in Canada

Lake Malawi Also called Lake Nyasa and Lake Lago Niassa
2nd deepest lake in Africa
Bordering Country: Malawi, Mozambique,
Tanzania

Great Slave Lake 2nd largest lake in Canada

Deepest Lake of Canada

Other Seas connected to Oceans

Other Seas Red Sea and Suez Separate Asia and Africa
connected to Canal Bordering countries: Egypt, Israel, and Jordan,
Oceans Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Sudan, Djibouti and
Eritrea.
Suez Canal is built by connecting Mediterranean
Sea to the Red Sea
Through the Suez Canal, the Red Sea connect
Europe to Asia, through shortest route
Before Suez Canal, ships had to take a round trip
to Africa ( Cape of Good Hope) to reach
India/Asia

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 Persian Gulf Separates Arabian Peninsula from Iran

Bordering Countries: Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait,

Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab
Emirates.

South China Sea Strategically and commercially important Sea in

the Western Pacific Ocean at the south of China
Bordering countries: Brunei, Cambodia, China,
Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines Singapore,
Taiwan, Thailand and Vietnam
One-third of the world's maritime shipping passes
through it.
Huge oil and natural gas reserves are believed to
lie beneath its seabed
The sea is major conflict zone; many countries
stake their claim on the sea
nine-dash line: vague division of the sea between
two China
China's sweeping claims of sovereignty over the
sea has given rise to issue of ‘ free navigation in
the south China sea’- backed by USA and North
Powers

Mediterranean Sea Separates North Africa from Europe

Also connect Europe to Asia through Suez canal
Strategically and Commercially very important
Bordering Countries: 21 : Albania, Algeria,
Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Cyprus, Egypt,
France, Greece, Israel, Italy, Lebanon, Libya,
Malta, Monaco, Montenegro, Morocco, Slovenia,
Spain, Syria, Tunisia, and Turkey

Straits- Strait of Gibraltar Connects Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic

narrow Ocean
channel of
water Strait of Hormuz Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman
connecting
Strait of Malacca Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean

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two larger Bab-el Mendeb Strait Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden
water bodies
Pak Strait Connects: Gulf of Mannar and Bay of Bengal
Separates India and Sri-Lanka

Suez Canal Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea

Panama Canal Atlantic and Pacific Oceans

Strait of Magellan Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.

Bosporus Strait Black Sea with Sea of Marmara

English Channel Separates England and France

Under sea railway line, through the English
Channel, runs between London and Paris!

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 FACT SHEET: HISTORY
FACT SHEET 1: FAMOUS WARS/BATTLES IN INDIA

Name Year Fought between Facts & features

Battle of 326 BCE Alexander against Porus Porus was a king in Punjab
the Alexander won
Hydaspes

Battle of 618 AD Chalukya king Pulakesin Pulakesin II won

Pullalur II and the Pallava king Ravikirti - court poet of 'Pulakeshin
Mahendravarman I II narrated the war

Battle of 1st- 1191 Prithviraj Chauhan 1st Battle- Prithviraj won

Tarain 2nd- 1192 against Mohammed But 2nd battle was decisively won
Ghori by Ghori
Set up of Muslim Rule in India
Ghori handed over Indian rule to
Qutbuddin Aibak- start of the slave
dynasty- 1206

First Battle 1526 Babar against Ibrahim Babur won- start of Mughal era
of Panipat Lodi- the last Delhi
Sultan

Battle of 1527 Babur against Rana Combined Rajput forces tried to

Khanwa Sanga expel Babur from India but were
defeated

Battle of 1539 Sher Shah vs Humayun Started the Suri Rule of Sher Shah
Chausa for next 15 years

Battle of 1540 Sher Shah vs Humayun Humayun was defeated 2nd time
Kanauj

2nd battle 1556 Akbar against Hemu Hemu- Hemu Vikramaditya and
of Panipat Hemchandra Vikramaditya- was a
Hindu War Lord

Battle of 1565 Vijayanagar king (Rama Vijayanagar lost

Talikota Raya) against Deccan

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 Sultans (Ahmednagar,
Bijapur, Bidar and
Golconda)

Battle of 1576 Maharana Pratap vs Mughal Won

Haldighati Akbar’s forces led by
Man Singh I

Battle of 1658 Dara Shikoh( eldest son Aurangzeb won

Samugarh of Shah Jahan) against Dara Shikoh was most liberal and
Aurangzeb learned Mughal Prince

Carnatic 1st- 1746 – English and French 1st war: Inconclusive- no clear
Wars 1748 forces in India victory
2nd- 1749 – English led by Red 2nd Carnatic war- for Nizam of
1754 Thomas Griffin of Hyderabad
3rd- 1757 – British Navy- 1st war; Muzaffar Jung became
1763 General Eyre Coote in Hyderabad’s Nizam
3rd war
3rd war: English won
French Led by Dupleix

Battle of 1757 British East India English Won- foundation of British

Plassey Company ( Led by Colonial Rule in India
Robert Clive) Vs Siraj-
ud-Daulah (Nawab of
Bengal)

Battle of 1764 British against Mir British Victory- effective start of

Buxar Qasim British rule in India
1765- British East India company
became Diwan of Bengal

Anglo- 1st- 1767– 1st and 2nd British vs 1st war- Hyder Ali won
Mysore 1769 Hyder Ali 2nd- no clear victor
War 2nd- 1780– 3rd British vs Tipu Sultan 3rd- Tipu Sultan lost- Treaty of
1784 Seringapatam
3rd- 1790 – 4th: Mysore entered into subsidiary
1792 alliance with British Empire
4th- 1799

Anglo- 1st- 1775 – British vs Marathas 1st- Marathas won

Maratha 1782 2nd and 3rd - British victory
Wars 2nd- 1803 –
1805

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 3rd- 1817 –
1818

Anglo-Sikh 1st - 1845 – British vs the Sikh British won

War 1846 Empire in Punjab Sikh Empire merged in British
2 - 1848 –
nd
India as North West frontier
1849 Province
3rd-

Anglo- 1st- 1839– Afghan Emirs vs British 1st: Dōst Moḥammad, the Afghan
Afghan 42 India ruler, had upper hand
wars 2nd-1878– 2nd: British won- treaty of
80 British attempt to contain Gandamak
rd
3 -1919 Russian influence in 3rd: no clear victor, Afghan Emir-
Afghanistan Amānullāh Khan
After 3rd war, Afghanistan signed
special friendship treaty with
Russia; it became one of the first
states to recognize USSR
Note: Afghanistan was never
actually colonized 2. It had close
ties with Russia

Anglo- 1814 –1816 British vs Kingdom of No clear victor

Nepalese Nepal Treaty of Sugauli in 1816 AD
War or the
Gorkha
War

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 FACT SHEET 2: MAJOR RULING DYNESTIES IN INDIA

Name Period Founder Facts & Features

Haryanka 6th-4th BCE Bimbisara Capital: Rajgir( Bihar)

Dynasty Famous rulers: Bimbisara,
Ajatashatru and Udayin

Shishunaga 4th-3rd BCE Shishunaga Capital: Rajgir( Bihar)

Dynasty

Nanda Dynasty 345 BCE– Mahapadma Capital: Pataliputra

322 BCE Nanda Chandragupta Maurya defeated the
last Nanda ruler

Mauryan 322 BCE– Chandragupta Chankya was the brain behind

Dynasty 185 BCE Maurya Chandragupta Maurya
Famous kings: Chandragupta
Maurya, Bindusara, Ashoka

Shaka Dynasty 150 BCE– Maues alias Shakas were Indo-Scythians,

400 CE Moga entered India from North west
Famous king: Rudradaman- he
Repaired Sudarsan Lake

Kushan Dynasty 30–375 CE Yuezhi Kushans were Yuezhi people-

Indo-Scyth, tribe of Bactria
Capital- Taxila and Mathura
Famous King: Kanishka
• He started Saka calendar
era- 78 CE
• Bamiyan Buddhist
Sculpture- destroyed by
Taliban
• 4th Buddhist Council;
Bamiyan
Sunga dynasty 185 BC- 75 Pushyamitra Were Indian Brahmins
BC Sunga Capital: Pataliputra

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Satavahana 1st century Simuka Capital- Amaravati
Dynasty BCE–2nd Famous King: Gautamiputra
century CE Satakarni

Gupta Dynasty 4th-6th CE Sri Gupta Capital- Patliputra

Famous Kings: Chandragupta I,
Samudragupta, and Chandragupta
II (Vikramaditya)
Golden Age of India
Kalidasa, Aryabhata,
Varahamihira, and Vatsyayana
Samudragupta court poet-
Harisena- Allahabad Inscription

Chola Dynasty 300s BCE– Vijayalaya Ancient Cholas and later Cholas
1279 CE Capital: Ancient- Urayur, Tiruvaru
Later: Thanjavur,
Gangaikonda Cholapuram
Famous Kings: Rajaraja Chola I,
Rajendra Chola I, Rajadhiraja
Chola
A major sea power, had influence
over South- East Asia, Annexed
Sri Lanka
Dancing Shiva- Nataraj Sculpture
Thanjavur

Pandyan 4th century Capital: Madurai

Dynasty BCE–1345 Nayakas, feudal lords under
AD Pandyan built the Meenakshi
Temple at Madurai

Chera Dynasty 3rd century Vanavaramban Capital: Karuvur

BCE–12th Ruled parts of Kerala
century CE

Pallava Dynasty 275 CE– Bappadevan Capital: Kanchipuram

897 CE Important Kings: Mahendravarman
I and Narasimhavarman I
City of Mahabalipuram

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Chalukya 543–753 Pulakesin I Capital: Badami
Dynasty CE Famous King: Pulakesin II
Ravikirti- court poet of Pulakesin
II

Rashtrakuta 6th-10th CE Capital- Manyakheta( Karnataka)

Dynasty Pala( of Bengal), Pratihars ( of
Kannauj), and Rashtrakuta fought
long battles for supremacy of
Ganga plain areas

The Delhi Slave dynasty: 1206-90 By Qutb ud-Din Aibak, slave

Sultans general of Muhammad Ghuri
Famous rulers: Iltutmish, Balban,
Rajia Sultan

Khalji dynasty- 1290 and 1320 Were Turco-Afghan tribe

Famous Rulers: Jalal-ud-din
Khalji, Alaud-Dīn Khaljī

Tughlaq dynasty- 1320-1413 Turkic tribe

Famous Rulers: Mohammad bin
Tughlaq, Firoz Shah Tughlaq
Mohammad bin Tughlaq- shifted
his capital from Delhi to Daultabad

Sayyid dynasty- 1415 to 1451 Founded by Khizr Khan

They were Arab
Famous rulers: Mubarak Shah,
Muhammad Shah

Lodhi Dynasty- 1451 to 1526 Were Afghans

Bahlul Khan Lodi
Famous Kings: Sikandar Lodi,
Ibrahim Lodi ( was defeated by
Babur in 1st Panipat war)

Mughal Dynasty 1526-1857 Mughals were mixed Turk-

Mongols

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 Turks from Father’s side- Taimur
lane
Mongols from Mother Side
Aurangzeb was last effective
Mughal Ruler till 1707
Bahadur Shah Zafar was last
Mughal king- till 1857

Sangama 136-1646 CE Founders: Harihara I and Bukka

dynasty - Raya I
Vijayanagar Capital: Vijaynagar ( Hampi)
Empire
Famous Kings: Deva Raya II (
Krisna Deva Raya)
Rayas fought battle of Talikota
with the Deccan Sultans, and lost

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 FACT SHEET 3: FAMOUS ANCIENT CLASSIC TEXTS AND
AUTHORS

Book Author

Mudrarakshasa- Visakdatta

Kathasaritsaga Somdeva

Buddha charita- Asvaghosa

Natyashastra- Bharata

Panch tantra Vishnu Sharma

Abhigyan Shakuntala, Vikramorvashi, Kalidasa

Raghuvansam

Nitisara Kamandaka

Mahabhasya Patanjli

Harshacharita and Kadambari- Banabhatta

Mrichhakatika Sudraka

Mahabhasya- Patanjli

Swapanvasdattam Bhasa

Rajtarangini Kalhana

Ashtadhyay Panini

Harshacharita and Kadambari Banabhatta

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 FACT SHEET: SOCIOLOGY
MOST IMPORTANT SOCIOLOGIST AND THEIR CONCEPTS

Sociologist Concept Addl. Info

Auguste French philosopher and

Comte(1798 –1857) Sociologist
Gave the term’ Sociology’
Formulated the doctrine of
positivism
Influenced by the utopian
socialist Saint-Simon
Influenced- J.S.Mill, Émile
Durkheim
Created ‘Religion of Humanity’-
a secular religion
Books:
• Course of Positive
Philosophy
• System of Positive Polity
• A General View of
Positivism
Harriet Martineau The First Woman Sociologist.
(1802–1876)

Karl Marx (1818– Dialectical historical For details, refer to Karl Marx
1883) materialism, class struggle, under Western Political
dissection of capitalist social Thought.
order, vision of classless and
stateless society

Talcott Parsons( An American sociologist of the Influenced Almond & Verba

1902-79) classical tradition through his definition of
action theory: theory of social culture- sets of norms, values,
action and attitude
AGIL Paradigm: every society His functionalism was
must perform certain functions to adopted by Almond and
be able to maintain stable social Powell for development of
life ; it is part of his action theory structural functional approach

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 Structural Functionalism: his Defined power as currency (
AGIL paradigm is also a kind of money) of politics.
functionalism
Also used Systems approach and
cybernetics.
Books:
The Structure of Social Action(
1937)
The social system( 1951)

Emile Durkheim Was a French sociologist Defined Institution as ‘beliefs

(1858 –1917) formally established the and modes of behaviour
academic discipline of sociology instituted by the collectivity’
Considered as equivalent to ‘anomie’- normlessness,
Marx, and Weber as the principal valuelessness of life in
architects of modern social industrial society
science
Refined Comte’s Positivism
Gave deep insight on issue of
‘Suicide’
Books:
The Division of Labour in
Society( 1893)
Suicide( 1897)

Herbert Spencer English philosopher, biologist, Coined the term ‘"survival of

(1820–1903) anthropologist, and sociologist the fittest"
gave concept of Social
Darwinism

Georg Simmel was a German sociologist Defined culture as ‘the

(1858–1918) sociological anti-positivism cultivation of individuals
through the agency of
analyses of social individuality
external forms which have
and fragmentation
been objectified in the course
social and cultural phenomena in of history’
terms of "forms" and "contents"

146
 forerunner to structuralism Book: ‘The Metropolis and
precursor of urban sociology, Mental Life(1903)’
symbolic interactionism, and
social network analysis

George Herbert an American philosopher, sociologist, and psychologist

Mead (1863–1931) belonged to Chicago Sociological School
founders of ‘symbolic interactionism’
Theory of the social self - self emerges from social interactions

Max Weber (1864– German Sociologist For details, refer to public

1920)- One of the founder of modern Admin section
social science
Rational Authority
Bureaucracy
Protestant Ethics as base of
Capitalism

Pierre Bourdieu( a French sociologist

1930-2002) Social and Cultural capital
Habitus- “a subjective system of internalised structures,
perception, conception, and action common to all members of the
same group or class”

Robert King an American sociologist

Merton(1910 – considered a founding father of modern sociology
2003)
‘Criminology’
Self-fulfilling prophecy- acting on our false belief we may prove
that true
Coined terms "unintended consequences", the "reference group",
and "role model"

Robert Putnam American political scientist Wrote’ Bowling Alone’-

(born 1941 ‘Social Capital’ depicting collapse in civic,
social, associational, and
‘two-level game theory’ in IR
political life in US society

MN Srinivas(1916– an Indian sociologist and social Wrote’ Caste in Modern

1999) anthropologist India(1962)’
Concepts of Social stratification,
Sanskritisation, Westernisation,
'Dominant Caste'

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Anticipatory
socialisation and
sociological
imagination

Alexis de Was not an sociologist, but his

Tocqueville (1805 – seminal book ‘Democracy in
1859 America’ also describes
American social system
Gave most authentic and detailed
account of ‘ Democracy’

Charles Horton an American sociologist

Cooley( 1864 – ‘The Looking Glass Self’ : our
1929) reflection of how we think we
appear to others

Anthony an English sociologist

Giddens(born 1938) theory of structuration- creation and reproduction of social
systems by both structure( social institutions) and agency(
individual enterprise, innovation)

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 FACT SHEET: ECONOMICS
FACT SHEET 1: BASICS OF MICROECONOMICS

Concept/Theme Meaning Addl. Info

central problems of 1. What is produced and in what quantities?

an Economy 2. How are these goods produced?- technology, capital intensive
vs labour intensive
3.How these are distributed- for whom are they produced

production gives the combinations of Below the PPF, resources are

possibility goods/products under utilised
frontier (PPF) that can be produced when
the resources of the economy
are fully utilised

Opportunity cost Possible loss of the forgone For example, if a farmer choses
choice to produce corn instead of pulse,
the loss of possible income from
Pulse
All economic choices have
Opportunity cost

Microeconomics Study of behaviour of individual economic agents- firms and

individuals- in the markets
How prices and quantities of goods and services are determined
through the interaction of individuals in these markets.

Macroeconomics Study of the economy as a whole by focusing on aggregate

measures such as total output ( GDP), employment and aggregate
price level( Inflation), etc.

Utility Utility of a commodity is its Rational actors always try to

want-satisfying capacity maximise utility

Marginal Utility Utility of one additional unit For example, one ate 3 biscuits,
of commodity addl. Utility by consuming the
4th one is the marginal utility

Law of Diminishing marginal utility from consuming each additional unit of a

Marginal Utility commodity declines as its consumption increases

149
indifference curve a curve joining all points Consumer get equal
representing bundles among satisfaction/utility on the
which the consumer is indifference curve
indifferent (agnostic) indifference curve slopes
downward left to right
Higher indifference curve gives
greater level of utility
Two indifference curves never
intersect each other

budget set collection of all bundles of goods that the consumer can buy with
her income at the prevailing market prices.

Budget Line all the combinations of two commodities that a customer can buy
at the market prices with her income- slope downward
Increase in Income- shift budget line rightward
Decrease in Income- shift budget line leftward
Marginal Rate of Substitution is equal to the Ratio of the Prices of
two product

Demand The quantity of a commodity that a consumer is willing to buy

and is able to afford, at given prices of goods and consumer’s
tastes and preferences

Law of Demand there is a negative relationship between price of a commodity and

quantity demanded

Demand Curve Graphical representation of relation between the consumer’s

demand for a good and its price when other things are given/fixed
Demand curve slope downward- left to right
Price change: movement along the demand curve
Income, test, preference change- leftward or rightward shift in
demand curve- change in demand
Increase in price of substitute goods- rightward shift of demand
curve and vice-versa
Increase in price of Complementary goods- Leftward shift of
demand curve and vice-versa

normal goods If for a good/product the quantity that a consumer chooses,

increases as the consumer’s income increases and decreases as the

150
 consumer’s income decreases. Such goods are called Normal
Goods

Inferior Good If for a good/product the quantity that a consumer chooses,

decreases as the consumer’s income increases and increases as the
consumer’s income decreases. Such goods are called Inferior
Good

Giffen good low income, non-luxury products/goods whose demand rises

when the price rises and falls when the price falls. Such goods are
called Giffen good

Elasticity of percentage change in demand Elastic goods- price rise- less

Demand for the good divided by the demand and vice versa
percentage change in its price Inelastic goods- like petrol- no
change in demands with change
in price

Production Cost the firm chooses least cost input combinations.

Total cost is the sum of total variable cost and the total fixed cost
Average cost is the sum of average variable cost and average
fixed cost
Average fixed cost curve is downward sloping.
In the short run, for any level of output, sum of marginal costs up
to that level gives us the total variable cost.
Short run marginal cost, average variable cost and short run
average cost curves , all are are ‘U’-shaped

Normal profit The profit level that is just enough to cover the explicit costs and
opportunity costs of the firm is called the normal profit.
Also called the zero profit

Super-normal profit Profit that a firm earns over and above the normal profit is called
the super-normal profit

price ceiling The government-imposed upper limit on the price of a good or

service is called price ceiling.

Floor Price The government-imposed lower limit on the price of a good or

service is called price floor- for example MSP of farm produce

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Price Line a horizontal straight line that shows the relationship between
market price and a firm’s output level.

Perfect Competition 1. The market consists of a large number of buyers and

sellers
2. Each firm produces and sells a homogenous product. i.e.,
same type of product.
3. Free Entry and exit into/from the market
4. Information, to both sellers and buyers, is perfect
5. Firms under perfect competition are price takers
6. Average Revenue, Marginal Revenue, and market price,
all are equal
7. the demand curve facing a firm is horizontal straight line
at the market price
8. profit maximizing output becomes the level of output at
which market price is equal to Marginal cost ( P= MC)
9. in the long firms earns only normal profit

Monopolistic 1. The market consists of a large numbers of firms

Competition 2. goods produced by them are not homogeneous
3. there is free entry and exit of firms into/from the market
4. In the long run firms earn zero profit( normal profit, which
is considered as part of total cost)

Monopoly 1. market has a monopoly structure, if there is one seller of

the commodity, the commodity has no substitute, and
entry into the market of another firm is prevented.
2. Even in the long run the monopoly firm earns above
normal profit
3. The demand curve facing the monopoly firm is market
demand curve- sloping downward
4. In comparison to perfect competition, price is higher and
output is lower in monopoly
5. Monopolies have economy of scale and ability to invest in
R&D, and complex technologies
Oligopoly- Duopoly Oligopoly-Small numbers of firms producing similar products-
like cold drink market
Features of Duopoly:
1. The market consists of only two firms

152
2. Depending upon the collusion or competition between the
two firms, the duopoly market may behave as monopoly or
perfectly competition
3. the product sold by the two firms is homogeneous and
there is no substitute for the product
4. Both firms are able to influence the market price.
5. A game theory situation between the two firms, actions of
one trigger counter action by other.

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 FACT SHEET 2: BASIC OF MACROECONOMICS

Concept/Theme Meaning Addl. Info

John Maynard Pioneer in emergence of Keynesian economics-

Keynes Macroeconomics as academic demand led growth- welfare
discipline economics
He wrote ‘General Theory
of Employment, Interest and
Money (1936)’

Gross Domestic GDP= C+ I +G+ X-M Net GDP( NDP)= GDP-

Product (GDP) C= consumption Depreciation
I= Investment Nominal GDP: the value of
GDP at the current
G= Government Expenditure
prevailing prices.
X= Export; I= Import
Real GDP: GDP at some
constant price

GDP and Welfare 1. How GDP is distributed- Income inequality

2. GDP exclude informal economy, non-monetary transaction(
like household cooking)
3. It may not factor in the externalities- such as cost of ecological
damage by a chemical plant

Repo rate Rate at which RBI lends loans to RBI set the Repo rate
Banks Also called the Bank rate
High Repo rate- high
inflation
Repo rate signal the interest
rate in the market

Reverse Repo Rate Rate at which RBI obtains loans High Reverse Repo Rate-
from Banks low inflation

Instruments of open 1. Controlling the Repo and RBI does this as part of its
market operations by reverse repo rate monetary Policy to control
RBI 2. Controlling the Cash circulation of money and
reserve ratio and inflation.
Statutory Liquidity Ratio

154
 3. Sale and purchase of Note: Fiscal- tax policy- by
securities Government
Monetary Policy- by RBI

Budget Types balanced budget: Revenue equals expenditure

Surplus Budget- Revenue exceeds expenditure
Deficit Budget- Revenue is less than the expenditure

Fiscal Deficit The difference between total The gap is filled by

revenue and total expenditure of loan/borrowings
the government is termed Hence Fiscal deficit indicate
as fiscal deficit total borrowings needed by
the government
High Fiscal Deficit-
inflation

FRBM Act-2003 Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management ( FRBM) Act,

2003 is an Act to institutionalize financial discipline, reduce
India's fiscal deficit, improve macroeconomic management, and
have balanced Budget

Inflation General rise in prices of Goods & Services; it indicate more

money chasing fewer goods; excess of demand over supply

Deflation decrease in the general price level of goods and services.

Rate of inflation below 0%- negative
Excess of supply over Demand

Stagflation a situation in which the inflation rate is high, the economic

growth rate slows, and unemployment remains steadily high
Also called recession-inflation

Public goods are collectively consumed

they are non-rivalrous -one can increase her satisfaction from the
good without reducing that obtained by others
hey are non-excludable- no one can be denied consuming them
They cannot be charged
Example: public road, park, etc.

Progressive tax More income- more tax

Public debt Loan/borrowings of Government Fiscal deficit is filled by

public debt

155
Balance of Payment( difference between all money flowing into the country in a
BoP) particular period of time and the outflow of money to the rest of
the world
2 components:
Current Account- record of trade in goods and services and
transfer payments.
Capital Account- records all international transactions of
assets/liabilities- investments, borrowings

Balance of Trade difference between the value of exports and value of imports of
(BOT) goods of a country in a given period of time

Invisibles services, transfers and flows of Money sent by NRIs to

income that take place between India is part of invisible
different countries.

Fixed exchange rate When exchange rate of domestic currency with foreign
currencies are fixed administratively
Bretton Woods system was a fixed exchange rate regime; all
currencies were pegged to UDS, which was pegged to Gold( 35
USD for 1 ounce Gold)
IMF monitored the Bretton Woods system
The system broke in 1973 as a result of the oil shock

Flexible Exchange Exchange rate is determined by the market forces of demand and
Rate supply

managed floating It is a mixture of a flexible exchange rate system (the float part)
and a fixed rate system (the managed part)

Depreciation of When price of foreign currency (dollar) in terms of domestic

domestic currency currency (rupees) has increased; reverse is Appreciation

Devaluation official lowering of the value of a country's currency in relation

to foreign currencies within a fixed exchange-rate system
India devalued Ruppe in 1967, under PM Indira Gandhi

156
 FACT SHEETS:
INDIAN CONSTITUTION
CONSTITUTIONAL HISTORY
GK & TRIVIA

157
 FACT SHEET 1: CONSTITUTION OF INDIA

Aspect Facts

Content 25 Parts, 448 Articles, 12 Schedules, 5 Appendices, and 105 Amendments.

Parts & Part Subject matter Articles

Articles-
subjects I The Union and 1 to 4
its territory

II Citizenship 5 to 11

III Fundamental 12 to 35
Rights(FR)

IV DPSP 36 to 51

IV A Fundamental 51 A (inserted 42nd Amendments- 1976)

duties

V Union or 52-151
Central
Government

President 52-72

Council of 74-75
Minister and
PM

The Union 124- 147

Judiciary

Comptroller 148-151
and Auditor-
General of
India(CAG)

Union 79-122
Parliament

VI State 152-237
Government

158
 Governor 153-162

Council of 163-164
Minister and
CM

The State 168-212

Legislature

High Courts 214-232

VII No Part VII,

yes; it was
related to
States in the B
part of the
First schedule,
was repealed
by 7th
Amendment

VIII The Union 239-242

Territories

IX Panchayati 243 to 243-O

Raj
System(PRI)

IX A The 243-P to 243-ZG

Municipalities

X The Scheduled 244 to 244-A

and Tribal
Areas

XI Relations 245 to 263

between the
Union and the
States

XIV Services 308 – 323

Under the
Union and the
States

159
 XV Election- 324 to 329-A
Election
Commission

XVII Official 343 to 351

Language
(Hindi)

XVIII Emergency 352 to 360

Provisions

National 352
Emergency

State 356
Emergency

Financial 360
Emergency

XX Amendment 368
of the
Constitution

Schedules First Schedule States and UTs

Second Salaries of Presidents and other high offices of Union of

Schedule India

Third Schedule Forms of Oaths or Affirmations for Judges, Montreal

Protocol/MLA, Ministers except President, Vice-
President, and Governor, for whom specific articles
stating the Oath.

Fourth Allocation of seats in the Rajya Sabha to the states and

Schedule UTs.

Fifth Schedule Administration of scheduled areas and scheduled tribes-

10 states

Sixth Schedule Administration of tribal areas in the states of Assam,

Meghalaya, Tripura, and Mizoram.

Seventh Division of powers between the Union and the States

Schedule List I (Union List), List II (State List) and List III
(Concurrent List).

160
 Presently, the Union List contains 100 subjects (originally
97), the state list contains 61 subjects (originally 66) and
the concurrent list contains 52 subjects (originally 47).

Eighth Languages recognized by the Constitution

Schedule Originally, 14 languages but presently there are 22
recognized languages

Ninth Schedule Acts and Regulations (originally 13 but presently 282)

related to Land reforms and other matters which cannot be
challenged in court
Inserted by 1st Amendment, 1951
For implementation of Land Reforms after abolition of
Zamindari System
Now, it has also come under Judicial Review

Tenth Schedule Anti-Defection Laws- disqualification of the MPs/MLAs

on the ground of defection
added by the 52nd Amendment Act of 1985

Eleventh Panchayati Raj System

Schedule added by the 73rd Amendment Act of 1992

Twelfth Municipalities
Schedule added by the 74th Amendment Act of 1992

Amendments Important Main changes/facts/related to

Amendments

1st- 1951 Reasonable restrictions on freedom of speech

(Public order, Friendly relations with foreign states,
Incitement to an offence)
Ninth Schedule added- Land Reforms Acts
Inserted Article 31A: acquisition of Pvt. property
by Govt

17th Amendment- Amended 31 A and 9th schedule

1964 Golaknath case was against these amendments

24th Amendment- Parliament got right to amend any part of

1971 Constitution including Fundamental Rights (article
368)
To counter SC ruling in the Golaknath case-1967

161
25th Amendment- Inserted 31 C: exempted any law giving effect to the
1971 article 39(b) and 39(c) of DPSP from judicial
review, even if it violated the Fundamental Rights
Both 24th & 25th SC struck down a part of the amendment in
amendment was ‘Kesavananda Bharati’-1973- case.
attempt by Indira
Gandhi Govt to make
India a socialist state.
They, however,
culminated into
‘Basic Structure’
Doctrine

26th Amendment- Abolition of privy purse paid to former rulers of

1971 princely states

31st Amendment- Increase size of Parliament from 525 to 545 seats

1973

35th and 36th Sikkim incorporated into India and became a State
Amendment-1975

39th Amendment- Placed restrictions on judicial scrutiny of post of

1975 Prime Minister.
In 1976, SC struck it on violation of basic structure.

42nd Amendment- Passed during Emergency

1976 Called mini-Constitution- so many changes
Curtailment of fundamental rights
SC, in Minerva Mills Inserted 51 A: fundamental duties Inserted
case, quashed the "Socialist, Secular, Integrity" in Preamble.
amendments to
Most of changes were reverted by 44th amendment-
Articles 31C and 368
1978
on basic structure
doctrine.

44th Amendment- After emergency by the Janata Govt

1978 Reverted most of changes of 42nd amendments
Tighter conditions for emergency, protection of
Fundamental Rights and human rights

52nd Amendment- Anti-defection laws- disqualification on ground of

1985 change of party (defection)

162
 Added 10th Schedule

56th Amendment- Formation of Goa State

1987

61st Amendment- Reduced voting age to 18 years

1989

69th Amendment- legislative assembly and council of ministers for

1991 National Capital Territory of Delhi.
Inserted articles 239AA- Governance of NCT of
Delhi

73rd Amendment- Panchayati Raj System

1992 Inserted 243 to 243-O

74th Amendment- Constitutional status to Municipalities

1992 Inserted 243-P to 243-ZG

86th Amendment- Right to Education- 6-14 year children

2002 Inserted article 21-A

91st Amendment- Restrict the size of council of ministers to 15% of

2004 legislative members

93rd Amendment- provision of reservation (27%) for Other Backward

2006 Class (OBCs) in govt and educational institutions

99th Amendment- National Judicial Appointments Commission

2015 (NJAC)for Judge’s appointments
Was struck down by SC on violation of basic
structure of Constitution.

101st Amendment- GST (Goods and Services Tax) introduced

2017

103rd Amendment- 10% reservation to Economically Weaker Sections

2019 (EWSs)

104th Amendment- Abolished nomination of 2 Lok Sabha seats to

2020 Anglo-Indians
Extended reservation for 10 years

105th Amendment- Latest Amendment

2021

163
 Restores the power of the State Governments and
Union Territories to identify and specify Socially
and Economically Backward Classes (SEBCs)

The Aspect Fact/features

Constituent
Assembly Constituted under The Cabinet Mission Plan 1946

How its members by indirect election by the members of the

were elected? Provincial Legislative Assemblies under the
Government of India Act, 1935

How many 389 (292- British Provinces; 93 - princely states; 4

members? from the chief commissioner provinces)

After partition, how 299

many members?

When first meeting? 9 December 1946

Last Meeting? 24 January, 1950; the signing day

Adopted on 26 November 1949

Implemented on 26 January 1950

How many to total 11 sessions; two years, eleven months and seventeen
sittings and time? days

Important Drafting Committee – B. R. Ambedkar.

Committee Union Power Committee – Jawaharlal Nehru.
Union Constitution Committee – Jawaharlal Nehru.
Provincial Constitution Committee – Vallabhbhai
Patel.
Advisory Committee on Fundamental Rights,
Minorities and Tribal and Excluded Areas –
Vallabhbhai Patel.
Steering Committee: Rajendra Prasad
Order of Business Committee - K M Munshi
The Oligarchy (by Granvile Austin): Nehru, Azad,
Rajendra Prasad, Patel

164
 President Provisional: Dr. Sachchidanand Sinha
Permanent: Dr. Rajendra Prasad

Objective Resolution Was presented by Nehru on 13 December 1946; was

adopted on 22 January 1947

Famous quotes Article 356 is like ‘safety valve’- Ambedkar

Article 32 is the heart and soul of the Constitution –
Ambedkar
“If things go wrong in the new Constitution, the
reason will not be that we had a bad Constitution,
what we will have to say that Man was vile”-
Ambedkar
“Constitutional morality must be held higher than
public morality”- Ambedkar
Indian constitution as a ‘seamless web’- Granville
Austin
‘India’s Constitution was born more in fear and
trepidation than in hope and inspiration’- Paul
Brass
“ But in the long run, it would be in interest of all to
forget that there is anything like majority or minority
in this country and that in India there is only one
community…”- Patel
Directive Principles of State Policy are like “pious
aspirations”- Ivor Jennings

Constitutional Special Majority Majority of 2/3rd members present and voting

GK and supported by more than 50% of the total strength of
Trivia the house.
This type of majority is used for most of the
Constitutional amendment and impeachment of
Judges.

Very special Two thirds of the total membership of the House

majority required for impeachment of President

165
Grounds of President: violation of the Constitution
Impeachment Judges: ground of proved misbehaviour or
incapacity.

President hands over Vice President

resignation to?

Speaker hands over Dy. Speaker

resignation to?

SC/HC Judges hands President

over resignation to?

FR vs DPSP; which In general FR but DPSP 39(b) and 39(c) is superior

is superior? to FR 14, and 19.

Which case gave Keshavnanda Bharti case- 1973

‘Basic Structure’ Parliament cannot change the Basic Structure or
doctrine? basic feature of the constitution.

Which case decided Berubari case (1960)

‘preamble Not part of But SC, in Keshavnanda Bharti case- 1973,
Constitution’? overturned earlier decision and stated that preamble
is part of Constitution.

Which article is used Article 13(2) – “The State shall not make any law
by the courts for which takes away Fundamental Rights and any law
Judicial Review? made in contravention of this clause shall, to the
extent of the contravention, be void”

Which article Article 31(c) inserted by 25th Amendments-1971-

became battle this gave primacy to DPSP over FR
between FR and This article led to long battle between SC and
DPSP? Government.

Which article saw Article 21- Right to Life ( Right to education, Right
most Judicial to privacy, right to shelter, right to pollution free
Activism environment, etc. all were declared FR under article
21)

Lok Sabha Vs Rajya Both have equal powers Except in:

Sabha 1. Money Bill- can only be introduced in LS,
RS very limited power of amendments

166
 2. No confidence motion can only be presented
in LS

Special powers of 2 powers- not available to LS

Rajya Sabha 1. It can allow legislation by parliament on
State list subjects
2. It can create All India Service

Who declares/certify The Speaker of Lok Sabha

a bill as Money Bill?

Who is the The Vice President

chairperson of Rajya
Sabha?

Important DPSP Distributive Justice, social control of production:

article 39(b), 39(c)
Organisation of village panchayats- 40
Right to work- article 41
Provision for just and humane conditions of work
and maternity relief- 42
Living wages for workers, Worker’s participation in
management: article 43
Participation of workers in management of
industries- 43A
Promotion of co-operative societies- 43B
Uniform civil code: 44
Organisation of agriculture and animal husbandry-
48
Environmental protection: 48A
Protection of monuments and places and objects of
national importance-49
Separation of judiciary from executive- 50
Promotion of international peace and security: 51

6 FR Right to equality : article 14 to 18

Right to Freedom : article 19 to 22
Right against exploitation : article 23 to 24
Right to freedom of Religion: article 25 to 28
Cultural & Educational Rights: article 29 to 30

167
 Rights to constitutional remedies : article 32

Article 32 vs 226 32: writ petition in SC against violation of FR

226: writ petition in HC against violation of FR as
well as any other constitutional/legal rights
Hence, scope of 226 is wider than 32

Constitutional GOI Act 1909: Morley-Minto reform- separate

reforms before 1947 electorate for Muslims
Government of India Act 1919-
called Montague-Chelmsford reform- Dyarchy in
provinces ; Sikhs got special electorates
GOI Act 1935: Mini Indian Constitution- Provincial
Autonomy ; created the Federal Court
Cabinet Mission Plan 1946- Constituent assembly

Which article protect Article 31B

9th Schedule from
Judicial Scrutiny?

Emergency National Emergency-352- 3 times- 1962, 1971, 1975

Financial Emergency-360- never invoked
State Emergency-356- more than 100 times!

Which landmark SR Bommai case (1994)- after that invoking 356

case restricted use of came under strict judicial scrutiny
article 356?

What name India and Bharat

constitution give to
India?

When preamble was 1976-42nd amendments- ‘Secular, Socialist,

amended? Integrity’ were added.

FR available to both Right to equality before law (14), right to life (20,
citizens and 21), right to freedom of religion (25,26,27,28)
foreigners

On which grounds On grounds of sovereignty and integrity of India, the

right to freedom is security of the State, friendly relations with foreign
restricted? States, public order, decency or morality or in
relation to contempt of court, defamation or
incitement to an offence

168
 Which FR are group Article 29, 30: Rights to Minorities to protect their
rights? language, Script, culture and establish and
administer educational institutions.

Very Article 1 India, that is Bharat, shall be a Union of State

Important
Articles 14 Right to equality

19 Right to Freedom

21 Right to Life & Personal Liberty

22 Protection against arrest and preventive detention in

certain cases
Called ‘the necessary evil’

25 Right to freedom of religion

31 B shields legislation from being declared

unconstitutional and void by putting them into ninth
schedule

32 Right to constitutional remedy, filing writ petition in

SC if FR are violated

51A Fundamental Duties

74 President to act in accordance with of advice Council

of Ministers with the Prime Minister at the head.

78 PM: role, function, duties

76 Attorney General( AG) of India

109, 110 Money Bills

110-Definition of “Money Bills”.
109-Special procedure in respect of Money Bills

112 Budget-Annual financial statement

124 Establishment and constitution of Supreme Court-

judges appointment, removal

143 Power of the President to consult and take advise

from the Supreme court

148 Comptroller and Auditor-General ( CAG)

169
153 Governor (in each State)

243- PRI 243 A-Gram Sabha

243K. Elections to the Panchayats.
Note : Panchayats- 234A to 243 O
Municipilaties-243P to 243 ZG

226 Writ petition in HC for violation of FR and legal

rights

280 Finance Commission

312 All India Services

315 Public Service Commission (UPSC)

324 Election Commission of India

352 National Emergency

356 State Emergency

360 Financial Emergency

359 Suspension of Fundamental Rights, except 20 & 21,

during emergencies

257, 365 257: centre can give directions to State

365: failure to comply with the direction mean
constitutional breakdown, article 356 may be
invoked

368 Amendment: Power of Parliament to amend the

Constitution

370, 371, 371 (A-J) Special provisions for many states

Article 370: J&K ; now repealed
Article 371 – Maharashtra and Gujarat
371 A: Nagaland; 371 B : Assam ; 371 C: Manipur;
371D & E – Andhra Pradesh; 371 F-Sikkim; 371G –
Mizoram; 371H – Arunachal Pradesh; 371 I – Goa ;
371J- districts of Hyderabad-Karnataka region

Odd Articles which were asked- better to remember them

50 Separation of judiciary from executive

170
Odd Articles 60 Oath or affirmation by the President
which were
asked 61 Impeachment of the President

69 Oath or affirmation by the Vice-President

72 Power of President to grant pardons, etc., and to

suspend, remit or commute sentences
Note Art.161: Pardoning power of Governor

86 Right of President to address and send messages to

Houses.

102 Disqualifications for membership of the

Parliament/house
Note: Article 103: President is the final authority to
decide on this matter

108 Joint sitting of both Houses in certain cases

Note: No joint sitting for amendment Bills

122 Bar the courts to inquire into proceedings of

Parliament

123 Ordinance: Power of President to promulgate

Ordinances during recess of Parliament.
Note: Art. 213: Ordinance by Governor

141 Law declared by Supreme Court to be binding on all

courts.

144 Civil and judicial authorities to act in aid of the

Supreme Court

159 Oath or affirmation by the Governor

165 Advocate-General for the State.

201 Bills passed by State Legislature is reserved by a

Governor for the consideration of the President,

214 High Courts in states

231 Establishment of a common High Court for two or

more States

233 Appointment of district judges

171
239 Administration of Union territories
Note Art. 239AA: Special provisions with respect to
Delhi

243 ZH to 243 ZT Co-Operative Societies

244 Administration of Scheduled Areas and Tribal

Areas.

249 Power of Parliament to legislate with respect to a

matter in the State List in the national interest

250 Power of Parliament to legislate with respect to any

matter in the State List if a Proclamation of
Emergency is in operation

253 Legislation for giving effect to international

agreements

263 Inter-State Council.

300A Right to Property: Persons not to be deprived of

property save by authority of law.

312 All-India services

323A Administrative tribunals.

329 Bar to interference by courts in electoral matters.

330 Reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and

Scheduled Tribes in the House of the People.

331 Representation of the Anglo-Indian community in

the House of the People.
Now repealed by 104th amendment

338 National Commission for Scheduled Castes

338A National Commission for Scheduled Tribes.

338B National Commission for Backward Classes

340 Appointment of a Commission to investigate the

conditions of backward classes.

343 Official language of the Union.

172
What are Not well defined; includes:
‘Basic • The supremacy of the constitution.
Structure • A republican and democratic system.
/feature’
• The secular character of the Constitution.
• Separation of powers among 3 organs of the state
• Independence of Judiciary
• The federal character of the Constitution.

173
FACT SHEET 2: CONSTITUTIONAL HISTORY OF INDIA- IN BRIEF

Constitutional Facts, Features

Reform
Indian Councils • Viceroy’s executive council- cabinet with portfolio system-
Act 1861 each member responsible for one ministry/Deptt.
• The executive Council was enlarged. 6 to 12 additional
members
• half of the additional members were to be non-official
• Indians nominated in the central Legislative Council
• Thus, start of Indian representation in Legislature
• But legislative council had limited role. It was chiefly
advisory. No discussion on finance was permitted.
• Provincial legislative councils in Madras and Bombay
• empowered Viceroy to issue ordinances, without the consent
of the Legislative Council during an emergency.

Indian Councils • Increased the number of additional and non-official members

Act 1892 in the legislative councils- both central ( 12 to 16) &
provincial Councils
• legislative council members were given the right to ask
questions on the budget
• Principle of representation was initiated: The district boards,
universities, municipalities, chambers of commerce and
zamindars were authorized to recommend members to the
provincial councils.
• First step towards a representative form of government in
modern India

Indian Councils • Called Morley–Minto Reforms

Act 1909 • First time introduced representative and popular elements-
election to Legislature- legislative councils; but it was
indirect election
• Separate Electorate to Muslims
• Included Indians to Executive councils of Viceroy and
Governors
• Further Increased the number of additional and non-official
members in the legislative councils- 16 to 60

174
 • Legislature given more powers to ask questions from
executives

Government of • Called Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms

India Act, 1919 • Bicameral Legislature: the Lower House or Central
Legislative Assembly and the Upper House or Council of
State.
• 3 Indians in Viceroy’s executive Council
• Diarchy (dual Government ) at the level of the provincial
government
• Transferred subjects- elected legislative council members-
nominated as ministers
• Reserved Subjects: important subjects/portfolio reserved for
members of executive council
• Separate Electorate for Sikhs and other minority communities
• Provincial legislative councils were further expanded and
70% of the members were to be elected.
• Thus, GOI Act 1919 strengthened popular and representative
Government in British India

Government of • Outcome of 3 Round Table Conference- 1930-32

India Act, 1935 • Introduced Diarchy in Centre ; never implemented
• Diarchy in provinces abolished
• Provincial Autonomy- to act as autonomous units of
administration in their defined spheres
• All India Federation- if 50% of Indian states decided to join
it.
• Bicameral Legislatures in Provinces
• However, the provisions with regards to the federation were
not implemented
• Separate electorates for depressed classes (scheduled castes),
women and labourer (workers).
• Independent’s India’s constitution has taken maximum
clauses from GOI Act 1935
Crips Mission- • Led by Stafford Cripps to make INC and AIML agree to
1942 cooperate British in WWII, in return India, after the war,
would be granted autonomy, self-rule, and Dominion status
• INC didn’t agree; mission failed

175
 • Gandhiji called the mission as "post-dated cheque drawn on a
failing bank"

Wavell Plan- 1945 • Shimla Conference of 1945- Viceroy’s meeting with Indian
Leaders
• All Indian Viceroy’s new Executive Council (except the
Viceroy and the Commander-in-Chief)
• New Indian Constitution and Interim Indian Government
• The Plan failed on issue of Muslim representation in the
Council

Cabinet Mission • 3 members- Lord Pethick-Lawrence (the Secretary of State

Plan-1946 for India) Sir Stafford Cripps (of Cripps Mission) and A.V.
Alexander
• Genuine attempt by British to keep India one nation-state
• India as federation of 3 groups of provinces
• Group A: provinces such as UP, CP, Bombay, Bihar, Orissa
and Madras
• Group B -Sind, Punjab, Northwest Frontier and Baluchistan
• Group C : Bengal and Assam
• Central/federal Government- Foreign affairs, defense,
currency, and communications; rest left to provincial or group
Government
• INC and AIML first accepted the plan but later on both
almost rejected it
• AIML- wanted grouping mandatory, provinces could not opt
out; INC – voluntary
• INC- the sovereign Indian constituent Assembly won’t be
bound by the Plan; AIML- it was binding.

176
FACT SHEET 3: CATCHY AND IMPORTANT TERMINOLOGIES IN
PARLIAMENTARY PROCEEDINGS

Term Meaning Addl. Info

Filibuster A filibuster is a tactic employed in Though originated in

the United States Senate to prevent or Senate in USA, used in all
delay voting on any bill/proposal. democracies.
Most common form of filibuster is
unnecessary lengthy debates by the
Senators.

Gerrymandering Gerrymandering is a practice While demarcating (called

intended to gain an unfair electoral delimitation)
advantage for a particular party by constituencies, some areas
manipulating the geographical may be included/excluded
boundaries of electoral intentionally to suit
constituencies. caste/religion arithmetic of
the constituency.

Guillotine Guillotine refers to the exercise of 1. It is a French word faster

passage of bills/proposals en- masse way of execution.
(in a block) due to time limit. 2. Generally used by the
Speaker of the House, to
pass Demands for Grants,
as part of Budget, at the
last allotted day, in block,
without any discussion.

Zero Hour • It is the time gap between the 1. It is entirely Indian

end of Question Hour (which Parliamentary Innovation.
is of 1 hour from 11 am to 12) 2. It may last for about one
and the beginning of the hour, from 12 to 1 PM,
regular business of the House. before the House breaks for
• MPs can ask any question of lunch.
public importance during the
zero hour at short notice.

Whip • Official directions issued to Members voting against

members of Legislature to party line may lose their
vote on party line membership

177
No Confidence • To remain in power the If passed, the Government
Motion Cabinet/Government must loses confidence of the
obtain the confidence of the house and has to resign
Lok Sabha
• May be moved by opposition

Cut Motion It is the proposal in the Lok Sabha to If the motion is

cut (reduce) the Demands for grants adopted(passed), it
by Government ministries during the amounts to a no-confidence
Budget session. vote, and Government will
fall.

Kangaroo To move ahead by chopping some Popular in in the British

motion amendments in any bill due to House of Commons
paucity of time

Adjournment Normal business of the House is

Motion suspended to discuss urgent matter of
public interest

Crossing the Passing between the member

floor addressing the House and the Chair

Yielding the The speaker of the Lok sabha can ask a member of the house to stop
Floor speaking and let another member speak

Adjournment Termination of a sitting of the House Compare this with

sine die without any definite date being fixed Prorogation
for the next sitting.

Prorogation The termination of a session of the Maximum 6 month

Parliament by an order made by the duration between two
President sessions of the Parliament

Point of Order During discussion, members raising As a method to object

points as per the rule of the house statements by opposing
party members

Special Mention Member may mention a matter of

public importance in the House by
reading out from the text not
exceeding 250 words

Call Attention a Member calls the attention of a The minister is supposed to

Motion Minister to a matter of urgent public give a brief statement,
importance

178
 thereafter the Members
seek clarifications

Division Voting inside the House to take a Adopted if decision cannot

decision be taken by voice vote

Casting Vote The vote of the Speaker in case of Except in tie, speaker does
Tie not vote

Papers laid on Documents brought into the record

the Table of the Parliament

Quorum The minimum number of members one-tenth of the total

required to be present at a sitting of number of members of the
the House for valid transaction of its House
business.

Starred Question Questions asked by members which The members may ask
is to be replied orally/verbally by the supplementary questions
minister

Un-Starred A question which is not called for written answer to such a

Questions oral/verbal answer in the House question is deemed to have
been laid on the Table.

Subordinate Rules, regulations, orders, schemes, bye-laws, etc. having the force
Legislation of law, framed by the Executive in pursuance of the power
conferred on it by the Constitution or delegated to it by an Act of
Parliament.

179
 FACT SHEETS:
INDIAN POLITY
POLITICAL PROCESS

180
 FACT SHEET 1: POLITICAL PARTIES: 7 NATIONAL PARTIES

Name Founded Founder Prominent leaders- Interesting Facts

in current

Congress 1885 A.O.Hume Sonia Gandhi, Rahul Congress

Gandhi dominance- 1951-
1967
Divided 1969-
Congress (O) and
Congress(R)
NCP, TMC, YSR
congress, etc split
from Congress

BJP 1980 Atal Bihari Narendra Modi, Amit New Avtar of

Bajpai and Lal Sah, Rajnath Singh, Bhartiya Jan Sangh,
Krishna Advani Nitin Gadkari founded in 1951 by
Syama Prasad
Mukherjee

Communist 1925 SA Dange, D.Raja, Binoy Symbol: Ears of

Party of M.N.Roy, SV Viswam, K. Corn and Sickle
India(CPI) Ghate, and Subbarayan Largest opposition
others. party to Congress in
1st Lok Sabha
M.N.Roy formed CPI
in Tashkent in 1920

CPI-M 1964 A. K. Gopalan Sitaram Yechury, Symbol: Hammer,

Jyoti Basu, E. Prakash Karat, Manik Sickle and Star
M. S. Sarkar, Pinarayi Split from CPI on
Namboodiripad Vijayan issue of Indo- China
war
CPI- pro Soviet, pro-
congress

181
 Bahujan Samaj 1984 Kanshi Ram Mayawati Symbol- Elephant
Party( BSP)

Trinamool 1998 Mamta Banerjee Mamta Banerjee, Symbol- Flower and

Congress(TMC) Derek O’Brien Grass
Split from Congress
Ruling West Bengal
since 2011

National 1999 Sharad Pawar, Sharad Pawar, Symbol: Clock

Congress P.A. Sangma, Supriya Sule, Praful Split from Congress
Party(NCP) Tariq Anwar Patel on issue of foreign
origin person as PM

Note: The National People's Party, mostly having influence in N-E states, is recognised by
the ECI as 8th National party. But still officially the ECI lists only 7 National parties

182
 FACT SHEET 2: REGIONAL AND STATE PARTIES

Name Founded Founder Prominent leaders- Interesting Facts

in current

Telugu 1982 N. T. Rama Rao Chandrababu Naidu Symbol: hut,

Desam Party (NTR) wheel and plough
(TDP) Colour: Yellow
Was largest
opposition party in
8th Lok Sabha(
1984 to 1989)

Dravida 1949 C. N. Annadurai M.K.Stalin, T. R. Symbol: rising

Munnetra Karunanidhi- long Baalu sun
Kazhagam serving leader Split from DK,
(DMK) founded by
Periyar E. V.
Ramasamy

All India 1972 M. G. O. Panneerselvam Symbol: two-

Anna DMK Ramachandran(MGR) (OPS), E. leaves
(AIADMK) J. Jayalalithaa- long Palaniswami Split from DMK
serving leader ( EPS)

Samajwadi 1992 Mulayam Singh Mulayam Singh Symbol: cycle

Party (SP) Yadav Yadav, Akhilesh
Yadav

Rashtriya 1997 Lalu Prasad Yadav Lalu Prasad Yadav, Symbol- Lantern
Janata Dal( Tejaswi Yadav
RJD)

Shiromani 1920 SGPC, Master Tara Prakash Singh Badal, Symbol- Flower
Akali Dal Singh, Sardar Sukhbir Singh Badal, and Grass
(SAD) Sarmukh Singh Harsimrat Kaur Badal Second-oldest
Chubbal, etc. party in India

Rashtriya Lok 1996 Ajit Singh, son of Jayant Chaudhary Symbol: hand
Dal (RLD) legendary farm leader pump
Charan Singh

183
 Indian 1996 Devi Lal Om Prakash Symbol:
National Lok Chautala, Abhay Spectacles
Dal (INLD) Chautala Currently ruling
Haryana with BJP

Jharkhand 1972 Binod Bihari Mahato Sibu Soren, Hemant Symbol: Bow &
Mukti Soren Arrow
Morcha Currently ruling
(JMM) Jharkhand state

Janata Dal 1999 H. D. Deve Gowda H. D. Deve Gowda, Symbol: Lady

(Secular) H. D. Kumaraswamy Farmer Carrying
Paddy on her Head

Telangana 2001 K. Chandrashekar K. Chandrashekar Symbol: Motor

Rashtra Rao Rao , K. T. Rama Rao car
Samith(TRS) Led the Telangana
state formation
movement
Ruling Telangana
since its formation

Note: ECI categorise Parties as National, State, and Registered Party; there is No category
of Regional Party. However, State parties are generally called Regional Parties.

184
FACT SHEET 3: PRESIDENTS AND VICE PRESIDENTS OF INDIA

Name Tenure Vice President Unique facts

Dr Rajendra 1950- Dr. Radhakrishnan Differed on many issues with

Prasad 62 Nehru Govt, especially on Hindu
code bill and suggested that
president is not entirely bound by
advice of council of minister

Dr. 1962- Dr. Zakir Hussain Teachers' Day is celebrated on his

Radhakrishnan 67 birth anniversary ( 5th Sept)

Dr. Zakir 1967- V.V. Giri 1st President to die in office

Hussain 69 Was VC of Jamia Millia
University

V.V. Giri 1969- Gopal Swarup Pathak He won president election by

74 defeating official Congress
candidate as Indira Gandhi called
for ‘Conscience Vote’.
Congress split into Congress(R)
and Congress (O) on this issue in
1969

Fakhruddin Ali 1974- B.D.Jatti 2nd President to die in office

Ahmed 1977 He signed Emergency in 1975

Neelam Sanjiva 1977- 1. B.D.Jatti President during Janata

Reddy 82 2. Mohammad Government
Hidayatullah He was the official Congress
president defeated by V.V.Giri in
1969
In 1979, accepted Charan Singh,
PM’s advice on dissolution of Lok
Sabha even when the PM had no
majority in the Lok Sabha

Giani Zail Singh 1982- R. Venkataraman In 1986- refused assent to postal

87 bill, which allowed Government to
read private letters/mails.

185
R. 1987- Shankar Dayal Worked with four PM (Rajeev
Venkataraman 92 Sharma Gandhi, V.P. Singh, Chandra
Shekhar and P V Narasimha Rao)
and appointed three of them.
Start of Coalition Governments

Shankar Dayal 1992- K. R. Narayanan Returned two executive orders to

Sharma 97 the cabinet
13 days Bajpai Government in
1996

K. R. 1997- Krishan Kant Most assertive President

Narayanan 2002 Returned proposals of cabinet for
imposition of emergency in UP
and Bihar
Made mandatory to produce letters
of support from alliance partners
as proof of majority for PM
claimant

Dr. A.P.J. 2002- Bhairon Singh Missile man, DRDO scientist,

Abdul Kalam 2007 Shekhawat architect of 2nd Pokhran Test
Returned office of profit bill to
cabinet

Pratibha Patil 2007- Hamid Ansari 1st Women President of India

2012

Pranab 2012- Hamid Ansari Refused to sign ordinances on anti-

Mukherjee 2017 corruption law
commuted death sentences of four
convicts against the advice of the
cabinet

Ram Nath 2017- Venkaiah Naidu 2nd Dalit President after K. R.

Kovind Narayanan

186
 FACT SHEET 4: DY. PMS OF INDIA

Name Tenure PM, Party

Sardar Patel 1947-50 PM- Nehru, Congress party

Morarji Desai 1967-69 PM-Indira Gandhi, Congress

Charan Singh 1979 PM- Morarji Desai, Janata Party

Jagjivan Ram 1979 PM- Morarji Desai, Janata Party

Y.B. Chavan 1979-80 PM- Charan Singh, Congress Party

Devi Lal 1989-91 PM: V.P.Singh, Janata Dal

L.K.Advani 2002-2004 PM- Atal Bihari Bajpai, BJP

Note: Dy. PM is not a Constitutional post. They take oath as minister only

187
 FACT SHEET 5: IMPORTANT COMMISSION AND COMMITTEE

Name Formed in Issue Findings/ recommendation

Balwant Rai Mehta 1957 To examine the working Recommended 3-tier Panchayati
Committee of the Community Raj System for Rural India
Development Programme
(CDP)

Santhanam 1962 Anti- corruption • Setting up Central Vigilance

committee Commission(CVC)
• CVC was set up in 1964

Kothari 1964 Advise guidelines and • 10+2+3 pattern

Commission policies for the • Women’s education
development of • Neighbourhood school system
education in India. • Establishment of Indian
Education Service

Kapur 1966 Killing of Gandhiji Role of Savarkar and his

Commission associates

Rajamannar 1969 Centre-state relation Set up by DMK Govt in Tamil

Committe Nadu

Khosla Death of Subhash Both commission rejected any

Commission-1970 Chandra Bose conspiracy and rumours of
Mukherjee activities of Bose after the plane
Commission 2005 crash

Tarkunde 1974 Election reforms Election Commission- 3 member

Committee minimum age for voting-18 yrs

Shah Commission 1977 To probe the excesses • Misuse of MISA, and Defence
committed during the of India rules during emergency
emergency • Excess in sterilization program
• Poor role of Bureaucracy

Ashok Mehta 1977 Panchayati Raj System • 2-tier Panchayati Raj

Committee Institutions
• 1st committee to recommend
Constitutional status to PRI

188
Sarkaria 1983 Centre-state relationship Far reaching suggestions on role
Commission of Governors and use of Article
356

M.P. Thakkar 1984 Killing of Indira Gandhi Conspiracy and persons

Commission responsible for the killing

G.V.K. Rao 1985 Various aspects of PRI • Set up Planning commission

Committee • District as the basic unit of
planning

Dinesh Goswami 1990 Election reforms • Increasing security deposits for

Committee candidates;
• lowering age bar for fighting
election
• Not more than 2 seats one can
contest
• DPSP to PR
• Anti-defection law
• Government funding of election
expenses

M.C.Jain 1991 Killing of Rajeev Gandhi Conspiracy and persons

Commission responsible for the killing

Liberhan 1992 Babri Masjid demolition Causes and persons responsible

Commission for the Mosque demolition

Srikrishna 1993 1992-93 Bombay riots Conspiracy and persons

Commission responsible for the riots

Ram Nandan 1993 OBC reservation Creamy layers among Backward

Prasad Committee Castes for being eligible for
reservation

Swaminathan 1994 Population policy Stabilizing population,

Committee restructuring family welfare
program

Bhuria Committee 1995 Panchayati Raj Extension of PRI in tribal areas

Institution(PRI) PESA Act-1996 was enacted on
the basis of this committee

Indrajit Gupta 1998 Election reforms political funding and measures to

Committee discourage criminals from helping
candidates during elections.

189
Nanavati 2000 1984 anti-Sikh riots Persons responsible for the riot.
Commission

Nanavati-Mehta 2002 Godhra train burning and Causes of both the incidence and
Commission Gujarat Riot-2002 persons responsible.

Kelkar Committee 2002 direct tax reforms Increasing the income tax
exemption limit, rationalization of
exemptions, abolition of long term
capital gains tax, abolition of
wealth tax etc

Phukan 2003 Tehelka Tape scandal- Persons involved in the corruption

Commission fake defence deal & incidence
corruption caught on
camera

Jeevan Reddy 2004 Election reforms • Anti-defection measures

Committee • 10-fold increase in security
deposits
• Barring criminals from
contesting election.

Swaminathan 2004 Farmer’s issues Minimum support price(MSP)

committee formula

Sachar Committee 2005 Socio-economic and Very poor Socio-economic and

educational condition of educational condition of Muslims
Muslims in India. in India. They are worse off than
Dalits.

M.M. Punchhi 2007 Centre-state relationship • Misuse of 356

Commission • National integration council
• Concurrent list changes only
with State’s consultation, etc.

Srikrishna 2010 Situation in Andhra Related to formation of Telangana

Committee Pradesh state

Srikrishna 2017 Personal Data Protection The committee submitted its

Committee report and Draft Personal Data
Protection Bill, 2018;
The bill is yet to be enacted.

190
FACT SHEET 6: BOOKS AND AUTHORS ON INDIAN POLITY AND
POLITICAL PROCESS

Book Author Theme

Democracy and Discontent: Atul Kohli • Political change in India from the
India's Growing Crisis of late 1960s to the late 1980s.
Governability • How declining dominance of
His Other books: Congress challenged political
order, stability, and
• The State and Poverty in India
Governability crisis
• The Success of India's
Democracy
• Poverty Amid Plenty in the
New India
• States, Markets, And Just
Growth

The Child and the State in India Myron Weiner Issue of child labour

Sons of the Soil Myron Weiner Migration and Ethnic Conflict in

India

Religion, Caste, and Politics in Christophe

India Jaffrelot

The Politics of India Since Paul Brass His quoted ‘India’s

Independence (1990) Constitution was born more in fear
Ethnicity and Nationalism: and trepidation than in hope and
Theory and Comparison (1991)
inspiration’
The Production of Hindu-
Muslim Violence in
Contemporary India ( 2003)
Factional politics in an Indian
State
Caste, Faction, and Party in
Indian Politics
An Indian Political Life(2011)

191
Coalition Politics and E. Sridharan
Democratic Consolidation in
Asia

1.The government and politics Morris-Jones Explained single party dominance

of India (Congress)
2. Parliament in India ‘Market Polity’
3. Politics Mainly Indian ‘Bargaining Federalism’

1. Nationalist Thought and Partha Chatterjee Indian nationalism as not main but
the Colonial World: A derivative discourse among many
Derivative Discourse sub-national groups/communities,
2. The Nation and its which he called fragments of
Fragments Indian Nation.

1. The Modernity of Lloyd and How in India traditional structures

Tradition Sussane Rudolph and norms have been adapted or
2. In Pursuit of Lakshmi transformed to serve the needs of a
modernizing society
3. Explaining Indian
Democracy: A Fifty Study of political economy of the
Year Perspective Indian state

Working a Democratic Granville Austin working of the Indian Constitution

Constitution: A History of the from 1950 to 1985
Indian Experience Indian Constitution as ‘Seamless
Web’ of democracy, national
unity,and social revolution

1.Gandhi's Political Philosophy Bhikhu Parekh Also wrote “Rethinking

2. Colonialism, Tradition and Multiculturalism: Cultural
Reform: An Analysis of Diversity and Political Theory”
Gandhi's Political Discourse

1. Understanding Caste: Gail Omvedt She wrote many books on

From Buddha To Ambedkar, Buddhism, Indian
Ambedkar And Beyond women’s struggle
2. Reinventing Also wrote “Seeking Begumpura”
Revolution: New Social
Movements in India

The Intimate Enemy: Loss and Asish Nandy Political, economic, and cultural
Recovery of Self Under domination under colonialism
Colonialism( 1983)

192
The Idea of India( 1997) Sunil Khilnani Economic and political history of
India in the fifty years since
Partition

Caste in Modern India(1962) M. N. Srinivas Concepts: Dominant Caste,

Sankritisation

Politics and State-society James Manor Called India a Democratic

Relations in India(2017) Developmental State
The Politics of Poverty
Reduction in India(2020)

The Imaginary Institution of Sudipta Kaviraj

India (1991)
The Trajectories of the Indian
State (2010)
The Enchantment of Democracy
and India (2011)

The political economy of Pranab Bardhan

development in India(1984)

193
FACT SHEET 7: COMMENTS/QUOTE ON INDIAN POLITY
BY THINKER/AUTHORS

Comment/quote Thinker/author Addl. Information

Indian economy as “Bullock Lloyd and They also said that caste in India
Cart Capitalism” Sussane Rudolph fosters democracy

Indian politics as tussle between Lloyd and In their book ‘In Pursuit of
a “demand polity” and a Sussane Rudolph Lakshmi’
“command polity”

India as ‘weak-strong state’ Lloyd and ‘Explaining Indian Democracy’-

Sussane Rudolph by Rudolph & Rudolph

Indian federalism as Morris Jones Theory of single party dominance

“bargaining federalism” in India
Emergence of ‘Market Polity’ in
India

Constitution KC Wheare India as Quasi-federal

of India is federal in structure
and unitary in spirit

Indian Politics as “Politics of Myron Weiner Initiated the study of State

Scarcity” Politics in India

India as a “polycentric Aseema Sinha Wrote “The regional roots of

hierarchy developmental politics in India”

Indian state as interchangeably Atul Kohli Author of “Democracy and

“weak” and “captured” Discontent: India's Growing
Crisis of Governability”

Indian nationalism as Partha Chatterjee Wrote: “Nationalist thought and

“Derivative Discourse” the colonial world- A Derivative
Discourse”

Indian democracy as Pradeep Chhibber Wrote : “Democracy without

‘Democracy Without Associations: Transformation of
Associations’ the Party System and Social
Cleavages in India ”

India as a Patronage- Kanchan Chandra

Democracy

194
describes Indian federation as a Pranab Bardhan
“holding together federation
and not a ‘coming together
federation”

Calls India a “flailing state.” Lant Pritchett flailing : wave or swing wildly,
un steady, not settled

Indian party system as Giovanni Sartori until the 1960s in terms of this
"predominant party system" model, Congress was the
predominant party

Indian Party System as ‘one Morris Jones Rajni Kothari called it ‘the
party dominant system’ Congress System’

Indian State as ‘incremental Rajni Kothari ‘Politics in India’ ; ‘Caste in

democratic modernization’? Indian Politics’; ‘State Against
Democracy’: books by Rajni
Kothari

Three democratic upsurges in Ashutosh Varshney in his work ‘Is India

the democratic politics in India Varshney becoming more Democratic’
discussed the three democratic
upsurges in the democratic
politics in India

‘India’s Constitution was born Paul Brass ‘The Politics of India since
more in fear and trepidation Independence’- by Paul Brass
than in hope and inspiration’

India as a Democratic James Manor ‘Politics and State-Society

Developmental State Relations in India’- James Manor

India as an example of Anthony D. Smith ‘Nationalism’ – by Anthony D.

“Polycentric Nationalism” Smith

Indian constitution as a Granville Austin

‘seamless web’

195
FACT SHEET 8 : LANDMARK SC CASES WHICH CHANGED
INDIAN POLITY

Case Year Decision and effect

State of Madras v. Champakam 1951 • SC struck caste-based reservation;

Dorairajan • FR is superior to DPSP.
• Led to 1st amendment

Shankari Prasad case 1951 No judicial review to Amendments as

Amendments under article 368 is not
‘law’ under article 13(2)

Balaji v/s State of Mysore 1962 Reservation cannot be more than 50%

Sajjan Singh Case 1964 First time ‘Basic Features’ was

mentioned in dissent note of one judge

Golaknath Case 1967 Amendments under article 368 are

‘law’ under article 13(2) and hence
can be struck down if they violate
Fundamental rights

Kesavananda Bharati case 1973 ‘Basic Structure Doctrine’-

Parliament can amend any part of
constitution provided basic
structure/feature of the constitution is
not changed.

Minerva Mills case 1980 Further established ‘Basic Structure

Doctrine’
Power of Parliament to amend the
constitution was limited
Restored balance between FR and
DPSP

196
Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India 1978 ‘Due Process’ doctrine : Right to life(
article 21) gave SC power to judicial
review of not only ‘procedure
established by law’ but also ‘ due
process of law’

Three Judges Cases: 1. SP Gupta v 1981- Gave ‘Collegium system’ of Judges

Union of India (1981) 98 appointment
2. Supreme Court Advocates‐on‐Record
Association v Union of India (1993)
3. Re Special Reference No 1 of 1998

Sheela Barse v. State of Maharashtra 1983 Right against violence in police

custody

Olga Tellis vs. Bombay Municipal 1985 ‘Right to Livelihood’ FR under

Corporation article 21

Shah Bano case 1985 • SC decided ‘Right to alimony(

living support from divorced
husband)’ to Muslim women
• But the central Government enacted
law to nullify SC decision.
• Generated heated debate on
Secularism

Attorney General of India v. Lachma 1988 Public hanging violates article 21-
Devi hence should be banned.

Shantistar Builders v. N.K. Totame 1990 ‘Right to Shelter’ under article 21

Subhash Kumar v. State of Bihar 1991 ‘Right to pollution free

environment’ FR under article 21

Indra Sawhney v. Union of India 1992 Creamy layer policy: creamy layer
among OBC, SC/ST be excluded from
reservation.

197
S.R. Bommai v/s Union of India 1994 Application of article 356 to dismiss
state Government was made tough
Profoundly affected centre-state
relation

Vishaka v. State of Rajasthan 1997 Vishaka Guidelines: against sexual

harassment of women at work place

Lily Thomas v. Union of India 2013 Disqualification on conviction for

certain offences: convicted person
disqualified for 6 years from
contesting election.

• Justice K.S. Puttaswamy vs. 2017 ‘Right to Privacy’ under article 21

Union of India
• Maneka Gandhi vs the Union of
India; R Sukanya vs R Sridhar;
These cases helped bring ‘Right to
Kharak Singh vs State of Uttar
Privacy’ under article 21
Pradesh; Govind vs State of
Madhya Pradesh

Navtej Singh Johar vs. Union Of India 2018 Decriminalised homosexuality by

striking off parts of Section 377 of the
Indian Penal Code (IPC).

198
 FACT SHEET 9: LANDMARK ACTS

ACT Year Addl. Info

The Delhi Special Police 1946 CBI was set up under this law
Establishment Act

The Representation of the People 1951 Rules for election for Parliament and State
Act Legislature
Amended many times

Protection of Civil Rights Act 1955 To implement article 17 ( abolition of

untouchability) and protect rights of SC/ST

Essential Commodities Act 1955 Uninterrupted supply of essential goods; to

stop hoarding or black marketing
In 2020, the Act was modified along with 2
Farm Acts

The Citizenship Act 1955 Rules for acquiring Indian citizenship

States Reorganisation Act 1956 Reorganisation of States on linguistic basis-

14 State, 6 UTs

Unlawful Activities (Prevention) 1967 Give powers to Govt to deal with people for
Act (UAPA) protecting integrity and sovereignty of India

The Water (Prevention and Control 1974 Control and prevent water pollution
of Pollution) Act,

The Air (Prevention and Control of 1981 Control and prevent air pollution
Pollution) Act,

The Forest (Conservation) Act 1980

The Environment (Protection) Act 1986 Protection and improvement of the

environment

The Muslim Women (Protection of 1986 This Act was brought by Govt to nullify the
Rights on Divorce) Act SC judgement on Shah Bano case

Prevention of Corruption Act 1988 To minimize corruption in government

agencies and public sector

199
Scheduled Caste and Scheduled 1989 • To prevent discrimination, atrocities and
Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) hate crimes against SC/ST
Act, • It was felt that Protection of Civil Rights
Act 1955 was not adequate for SC/ST

The Wildlife Protection Act 1972 Protection of wild animals, birds and plants

Energy Conservation Act 2001 To conserve energy and promote clean

energy.

The National Green Tribunal Act 2010 NGT was set up quick disposal of the cases
pertaining to environmental issues
To implement ‘Right to clean environment’
under article 21

Maintenance of Internal Security 1971 • Govt might arrest anyone on suspicion of

Act (MISA) threats to national security
• MISA was used during Emergency
(1975-77) to arrest opposition leaders,
journalists, etc
• Janata Govt abolished MISA in 1977

Persons With Disabilities (Equal 1995 • Special provisions, special quota for
Opportunities, Protection of Rights disable persons
and Full Participation) Act • Was amended in 2016- ‘Rights of Persons
with Disabilities Act, 2016’

Foreign Exchange Management 1999 • Orderly development and maintenance of

Act, (FEMA) foreign exchange market in India
• Replaces Foreign Exchange Regulation
Act (FERA)

Information Technology Act 2000 • To regulate ICT in India

• Also called cyber Act

The Competition Act 2002 • Competition Commission of India(CCI)

was set up under this Act
• Replaced MRTP Act

Right to Information Act 2005 Landmark Act to implement ‘Right to

Information’

National Rural Employment 2005 MG NAREGA is implemented under this

Guarantee Act Act

200
Protection of Women from 2005 The Act provides a definition of "domestic
Domestic Violence Act violence" for the first time in Indian law

Disaster Management Act 2005 Corona Pandemic was dealt in under this
Act

Commission for Protection of 2006 constitution of a National Commission and

Child Rights Act State Commissions for Protection of Child
Rights and Children's Courts for providing
speedy trial of offences against children

Right of Children to Free and 2009 Also called RTE Act

Compulsory Education Act Right to Education( under article 21) is
implemented under the Act

Sexual Harassment of Women at 2013 ‘Visakha Guideline’ came out of this Act
Workplace (Prevention,
Prohibition and Redressal) Act

National Food Security Act 2013 National Food Security Mission is

implemented under this Act

The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act 2013 Lokpal and Lokayuktas were appointed
under the Act

Whistle Blowers Protection Act 2014 To protect those who disclose corruption in
2011 Govt organisation

Goods and Services Tax 2017 GST was implemented under this Act
(Compensation to States) Act

Jammu and Kashmir 2019 State of J&K was made 2 UTs- J&K and
Reorganisation Act Ladakh

Consumer Protection Act 2019 New and more stronger Consumer

protection Act in which many new services
added

Muslim Women (Protection of 2019 • Made triple talaq unlawful

Rights on Marriage) Act • Called anti- triple talaq Act

Transgender Persons (Protection of 2019 To protect the rights of Transgender

Rights) Act, Persons

Citizenship (Amendment) Act 2019 Provide Indian citizenship for persecuted

religious minorities from Afghanistan,
Bangladesh and Pakistan who are Hindus,

201
 Sikhs, Buddhists, Jains, Parsis or
Christians, and arrived in India before the
end of December 2014

1.The farmers' produce trade and 2020 • These are 3 Farm laws which provide for
commerce (promotion and market reforms in Indian Farming sector,
facilitation) act, 2020. contract farming, and liberalisation of
2.The farmers (empowerment and trade in farm produce
protection) agreement on price • Farmers of Punjab, Haryana, and UP are
assurance and farm services act, agitating against these Farm Law, which
2020. are on hold by the order of SC.
3. The essential commodities • Massive farmer’s protest went for more
(amendment) act, 2020. than a year against these Acts, which were
repealed( taken back) in December, 2021

202
 FACT SHEET 10: STATE RE-ORGANISATION

Year Event/state created Unique facts

1950 Constitution arranged Indian State into A, B, C ,D groups A: former British

provinces
B and C: Princely
states
D: A&N Islands

1952 Potti Sreeramulu, A Revolutionary leader, died after 56

days of hunger strike for creation of Andhra Pradesh( from
Madras presidency)

1953 Andhra Pradesh created 1st State on the basis

of Language

1956 States Reorganization Act 14 states, 6 UT

Abolished A,B,C,D groupings

1960 Bombay was divided into Maharashtra and Gujrat Gujrat becomes the
15th State.

1961 Dadra and Nagar Haveli becomes the 7th UT

1962 Goa, Daman and Diu acquired from Portuguese Goa, Daman and
Diu- 7th & 8th UT

1963 Nagaland carved out from the state of Assam Nagaland- 16th State

1966 Punjab and Haryana created Punjab- last state on

Chandigarh also created as UT and common capital language basis

1971 HP was created HP was UT

1972 Meghalaya, Tripura, and Manipur became state NE re-organisation

1975 Sikkim merged in India Sikkim-22nd state

1987 Goa, Mizoram, and Arunachal Pradesh became State from 25 states
UTs

2000 Chhattisgarh( from MP), Jharkhand( from Bihar), and 28 states

Uttarakhand( from UP) became states

2014 Telangana ( from Andhra Pradesh) became state 29th State

203
 FACT SHEET 11: MAJOR CENTRAL GOVERNMENT
SCHEMES/MISSIONS/PROGRAMS

Scheme name Purpose/sector Unique facts/features

PM Jan Dhan Yojna Financial inclusion Opened 42 crore new

accounts in name of poor

PM Mudra Yojna Loan for self-employment About 30 crore loan of Rs

15 lakh crore given

Swachh Bharat Mission Cleanliness, hygiene at public 11 crore toilets made

places

Smart City Mission Improved urban living 100 smart cities

Ayushman Bharat Universal Health Insurance Insurance cover of 5 lakh

Mission Scheme for poor per family per year

Mission Indradhanush Universal Immunization program

Ujjwala Yojna Free LPG connection to rural poor

Ujala Scheme Cheap LED bulbs in all homes

Soubhagya Yojna Electricity connections to all Pradhan Mantri Sahaj

remaining un-electrified Bijli Har Ghar Yojana -
households Saubhagya

Pradhan Mantri Awas Providing affordable housing to PMAY-G: Rural areas

Yojana (PMAY) the poor households PMAY-U: Urban areas
About 1.8 cr houses
provided

UDAN Scheme Affordable air travel for common Ude Desh ka Aam
man Naagrik-UDAN

Atal Pension Yojna Social security for poor in form of Poor need to subscribe to
Rs 1000 to 5000 Rs monthly the pension fund;
pension Government

Atal Mission for Strengthen urban Infrastructure-

Rejuvenation and Urban sewage, street lights, transport, etc

204
Transformation
(AMRUT)

Atal Tinkering Labs To provide students experience in

creating and modifying 3D
designs

Fasal Bima Yojna Government sponsored and

subsidized crop insurance

Soil Health Card Free soil testing for farmers

Scheme

Kisan Samman Nidhi Direct cash transfer of Rs 2000 per Direct Income Transfer
Yojana 4 months to Farmers Scheme for farmers

'Garib Kalyan Rozgar Employment scheme for migrant

Abhiyaan workers affected by the Corona
Lockdown

Atmanirbhar Bharat Making India 'self reliant' and tide 5 Pillars: Economy,
Mission over the coronavirus crisis Infrastructure,
Technology, Vibrant
demography,. Demand

Vaccine Maitri Humanitarian initiative Preference given to small

undertaken by the Indian neighbouring countries
government to provide COVID-19
vaccines to countries around the
world

205
 FACT SHEET 12: INDIA’S MISSILE PROGRAM

Weapon Name Feature

Pralay Missile Solid-fuel surface-to-surface guided Short-range ballistic missile

Nag Missile Anti-tank guided missile- to destroy enemy tanks

Trishul Missile Short range surface-to-air missile

Agni Missile Medium to intercontinental range ballistic missiles

Nirbhaya Long range, all-weather, subsonic cruise missile

Missile

A-SAT Missile To destroy satellites in space for strategic or tactical purpose

K-5 and K-6 Intercontinental submarine-launched ballistic missile

Missile

Sant Missile Standoff Anti-tank Guided Missile

Brahmos Medium-range supersonic cruise missile that can be launched from

Missile submarine, ships, aircraft, or land

206
 FACT SHEETS :
COMPARATIVE
POLITICS- CONCEPTS

207
FACT SHEET-1: TRADITIONAL APPROACHES AND METHDOS OF
INVESTIGATION IN COMPARATIVE POLITICS

Approaches Facts/features Main thinkers/theorists

Normative Oldest one : pre- political science Aristotle, Rousseau, Kant, Hegel,
Philosophical era T.H.Green, Leo Strauss, Isaiah
Method: Abstract reasoning, moral Berlin
arguments, Formal logic and
analytic philosophy
Prescriptive, deductive, value
loaded, idealistic, speculative

Historical Genealogical – treating history as a Machiavelli: used this approach in

Approach genetic process – how a political ‘ the Prince’
phenomenon evolved over time Oakeshott, Hobbes, Locke,
Studying past to understand the Rousseau, Marx, Laski
causes of political phenomenon in
present
Example : comparative analysis of
the French, Russian and Chinese
Revolutions, by Skocpol

Institutional Focus on Institutions and structures Aristotle: 6 types of

Approach of political system constitution/Government
Formal, legal, state/Government Polybius: division of powers
and its organs among organs of state
Eurocentric, prescriptive, Bryce: study of American
normative, speculative government in comparative
Evolved as Comparative perspective
Government Edward Finer: wrote’ The History
of Government’- Comparative
analysis of Government from
earliest time
Duverger, Sartori: Comparative
study of political party and party
system

208
FACT SHEET-2: MODERN APPROACHES AND METHDOS OF INVESTIGATION
IN COMPARATIVE POLITICS

Approaches Facts/features Main thinkers/theorists

Political System • Political system: Inter- David Easton- father of the

Approach related institutions, political system approach –‘ A system
activities, actors and Analysis of Political
processes which Life’
continuously interact with
Gabriel Almond: ‘Comparative
each other and to larger
Politics: A Developmental
society
Approach’
• Derived from Biology and
Morton Kaplan: used system
General System Theory
approach in IR
• Input, Output, Environment, David Apter: ‘Introduction to
Feedback Political Analysis’
• 'system' replaced ‘state’ as Karl Deutsch: ‘Nation and
item of comparison World’
• Easton’s definition :”
behaviour or set of
interactions through which
authoritative allocations of
values are made and
implemented in society”
• Inputs to the system:
• Demands: claims for
actions that people
make to satisfy their
interests and values
• Support: political
obligation – Consent,
obey law, pay taxes
• Outputs : Laws, rules,
regulations, judicial
decisions

Structural- • Derived from system Gabriel Almond and G C

Functional approach Powell : used Easton’s system
approach • Study political structures approach to give structural-
and functions carried out by functional approach
them in a political system

209
 • Input functions: political Built on Sociologist Talcott
socialization, recruitment, Parson’s concept of societal
interest articulation and structures and their functions
aggregation, and political
communication
Rajni Kothari and Morris Jones
• Output functions: Rule used this approach to study
making, application, and Indian politics
adjudication
Fred Riggs also used this
approach

Political Culture Political Culture: pattern of • Gabriel Almond: father of

Approach orientation and basic attitude political culture approach
in a society towards political • Gabriel Almond and Sidney
system Verba: ‘The Civic Culture’
3 aspects: Cognitive, comparative study of Political
Affective, Evaluative Attitudes and Democracy in 5
3 types: Parochial, subject, Nations- USA, Germany,
participative Mexico, Italy, and UK
• Edward Finer: matured,
developed, low, and minimal
political culture
• Talcott Parsons: Influenced
Almond & Verba through his
definition of culture- sets of
norms, values, and attitude
• Rajni Kothari and Morris
Jones used this approach also
in studying Indian politics

New • Both ‘hard’ and ‘Soft’ • James March & Johan Olsen:
Institutionalism Institutions- norms, rules, founders of New
behaviour pattern Institutionalism –‘ The New
• Linked Institutions to macro Institutionalism’
socio-economic structure • Douglous C North- Rational
and individual behaviour Choice New Institutionalism
• Analytical, explanatory & • William Scott: ‘ Sociological
Empirical institutionalism New Institutionalism’
• 3 new Institutionalism: • Paul DiMaggio and Walter W.
Rational Choice, Cultural( Powell- ‘Institutional
sociological), Structural isomorphism’

210
Political • Emerged in 1960-70s • Lucian Pye: ‘Political culture
development and • In tune with US foreign and political development’
Modernization Policy • David Apter:’ The politics of
theory modernization’
• To help 3rd world countries
become developed & • Gabriel Almond: ‘Political
modern by following similar Development’
path as travelled by • James Coleman, and Sidney
USA/western Europe Verba also gave theory of
• To check communism political development
• Approaches: political • Samuel Huntington
culture, developmentalism, • Edward Shils: ‘Political
corporatism, Development in the New
democratization, etc. States’ ; ‘Center and periphery’
• Organski: ‘The stages of
political development’
• W.W.Rostow: 5 stages of
modernization

Dependency • In 1970s, emerged in Latin • Raul Prebisch, an Argentine

Theories America, as counter to economist, gave Prebisch–
modernisation theories. Singer hypothesis, which
• Influenced by Neo-Marxism formed the basis of economic
dependency theory- founder
• Dependency theories
attempted to expose the • Immanuel Wallenstein- ‘World
dependent and exploitative System Theory’- Core &
nature of so called Periphery
‘development’ in 3rd world • AG Frank- ‘ Development of
countries Underdevelopment’,
• In this view, the ‘Core’ • Cardoso- was also president of
nations, the metropolitan Brazil
west, has unequal exchange • Samir Amin: unequal exchange
relation with ‘periphery’ allowed capitalist countries to
nations, the 3rd world protect profits

211
 FACT SHEETS:
PUBLIC
ADMINISTRATION

212
 FACT SHEET-1: PRINCIPLES AND APPROCAHES TO PUBLIC
ADMINISTRATION

Theory/Approach Facts/Features/Literatures

Scientific Taylor gave this theory in 1911

Management Theory 4 core principles of Scientific Management
F.W.Taylor
• Science, not rule of Thumb
• Scientific Selection, training and development of workers
• Joining science of work and worker
• management and workers sharing responsibilities
Features:
• Scientific analysis of time, motion, workflow, tools,
implements
• Man as machine
• Separation of planning and execution
• Greater responsibility on managers
• ‘Differential rate’ or ‘Piece-rate’ system
• Functional organizational structure
• Mental revolution: a complete transformation in the
attitude between management and workers.
Books/Literature:
• Shop Management- 1900
• On the art of cutting metals- 1906
• The Principles of Scientific Management-1911
• Two Papers on Scientific Management-1919

Other interesting facts:

Frank Gilbreth & Lillian Gilbreth were earliest proponents of
scientific Management; Lillian Gilbreth may be called ‘Mother of
Scientific Management’.

Weber’s Ideal Type • Weber gave Bureaucratic Theory in 1921

of Bureaucracy • 3 types of Authority:
• Traditional, Charismatic, Rational-Legal
• Features of Ideal Type of Bureaucracy
• Division of labour, Expertise, specialization

213
 • Hierarchy, Impersonal relationship, rules and regulations
• Based on ‘Rational-Legal Authority’
• Merit based selection, career orientation
Books/Literature: by Weber
• Ideal type of Bureaucracy- 1921
• The Protestant Ethic and Spirit of Capitalism-1905
Other interesting facts:
• "Iron Law of Oligarchy“- by Robert Michels-
Bureaucratic organization as rule of elites; not democratic
• Hegel in his ‘The Philosophy of Right’ praised
Bureaucracy-work in universal interest
• Marx termed Bureaucracy a form of class domination;
instrument of state power; instrument to further interests
of capitalist class

Human Relation Hawthorne Experiments:

Theory- Elton Mayo • Between 1924-32 ; led by Mayo, supported by
Roethlisberger and Dickson
• Great Illumination Experiment(1924–27)
• Relay assembly test room(1927-33)
• Human Attitude and Sentiments (1928-31)
• The Bank Wiring Experiment(1931-32)
o Rate buster:- one who produce more than the
social norm.
o chiseler:- the one who produces less than the
social norm/target
o squealer:- the one who complain the management
about his peer/co-worker
Features:
• Introduced behavioural approach in organisational studies
• Organization as social system
• Workers as social man embedded in social settings
• No to purely Economic incentives
• Social factors may affect worker’s motivation and
productivity

214
 Other interesting facts:
• Most of the Hawthorne Experiments were failure, but
Mayo used them to give Human Relation Theory
• Mayo initiated behavioural approach in Pub Admin

Books/Literature:
Elton Mayo:
• ‘The Human Problems of an Industrial Civilization (1933)
• ‘Human problems of an individual civilization’ (1946)
• ‘The Social Problems of an Industrial Civilization’(1945)
Douglas Murray McGregor:
• ‘The Human Side of Enterprise’(1960)- gave theory X and
Theory Y
• Abraham Maslow: gave hierarchy of Needs
• Chester Barnard: ‘The Functions of the
Executive’(1938)’- ‘Zone of Indifference’
• Rensis Likert: gave : Likert scale : to measure worker’s
attitude at workplace

Rational Decision- • Simon- influenced by Vienna school of logical positivism

Making- Herbert • Gave preference to facts over value: separation of fact and
Simon values
• Condemned ‘principles of administration’ as mere proverbs and
myths
• Rational Decision Making: 3 Steps
• Intelligence: Scanning, identifying problems
• Design: identifying and evaluating alternatives
• Choice: selecting the best alternative- decision
Features:
• Hierarchical chain of means-ends
• Value fact dichotomy(separation)
• Comprehensive rationality- infinite time and information
to identify and evaluate all alternatives
• Decision maker-‘Economic Man’

215
 Bounded Rationality:
• In organisation -‘Administrative Man’
• Satisficing, rather than maximising
• Bounded rationality due to limitation of time, information,
processing capabilities

Books/Literature/Contributors
Herbert Simon:
• ‘Administrative Behaviour’ (1945)
• ‘Public Administration’ (1950)
• ‘Organisation’ (1958)
Dwight Waldo: Opposed Simon’s value fact separation and
value-free science of administration
• ‘The Administrative State (1948)’

Ecological Approach- • Riggs used structural functional approach and interactions of

Fred Riggs administrative system with culture of larger society in
developing nations
• Studied administrative system of Philippines, Thailand, and
India
3 types of society: Fused, Prismatic, Diffracted
Developing country- Prismatic Society
3 Features of Prismatic Society
• Formalism: Rules/Regulation vs their actual
implementation
• Heterogeneity: Great diversity, contradictions, and
differences
• Overlapping: Same functions by multiple structures and
same structure doing multiple functions
• Economic sub-system: Bazar Canteen Model
• Administrative sub-system: The ‘Sala’ Model- Clects(
club+sect)
Features of the ‘Sala’ Model:
• Rationality and efficiency vs non-administrative
considerations
• Attainment rather than achievement- basis for selection
• Public organization start behaving as Clects

216
 • Political role of bureaucrats
• Bureaucracy more powerful than the political leadership

Books/Literature/ Contributions
Riggs:
• ‘Agraria and Industria: Toward a Typology of
Comparative Administration(1955)’
• The Ecology of Public Administration (1961)
• Administration in Developing Countries (1964)
• Robert King Merton: ‘A Reader in Bureaucracy’-1952
• John Merriman Gaus: ‘Reflections on public
administration’(1947)
• Robert Dahl : ‘Science of Public Administration- 3 problems’-
article in 1947- asserted that Public Administration is not
science

Entrepreneurship • Entrepreneurs: create something new, something different; they

and Innovation- Peter change or enhance values; they don’t do existing thing better,
Drucker they do different thing
• Innovation: Conversion of new idea, new imaginations into
device or method to improve human life & experience
Entrepreneurial Strategies:
• ‘Fustest with the Mostest’ - aiming at market leadership
• Creative Imitation: Imitating idea to create useful
device/method
• Entrepreneurial Judo: Hit them where they ain’t”
• "Ecological niche “: occupy a specific market segment
• Both Innovation and Entrepreneurship can be learned and
practiced
• Books/Literatures:
• Peter Drucker: Innovation and Entrepreneurship(1985)

Feminist Perspective Books/Literature/ Contributions

• Camilla Stivers:
• ‘Gender Images in public administration’-1993
• ’Bureau Men, Settlement Women’- 2000

217
 • ‘Democracy, Bureaucracy, And the Study of
Administration’-2001
• Kathy E. Ferguson:
• ‘The Feminist Case Against Bureaucracy’- 1984
• Mary Parker Follett:
• "Power with" rather than "power over”
• Non-hierarchical matrix style organization, Integration,
Partnership, Transformational leadership

New • Attempt to restore values and ‘public spiritedness’ back to

Public Public Administration
Administration( • Came out of 1st Minnowbrook conference- 1968
NPA)
• Led by Dwight Waldo and Frank Marini
• Core theme: relevance, values, social equity, change and client
focus
Other Features:
• Social equity; No to Value-neutrality; No to ‘Politics-
Administration’ Dichotomy; Client Orientation; less
hierarchical, less formal Bureaucracy
• 4 D’s of New Public Organization: Decentralization,
Delegation, democratization, debureaucratization

Books/Literature/ Contributions
• Dwight waldo: Led the NPA movement
• ‘The Administrative State’ (1948)
• ‘Ideas and Issues in Public Administration’(1953)
• ‘Public administration in Time Of Turbulence’(1971)

Frank Marini: coordinated 1st Minnowbrook conference

• ‘Toward a New Public Administration: The Minnowbrook
Perspective’-1971

Herbert Kaufman: ‘‘Administrative Decentralization and

political power’(1969)’; ‘The Forest Ranger: A Study in
Administrative Behaviour (1960)’

New Public • Attempt to tune Public Administration to Neo-liberal economic

Management (NPM) system

218
 • Public sector to adopt Pvt sector managerial practices and style
• Emerged in UK in late 1980s-Thatcher era
• Spread to OECD Nations-Canada, USA, Australia, New
Zealand; later on to developing nations
• 2nd Minnow Brook conference-1988 and ‘Re-inventing
Government’ by Osborne and Gaebler (1992)- driving force
Features:
• Market principles- competition, customer focus, economy,
efficiency, profit, etc. in Public Administration
• Government to ‘Steer’ Not ‘Row’- Regulatory State
• Contracting out, outsourcing Government to private sector
• Result oriented; performance measurement
• Citizen as Customer
• Entrepreneurial spirit in public organizations

• NPM Buzzwords: Quasi-market, outsourcing, PPP, minimum

Government maximum governance, Autonomy, empowerment

Books/Literature/ Contributions
• David Osborne (1951) and Ted Gaebler: ‘‘Reinventing
Government: How the Entrepreneurial Spirit Is Transforming
the Public Sector’ (1992)’
• Margret Thatcher and Ronald Reagan- supported NPM
• Fredrick Hayak: Neo-liberal ideologue- influenced Thatcher
and Reagan

New Public • Re-inventing ‘Publicness’ of Public Administration

Service(NPS)

Features:
• Serve rather than ‘Steer’
• Focus- ‘Public Interest’; Democratic Citizenship,
Community and Civil Society
• Serve Citizen NOT Customer
• Complex Accountability
• creation of public value rather than profit or productivity
• Trusteeship and stewardship in Public Administration

219
 • Participative, collaborative, responsive, open and
accessible govt./governance
Books/Literature/ Contributions
• Robert B. Denhardt: Father of New Public Service
• ‘New Public Service: Serving, not Steering’(2003).
• ‘ Public Administration: An Action Orientation’ (1987)
• ‘Theories of public organization’ (1984)
• ‘ Re-vitalization of Public service’( 1987)

• Janet Denhardt: along with Robert Denhardt led NPS

movement
• ‘ Street level Leadership: Discretion and Legitimacy in
front line Public Service’- 1998
• ‘The New Public Service, The Dance of Leadership’ -2006

Michael Sandel: Communitarian- shared public value- part of

NPS

Good Governance • Came into fore in 1990s- 1992 world bank report- ‘Governance
and Development’
• First used by Harlan Cleveland in mid 1970s who said “ what
we want is minimum government, maximum Governance”
Features:
• Participation, Rule of Law, Transparency, Responsiveness,
Accountability, Social Equity and Inclusiveness, multi-
stake holder model, governance approach

Good Governance Index:

• Human Development Index (HDI)
• Quality of Life Index (QLI)
• Ease of doing Business Index
• Corruption Perceptions Index
• Environmental Performance Index (EPI)
• Universal Human Rights Index

220
 FACT SHEET 2: VERY IMPORTANT BOOKS AND AUTHORS IN
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
Books/articles/Essay Author Facts/Features

The Study of Administration-1887 Woodrow • Article by Wilson which

Wilson formally started academic
discipline of Public
Administration
• Politics-Administration
Dichotomy

The Principles of Scientific Frederick Gave scientific Management

Management-1911 Taylor principles

Political Parties: A Sociological Study Robert Michels “Iron Law of Oligarchy “

of the Oligarchical Tendencies of
Modern Democracy-1911

General and Industrial Management- Henri Fayol Included 14 principles of

1916 management

‘Economy and Society’-1921 Max Weber In this book included

‘Bureaucracy’ -essay- his
bureaucratic theory

Introduction to the study of Public L.D.White 1st text book in Public

Administration-1926 Administration

Principles of Public Administration- W. F. 2nd textbook in the field

1927 Willoughby

1. ‘The Human Problems of an Elton Mayo Human Relation Approach

Industrial Civilization. (1933) Behavioural Approach in
2. ‘Human problems of an individual Public Administration
civilization (1946)
3. ‘The Social Problems of an
Industrial Civilization (1945)

Papers on the science of Luther Gulick Collection of papers/articles

administration-1937 on scientific principles of
Administration

Notes on theory of Organizations-1937 Luther Gulick ‘POSDCORB’- prominently

and Lyndall appeared in this book
Urwick

221
The Functions of the Executive-1938 Chester • Organisation as social
Barnard cooperative system
• ‘Zone of Indifference’

Dynamic Administration-1941 Mary Parker ‘Constructive conflict’, ‘law

Follett of situation’ ‘situational
Leadership’

1. Administrative Behaviour: A Herbert Simon • ‘Bounded rationality’

Study of Decision-Making • ‘Satisficing’’
Processes in Administrative
Organization • ‘Administrative Man’

2. ‘Public Administration’(1950)
3. ‘Organisation' (1958)

‘The Human Side of Enterprise’(1960) Douglas ‘Theory X and Theory Y’

McGregor

• ‘The Administrative State(1948)’ Dwight Waldo Brought values back into

• Ideas and Issues in Public Public Administration
Administration

Toward a New Public Administration: Frank Marini With Waldo led the NPA
The Minnowbrook Perspective-1971 movement

1.Agraria and Industria: Toward a Fred W. Riggs • Ecological approach to

Typology of Comparative Public Administration
Administration(1955) • ‘Prismatic Society’-
2.The Ecology of Public formalisation,
Administration (1961) heterogeneity,
3.Administration in Developing overlapping
Countries (1964) • ‘Bazar Canteen model’
• ‘Sala Model’; ‘Clect’

‘Science of Public Administration- 3 Robert Dahl • Public Administration is

problems’-1947 Not Science
• 3 Problems: values,
behaviour, and culture.

‘Reflections on public administration’- John Merriman Ecological approach to

1947 Gaus Public Administration

222
A Reader in Bureaucracy-1953 Robert Merton Link between social class,
status and bureaucracy

Women in Public Administration-2010 Helisse Levine Feminist Approach to

and Maria Public Administration
D'Agostino

1.‘Gender Images in public Camilla Stivers One the most prominent

administration’-1993 thinker on feminist
2.’Bureau Men, Settlement Women’- approach to Public
2000 Administration
3.‘Democracy, Bureaucracy, And the
Study of Administration’- 2001

The Feminist Case Against Kathy E.

Bureaucracy-1984 Ferguson

Managing for Results-1964 Peter Drucker Management by Objective

The New Public Service: Serving, Not Robert B. ‘New Public Service’
Steering-2003 Denhardt Approach

Politics and Vision-1960 Sheldon “Inverted Totalitarianism”,

Sanford Wolin in which economic rather
than political power is
dangerously dominant

Creating public value-1995 Mark Moore Public sector should create

public value Not profit or
wealth

Reinventing Government-1992 David Osborne Helped bring New Public

and Ted Management (NPM)
Gaebler

Ethics and Public Administration - H. George

1993 Frederickson

Administrative Decentralization and Herbert A journal Article

political power-1969 Kaufman

223
FACT SHEETS:
POLITICAL
THOUGHTS

WESTERN AND INDIAN

224
FACT SHEET 1: FACT SHEET: WESTERN CLASSICAL THINKERS-
AS PER CBCS SYLLABUS

Thinker Facts to remember

Plato (around Concepts Theory of Forms • Forms or ideas are essence

400-350 BC) and reality of every
observable object by our
senses, they are eternal and
unchangeable, absolutely
true definitions of
concepts- nature of being
anything
• What objects we see in
observable world are
copy or shadow of their
Form of the intelligible
world
• Forms represent true/real
knowledge, can be known
by reason

Idea of the Good ‘Good’ is the supreme form, all

other ‘Forms’ subordinate to it
Idea of Good is like Sun, in whose
light all other things made visible

Allegory of Cave Visible world- life in the cave, in

chains, in shadow, not real
Vs.
Intelligible world- World of
sunlight outside the cave, the real
world- world of ideas/Forms

Analogy of the Plato presented this idea in form

Divided Line of a dialogue between Glaucon
and Socrates
The divided line represents
division of Intelligible and Visible
world

225
 4 parts of the divided line also
represent 4 levels of knowledge
from conjecture to understanding

Theory of Justice • Justice is doing one’s own duty

as per one’s station of life
• Each individual and each class
performing its duties best to
their abilities/aptitude without
interfering in other’s domain

Ideal State • “State is individual writ large”

• “Statecraft is soul-craft”
• 3 class- philosopher kings,
Auxiliary (soldiers), producers
• Open class system- allotment of
class on the basis of education
and tests
• Community of wives &
properties, no family life and
pvt property to guardian class
(kings & soldiers)
• Free, compulsory education &
training

Books Republic, Statesman, Laws, Timaeus (dialogue)

Books on • The Open Society and its Enemies- Karl popper-

Plato critic
• Plato Today- R.H.S. Crossman- critic
• The Platonic Legend- W. Fite- critic
• Lectures on the Republic of Plato- R.L. Nettleship-
praise
• The Man and His Work - A.E. Taylor- praise

Other • Plato was first to use Socratic dialectical method

important • He stated “ State( Polis) is the individual writ large”
facts
• Sabine said, “What Aristotle calls the ideal state is
always Plato’s second-best state”
• He was idealist, romantic, and utopic thinker
• Was student of Socrates and teacher of Aristotle

226
 • His school in Athens: The Academy

Aristotle Concepts Theory of Form • World of being (ideas) and

(384–322 BC) and Causes world of becoming (material
world of our senses) are one
and same
• Reality can be understood from
our senses, no need for
imagining any
other(intelligible) world
• 4 Causes- Formal, Material,
Efficient, Final

Theory of Justice • Justice is virtue, virtue in action

• 1st to give idea of Distributive
justice- justice as 'fairness’ in
distribution of income, offices,
rewards, honours
• based on the principle of
equity- proportional and
arithmetic equality
• Corrective or rectifactory
justice : regulating the social or
ethical relationships between
the citizens - simple
reciprocity- do with others what
you would do with yourself

Theory of State • Historical, natural, and

integrative theory of origin of
state
• State in time: after individual &
family but in essence state prior
to individual & family
• State (Polis) represent supreme
moral and ethical virtue of a
political community
• State is required for fulfilled
and flourished individual life
(Eudemonia)

227
 Types of • 6 types, based on rule by
Constitution/Govt whom, and whose interest?
• Rule by one- Monarchy &
tyranny
• Rule by few- Aristocracy &
Oligarchy
• Rule by many- Polity &
democracy
• Tyranny, Oligarchy, and
Democracy are unjust,
perverted forms of govt
• His choice- combination of
Polity and Aristocracy

Revolution- cycle Cycle of change- Monarchy-

of change of Govt tyranny-aristocracy-oligarchy-
form polity-democracy-monarchy

Household/family • Household -Husband, wife,

children, slave, property
• Low opinion about Women:
• inferior to men, an
incomplete defective male!
• has reason, but without
authority;
• hence, she has to be under
command of male!

Property & Unlike Plato, he supported private

Wealth property & wealth but with
conditions

Slavery Slave- like household property

Supported slavery but with many
conditions

Books • Politics
• Nicomachean Ethics
• Metaphysics, Rhetoric
• On the Soul

228
 Other • Student of Plato in his ‘Academy’;
important • Teacher of young Alexander the Great of Macedonia
facts
• Founded Lyceum -his own Academy
• Master writer on Biology, Mechanics, Astronomy,
Logic, Economics, Politics, Theology, rhetoric,
Poetics
• Considered as true Scientist, ‘THE Philosopher’,
‘First Teacher’, The Master of Them That Know'
• Father of Political Science, Political Realism,
founder of Historical and Comparative methods,
Constitutionalism, and formal Logic

Machiavelli Concepts Statecraft- real- • Supreme goal of the Prince

(1469 – 1527) politic (king)- to maintain the state-
safety & security
• State- non-ethical amoral entity,
not bound by conventional
morality
• Political actions are to be
judged only by its outcome-
‘end justifies means’

Virtù- qualities • "Flexible Disposition “,

required in the Pragmatism, Ruthlessness,
Prince/king Cunningness, Deceitfulness,
Boldness, courage, and
Shrewdness, and Will power
• Loin & Fox: combined qualities
of strength/force and
Shrewdness
• Mastery in power politics
• Judicious mix of
violence/cruelty and
benevolence
• Fear rather than Love for
political obligation
• Pretentions: should wear mask

Fortuna: Fate, • Fortuna is a malevolent and

Destiny uncompromising source of

229
 human misery, pain, and
disaster.
• Compared Fortuna with fickle,
tempestuous (angry, violent)
women- like furious river
• Fortuna is enemy of political
order, the ultimate threat to the
safety and security of the state
• A prince having Virtù can
respond to and tame the
Fortuna.

Republicanism • Favoured Republic than

Monarchy as form of
Government
• Republics more flexible, public
spiritedness, better able to
achieve common Good, and
secure freedom to
people/community

Good Republic • His ideal was Ancient Roman

Republic
• His Ideal Republic
• Good Laws & good Institution,
Flexible Institutions, Mixed
Constitution: Monarchy
+Aristocracy+ Democracy,
Public Discourse, Active
contention (conflict) between
the people and nobility, Armed
people, Encouraging
Immigration, Inculcating Public
spiritedness, Civic Virtue and
Civic Religion among the
citizen, Renewal or re-invention
of the Republic every 10 year
• Republicanism of USA
represent many of these
qualities.

230
 Religion- • Politics should be separated
Secularism from Religion
• Instrumental view on religion-
in disciplining people and help
ruler manipulate people’s
emotions
• Criticized Christianity, raised
the Pagan( Pre-Christian
beliefs) civic religions of
ancient societies such as Rome
• kept silence on his views on
after life, eternity of soul,
salvation,

Books ‘The prince( 1532)’

‘The Discourses on Livy( 1531)’- his idea of
Republicanism
‘The Art of War( 1521)’

Other • Was a senior diplomat in Florence Republic after fall

important of Medici Monarchist rule
facts • Represents Italian Renaissance- humanism,
secularism, scientific reasoning
• Called ‘child of his time’
• Founder of modern political science, modern
conception of State, and Republic, Father of political
realism

Quotes on Teacher of Evil- Leo Straus

him The murderous Machiavelli -Shakespeare

Thomas Concepts Nature of • Negative view of nature of man

Hobbes (1588 Man • Bundle of matter in motion, motion
–1679) creates emotions
• Man guided by appetites, desire, and
passions
• Self-preservation and glory- chief
appetites

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 • Power is the means to satisfy man’s
desires
• Happiness -continuous progress of
desire, restless and perpetual desire for
more power
• Competition, fear & suspicion of others

State of • Human life without any political

Nature order- no civil society/Government
• no limit to right of natural liberty
• Private Judgment- each one judge, jury,
executioner
• Unsatiable desire for power & glory,
competition, fear & mistrust- war of
‘all against all’
• life of man, Solitary, Poor, Nasty,
Brutish, and Short

Social • Agreement/covenant with one and all

Contract to form civil society and
state/Government
• Transferred their rights, will, and
power to a 3rd party- the sovereign-
Leviathan
• The Sovereign is Not party to the
contract
• Power of the sovereign is absolute,
unlimited, undivided, unalienable
• People get peace, price- to obey
command of the sovereign
• The contract is valid only till the
sovereign is able to maintain peace and
security

Political • As people get peace, they should obey

Obligation the laws & commands of the sovereign
• Grounds for No Political Obligation-
• to protect right of self-
preservation, to protect family and
honour, when the sovereign is not

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 able to maintain peace and
security

Books ‘De Cive’ (On the citizen), ‘De Corpore’ (On the Body)
, ‘De Homine ‘ (liberating Man)
• ‘The Elements of Law’, ‘Natural and Politic’
• ‘Leviathan’- his seminal creation- social
contract/sovereign

Other • 1st modern thinker who gave secular basis of

important sovereignty, individual autonomy and liberty,
facts negative liberty, natural law theory, direct relation of
individual to state, social contract, scientific
approach to social arrangements, etc.
• Grandfather of Liberalism and individualism
• Pioneer of realism in politics
• First modern political scientist
• first to modernize the tradition of Natural Law
• First modern thinker to give idea of negative Liberty
• Unique combination of individualism and absloutism

John Locke Concepts Nature of • Somewhat positive view of man’s

(1632 –1704) man nature
• Man has God gifted sense of reason
• Able to self-govern and live with
others in peace
• Seeks pleasure, avoid pain, is self-
interested but is rational

State of • Human life without any common

Nature superior authority to judge between
them
• Not pre-political, pre-social- can
happen any time- statelessness
• Each individual is free, equal and
independent; but bound by law of
nature
• Private Judgment: Each one is
judge, jury and executioner

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 • Each individual possesses natural
right-liberty, equality, life, property
• State of general ‘peace, goodwill,
mutual assistance and preservation’
• But peace is fragile, possibility of
conflict anytime

Social • to remove the inconvenience of

Contract nature of state and to better protect
their rights men enter into contract
with ‘one and all’ to set up
sovereign community by
transferring some of their rights
• Political community, then by
majority set up the Govt.- legislative
and executive;
• legislative is supreme, executive
subordinate to legislative
• Govt/sovereign is not absolute, is
party to the contract and bound by
its obligation to act for common
good
• 2 stage contract, 1st stage by express
consent of all, 2nd stage by majority
vote and tacit consent

Nature of • The Government is also party to the

Government contract
• Govt. is to follow natural law, is not
above law, not absolute
• Govt as trustee to the community
• Limited Government
• The community is permanent-
Government changeable anytime
• Popular sovereignty- sovereignty
resides in people, expressed by
majority of the representatives.

234
 Theory of • property as ‘fruit of labour’ :
Property persons own their own body and
Rights labour, when they mix their labour
with that which is unowned it
becomes their property.
• right to property includes the rights
to life, liberty
• 3 principles of property-no wastage,
sufficiency condition, lobour
restriction
• duty of charity toward poor and have
nots
• Govt has no right to take property
without the consent of the property
owner

Political • Consent is the basis

Obligation • Tacit consent by subsequent
generations
• right to dissent against the unjust
law or any immoral law
• grounds of NO political
obligation:
• government fails to maintain
peace and order, protect natural
rights, protect them from
external aggression, act
arbitrarily and becomes
tyrannical.

Books ‘A Letter Concerning Toleration’ • ‘Two Treatises of

Government’ • ‘An Essay Concerning Human
Understanding ‘• ‘Some Thoughts Concerning
Education’

Other • Gave concept of ‘ Tabula Rasa’- Individuals are born

important with blank mind- empiricist view
facts • Was called apologist ( defender) of the glorious
revolution in England-1688-89
• Spiritual father of European enlightenment
• Father of classical liberalism and capitalism

235
• Influenced both French and American revolution and
American declaration of Independence
• C. B. Macpherson called Hobbes and Locke
originators of ‘Possessive Individualism’

236
 FACT SHEET 2: FACT SHEET: MODERN WESTERN POLITICAL
PHILOSOPHERS- AS PER CBCS SYLLABUS

Thinker Facts to remember

Rousseau Concepts State of • Isolated living of human without

(1712-1778) nature speech, language, society, and private
property
• Savage man- 2 innate feeling- 1. self-
love and Pity for others
• life was frugal, lazy, contended,
peaceful- ‘noble savage’

Origin of • Private property, division of labour,

inequality laws to protect property rights.
• Resourceful vs resourceless- inequality
• dimensions of inequality: Wealth,
rank, power, personal merit

Impact of civilization corrupted ‘noble savage’ and

civilization de-based human nature

Individualism State based on individual rights and

and negative negative freedom is immoral, unjust, and
liberty inequal State

Social • People as equal enter into contract

contract with others and with all to form
political ‘Community’ –Republic or
Body Politic
• Individuals subsume their power,
rights, possessions, identity to the
community, become its indivisible part
• They gain: common force for
protection, equal citizenship,
sovereignty, civil liberty, moral
freedom, identity, forum for just &
moral act
• The community and each of its
members are directed by ‘General
Will’ – ‘sum of real wills’- serve
common interest- common Good

237
 • By obeying laws flowing from General
Will, one gain moral freedom

Features of • Not a one-time event but a continuous

his Social process
Contract • Popular Sovereignty: cannot be
delegated to Government or
representatives
• As citizen of the community, one gets
back both Political and Personal
Liberty

General Will • General will is ‘real will’ of the

community
• Real will- guided by the higher self
• Actual will- guided by lower self
• Laws flowing from general will – just,
morally good, liberating

Books • ‘Social Contract’ - 1762

• ‘Emile, or On Education’- 1762
• ‘The Confessions’- autobiography
Essays: ‘discourse on science and arts’ and ‘discourse on
origin of inequality’
Article: ‘Discourse on political economy’

Other • Philosophical father of French Revolution

important • Favoured positive liberty, direct democracy, self-
facts government, unalienable popular sovereignty
• Against representative democracy
• Romanticism and utopic ideas- like Plato

J.S.Mills Concepts Liberty • Liberty and individual autonomy -vital

(1806–73) human interests, propellor of
civilization
• 2 sources of threat: State/govt and
mass Society ( greater threat)
• Harm principle- one is free to act as
per one’s will until no one is harmed

238
 • Any unique, new idea/thought should
be protected even if it is false or
partially true
• Self-regarding vs other-regarding
Actions
• Personal liberty expressed through
'experiments in living’ is everyone’s
right

Minority • Minority voice threated by state, mass

Rights society
• In democracy, harmed by Populism,
Majoritarianism, tyranny of Majority
• To protect Minority rights: PR
electoral system, Plural voting, Second
chamber of parliament

His • Added quality in estimation of

principles of pleasure
utility • Higher vs lower pleasure
• Higher pleasure- pleasures “of the
intellect, of the feelings and
imagination, and of the moral
sentiments”
• Lower Pleasure: physical and
sensual- men share with animals
• He made Bentham’s classical
utilitarianism more moral, ethical but
also diluted its pureness.

Subjection of • Women’s subjection by men has its

Women origin in physical superiority of men
• No logical or rational basis of
women’s subjection
• Men & women equal in moral
goodness, virtue, capabilities
• Gender is social construction, not
natural
• Utility loss: by stopping 50 % of
human to flourish as rational, equal
being

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 • Marriage- the chief institution of
Subjection
• Women should get property, custody,
legal, and political rights.

Liberal • Referred himself as a qualified

Socialism socialist
• Supported worker’s participation in
management, distribution of profit
between workers and managers, decent
wages to workers, and worker’s
cooperatives.
• Advocated distribution of lands of big
landlords to landless tillers, diffusion
of wealth, laws for limit on
inheritance, inheritance and wealth tax,
labour unions, and decent wages to
workers
• supporter of cooperatives- farmer’s
cooperative, consumer cooperative,
worker’s cooperatives.

Books A System of Logic (1843), Principles of Political Economy

(1848) • The essay On Liberty (1859), Utilitarianism
(1863) • Considerations on Representative Government
(1861), • The Subjection of Women (1869)- with his wife
Harriet Taylor

Other • Like his father, he worked for East India Company

important • His father, James Mill, was friend of Jeremy Bentham
facts
• Was contemporary of Marx, who was living in
England, but did not have interactions with him.
• Considered as reluctant democrat, liberal feminist, and
qualified Socialist
• Compared with Nietzsche for range of intellectual
thoughts
• Champion of Liberty, women, and minority Rights.

Karl Marx Concepts Historical • Material conditions of life determine

(1818 – 1883) Materialism consciousness/idea

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 • Dialectical (inbuilt contradiction)
Conception of matter/object/entity
• History as stages of different mode of
material production
• Mode of production- Forces of
Production plus Relation of Production
• Each mode of production brings its
own superstructure- polity, culture,
laws, media, education

Alienation • Alienation: a condition of oppression,

disaffection arising from loss of
control over productive activity
• 4 Types of Alienation:
• Alienation from product of
labour, Alienation from the act of
production, Alienation from
species-being, Alienation of man
from man
• Not only the worker but capitalist class
also face alienation, but they cope up
better with wealth & resources

Theory of • Labour alone generate value in any

Surplus product;
labour • Exchange value of the labour power
(purchased at the market rate) is less
than the use value of that labour put
into the product
• Surplus of use value of labour over its
exchange value is retained by the
capitalist as profit, for Marx, it is theft!

Conception • Freedom in social production, which

of Freedom one joins without any compulsion and
as equal
• Freedom is regaining human essence
of social creativity: Man producing to
realize essence of being Human, act of
self-realization
• Political vs Human emancipation:
political freedom- superficial- part of

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 superstructure; true freedom only
freedom and equality in base- mode of
production

Theory of • Change in mode of production would

Revolution be brought by a social revolution by
the working class
• Social revolution is natural Dialectic
process- contradiction within the
existing mode of production
• At a certain stage of development in
mode of production the forces of
production come into conflict with
existing relations of production
• Then comes the period of social
revolution which changes the ‘base’
which in turn changes the
‘superstructure’

Theory of • State is part of the society’s

State superstructure
• State promote and protect the interest
of the dominant class - state is the
organ of class dominance
• “the executive of the modern state is
but a committee for managing the
common affairs of the whole
bourgeoisie”
• Relative autonomy of state- state is
not free to act of its own

Books His main creations:

• Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts (1844)- Early
Marx- Theory of Alienation
• The German Ideology (1845), with Engels-
materialistic conception of history; published only in
1932
• The Manifesto of the Communist Party(1848) : with
Engels- class struggle, conflict in capitalist society,
social revolution "The history of all hitherto existing
society is the history of class struggles“

242
 • Das Kapital( Capital)- 1967, later volumes published
by Engels after death of Marx.- Dissection of
Capitalism, its contradiction, destructive tendencies
His other Books/creations:
‘The Poverty of Philosophy’ ; ‘The Eighteenth Brumaire
of Louis Bonaparte’ ;’The Civil War in France’ ; ‘the
Grundrisse’; ‘Theories of Surplus Value’ ;'the critique of
political economy’, ‘The Class Struggles in France’, ‘The
Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte’, ‘The Critique
of the Gotha Program of 1875’

Other • Was from Germany, but lived in England in exile

Important • Influenced by German Philosopher Friedrich Hegel,
Facts Economists Adam Smith, David Ricardo, Ludwig
Feuerbach (a young Hegelian)
• Inverted Hegel’s dialectic idealism
• Lifelong friendship and partnership with Frederick
Engels, a German Philosopher settled in England.
• Young vs matured Marx- The German Ideology
(1845) is the dividing line ; this division was given
by Loius Althussar

Mary Concepts Women’s • Faulty socio-cultural conditioning and

Wollstonecraft condition wrong education main factors for
(1759 – 1797)) women’s misery
• Women developed artificial ‘feminine
manners’, false sense of power of
beauty, attractiveness, sensuality,
‘women’s follies’
• In marriage and family, women had no
liberty, equality and property, legal,
inheritance, custody rights
• Through the institutions of Patriarchy,
Aristocracy, Church, Army, prevailing
social norms, habits women’s were
subjugated

Solution for • Revolution in female manners by

improving revamped education system, re-
women’s constitution of social norms, breaking
conditions institutions and hierarchies

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 • National education plan- co-ed, same
education to boys & girls
• Marriage as friendship
• Women to develop ‘Manliness’-
strong, autonomous, rational women

Her Vision of • Men monopolized learning, denied

Education women cultivating their sense of
reason
• Right education to get rid of ‘faulty
women’s manners’
• Aims of Education:
• fit minds in strong and healthy
bodies, cultivation of reason to
develop rational human being,
develop ‘inner resources’, Self-
mastery, self-realization, Prepare
to face the inevitable hardships of
life
• Compulsory, free education for all
class up to 9 years

Books • Thoughts on the Education of Daughters (1787)

• A Vindication of the Rights of Men(1790)
• A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792)
• An Historical and Moral View of Origin and Progress
of the French Revolution(1794)
• Letters Written During a Short Residence in Sweden,
Norway, and Denmark (1796)
• Maria; or, The Wrongs of Woman (1798)
(posthumously published unfinished work)

Other • Her ‘Vindication of the Rights of Men’ written against

Important Edmund Burke's ‘Reflections on the Revolution in
Facts France’, a defence of constitutional monarchy,
aristocracy, and the Church of England.
• Her ‘A Vindication of the Rights of Woman’ attacked
the conventional thoughts of Rousseau about women’s
education in his ‘Emile’.
• She was quite radical in her writings as well as life
choices.

244
 • She tried to break the public-private dichotomy.
• To her, women’s liberation should be achieved in
private domain- marriage & family- thereafter civil &
political rights would automatically be granted to her

Alexandra Concepts Her Feminism • Marxist Feminism- main enemy

Kollontai capitalist class, not the fellow men
(1872 –1952) • Issue of proletarian women different
from Bourgeois women
• Triple burden of proletarian women-
worker, housewife, and mother
• Proletarian women fighting both
against class exploitation (with
male) and inequal rights (against
men) in private domains.

Her Solution • Perfect equality at workplace but

for working also special facilities for women
women workers
• Socialization or collectivization of
Motherhood, Child rearing, and
household duties
• Phycological and emotional
freedom to women- not dependent of
marriage, family, husband

Class • Monogamous marriage is feature of

dimension of capitalist society. It is egoistic,
love, sex, inequal, and possessive - wife as
relationships male’s property
• Women should have psychological
freedom to develop mutually
respectful and equal relationship
with all members of the collective
• Relationship between men & women
should have 3 conditions - Equality ,
Mutual recognition of the rights of
the other , Comradely sensitivity
Men-women love relationship is
subordinate to the more powerful

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 emotion of love-duty to the collective -
Love-comradeship

Winged and • Winged Eros- intense emotional love

Wingless Eros which gives life energy
• Wingless Eros- physical love, no life
energy
• Tribal society- kinship love was
prime
• Pre-Christian Ancient Society- love-
friendship above all
• Feudal society- Love in marriage-
wingless Eros ; platonic love with
elusive lady
• Capitalist Society: Mixed winged &
wingless eros into marriage-love
• Love-comradeship: Winged Eros to
strengthen the bond of communist
society and liberate women from
emotional need in marriage/family.
• The aim of proletarian ideology is
that men and women should
emotional love not only in relation to
the chosen one but in relation to all
the members of the collective.

Books • Social bases of women's question

• Sexual relation and the class struggle
• The family and the Communist State,
• ‘Free Love’; ‘A Great Love’;’ Love of the Worker’s
Bee‘
• • ‘The Autobiography of a Sexually Emancipated
Communist Woman’

Other • Was one of the chief leaders of Bolshevik revolution;

Important was very close to Lenin.
Facts • Served as Central Committee member of Communist
Party, Commissar of social welfare, director of
Zhenotdel

246
• Instrumental in publication of Robotnitsa- women’s
magazine and setting up Zhenotdel- Women's
Department of the communist Party
• In 1922: sent on diplomatic ‘exile’ after falling out with
Lenin on many issues
• Survived Stalin’s purge of old communist leaders and
served as diplomat and ambassador to Norway, Mexico,
Sweden;
• Was quite radical in her writings and life choices; hence
was not given due respect as revolutionary communist
leader.
• Famous quote she believed in : “ There can be no
socialism without women’s liberation and no women’s
liberation without socialism”( Inessa Armand)

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 FACT SHEET- 3: WESTERN CLASSICAL THINKERS- OUTSIDE
CBCS SYLLABUS BUT MAY BE ASKED (IN VERY BRIEF)

Thinker Important facts

Thomas Aquinas • Theological (religious) views on politics

(1225-1274) • Gave 5 proof of ‘existence of God’
• Happiness is contemplation of God
• God is source of reason, wisdom, virtue, and happiness
• But these virtues (reason, wisdom, etc) can be acquired by
anyone, in any culture, any religion
• Gave theory of just war: ordered by legitimate authority( the
sovereign), just cause, to promote good and to avoid evil
• wrote several important commentaries on Aristotle's works
• Division of labour, individual autonomy, against slavery
• Monarchy best form of govt/Constitution
• Book: Summa Theologica

Saint Augustine • Italian philosopher, influenced the development of Western

(354 430) philosophy and Western Christianity
• Wrote: The City of God, On Christian Doctrine, and
Confessions.
• Doctrine of original sin: Man is by nature ‘sinful’, as he is
product of ‘original sin’(sin of Adam and Eve). He cannot
escape from Sin.
• Just war theory: right conduct in war" (Jus In Bello) and
“justification to go to war" (Jus Ad Bellum)

Cicero (106 –43 • A Roman statesman, lawyer, scholar, philosopher

BC) • master of Latin prose- wrote many books on Rhetoric
• Coined new Latin words- evidentia, humanitas, qualitas,
quantitas, and essentia
• Gave concept of Rights based on law and custom
• Wrote: ‘The Bogomils’, ‘De Re Publica (On the
Commonwealth)’ and ‘De Legibus (On the Laws)’
• Cicero's writings are said to initiate the 14th-century Italian
Renaissance

248
 • He also influenced Enlightenment and its thinkers- John Locke,
David Hume, Montesquieu and Edmund Burke

Epicurus (341–270 • Ancient Greek philosopher who founded Epicureanism, a

BC) highly influential school of philosophy
• His Epicurean community inspired Karl Marx and other
socialist thinkers
• His ideas also influenced Enlightenment movement and its
thinkers- John Locke, Thomas Jefferson, Jeremy Bentham
• ‘The Garden’- his academy in Athens
• Gave happiness((eudaimonia) formula- taraxia (peace and
freedom from fear) and aponia (the absence of pain) – have
good friends, seek peace and calm inside, work for yourself
and for pleasure
• Gave secular basis of ethics and morality- be ethical to be
happy

Hugo Grotius(1583 • Was a Dutch humanist, diplomat, lawyer, theologian

–1645) • Laid the foundations for international law, based on natural law
• Books: ‘On the Law of War and Peace’ and ‘The Free Seas’
• Gave ‘just war’ theory; rationalism in IR
• Contributed significantly to the evolution of the notion of
Rights- belonging to persons, as the expression of an ability to
act or as a means of realizing something.
• Pioneer of the doctrine of ‘international society’- idea of one
society of state bound by laws and mutual agreements
• Hedley Bull (of English school of IR) called him intellectual
father of Westphalia Peace Treaty- 1648

Spinoza (1632 – • Dutch philosopher, considered one of the great rationalists of

1677) 17th-century
• One of the early thinkers of the Enlightenment
• Gave modern conceptions of the self
• Books: ‘the Ethics’; in this book he opposed Descartes'
philosophy of mind–body dualism
• His Ethics: reality is perfection, highest virtue is the
intellectual love or knowledge of God/Nature/Universe
• 3 types of knowledge—opinion, reason, intuition ; intuitive
knowledge provides the greatest satisfaction of mind

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 • Hegel said of him” You are either a Spinozist or not a
philosopher at all”

Marsilio of Padua • Important 14th-century Italian political thinker

(1275 – 1342) • Book: Defensor Pacis (The Defender of Peace)- which
supported separation of temporal power ( king) from spiritual
power( church)
• Hence, he is considered to have propounded Medieval
Secularism

Gaetano Mosca • Gave Elite theory- all societies ruled by a numerical minority,
(1858 – 1941) the political class.
• The political class- Elites- superior organizational skills.
• Circulation of Elites: constant competition between elites,
with one elite group replacing another repeatedly over time
• But his theory of political class is different in arguments from
‘The Power Elite’ described by C. Wright Mills.
• Mosca’s Elite theory is more liberal than Elite theory of
Vilfredo Pareto

Bosanquet (1848 – • English philosopher and political thinker

1923) • Student of T.H. Green, influenced by Hegel, Kant, Rousseau,
Plato; considered to be one of the most Hegelian of the British
Idealists
• Proponent of “Absolute Idealism”
• Synthesized German and English Liberalism
• “state is the ethical idea”
Books:
The Philosophical Theory of The State (1899)
Psychology of the Moral Self (1904)

Vilfredo Pareto • An Italian Economist, political scientist and philosopher.

(1848 – 1923) • Elite theory- Circulation of Elites- the ruling class replaced
by another ruling/aristocratic class through revolution
• Pareto optimality- an economic state where resources cannot be
reallocated to make one individual better off without making at
least one individual worse off.
• Many critics, like Karl Popper, called him Fascist supporter-
theoretician of totalitarianism

250
Hannah Arendt • German-born American political thinker.
(1906 – 1975) • Power as co-creation in group by communication to realize
public realm; power with (against power to or power over)
• Civic republicanism or civic Humanism- active citizenship,
civic engagement and collective deliberation
• Threat to human freedom from totalitarianism, administrative
bureaucracy
• Nature of power and evil
• Studied and compared American and French Revolutions
Book: The Origins of Totalitarianism(1951), The Human
Condition(1958), On Revolution (1963), Crises of the Republic
(1972)

CB Machpherson • Canadian political scientist of left (socialist) orientation

(1911–1987) • "Possessive Individualism": individual as the sole proprietor
of his or her skills and owes nothing to society for them
• For him, Hobbes gave birth to the culture of possessive
individualism and Locke furthered it
• Capitalism- negative freedom; supported positive freedom
• Extractive (power over other) vs Developmental Power
(creative freedom, ability to fulfil self-appointed goals)
• Book: The Political Theory of Possessive Individualism: From
Hobbes to Locke (1962); The Life and Times of Liberal
Democracy (1977); The Real World of Democracy (1965)

Samuel P. • "Clash of Civilizations"- future wars would be fought not

Huntington (1927 – between countries, but between cultures
2008) • “Third wave of democratization”- beginning 1974
• Other books: Political Order in Changing Societies (1968),
The Crisis of Democracy(1975)

Isaiah Berlin (1909 • British social and political thinker and historian of ideas.
–1997) • "Two Concepts of Liberty"- negative freedom or freedom
from interference vs 'positive freedom', or freedom as self-
mastery
• Positive liberty- slippery slope- may lead to totalitarianism
• “Three Critics of the Enlightenment:” analysed counter-
Enlightenment views

251
 • Value pluralism: moral values- equality, justice, etc.- may
clash, may be incompatible to each other, and to different
cultures.
• “The Hedgehog and the Fox”- 2 types of thinkers, 1st who see
world with the lens of a single defining idea; 2nd who draw on
a wide variety of experiences- Fox
• Other Books: ‘Four Essays on Liberty’ ; ‘Concepts and
Categories: Philosophical Essays’; ‘Against the Current:
Essays in the History of Ideas’

Hegel (1770 –1831) • One of the greatest political philosophers of modern era; chief
figure of German idealism.
• Historical Dialectical Idealism: Gave historical progression of
idea (thesis, anti-thesis, synthesis) through dialectical process
• Marx turned upside down historical dialectical thought of
Hegel to give historical materialism
• Absolute idealism: duality of mind-body and subject and object
are overcome
State:
• Synthesis of Family and Civil Society
• Arena of Universal altruism ; perfectly ethical & perfectly
rational
• Embodiment of Highest stage of Spirit and concrete
Freedom
• Ethical Life: Individual can attain moral subjectivity and
freedom only by living ethical life as member of ethical
institutions- family, civil society, State
• Only as a member of the state the individual attain both
subjective and objective freedom.
• “State is the march of God on Earth”
• Civil Society: all-inclusive community within the state; a
differentia between Family and state; universal egoism, system
of needs; anti-thesis of family
• Corporatism: Corporation: Like professional guild of
medieval era; like second family
• The family was the first, and Corporation was the second
ethical root of the state
• Conception of organic society/state, in which identity of
individual is subsumed

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 • Book:
• ‘1st major work: Phenomenology of Spirit(1807)-
introduced spirit, dialectic, history, and freedom
• Science of Logic (1812)- Logic as dialectical metaphysics
• Encyclopaedia of the Philosophical Sciences(1817)-
made him famous all over Europe
• Philosophy of Right (1820) : His Political Thoughts-
Ethical Life; theory of State
• Philosophy of History (1837- after his death)- Historical
dialectical idealism

Immanuel Kant • German political philosopher and one of the main

(1724 –1804) Enlightenment thinkers
• Was a rationalist thinker
• Doctrine of transcendental idealism: space and time are mere
"forms of intuition" which structure all human experience
• Categorical Imperative: reason/rationality as the base of
ethics & morality, universal moral principles which guides us
to begave ethically
• Deontological Ethics- moral action only if the action itself is
right under a series of rules (means should be ethical)
• Perpetual peace (among nations): through universal
democracy and international cooperation
• Books: ‘Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch’; ‘Critique
of Pure Reason’; ‘Critique of Practical Reason’

Nietzsche (1844 – • A German political philosopher, cultural critic, composer, and

1900) poet
• One of the greatest political thinker of 19th century
• Post-modernist: critique of objective truth in favour of
perspectivism
• Critique of religion and Christian morality
• "Death of God"- Enlightenment, by excessively focusing on
science & reason, has killed God
• Nihilism : negating knowledge, existence, and the meaning of
life; normlessness, valuelessness; negating all established
social norms
• Will To Power: main driving force within human

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 • Doctrine of eternal return: universe, energy, and everything
will recur in infinite cycle
• Deep influence on political thoughts of existentialism,
postmodernism and post-structuralism

Jean-Paul Sartre • French Political Philosopher.

(1905 –1980) • Main thinker of Existentialism (explores the problem of
human existence and centres on the lived experience of the
thinking, feeling, acting individual.)
• Also known proponent of phenomenology and Marxism
• Deep impact on critical theory and post-colonial theory
• Books: ‘Being and Nothingness’ and ‘Existentialism Is a
Humanism’
• Awarded the 1964 Nobel Prize in Literature but refused to
accept that!

Mao Zedong or • Charismatic Chinese communist leader and thinker

Mao Tse-tung(1893 • Founded the Communist China (People’s Republic of China) in
– 1976) 1949
• His thoughts: communism in rural societies, rejecting elitism,
thought reform, indoctrination, state as supreme educator,
communalism, social experimentation, militant nationalism
• His Programs:
• 1956- The Hundred Flowers Campaign- ‘Let hundred
flowers blossom and hundred schools of thought
contend’(socio-political openness program)
• 1958- The Great Leap Forward- economic transformation
of China
• 1966- Cultural Revolution- purging anti-revolutionary
elements from society
• "Two Bombs, One Satellite" project; “Three-anti and
Five-anti Campaigns”
• His famous Quotes:
“Politics is war without blood, while war is politics with blood.”
“Political power grows out of the barrel of the gun...”

Lenin (1870 –1924) • Bolshevik revolution leader, founder of Communist Russia &
USSR
• Revolution led by vanguard party (the Communist party)
• Democratic centralism, Imperialism as height of capitalism

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 • Worldwide network of revolutionary activities- Comintern
• Stalin coined the term ‘ Leninism’
• Books: ‘The State and Revolution’ ; ‘Imperialism, the Highest
Stage of Capitalism’

Robert Dahl • American political thinker of liberal & pluralist thoughts

• Pluralist theory of democracy- political competition between
interest groups
• "Polyarchy": political power distributed in many people
• One of chief proponents of “Behaviouralism”
• One of the greatest theorists of Democracy
• Gave the most famous definition of ‘Power’
• Books: ‘A Preface to Democratic Theory’, ‘Who Governs?’

Robert • Influential American Libertarian Thinker

Nozick(1938 – • Entitlement theory of Justice; procedural theory of Justice
2002) against Rawl’s theory of Justice based on distributive Justice
• Supporter of Minimal state, low taxation
• “a distribution of goods is just if brought about by free
exchange among consenting adults from a just starting
position, even if large inequalities subsequently emerge from
the process”- his core thought
• Critic of John Locke’s ‘Mixing of labour’ theory of property
• Books: ‘Anarchy, State, and Utopia’; ‘a libertarian answer to
John Rawls' A Theory of Justice’

Friedrich Hayek • Very Influential British Economist and Libertarian Thinker

(1899 –1992) • His thoughts influenced Margret Thatcher and Reagon in
bringing Neo-liberalism
• Proponent of minimalist state; free market economy
• Opposed ‘social justice’, ‘distributive justice’ as unnatural and
against human freedom
Book: ‘The Road to Serfdom’

T.H. Green (1836 – • English political thinker of social liberalism tradition

1882) • British idealism movement – as a reaction against the thinking
of John Locke, David Hume, John Stuart Mill, and other
empiricists and utilitarian.

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 • Hugely influenced by German idealism of Hegel and Kant
• Ethics & morality in social life- moral philosophy: reason is
source of morality/ethics
• State to provide conditions for best moral/ethical conduct by
individual
• Book: ‘The Principles of Political Obligation’

Hobhouse (1864 – • British liberal political thinker and sociologist

1929) • Proponents of social liberalism- social democracy
• ‘wealth had a social dimension and was a collective product’
• Books: Liberalism (1911), Social Evolution and Political
Theory (1911), The Philosophical Theory of the State (1918)

Benedict Anderson • Anglo-Irish political scientist and historian- but lived in USA
(1936 – 2015) • Books: ‘Imagined Communities (1983)- famous theorization
of nationalism- nation as imagined community
• ‘Print Capitalism’: role of print media in bring capitalism and
nationalism
• Print capitalism also meant a culture in which people were
required to be socialized as part of a literate culture-
mainstream language/culture
• He also theorized nationalism in Multi-ethnic empires, and rise
of nation-states after fall of Empires post WWI

Karl Popper (1902 • Austrian-British political thinker

–1994) • ‘Scientific theories are those which can be falsified by
experiments’
• Supporter of liberal democracy and criticism of social injustice
and ailments
• Supporter of flourishing ‘open society’- moral universalism
• Attempted to reconcile classical liberalism, social democracy,
and conservatism
• Critic of Plato, Marx, Rousseau- all those who idealized closed
society
• Books: ‘The Open Society and Its Enemies’; ‘The Two
Fundamental Problems of the Theory of Knowledge’

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Edmund Burke • Irish statesman, economist, and political philosopher
(1729 – 1797) • A noted Conservative- founder of British modern conservatism
• Opposed French Revolution: ‘Reflections on the Revolution in
France’- Revolution was destroying the fabric of good society
and traditional institutions of state and society
• Was instrumental in impeachment of Warren Hastings,
Governor-General of India

David Hume (1711 • Scottish Enlightenment philosopher

1776) • Philosophical empiricism- knowledge only from sensory
experience
• Philosophical skepticism :question the possibility of knowledge
• Naturalism: all enquiry from the method of natural science
• Feelings/emotions/experience over reason: “Reason is, and
ought only to be the slave of the passions”
• “Ethics based on emotion or sentiment rather than abstract
moral principle”
• “Statement of fact alone can never give rise to a normative
conclusion of what ought to be done”- is-ought problem
• Influenced utilitarianism, logical positivism, the philosophy of
science
• Books: ‘A Treatise of Human Nature’

Jeremy Bentham • English political philosopher

(1747 – 1832) • Founder of modern utilitarianism- Greatest Happiness
principle- moral actions are those which brings greatest
happiness to greatest number
• Supported legal rights; called natural law and natural rights as
“nonsense upon stilts"
• His famous students- J.S. Mill, Robert Owen
Books: ‘A fragment on government’(1776); "Essay on Political
Tactics"(1791)

Wittgenstein (1889 • Austrian-British philosopher

–1951) • Considered by some to be the greatest philosopher of the 20th
century

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 • Attempted to identify the relationship between language and
reality and to define the limits of science
• Wrote ‘Tractatus’ in which he gave Logical positivism- as
influencer of Vianna Circle of philosophers

Schumpeter (1883 • An Austrian political economist, who taught in Harvard

–1950) University, USA
• Wrote ‘Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy’ – critique of
classical democracy
• Negative view of democracy: “democracy is the mechanism for
competition between leaders, much like a market structure”
• “Participatory role for individuals in representative democracy
is usually severely limited”
• Minimalist definition of democracy “as the method by which
people elect representatives in competitive elections to carry
out their will”
• Criticized, by Robert Dahl and others, for such negative &
elitist view of democracy.

Seymour Martin • An American sociologist and political thinker (political

Lipset(1922 -2006) sociology)
• Studied democracy in comparative perspective
• Books: ‘Political Man: The Social Bases of Politics (1960)’;
‘Party Systems and Voter Alignments( 1967)’ with Stein
Rokkan

Harold Lasswell • American political scientist and communications theorist.

(1902 – 1978) • Father of Policy Science- gave 7 stage Policy Cycle concept
• Defined democracy as ‘Who Gets What, When, and How”
• 5 question model of communication: "Who (says) What (to)
Whom (in) What Channel (with) What Effect"
• "Garrison State"- a political-military elite composed of
"specialists in violence" in a modern state
• One of the main contributor to the ‘Behavioural Revolution’ in
1950s
• Founder of Political Psychology
• Content analysis methods- to dissect propaganda messages and
newspaper editorials

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Ronald Dworkin • An American political thinker of liberal tradition
(1931 –2013 • Gave ‘Equality of Resources’ in his book ‘Sovereign Virtue’
• “every person is entitled to equal concern and respect in the
design of the structure of society”
• “Luck Egalitarianism”- Luck should not make well-off or poor
• Liberty- ‘Do Values Conflict?’- liberty and equality do not
necessarily conflict. ‘Liberty is only liberty to do whatever we
wish so long as we do not infringe upon the rights of others.’
• Criticized Isaiah Berlin's conception of liberty as "flat"

Michael Walzer • Prominent American political thinker of Communitarian

(born 1935) ideology
• Gave ‘Complex equality’ in book ’Spheres of Justice’
• Communitarian critique of liberalism- with Alasdair MacIntyre
and Michael Sandel
• ‘Just and Unjust Wars (1977)’- ethics in wartime
• ‘On Toleration’- toleration in various settings, including
multinational empires

Gerald Cohen • Canadian political philosopher of Marxist ideology

(1941–2009) • Marxism, egalitarianism and distributive justice
• Books: ‘Karl Marx's Theory of History: A Defence’- defended
Marx’s historical materialism
• ‘Self-Ownership, Freedom, and Equality’- criticism of Lockean
‘self-ownership’ principle and moral argument in favour of
socialism

David Gauthier • Canadian-American Political Thinker

(1932) • Pioneer in moral theory and revisiting social contract theories
• ‘Morals by Agreement’ -neo-Hobbesian social contract theory
of morality
• Gave ‘contractarian ethics’
• ‘Justice as Mutual Advantage’-moral norms are those that
rational, self‐interested persons would accept in regulating the
pursuit of their self‐interest
• Wrote history of political philosophy, especially of Hobbes and
Rousseau

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Will Kymlicka (born • Canadian Political Thinker
1962) • ‘Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority
Rights’: gave his concept of multiculturism, toleration. and
minority rights
• Note: Bhikhu Parekh wrote ‘Rethinking Multiculturalism:
Cultural Diversity and Political Theory’

David Easton (1917 • Canadian-born American political scientist.

2014) • Proponent of both Behavioralist and post-Behavioralist
revolutions
• Gave ‘system concept’- political system- input, conversion,
output, feedback and environment; political system as ‘black
box’.
• Defined Politics “ as the authoritative allocation of values for
the society”
• Books:
• ‘The Decline of Modern Political Theory(1951)’
• ‘The Political System. An Inquiry into the State of Political
Science(1953)’
• ‘A Framework for Political Analysis(1965)’

Leo Strauss (1899 – • German-American political philosopher of classical political

1973) tradition
• Gave ‘‘Straussian’ Approach’ to interpret classical texts by
esoteric method
• Deeply influenced by Martin Heidegger, great German thinker
• ‘post-Behavioralist revolutions’- revival of normative political
theory
• Rejected ‘fact–value distinction’; politics cannot be separated
from norms/values; politics include value judgment
• Wrote path-breaking books on Spinoza and Hobbes
• Critic of modern form of liberalism and its individualism
• Advocated return to classical political philosophy- Plato,
Aristotle
• Books:
• ‘Natural Right and History’ ; ‘What Is Political Philosophy?’

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 • ‘The Crisis of Political Philosophy’;’ Liberalism Ancient and
Modern’

Martin Heidegger • German philosopher- regarded as one of the most important

(1889 –1976) philosophers of the 20th century.
• Phenomenology: study of the structures of experience and
consciousness.
• Hermeneutics: methods of textual interpretations
• Existentialism: study of problem of human existence and
centres on the lived experience of the thinking, feeling, acting
of individuals
• Wrote ‘Being and Time (1927)’- his philosophy of being-
“Dasein”- experience of being peculiar to human

Lucian Pye (1921 – • American political scientist, known for his theory of political
2008) development and modernization of Third World nations
• His theory of political development: equality to the political
culture, the problems of capacity to authoritative governmental
structures, and the question of differentiation to non-
authoritative structures.
• Books:
• ‘Political Culture And Political Development’(1965) ;
‘Politics, Personality, And Nation-Building (1962)’
• Note: Rostow, Organski, David Apter, Edward Shils, etc also
gave theory of political development and modernization

Johan • Norwegian sociologist, known as father of peace studies

Galtung(1930) • Negative and Positive peace:
• Negative Peace: absence of violence
• Positive Peace: restoration of relationships, the creation of
social systems that serve the needs of the whole population and
the constructive resolution of conflict
• Books:
‘Violence, Peace and Peace Research (1969)’
‘Peace By Peaceful Means (1996)’ ;
‘50 Years: 100 Peace and Conflict Perspectives (2008)’

Thomas Paine • English-born American political philosopher

(1736– 1809)

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 • Contributed in American independence by his 2 influential
writing : ‘Common Sense ‘ and ‘The American Crisis’
• wrote ‘Rights of Man (1791)’ in defence of French Revolution
• In his ‘Agrarian Justice (1797)’, he introduced the concept of a
guaranteed minimum income through a one-time inheritance
tax on landowners.

Montesquieu (1689 • French political philosopher, best known for his ‘ Spirit of the
–1755) Laws (1748)’ in which he gave the principle of separation of
power between legislatives, executive, and Judiciary
• His ‘separation of power’ ensures Liberty
• Influenced both French and American revolution.

Robert Michels • German-born Italian Political Philosopher

(1876 1936) • Gave ‘Iron law of oligarchy’ - rule by an elite, or oligarchy, is
inevitable within any democratic organization
• Book: ‘Political Parties(1911)’

Steven Lukes • British political thinker

(1941) • Gave ‘3 Facets of Power’- power as dominance, power as
agenda setting (power of non-decision), ideological and
hegemonic power

Auguste French philosopher and Sociologist

Comte(1798 –1857) Gave the term’ Sociology’
Formulated the doctrine of positivism
Influenced by the utopian socialist Saint-Simon
Influenced- J.S.Mill, Émile Durkheim
Created ‘Religion of Humanity’- a secular religion
Books:
• Course of Positive Philosophy
• System of Positive Polity
• A General View of Positivism

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FACT SHEET 4: ANCIENT AND MEDIEVAL INDIAN POLITICAL
PHILOSOPHERS- AS PER CBCS SYLLABUS

Thinker Main concepts/facts/books

Manu • Mythical first man and lawgiver of Ancient India

• Compiled ‘Manu Smriti’- code of social conduct for Hindus
• First Sanskrit text to have been translated into English in 1794
• Views on Manusmriti :
• Negative: Vivekanand thought Manusmriti is obsolete; Ambedkar
burnt it in a bonfire, Gandhiji didn’t agree to its contradicting and
dehumanizing parts
• Positive: by Dayanand Saraswati, Annie Besent, Friedrich Nietzsche
• Core theme: maintain the 4-fold Varna System (Varna Ashram Dharma)
and follow the Dharma- moral virtues, moral obligations/duty, justice in
individual & social life
• Basis of Manu’s social laws- Shrutis (Veda, Upanishads), Social practices,
Analysis(reason), and Self-satisfaction
• Manusmriti became controversial and politicized due to derogatory
comments on ‘Shudra’ and Women. Became rallying point for anti-
Brahmanical movements
• Dharma: Righteousness, Virtues, Moral order, Duties, Just thoughts and
actions, natural qualities or characteristics or properties of anything, law,
Justice, Religion
• Purushartha : Goals of human life- Dharma, Artha, Kama, Moksha :
Dharma should guide Artha, Kama, then only Moksha can be attained
• 4 Ashrams : Celibate studentship( Brahmcharya), Family life( Grihastha),
Retreating from worldly affairs( Vanaprashtha), wandering medicant in
search of Moksha( Sanyas)

Veda Vyas- • The Mahabharta- Great Epic- 18 Parva(books)- largest Parva-Shanti-Parva-

Raja contains Rajadharma
Dharma • Shanti-Parva: in dialogue form- between Dying Bhisma and Yudhishthira in
which others also join
• Rajadharma : Duties and obligations of the King/ruler, Dharma (laws and
rules ) and Good Governance, Theory of origin of State/Kingship, Art and

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 science of Governance and Politics– Danndaniti , Political Obligation of the
citizen
• Rajadharma is also mentioned in Manusmriti, Arthashastra, Śukranītishātra,
Purans
• Rajadharma is the ultimate Dharma; only if the King follows Rajadharma
all other Dharma can be up-holded
• State originated, by divine intervention, to maintain Peace, Order,
Prosperity, and Dharma
• Duties of King: to maintain peace, order, and Dharma (prime duty),
Welfare and Prosperity of the people, follow Dandaniti in statecraft,
Maintenance and expansion of the State, Give preference to interest and
happiness of his people over his own
• Political Obligation: Dharma is supreme and sovereign, NOT the King;
political obligation only till the King follows Rajadharma

Kautilya- • Also called ‘Chanakya’ and ‘Vishnu Gupta’; lived in about 4th century BC
Arthasashtra • He is mentioned in ‘Mudra-Raksha by Visakhadutta, ‘Das-Kumar-Charit,
by Dandin, Kathasaritsagar by Somadeva and Jain & Buddhist Texts
• Was a scholar at Taxila university , the teacher and mentor
of Chandragupta Mourya
• Manuscript of Arthashastra was discovered by R. Shamasastry in Mysore
Oriental Library in 1909
• Arthashastra – Samhita ; contains: Statecraft, Science of Politics, Political
Economy, Social norms & customs, Civil & Criminal Law, Justice system,
Inter-state politics, Warfare, Criminology, Intelligence & Espionage
• Core theme: Arthashastra is the science which explains the means of the
attainment and protection of that earth ( resources/artha) - Science of
Politics
• Political realism- like Thucydides, Machiavelli, and Morgenthau
• Origin of state: State originated to end Matasyanyay and maintain peace,
order, and welfare of the people
• Saptang: 7 limbs of state: Swami Amatyas, Janapada, Durgas, Kosha,
Danda, Mitra
• An able king can fine tune Saptang to make his state strong and victorious
• Mandal Theory: International-state real politics
• Basic premises: Neighbours are natural enemy, Enemy of Enemy is friend,
Friend of friend is friend, Friend of Enemy is Enemy, No permanent friend
or enemy in politics, Power is the means to maintain the state, The King
may adopt any means to protect & maintain the State

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 • Mandala: circle of Kings: 5 in front: Ari, Mitra, Ari-Mitra, Mitra-Mitra,
Ari Mitra-Mitra
• 4 in back side: Parashanigraha:enemy at back, Akranda:friend at back,
Parashanigrahasara: Ari-Mitra, Akranda sara: Mitra-Mitra
• Vijigishu : King aspiring to conquer the world
• MADHYAMA: Powerful Kingdom close to both the Vijigishu and his
immediate enemy
• UDASIN : Neutral state out of the circle of States of Vijigishu; more
powerful than any of the kings in the circle.
• 72 elements of IR and foreign policy in Mandala theory

Ziauddin • Main Political thinker during Delhi Sultanate- Khalji and Tughlaq
Barani • His ‘Fatwa-i-Jahandari’ is considered valuable political treaties on real-
(1283–1359) politic and compared to Machiavelli's Prince and Kautilya’s Arthashastra
• Also wrote ‘Tarikh-i-Firuz Shahi’ ( Firuz Shah's History)
• His ‘Fatwa’, like Machiavelli’s Prince, is advise on statecraft to Muslim
Kings in India
• Attempted to reconcile demands of Shari’a and maintenance of State in
lands of non-Muslims
• Formulated ‘Jawabit’- secular state laws
• Barni’s ideal king- had God like virtues, Shouldn’t have 5 mean qualities:
falsehood, changeability, deception, wrathfulness and injustice
• Mahmud of Ghazni represent his idea of an ideal King
• ‘Fatwa’- 24 Hidayat (advices) covering all aspects of Kingship/Statecraft
• Elements of The State- Nobility, Army, Law, Justice, Bureaucracy,
Intelligence System
• His controversial thoughts: hate against low born, ignoble; banning
education to low born; hatred for science, reason, logic ;dynastic principle
for stability of nobility

Abul Fazl • Political thinker of Mughal era; secretary & companion to Akbar
(1551 – • Wrote: ‘Akbarnama’- 3rd volume of it ‘Ain-i-Akbari’
1602)
• Gave: Social contract theory as basis of Sovereignty, theory of divine light,
religious tolerance (Sulh-i-Kul), state promoting science & reason
• ‘ Farr-i- Izadi’- theory of divine light: King receiver and reflector of divine
light
• Sovereignty: both temporal & spiritual sovereignty vested in the King

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• Just vs unjust sovereignty: only just one receives divine light and lasting
• Sulh-i-Kul (absolute peace)- universal peace, religious tolerance and social
harmony
• 4 fold division of the society: 1.The warriors 2. the learned men 3. farmers
& labourers 4. artificers & merchants (compare them to Fire, Air, Water,
Earth)
• 4-fold division of the state: 1. Nobility 2. Assistants of victory 3.
companions of the King 4.Servants

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FACT SHEET 5: MODERN INDIAN POLITICAL THINKERS
( AS PER CBCS SYLLABUS)

Thinker Main concepts/facts/books

Raja Ram • Lead the 1st wave of modern Indian Thinkers

Mohan Roy • ‘Father of Modern India’; ‘Pioneer of Indian Renaissance’
(1772 –
Concepts:
1833)
• Liberal Humanism- all mankind are one great family of which numerous
nations and tribes are only various branches
• Judging socio-religious practices through reason and social utility
• Unity in all religion: 1. Universal Supreme being 2. Existence of soul 3.
Life after death
• Spiritual Synthesis: synthesized transnational humanist culture
• Cosmopolitanism: proposed ‘World Congress’
• Social reforms before political freedom
• English rule- God sent opportunity for social reform and modernization
of Indian society
• Champion of Civil Rights, women’s education, liberal political economy
Societies:
• Atmiya Sabha in 1815, the Calcutta unitarian Association in 1821 and
the Brahmo Sabha in 1828
Journals:
• Brahminical Magazine’; Bengali weekly- ‘Samvad Kaumudi’ ; Persian
weekly -‘Mairat Al Akbar’; English weekly -‘Bengal Gazette’
School/colleges:
• Hindu College(Presidency College); the Anglo-Hindu School; Vedanta
College
Books/essays:
• Tuhfat-ul-Muwahhidin (A Gift to Monotheism)- 1803 ;
• The Precepts of Jesus- The Guide to Peace and Happiness (1820)
• Modern Encroachments on the Ancient Rights of Females (1822)
• The Universal Religion (1829) ; History of Indian Philosophy (1829)
• Many translations of Vendantic texts and Upanishads in Hindi, Bengali,
English

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Swami Great Hindu Vedantic philosopher and social reformer
Vivekananda His main Concepts/theories:
(1863 –1902)
• Humanism: Man is divine; man is mirror of god; service to man- service
to God
• Monism- Advait Vendanta: Human soul is part of the infinite universal
omnipresent force- Brahaman
• Perfectibility: Man can achieve salivation by realizing his inner
Goodness, by moral perfection of the Soul
• Oneness of universe- all are one in the universe
• Unity of all religion: all have same purpose- unity with God
• Religion provides – Liberty(salvation), equality (equal before God),
fraternity (creation of same God)
• Cycle of Caste rule: Human societies have seen successive rules of
Brahman, Kshatriya, Vaishya, Shudra
• Ideal Society-in which truth becomes practical, in which divinity of man
is realized; combination of best of rules by Brahman’, Kshatriya,
Vaishya, Shudra; harmony between individual & society; just, equal, and
liberating
• Realization of ideal society- mass education, cultural Revolution, social
reforms
• Nationalism: proud in our Indianness, our ancient civilization, our
Spirituality, and our Universal motherhood
Societies:
• Ramakrishna Math and Missions
Books:
• Bartaman Bharat (in Bengali) (1899), Essay published in
‘Udbodhan’
• The East and the West (1909)
• Practical Vedanta
• Karma Yoga, raja-yoga, Jnana Yoga, Bhakti Yoga
• Complete works of Swami Vevekanand.
Quotes on him:
• “The greatest man India produced in recent centuries was
not Gandhi but Vivekananda.” (AmbedkarJI)
• “Vivekananda saved Hinduism, saved India"( Chakravarti
Rajagopalachari)
• “Vivekananda was maker of Modern India"( Subhash Chandra Bose)

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 Other facts:
• His birthday, 12 January, is celebrated as National Youth Day.
• 1893: participated in World Parliament of Religions at Chicago. Became
celebrity after his famous speech on Hindu Religion
• Supported idol worship

Pandita First Feminist of Modern India

Ramabai Her thoughts/concepts:
Saraswati (1858
• 3 major Gender Issues: child-marriage, the plight of widows, and
–1922)
education for women
• 2 socio-cultural factors against women: Ancient ‘Shastras’/’Smritis’
and Hindu social codes of conduct- such as Manusmriti and Patriarchy
• 3 strategies for improving women’s conditions: Self-Reliance,
Education, and self-help- Women as Teachers/doctors
• Women’s subjection de-based Indian men and degraded Indian nation
What she did for Women?
• Arya Mahila Sabha: A forum to make women aware of their rights
and fight for them
• Sharda Sadan: shelter, education, vocational training to High caste
Hindu widows
• Mukti Mission: Support and education to widows, unmarried women
and girls, abandoned wives, and victims of the terrible famine and the
plague
Books:
• ‘Stree Dharma Niti’ : by income from this she could travel to
England
• ‘The High-Caste Hindu Woman’: published in USA in 1887: An
unofficial Indian Feminist Manifesto
Other facts:
• Title of 'Pandita' and 'Saraswati' awarded to her by the University of
Calcutta due to her deep knowledge of Sanskrit
• Was awarded the Kaiser-i-Hind Gold Medal In 1919 by the Colonial
Govt.
• Attended the Indian National Congress session of the year 1889 ; also
participated to the Third National Social Conference in 1889
• First Indian women to get her book published in USA in English
Language

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 • She adopted Christian Religion.
• First Indian women to have a society in her name in USA- Ramabai
Association

Rabindranath Greatest Philosopher poet of Modern India

Tagore (1861 – His thoughts/concepts:
1941)
• Universal humanism- nothing should divide humanity and rob human
freedom
• Against western nationalism: divides humanity, make one less humane,
less moral, and constrain freedom
• cosmopolitanism/internationalism- unity of humankind, man, culture,
countries
• Self-regulated swadeshi Samaj (society) in place of nation-state
• Social reconstruction, reform, and united community than political
nationalism
Books:
• What is nation? ; ‘Nationalism in India’ (essay)
• ‘Swadeshi Samaj’ ; ‘Crisis in Civilization’
• Gitanjali (Song Offerings to God)- won Noble Prize
• Gora (Fair-Faced), ‘Ghare-Baire’(The Home and the World) ; ‘Char
Adhaya’

Other Facts:
• National song of two nations- India and Bangladesh- written by him !
• First Asian to get Noble Prize in 1913
• Returned title of Knighthood in 1919 protesting Jallianwala Bagh
massacre
• He called Gandhiji ‘Mahatma’; Gandhiji called him’ Gurudev’
• Established ‘Sri-Niketan’- Institute of Rural Reconstruction and ‘Shanti-
Niketan’- called ‘Vishwa Bharati’ University

Bhimrao Great scholar and architect of Indian Constitution

Ambedkar(1891 His thoughts/concepts:
–1956)
• Caste system: biggest weakness of Indian social system
• Only by elimination of Caste system, socio-economic progress possible

270
• Social democracy: Socialism with liberal democracy and constitutional
Government-“Democracy to work towards socialism but have its basis in
a regime of rights”
• Supported state socialism
• Constitutional morality: adopted it from George Grote;
• Pragmatism: from John Dewey, his teacher at Colombia University
• Graded inequality: inequality based on group identity- caste system
• Social Justice- Justice prevails upon ensuring Liberty, Equality,
Fraternity
• Trinity of Rights: Liberty, Equality, Fraternity
• Social reform is prior to political and Economic reform
• Political democracy useless without social democracy

Books:
• ‘Castes in India- 1916’ ; ‘Annihilation of caste-1936’
• ‘Who Were the Shudras? 1946’ ; ‘The Untouchables -1948’
• ‘The Budhha and his Dhamma-1957’
• Book on him : ‘Ambedkar: Towards An Enlightened India’- Gail
Omvedt
Journals:
• ‘Bahishkrit Bharat in Marathi’ ; ‘Mook Nayak’
• ‘Janata’ and ‘Samata’ magazines
Societies:
• Bahishkrit Hitakarini Sabha 1924
• Samata Sainik Dal -1924
• Samaj Samata Sangh-1927
• Depressed Classes Education Society-1928
Political Parties:
• 1937: Independent Labour Party
• 1942: Scheduled caste federation
• 1956: The Republican Party

Other Facts:
• Publicly Burnt ManuSmriti in 1927
• Participated in Round table conference, got separate electorate for Dalits

271
 • But agreed to leave separate electorate as per the ‘Poona Pact’ with
Gandhiji
• Was member of Viceroy’s executive Council
• Chairman of the drafting committee of constituent assembly
• Was against the Panchayati raj System- it would sustain caste system
• First law minister of India, but resigned on issue of ‘Hindu Code Bill’
• Converted to Buddhism in 1956; in 1936 he declared he would not die a
Hindu

Gandhi- his idea • His idea of swaraj contained in ‘Hind Swaraj’, published in 1909
of Swaraj • Influence on political thoughts of Gandhiji
• John Ruskin (Unto This Last), Henry Thoreau( civil disobedience),
Leo Tolstoy- an pacific anarchist ; Italy’s Mazzini, Dada Bhai
Naoroji Un-British Rule in India , Gopal Krishna Gokhle ( his
political Guru)
• Swaraj- meaning
• Literal: self- governance, freedom, liberation
• For Individual: self-mastery, self-restrain, self-realization, moral
goodness
• For community/polity- self-governing autonomous community life
without any formal coercive authority (state)-A kind of
Enlightened Anarchy
• 4 components of Swaraj: Polity, Economy, Social Order, and Dharma
• His other thoughts/concepts:
• Oceanic circle: self-governing, self-reliant, autonomous communities,
starting from village in concentric circle- nation as communities of
community
• Vision of decentralized, non-hierarchical, participative and
substantive democracy
• Satyagraha: active resistance based on truth and non-violence, involving
soul-force and power of truth
• Sarvodaya- Good for all; Antyodaya- good to the last one in the row-
the poorest of the poor
• Trusteeship: Capitalist class as trustee of wealth of the society, uses it
for welfare of the masses and society
• Bread labour: each one need to do the manual work equivalent to value
of his material consumption- honour/dignity to manual labour
• Freedom from want: limiting our want- voluntarily poor

272
 • Instead of western modern civilization, he had vision of ideal
civilization, which is not materialistic, individualistic, mechanistic, and
dependent on western medical treatment, transport, trade, and way of life
• Other facts:
• Considered himself Enlightened Anarchist
• Won Kaisar-i-Hind in 1915, which he returned in protest against
Jallianwala Bagh massacre
• Was given title of ‘Mahatma’ by Rabindranath Tagore
• Considered Gopal Krishna Gokhle his political guru

Muhammad Great Urdu Poet and political thinker

Iqbal(1877- Concepts/thoughts
1938)
• Influenced by humanism, universalism, Sufism, and modern western
philosophy
• ‘Khudi’- spiritually evolved self; 3 layers of self- physical, relational,
universal
• Community ( Millat- community of Muslims)- morally evolved people
united by common bond of religion/spirituality
• Such community is same as political community and nation
• In his community 3 realms – spiritual, political, social- merged
• Rejected western nation-state, which to him, divides people on basis of
geography, race, colour, language, and other external identities

His creations:
• "Tarānah-e-Hindi“- Sāre Jahāṉ se Acchā -1904
• Tarana-e-Milli- Anthem of the Community-1910
• Asrar-i-Khudi - Secrets of the Self (1915) ; Rumuz-i-Bekhudi - Hints of
Selflessness (1917)
• Payam-e-Mashriq The Message of the East (1924)
• Javed Nama -(Book of Javed)-1932;
• Collection of Essay- The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam-
1930
Other facts:
• Inspiration behind separate Muslim Nation-Pakistan
• Articulated his vision of Pakistan in – 1930- Speech in 25th session of
Indian Muslim League at Allahabad.

273
 • Brought back Ali Jinnah back from political exile to lead Indian Muslims
• National Poet of Pakistan, called Allama (most knowledgeable)
• Revered in Iran, called Iqbāl-e Lāhorī

Vinayak • Revolutionary Hindu nationalist leader and political thinker

Damodar Concepts/thoughts
Savarkar (1883- • Who are Hindu?
1966)
• People following religions of India,
• whose ancestors had lived on ‘Bharatvarsha’,
• and who consider ‘Bharat’ as Punyabhumi

• Religion of India: Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism, etc

• Hindutva: Hinduness; feeling of being Hindu
• 3 elements of Hindutva: Hindu Nation ( territory), common Racial
Identity( Jati), and common Cultural Identity

Societies:
Abhinav Bharat, India House, Free India Society
Books:
‘The Indian War of Independence-1909’ ; ‘Mera Aajewan Karawaas –
2007’
• ‘Hinditva: Who Is a Hindu? -1923’ ;’ Kaala Pani’ -2007’ ; ‘Mopla-
1967’

Other Facts:
• He called 1857 revolt as 1st war of Independence
• Influenced by Joseph Mazzini, western Enlightenment and nation-state
• 1910: arrested in London for revolutionary activities; sentenced to life
imprisonment at Kalapani- A&N islands
• 1923- conditional release, sent to Ratnagiri Jail- social reformer, writer
• President of Hindu Mahasabha for 7 years- 1937-43
• Despite being its philosophical founder, never Joined RSS
• Was a rationalist Atheist- was against ‘Hindu ritualism’, Cow protection
• In 1970, PM Indira Gandhi released Postal Stamp on Savarkar

274
Jawaharlal • Architect of Independent India
Nehru(1889 – • His Concepts/thoughts
1964)
• Secularism:
• Based on scientific humanism, western concept of separation of
state & church
• State should observe neutrality in regard to all religion
• neither irreligion nor anti- religion -equal respect for all faiths
• State - neutral Umpire to religious practices but would intervene to
protect individual’s rights, freedom, public order, morality, social
welfare, justice.
• Socialism:
• Inspired by Fabian socialism- democratic, peaceful, gradual change
• Mix of libertarian Marxism, Fabian socialism, Gandhian moral
Philosophy
• Mixed economy- both Pvt and public sector, but greater role to
latter
• Central planning: for rapid economic development
Books:
• The Discovery of India;
• Glimpses of World History
• Toward Freedom- his autobiography
• Letters from a Father to His Daughter

Other Facts:
• 5 times President of Congress: 1929 (Lahore session)- ‘Purna Swaraj’-
celebration of Indian Independence every year on 26th January ; 1936
(Lahore), 1951-52 ( Lahore), 1953( Hyderabad), 1954 (Kalyani)
• Drafted ‘Nehru report’- a Constitution of India with his father Motilal
Nehru and other prominent Congress leaders in 1928
• 1955- Avadi resolution of Congress- socialist mode of economy
• Major social reforms: Abolition of Jamindari system, land reforms,
Hindu code bill, community development program
• Set up Planning commission, National development council
• 1st Constitutional amendment: put land reforms in 9th Schedule- non
justiciable; curtailed right to freedom by increasing reasonable
restrictions

275
Dr. Ram • Socialist leader and centre of anti-Congressism
Manohar Lohia • His concepts/thoughts
(1910
• Wheels of History: All human history hitherto has been an internal
–1967)
oscillation between class and caste and an external shift of
prosperity and power from one region to another
• Prosperity, progress- caste open up to become like class
• Degeneration, decline: class closes to become like caste
• Halting the Wheel of History: True Socialism by Willed
Approximation
His Socialism:
• 3rd way- sandwiched between Soviet style communism and
Nehru’s democratic socialism
• Synthesis of Communism, democratic socialism, and Gandhian
philosophy
• Multi-dimensional Equality: Internal/External vs Spiritual/ Material
• 7 Revolutions: against Gender inequality, caste system, class and racial
inequality, protecting individual privacy, and civil disobedience
• 60: 40: 60 % reservation to Dalits, women, backward class, minorities
• 4 Pillared state: central, provincial, district, and village govt- political
decentralisation; people’s participation
• Jail, Vote, Spade: Jail: Communist struggle; Vote: Representative
Democracy; Spade: Gandhian constructive actions for social reforms
“Daam Bandho, Kharcha Bandho”: control price and consumption
“Jaati Todo”- break the Caste System
• Ridiculed ‘side looking’, backward looking, imitating, shallow
modernism
• Quotes:
• “Politics short term religion; religion long term politics”
• “ Zinda Kaume 5 saal intzar nahi karti”- living community don’t wait
for 5 years
Journal : Mankind
Books:
Wheel of History( 1955) ;
The Caste System ( 1964)
Fragments of World Mind: (1949) ;
Guilty Men of India’s Partition( 1970)

276
Marx, Gandhi and Socialism (1963)
India, China, and Northern Frontiers

Other Facts:
• Did his research on Salt Taxation in India
• 1934- joined Congress Socialist Party (CSP)
• 1948 : Left CSP to form Socialist Party of India
• 1952: Socialist Party of India merged with the Kisan Majdoor Praja
Party to form the Praja Socialist Party ( PSP);
• 1956: formed Socialist Party (Lohia) by splitting PSP;
• 1965: merged the Socialist Party (Lohia) into the ranks of the Samyukta
Socialist Party ( SSP)
• 1952-his famous Pachamarhi Speech- outlined his socialism
• Vision of organising mega cultural fest -Ramayana Mela at Chitrakoot
• Actively participated in liberation of Goa
• Icon of Non-Congressism
• Biggest Inspiration for the contemporary socialist parties- SP, RJD,
JD(U),JD(S)

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 SECTION 2

SAMPLE
PAPERS
5 SETS

278
 SAMPLE PAPER
SET 1

1. Match list 1 and list 2

List 1( lines) List 2( location/countries)
1. Nine-dash line A. Fortified boundary line between
France-Germany
2. Macartney–MacDonald Line B. Ill-defined demarcation line in South
China Sea, as claimed by China
3. Ardagh–Johnson Line C. Proposed boundary in the disputed
area of Aksai Chin
4. Maginot Line D. Proposed boundary demarcating
north-eastern boundary of J&K/India and China

Options:
1 2 3 4
a) B C D A
b) A B D C
c) B D A C
d) D C A B

2. Match list 1 and list 2

List 1( lines) List 2( location/countries)
1. Durand Line A. India-China
2. Radcliffe Line B. India- Tibet (China)
3. McMahon Line C. Pakistan- Afghanistan
4. Line of Actual Control D. India- Bangladesh

Options:
1 2 3 4
a) B C D A
b) A B D C
c) C D B A
d) D C A B

279
3. Match list 1 and list 2
List 1(Leader/thinker) List 2(Doctrine/Theory)
1. Stalin A. Permanent Revolution’
2. Brezhnev B. Pivot to Asia
3. Trotsky C. Limited Sovereignty
4. Obama D. Socialism in a single country

Options:
1 2 3 4
a) B C D A
b) A B D C
c) B D A C
d) D C A B

4. Which of these is not one of the feminist thinkers in IR?

A. Judith Ann Tickner
B. Carol Cohn
C. Hanah Arendt
D. Laura Sjoberg

5. Which of these regional organization is driven by India’s ‘Look East’ and

‘Neighbourhood First’ policy?
A. BIMSTEC
B. SAARC
C. ASEAN
D. BCIM

6. Which of these is one of the liberal thinkers in IR?

A. Thomas Hobbes
B. Machiavelli
C. Robert Keohane
D. Thucydides

280
7. Which approach to IR focuses on culture, identity, social norms, idealism, etc?
A. Liberal institutionalist approach to study international relations.
B. Dependency theory to study international relations.
C. International systems theory to study political economy.
D. Social Constructivist approach to study international relations.

8. Which is not correct about the concept of Human Security in IR?

A. Realism in IR is concerned more about the human security than state security.
B. The UNDP Human Development Report 1994 coined the term “human security”.
C. Core theme of human security is that securing State is not same as securing
individuals.
D. Its end goal is the protection of people from traditional (i.e., military) and non-
traditional threats such as poverty, hunger, disease, etc.

9. Match list 1 and list 2

List 1( Leader/thinker) List 2( Doctrine/Theory)
1. Jimi Carter A. Containment policy
2. Joseph Stalin B. ‘War against Terror’
3. George Bush C. Leninism
4. Harry Truman D. Human Right Approach

Options:
1 2 3 4
a) B C D A
b) D C B A
c) B D A C
d) D C A B

281
10. Match list 1 and list 2
List 1 ( US Presidents) List 2( Doctrine/Policy)
1. Barack Obama A. Arms reduction and ending cold war
2. Ronald Reagan B. Bretton Woods system
3. Franklin Roosevelt C. end the Korean War
4. Dwight Eisenhower D. Af-Pak strategy

Options:
1 2 3 4
a) B C D A
b) D A B C
c) B D A C
d) D C A B

11. Which is Not correct about Climate Agreements?

A. First UN summit on environment was 1972 United Nations Conference on the
Environment in Stockholm
B. Agenda 21, adopted in Rio Earth Summit 1992, was plan of action under which
developed states should take the lead, committing themselves to restoring 1990
levels of GHG emissions by the year 2000.
C. Legally binding commitment to reduce GHG emission was part of only one
climate agreement- Kyoto Protocol-1997
D. Principle of common but differentiated responsibilities (CBDR) was adopted in
Kyoto Protocol-1997

12. Which is Not the difference between Realism and Liberalism in IR?

A. Realism deals with ‘high politics’ whereas liberalism deals with ‘low politics’.
B. Liberalism believes in capabilities of institutions to influence behaviours of states.
C. Unlike realism, liberalism does not believe that world order is anarchic.
D. In comparison to realism, liberalism underplay the importance of hard force,
military power, national interest defined in terms of power, and diplomacy for
balance of power.

282
13. Match list 1 and list 2
List 1( Concept in IR) List 2( Thinker)
1) Soft Power A. David Mitrany
2) Just war doctrine B. Robert O. Keohane and Joseph S. Nye
3) complex interdependence C. Joseph S. Nye
4) Functional integration D. Hugo Grotius

Options:
1 2 3 4
a) B C D A
b) C D B A
c) B D A C
d) D C A B

14. Match list 1 and list 2

List 1( Leader/thinker) List 2( Word/term coined)
1. Rudolph Kjellén A. global warming
2. Kwame Nkrumah B. ‘geopolitics’
3. Halford Mackinder C. Heartland
4. Wallace Broecker D. Neo-colonialism

Options:
1 2 3 4
a) B C D A
b) D C B A
c) B D C A
d) D C A B

15. Who is the constitutional head of Australia?

A. Speaker of the Australian Parliament
B. Governor General of Australia
C. Prime Minister of Australia
D. Queen of England

283
16. The term used to describe the rise of authoritarianism and religious extremism in
the aftermath of the Arab Spring is?
A. Arab Jasmine
B. Arab Winter
C. Arab Summer
D. Arab Cold

17. Match list 1 and list 2

List 1( Leader/thinker) List 2( Word/term coined)
1. William Fox A. Development of Underdevelopment
2. Destutt de Tracy B. Eurocentrism
3. A G Frank C. Ideology
4. Samir Amin D. Super Power

Options:
1 2 3 4
a) B C D A
b) D C B A
c) D C A B
d) D C A B

18. Match list 1 and list 2

List 1( Term) List 2( Consists of countries)
1. Golden Triangle A. Hong Kong, Singapore, South
Korea, and Taiwan
2. Golden Crescent B. ASEAN countries
3. Flying Bees C. Myanmar, Thailand, Laos
4. Asian Tigers D. Myanmar, Thailand, Laos,
Afghanistan
Options:
1 2 3 4
a) B C D A
b) C D B A
c) B D C A
d) D C A B

284
19. Which one was not one of the Eastern Bloc nations during the cold war period?
a) Yugoslavia
b) Romania
c) Bulgaria
d) Hungary

20. Match list 1 and list 2

List 1(Revolution) List 2(Country)
1. Jasmine Revolution A. Ukraine
2. Orange Revolution B. Georgia
3. Velvet Revolution C. Tunisia
4. Rose Revolution D. Czechoslovakia

Options:
1 2 3 4
a) C A D B
b) C D B A
c) B D C A
d) D C A B

21. Match list 1 and list 2

List 1(Regional Organisation) List 2(Headquarter)
1) Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) A. Jakarta
2) BIMSTEC B. Jeddah
3) Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) C. Dhaka
4) ASEAN D. Beijing

Options:
1 2 3 4
a) C A D B
b) C D B A
c) B D C A
d) D C B A

285
22. Match list 1 and list 2
List 1(treaty to check nuclear weapons’ test) List 2( Year of Signing)
1. Antarctic Treaty A. 1959
2. Non-proliferation Treaty B. 1968
3. UN Outer Space Treaty C. 1967
4. Comprehensive Test Ban-Treaty D. 1996
Options:
1 2 3 4
a) A B C D
b) C D B A
c) B D C A
d) D C A B

23. Match list 1 and list 2

List 1 (Island in news/dispute) List 2 (countries involved)
1. Diego - Garcia A. UK and Argentina fought war for it in 1982
2. Falkland Islands B. UK and Mauritius
3. Chagos Islands C. India and Sri Lanka
4. Katchatheevu Island D. UK’s Island in central Indian Ocean, USA
made it military base
Options:
1 2 3 4
a) A B C D
b) C D B A
c) D A B C
d) D C A B

24. India is part of which regional organization?

1. RCEP
2. APEC
3. SCO
4. IORA
Options:
A. 1 and 2
B. 2 and 3
C. 3 and 4
D. 1,2,3,4

286
25. Which of these are founding treaties of European Union (EU)?
1. Treaty of Rome (1957)
2. Treaty of Maastricht-1992
3. Treaty on European Union (2007)
4. Treaty of Lisbon-2007

Options:
A. 1 and 2
B. 1, 2 and 3
C. 1,3, 4
D. 1,2,3,4

26. Match list 1 and list 2

List 1(UN Secretary General) List 2(Country)
1. Trygve Lie A. Sweden
2. Dag Hammarskjöld B. Norway
3. António Guterres C. Egypt
4. Boutros Boutros-Ghali D. Portugal

Options:
1 2 3 4
a) A B C D
b) D C A B
c) B A D C
d) D C A B

287
27. Match list 1 and list 2
List 1 (IR Events) List 2 (Year)
1. Tiananmen Square protests A. 1991
2. Berlin Wall erected B. 1939
3. USSR Disintegrated C. 1961
4. Hitler Attacked Poland D. 1989
Options:
1 2 3 4
a) C A D B
b) D C A B
c) B A D C
d) D C A B

28. Match list 1 and list 2

List 1( IR Events) List 2( Year)
1. NATO Formed A. 1954
2. WARSAW Pact B. 1951
3. SEATO formed C. 1949
4. ANZUS Treaty D. 1955

Options:
1 2 3 4
a) C D A B
b) D C A B
c) C D B A
d) D C A B

288
29. Match list 1 and list 2
List 1( Conference/Agreement) List 2( Outcome)
1. Dumbarton Oaks Conference-1944 A. IMF and World Bank set
up
2. Bretton Woods Conference-1944 B. Reorganize post world
war 2 Germany and Europe
3. Yalta Conference-1945 C. Establishing peace treaties and
ensuring long-term stability in
Europe after World war 2
4. Potsdam Conference-1945 D. Basic structure of the UN was
finalized
Options:
1 2 3 4
a) D A B C
b) D C A B
c) C D B A
d) D C A B

30. In which year did the UN peacekeeping force as a whole receive the Nobel Peace
Prize?
A. 1968
B. 1978
C. 1988
D. 1998

31. Who said, "Revolution is a sweeping fundamental change in the predominant myth of
a social order"?
A. Neumann
B. G. S. Peter
C. Huntington
D. H. Arendt

32. The Marxists perceive international politics as:

A. An extension of class struggle at global level
B. A struggle for power between two nations or group of nations that can be managed by
maintaining balances of power
C. Interactions among States that can be peacefully
D. Interactions among States guided and molded by leaders of those States

289
33. Soft power is?
A. The influence of financial institutions and markets
B. Getting others to agree with you without using coercive force
C. Weakening hegemonic influence
D. Collaboration among several emerging powers

34. Which of the following pairs is/are correctly matched?

1. Cybernetic Theory: Norbert Weiner
2. Decision making theory: Graham Allision
3. System Approach: Morton Kaplan
4. Karl Deutsch: Communication Theory

Options:
A. 1,2
B. 1,2,3
C. 1,4
D. 1,2,3,4

35. The Concert of Europe was balance of power arrangement among great powers of
Europe after the Napoleonic Wars? Who were those great powers?
A. Austria, France, Prussia, Russia, and UK.
B. Spain, Germany, Italy and Greece
C. France, Spain, Russia and Denmark
D. Austria, Russia, Britain and Belgium

36. Assertion (A) : Reform of the Security Council is problematic

Reason ( R) : Existing permanent members wouldn’t agree to lose special powers and
share power with new permanent members.

Choose the correct option:

A - Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
B - Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A.
C - A is true but R is false.
D - A is false but R is true

290
37. Assertion (A) : Both Neo Realists and Neo-liberalists agree on the international state
structure as anarchic.
Reason ( R) : Anarchy and great variation in relative powers of states is brute reality of
global order.

Choose the correct option:

A - Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
B - Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A.
C - A is true but R is false.
D - A is false but R is true

38. Statement 1: Of late security issues are also studied for its non-military aspects
Statement 2: Copenhagen school of IR focus on non-military aspects of Security

Options:
A. Both Statement I and II are correct
B. Both Statement I and II are incorrect
C. Statement I is correct but Statement II is incorrect
D. Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is correct

39. Statement 1: Neo-neo debate focusses on efficacies of international institution and

regimes
Statement 2: Neo-realists believe in relative gain whereas liberal institutionalism
believes in absolute gain

Options:
A. Both Statement I and II are correct
B. Both Statement I and II are incorrect
C. Statement I is correct but Statement II is incorrect
D. Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is correct

40. Statement 1: Only 3 countries- India, Israel, and Pakistan- have not signed NPT
Statement 2: North Korea signed NPT but withdrew from it in 2003
Options:
A. Both Statement I and II are correct
B. Both Statement I and II are incorrect
C. Statement I is correct but Statement II is incorrect
D. Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is correct

291
41. landmark judgement of US Supreme Court decision in Roe v. Wade relates to?
A. Labour Rights
B. Franchise Rights to coloured women
C. Abortion Rights
D. Rights to Civil Servants

42. Match list 1 and list 2

List 1(Books) List 2( Author)
1. Perception and Misperception in IR A. Alfred Thayer Mahan
2. Weapons of the Weak:
Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance B. Anthony D. Smith
3. The Influence of Sea Power upon History C. James Scott
4. Nationalism and modernism D. Robert Jervis
Options:
1 2 3 4
a) B A D C
b) C D B A
c) D C A B
d) A B C D

43. Match list 1 and list 2

List 1(Concept/type of weapon) List 2( weapon)
1. Credible minimum deterrence A. Conventional Arms and
Dual-Use Goods and Technologies

2. Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD) B. Anthrax

3. The Wassenaar Arrangement C. Weapon of mass
destruction (WMD)
4. Biological Weapon D. nuclear weapon
Options:
1 2 3 4
a) B A D C
b) D C A B
c) C D B A
d) A B C D

292
44. Who is Not related to the English School of international relations theory?
A. Kenneth Boulding
B. Martin Wight
C. Hedley Bull
D. Robert Jackson

45. Which is not correct about G-7?

A. Till 2014, it was G-8, after which it reverted back to G-7
B. EU is a 'non-enumerated' member and does not assume the rotating G7 presidency.
C. Russia was suspended from G-8 because of its annexation of Crimea in 2014
D. China is a member of G7

46. Match list 1 and list 2

List 1(Core theme) List 2(Approach to IR)
1) International Society A. English School
2) Non-military aspects of security B. Copenhagen School
3) Identity, culture, idealism C. Social Constructivism
4) Emancipation, communication, participation D. Critical Theory

Options:
1 2 3 4
a) B A D C
b) D C A B
c) C D B A
d) A B C D

47. “Life, Liberty and the pursuit of happiness” is a fact of the

A. American Declaration of Independence
B. Bill of Rights of the US Constitution
C. French Declaration of the Rights of Man
D. John Locke’s social contract

293
48. Identify the one who didn’t support ‘End of History’ Philosophy?
A. Hegel
B. Francis Fukuyama
C. John Rawl
D. Daniel Bell

49. Identity the thinker who equated Civil Society to “a trench system in the modern
warfare.”
A. Lenin
B. Hegel
C. Luxumburg
D. Gramsci

50. ‘Man without society is either a beast or a God', Who said this?
A. Gandhi
B. Plato
C. Aristotle
D. Henry Maine

51. The Oath or affirmation of which of the following office is not mentioned in the
main text (part) of the Constitution?
A. President
B. Prime Minister
C. Vice President
D. Governor

52. Which article of the Indian Constitution defines the State?

A. Article 13
B. Article 12
C. Article 14
D. Article 15

294
53. Match the items in two columns
Article Subject/Issue
1) 78 A. PM’s duty to inform President
2) 29 B. Protection against arrest and detention in
certain cases
3) 22 C. Governor in each state
4) 153 D. Protection of interests of minorities

Options:
1 2 3 4
a) A D B C
b) D C A B
c) B A D C
d) D C A B

54. Match the items in two columns

Parts of Constitution Subject/Issue

1) II A. State Government
2) IV A B. The Union Territories
3) VI C. Citizenship
4) VIII D. Fundamental duties

Options:
1 2 3 4
a) A D B C
b) D C A B
c) C D A B
d) A B C D

295
55. Match the items in two columns
Parts of Constitution Subject/Issue
1) Indian Councils Act 1909 A. Introduced Diarchy in
Centre
2) Government of India Act, 1919 B. First step towards a
representative form of government
3) Government of India Act, 1935 C. Introduced representative and
popular elements in governance

4) Indian Councils Act 1892 D. Separate Electorate for

Sikhs and other minority communities

Options:
1 2 3 4
a) A D B C
b) C D A B
c) C D A B
d) A B C D

56. Utility from consuming each additional unit of a commodity declines as its
consumption increases, while keeping consumption of other commodities constant; this
theory is called?
A. Marginal utility of consumption
B. Marginal utility of satisfaction
C. Law of diminishing marginal satisfaction
D. Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility

57. low income, non-luxury products/goods whose demand rises when the price rises
and falls when the price falls. Such goods are called?
A. Normal goods
B. Inferior goods
C. Giffen good
D. Common good

296
 58. Which is Not correct about the elasticity of demand?
1. Is a measure of the responsiveness of the demand for a good to changes in its
price
2. Price elasticity of demand for a good is defined as the percentage change in
demand for the good divided by the percentage change in its price.
3. Along the slope of the demand curve elasticity of demand changes from zero to
infinity
4. Elasticity of demand of essential commodity like petrol is very high
Options:
A. 1,2,3,4
B. 1,2,3
C. 1,2,4
D. 1,2

59. Which is correct about the perfect competition?

1. The market consists of a large number of buyers and sellers
2. Each firm produces and sells a homogenous product
3. Entry into the market as well as exit from the market are free for firms.
4. in the long firms earns only normal profit

Options:
A. 1,2,3,4
B. 1,2,3
C. 1,2,4
D. 1,2
60. Which is correct about the monopoly?
1. Market has a monopoly structure, if there is one seller of the commodity, the
commodity has no substitute, and entry into the market of another firm is prevented.
2. In the long run the monopoly firm earns zero profit
3. The demand curve facing the monopoly firm is horizontal straight line
4. In comparison to perfect competition, price is higher and output is lower in monopoly
Options:
A. 1,2,3,4
B. 1,2,3
C. 1,2,4
D. 1,4

297
61. Match the items in two columns
Ruling Dynasties Capital City
1) Chola A. Kanchipuram
2) Chera B. Madurai
3) Pandya C. Kuruvur
4) Pallava D. Thanjavur

Options:
1 2 3 4
a) A D B C
b) D C B A
c) C D A B
d) A B C D

62. Match the items in two columns

Classical Texts Authors
1) Swapanvasdattam A. Bhasa
2) Panch tantra B. Vishnu Sharma
3) Raghuvansan C. Kalidasa
4) Mrichhakatika D. Sudraka

Options:
1 2 3 4
a) A D B C
b) C A D B
c) C D A B
d) A B C D

63. Who was the last Hindu ruler who ruled over large part of North India?
A. Prithviraj Chauhan
B. Rana Sanga
C. Yshovardhan
D. Harshavardhan

298
64. Arrange the following Battles in chronological order?
1. 1st battle of Tarain
2. Battle of Buxar
3. Battle of Plassey
4. Battle of Khanwa

Options:
A. 1,2,3,4
B. 1,3,4,2
C. 1,4,3,2
D. 4,2,1,3

65. When East India Company got the Diwani of Bengal?

A. 1765
B. 1757
C. 1764
D. 1775

66. Match the items in two columns

Sociologists Concepts

1) Durkheim A. Functionalism
2) Max Weber B. anomie
3) Talcott Parsons C. Protestant Ethics
4) Bourdieu D. Social capital

Options:
1 2 3 4
a) A D B C
b) B C A D
c) C D A B
d) A B C D

67. Match:
Political Thinker Book
1. Gandhi A.Savitri: A Legend and a Symbol
2. Ambedkar B.Satyagraha in South Africa
3. M.N.Roy C.The Buddha and His Dhamma
4. Aurobindo D.India in Transition
Options:
1 2 3 4
a) B A C D
b) A B C D
c) B C D A
d) D C A B
299
68. Match
Political Thinker Book
1. Robert Dahl A. The Rights of Man
2. Thomas Paine B. Who Governs?
3. Hannah Arendt C. The Human Condition
4. Harold Laski D. A Grammar of Politics

Options:
1 2 3 4
a) B A C D
b) A B D C
c) B D A C
d) D C A B

69. Which of these concepts is not attributed to Plato?

A. Cave Allegory
B. Theory of divided line
C. Proportionate equality
D. Functional division of society

70. Who is the first modern thinker to define liberty as absence of external man-made
constraint ( the negative Liberty)?
A. Hobbes
B. Locke
C. Rousseau
D. J.S.Mill

300
 SAMPLE PAPER
SET 2
1. With which approach would one associate the following statement ?
“Economic globalization is an uneven, hierarchical process and benefits only a tiny
minority”?

(A) Economic Liberalism

(B) Economic Realists
(C) Mercantilism
(D) Neo-Marxism

2. Democratic Peace Theory is placed under which theoretical approach of

International relations?

(A) Structural Realism

(B) Republican Realism
(C) Neo-Realism
(D) Institutional Liberalism

3. Match list 1 and list 2

List 1( IR Concepts) List 2( Ideology/Doctrine)
1. Identity A. Copenhagen School
2. Dependency B. English School
3. non-military aspects of security C. Neo-Marxism
4. international society D. Constructivism

Options:
1 2 3 4
a) D C A B
b) D C A B
c) C D B A
d) D C A B

301
4. Match list 1 and list 2
List 1( IR Thinker) List 2( Contribution)
1. John Gaddis A. Critical Theory
2. Stanley Hoffmann B. decision making
3. Robert W. Cox C. Liberalism
4. Graham Allison D. Cold War and grand strategy
Options:
1 2 3 4
a) B C D A
b) D C A B
c) C D B A
d) D C A B

5. Which of the following are part of Morgenthau’s realist principles?

(i) Politics is rooted in a permanent and unchanging human nature.
(ii) Self-interest is a basic fact of the human condition.
(iii) Coercion is only part of foreign policy.
(iv) National interest defined in terms of power.
Options :
(A) All are correct.
(B) (i), (ii) and (iv) are correct.
(C) (i), (iii) and (ii) are correct.
(D) (i), (iii) and (iv) are correct.

6. What is neo-realism ?
(A) An attempt to ignore the unpleasant realities of the world.
(B) An attempt to restate the basic ideas of realism in a more
‘scientific’ form.
(C) A claim that international society is basically orderly and peaceful.
(D) A claim that individual human nature is central to an understanding of international
politics.

302
7. On alternate perspectives on Globalization, which is NOT true?
A. Skeptics, or globophobes, believe that the role of the state is eroding (diluting) in the
present times
B. Globalists, or globophiles, believe that the role of the state is eroding in the present
times
C. Skeptics believe that the role of the state is still very much intact in the present times
D. Transformationalists believe that States are becoming stronger in some respects and
weaker in others as a result of globalization

8. Which of the following propositions is not found in Classical Realism?

A. 3 S: Statism, survival, self-help
B. Nature of global politics is the result of the structure of international state system
which is anarchic.
C. National Interest is defined in terms of Power
D. The laws of politics have their roots in human nature

9. The corrected sequence of in game theory is:-

A. Payoffs-strategies-system-game
B. Payoffs-choice-player-game
C. Game-choice-player-equilibrium
D. Systems-equilibrium-game-player

10. Arrange the following international political theorists in a chronological order from
the codes given below:-
1. Reinhold Niebuhr
2. Immanual Kant
3. Antonio Gramsci
4. Robert W. Cox
Options
A. 4, 1, 2, 3
B. 2, 3, 1, 4
C. 1, 2, 3, 4
D. 3, 4, 1, 2

303
11. Match list 1 and list 2
List 1( lines) List 2( location/countries)
1. Durand Line A. India-China
2. Radcliffe Line B. India- Tibet(China)
3. McMahon Line C. Pakistan- Afghanistan
4. Line of Actual Control D. India- Bangladesh

Options:
1 2 3 4
a) B C D A
b) A B D C
c) C D B A
d) D C A B

12. Match list 1 and list 2

List 1( Leader/thinker) List 2( Doctrine/Theory)
1. Stalin A. Permanent Revolution’
2. Brezhnev B. Pivot to Asia
3. Trotsky C. Limited Sovereignty
4. Obama D. Socialism in a single country
Options:
1 2 3 4
a) B C D A
b) A B D C
c) B D A C
d) D C A B

13. New name of BRICS Bank is?

A. New Development Bank (NDB)
B. Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB)
C. Asian Development Bank
D. RCEP Bank

304
14. Match list 1 and list 2
List 1( Terms coined/related) List 2( Leader)
1. Iron curtain A. Bernard Baruch
2. Cold War B. John Herz
3. Security Dilemma C. Winston Churchill
4. Genocide D. Raphael Lemki
Options:
1 2 3 4
a) A B C D
b) C A B D
c) B D C A
d) D C A B

15. Match list 1 and list 2

List 1( IR events) List 2( Year)
1. China (PRC) replaced Taiwan (ROC)
as permanent member A.1961
2. China became a communist Republic B. 1975
3. G-7 formed C. 1971
4. Bay of Pigs Invasion D.1949
Options:
1 2 3 4
a) C D A B
b) D A C B
c) C D B A
d) D C A B

305
16. Match list 1 and list 2
List 1( European Treaty) List 2( Importance)

Options:
1 2 3 4
a) D A B C
b) D A C B
c) C D B A
d) D C A B

17. Match list 1 and list 2

List 1( Terms) List 2( Meaning/importance)
1. Agenda 21 A. Report by UN commission (Brundtland
Commission) on Sustainable Development

2. ‘Our Common Future’ B. Framework to work together to

tackle the challenge of Climate Change
3. UNFCCC C. Annual conference under UNFCCC
to tackle challenge of Climate Change

4. Conference of parties (CoP) D. Action plan for sustainable

development adopted during Rio earth
Summit-1992
Options:
1 2 3 4
a) B C D A
b) D C A B
c) D A B C
d) D C A B

306
18. Match list 1 and list 2

List 1( Political Parties) List 2( Country)

Options:
1 2 3 4
a) D A B C
b) B A D C
c) C D B A
d) C A B D

19. Which one is the oldest international organization?

A. Universal Postal Union (UPU)
B. International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
C. International Labour Organization (ILO)
D. International Maritime Organization ( IMO)

20. Disintegration of Yugoslavia into multiple nation-states was termed as?

A. Fission
B. Avalanche
C. Serbianization
D. Balkanization

307
21. Match list 1 and list 2
List 1( Books) List 2( Authors)
1. After Victory (2001) and Liberal Leviathan (2011) A. Paul Kennedy
2. An American Social Science: International Relations B. John Lewis Gaddis
3. The Cold War: A New History(2005) C. John Ikenberry
4. The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers(1987) D. Stanley Hoffmann
Options:
1 2 3 4
a) B D A C
b) D C A B
c) D A B C
d) C D B A

22. Match list 1 and list 2

List 1( Disputed Territory) List 2( Countries involved)
1. Doklam A. India-Nepal
2. New Moore Islands B. India, China, Bhutan
3. Kalapani & Susta C. India- Pakistan
4. Sir Creek D. India- Bangladesh
Options:
1 2 3 4
a) B D A C
b) D C A B
c) B D A C
d) D C A B

23. Which of these organization is based on the principle of all for one, one for all ?
1. ASEAN
2. NATO
3. UN
4. MERCASUR
Options:
A. 1 and 2
B. 1, 2 and 3
C. 2,3
D. 1,2,3,4
308
24. Match list 1 and list 2

List 1( Arab Israel War) List 2( Year)

1. The Suez War A. 1973
2. The Six-Day War B. 1982
3. The Yom Kippur War C. 1956
4. Israel’s invasion of Lebanon D. 1967

Options:
1 2 3 4
a) B D A C
b) C D A B
c) B D A C
d) D C A B

25. Match list 1 and list 2

List 1 (INGO) List 2( Headquarters)

1. The Green Peace A. Amsterdam
2. Amnesty International B. London
3. Red Cross C. Geneva
4. Human Rights Watch D. New York

Options:
1 2 3 4
a) B D A C
b) C D A B
c) A B C D
d) D C A B

309
26. Match list 1 and list 2
List 1(Conventions/covenants) List 2( subject)
1. Basel convention-1989 A. humanitarian treatment in war
2. Vienna Convention- 1985 B. Hazardous waste
3. Geneva Conventions-1949 C. Terrorism, air transport
4. Tokyo Convention-1963 D. Ozone Hole

Options:
1 2 3 4
a) B D A C
b) C D A B
c) B D A C
d) D C A B

27. Headquarters of International Solar Alliance is at?

A. Port Louis, Mauritius
B. Accra, Ghana
C. Colombo, Sri-Lanka
D. Gurugram, India

28. Match list 1 and list 2

List 1( revolutionary group) List 2( country/nation)
1. Hamas A. Cambodia
2. Shining Path B. Palestine
3. Contras C. Nicaragua
4. Khmer Rouge D. Peru

Options:
1 2 3 4
a) B D A C
b) C D A B
c) B D C A
d) D C A B

310
29. Match list 1 and list 2
List 1( Free Trade Block) List 2( region/features)
1. NAFTA A. Headquarter at Singapore
2. MERCOSUR B. was replaced by USMCA in July 2020
3. RCEP C. official name Southern Common Market
4. APEC D. Largest Free Trade Area in the World

Options:
1 2 3 4
a) B C D A
b) A B C D
c) B D C B
d) D C A B

30. Match list 1 and list 2

List 1( Thinkers) List 2( Concepts)
1. William Cohen A. Revolution in Military Affairs
2. Martin Shaw B. Degenerate war
3. Raymond Aron C. Hyperbolic War
4. Mary Kaldor D. New wars D.

Options:
1 2 3 4
a) B D A C
b) B A D C
c) B C D A
d) A B C D

311
31. Match list 1 and list 2
List 1( Non English Terms) List 2( Meaning)
1. Raison d'état A. just cause of war
2. Jus ad bellum B. Earlier situation restored
3. Jus in bello C. just conduct of war
4. Status Quo Ante D. National Interest
Options:
1 2 3 4
a) D A C B
b) C D B A
c) A D C B
d) A B C D

32. Which among the following countries is not a common member of both SAARC and
BIMSTEC?
(A)Bhutan
(B)Sri Lanka
(C)Nepal
(D)Afghanistan

33. Which among the following is the autonomous regions in China?

1. Guangxi Zhuang
2. Tibet
3. Xinjiang Uygur
4. Inner Mongolia
Options:
A. 1,2,3,4
B. 1,2
C. 1,4
D. 3,4
34. What is the concept of ‘new Northern concert of Powers (NNCP)’?
(A) U.S. and the G-7 powers together are in a position to work in concert and manage the rest
of the world
(B)New concert of global power constituting of USA, China, and EU
(C)New uni-multipolar world order in which US power is balanced by rising power of China,
India, Brazil, Russia
(D)Hegemony of north America as new power centre in global politics

312
35. Match list 1 and list 2
List 1( UNSC Resolution) List 2( Subject)
1. Resolution 1269 A. Creation of Israel
2. resolution 1325 B. Suez Crisis
3. Resolution 181 C. Terrorism
4. Resolution 1001 D. Women in peace & conflict
Options:
1 2 3 4
a) C D A B
b) C D B A
c) A D C B
d) A B C D

36. Assertion (A) : On many issues neo-realism and neo-liberalism have come much
closer to each other
Reason( R) : Both agree on the condition of global politics as result of the structure of
state system which is anarchical with wide variations in capabilities and power of the
states.

Choose the correct option:

A - Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
B - Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A.
C - A is true but R is false.
D - A is false but R is true

37. Statement 1: Even if the state is secured, people living within the boundary of the
state may be unsecured
Statement 2: Concept of Human security appeared first time in the in the United
Nations Development Program (UNDP) Human Development Report 1994

Options:
A. Both Statement I and II are correct
B. Both Statement I and II are incorrect
C. Statement I is correct but Statement II is incorrect
D. Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is correct

313
38. Match list 1 and list 2
List 1Environmental treaties/conventions) List 2( Subject)
1. Antarctica treaty-1959 A. 1st UN Environmental convention
2. Stockholm Conference-1972 B. Protecting Global Commons.
3. Montreal Protocol- 1987 C. Agenda 21 and UNFCCC
4. Rio Earth Summit- 1992 D. Protecting the Ozone Hole
Options:
1 2 3 4
a) B A D C
b) C D B A
c) A D C B
d) A B C D

39. Which of the following is the executive-Bureaucratic arm of the EU?

(A) The Council
(B)The European Parliament
(C)The European Commission
(D) The European Council

40. What is the concept of Thucydides Trap in IR?

(A) When a weak neutral state cannot avoid war with one of the powerful state
(B) Inevitable (unavoidable) war when an emerging power threatens to displace an existing
great power as a regional or international hegemon.
(C)When a state cannot avoid war despite all its diplomatic efforts
(D) When maximising power by a state lead to war with neighbouring states

41. What is structural adjustment in IR?

A. Fine tuning of the structure of global state system

B. Adjustments of domestic economy under the guidance of IMF and World bank
C. Adjustment of the structure of domestic politics with Global Politics
D. Adjustments made by the nation-states to remain relevant in the globalized world

314
42. From which country the Arab Spring (anti-Government protest and movement in
Arabian region) started ?

A. Libya
B. Egypt
C. Yemen
D. Tunisia

43. Match list 1 and list 2

List 1( Approaches in IR) List 2( Thinker)
1. English School A. Barry Buzan
2. Copenhagen School B. Jürgen Habermas
3. Constructivism C. Nicholas Onuf
4. Frankfurt School D. Hedley Bull
Options:
1 2 3 4
a) B A D C
b) C D B A
c) A D C B
d) D A C B

44. Which of these are not related to Level of Analysis in IR?

A. Barry Buzan
B. J.David Singer
C. Morton A. Kaplan
D. Graham Allison

45. Which of these are not related to Democratic Peace theory in IR?
A. Immanuel Kant
B. Thomas Paine
C. Morton A. Kaplan
D. Michael W. Doyle

315
46. Match the items in two columns
Straits Joined water bodies by the Strait
1) Bosporus Strait A. Black Sea with Sea of Marmara
2) Strait of Gibraltar B. Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean
3) Strait of Hormuz C. Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean.
4) Strait of Malacca D. Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman

Options:
1 2 3 4
a) A C D B
b) B C A D
c) C D A B
d) A B C D

47. God is always on the side of the biggest battalions.” Whose observation is this?
A. Morgenthau
B. Napoleon
C. Perkins
D. Voltaire

48. Which among the following American Presidents had to resign over Watergate
scandal ?
A. Roosevelt
B. Kennedy
C. Nixon
D. Eisenhower

49. Who is the oldest person to become US president?

A. Donald Trump
B. Joe Biden
C. Ronald Reagen
D. Jimmy Carter

316
50. Who said, “Power in International Politics is like the weather. Everyone talks about
it, but few understand it”?
(A) Hans J. Morgenthau
(B) Henry Kissinger
(C) Joseph Nye
(D) Susan Strange

51. Which Article of Indian Constitution empowers the President to nominate members
to House of People?
A. Art. 325
B. Art. 321
C. Art. 335
D. Art. 331

52. The NOTA system in Indian Electoral System was introduced in

A. 2012
B. 2011
C. 2013
D. 2014

53. Which article of our Constitution is known as necessary evil?

A. Article 32
B. Article 14
C. Article 19
D. Article 22

54. Which among the following article authorizes the Parliament to reorganize the
states?
A. Article 12
B. Article 3
C. Article 5
D. Article 7

317
55. Right to Education is enshrined in which article of Constitution?
A. 19 A
B. 20 A
C. 21A
D. 22 A

56. there is a negative relationship between price of a commodity and quantity

demanded which is referred to as the
A. Law of elasticity of price
B. Law of Demand
C. Law of elasticity of demand
D. Inverse law of price and demand

57. If for a good/product the quantity that a consumer chooses, increases as the
consumer’s income increases and decreases as the consumer’s income decreases. Such
goods are called?
A. Normal goods
B. Inferior goods
C. Giffen good
D. Common good

58. Which is correct about the perfect competition?

1. Firms under perfect competition are price takers
2. Average Revenue, Marginal Revenue, and market price are equal
3. the demand curve facing a firm is horizontal straight line at the market price
4. profit maximizing output becomes the level of output at which market price is equal
to Marginal cost
Options:
A. 1,2,3,4
B. 1,2,3
C. 1,2,4
D. 1,2

318
59. Given below are two statements
Statement I: In the long run perfectly, competitive firms obtain zero profits
Statement II: The monopoly firm may earn super normal profit even in long run
A. Both Statement I and Statement II are true
B. Both Statement I and Statement II are false
C. Statement I is true but Statement II is false
D. Statement I is false but Statement II is true

60. Which is the Repo rate?

1. Rate at which RBI obtains loans from Banks
2. Rate at which RBI lends loans to Banks
3. Rate at which RBI lends money to central Govt
4. Rate below which commercial bank cannot lend money

61. Match the items in two columns

Classical Texts Authors
1) Kathasaritsagar A. Asvaghosa
2) Buddha charita B. Patanjli
3) Nitisara C. Somdeva
4) Mahabhasya D. Kamandaka
Options:
1 2 3 4
a) A D B C
b) C A D B
c) C D A B
d) A B C D

62. Which of these ruling tribes/dynasties did not come from outside India?
A. Shaka
B. Huns
C. Kushans
D. Shunga

319
63. Match the items in two columns
Sociologists Concepts
1) MN Srinivas A. Sanskritisation
2) Georg Simmel B. sociological anti-positivism
3) George Herbert Mead C. theory of the social self
4) Pierre Bourdieu D. Cultural Capital

Options:
1 2 3 4
a) A D B C
b) B C A D
c) C D A B
d) A B C D

64. Match the items in two columns

Sea Countries being separated by the Sea
1) Red Sea A. England and France
2) Persian Gulf B. Asia and Africa
3) Mediterranean Sea C. Arabian Peninsula from Iran
4) English Channel D. Africa and Europe

Options:
1 2 3 4
a) B C D A
b) B C A D
c) C D A B
d) A B C D

65. Which is not part of Rawls’ well-ordered society?

A. Just
B. Efficient
C. Stable
D. Equal

320
66. In which year, the Governor General of Bengal was made the Governor General of
India and the country was centralized?
A. 1813
B. 1885
C. l833
D. 1853

67. Who has described political system as the authoritative allocation of values for a
society?
A. S. M. Lipset
B. Talcott Parsons
C. David Apter
D. David Easton

68. Who among the following was the first Satyagrahi of the individual civil
Disobedience movements started by Gandhi in October 1940?
A. Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel
B. J. Kripalani
C. Acharya Vinoba Bhave
D. Dr. Rajendra Prasad

69. Match the items in two columns

Thinkers Related ideas

1. J.S.Mill A. Deliberative democracy
2. Schumpeter B. Proportional Representation
3. Robert Dahl C. Polyarchy
4. Joshua Cohen D. Democracy as political method

Options:
1 2 3 4
a) B C D A
b) B C A D
c) B D C A
d) A B C D

321
70. Which of these belong to post-modernism?
A. Post Structuralism
B. Deconstructivism
C. Critical theory under the Frankfurt school
D. Both A and B

322
 SAMPLE PAPER

SET 3

1. What is a “Quasi-State”?
(A) A State that possess juridical statehood but severely deficient in empirical statehood.
(B) A State that possesses empirical statehood.
(C) A State that possesses neither juridical statehood nor empirical statehood.
(D) A State that has divided loyalties.

2. Match list 1 and list 2

List 1( IR Concepts) List 2( Ideology/Doctrine)
1. Relative Gain A. Marxism
2. Absolute gain B. Constructivism
3. Unequal Exchange C. Neo-Realism
4. socially constructed Identity D. Neo-Liberalism
Options:
1 2 3 4
a) D C A B
b) D C A B
c) C D A B
d) D C A B

3. Match list 1 and list 2

List 1( IR Thinker) List 2( Contribution)
1. Jaap de Wild A. Defensive Neo-realism
2. Robert Jervis B. Constructivism
3. Alexander Wendt C. Copenhagen School
4. Martin Wight D. English School
Options:
1 2 3 4
a) C A B D
b) D C A B
c) A B C D
d) D C A B

323
4. Match:
Thinker IR Theory/Approaches
1. James Scott A. Defensive Neo-Realism
2. Stephen Walt B. Offensive Neo Realism
3. John Ikenberry C. Neo-liberalism
4. John Mearsheimer D. Neo-classical Realism
Options:

1 2 3 4
a) D C A B
b) D A C B
c) C D B A
d) B C D A

5. Which of these Thinkers had Not given Just War Theories?

A. Thomas Aquinas
B. Hugo Grotius
C. Samuel Pufendorf
D. David Held

6. Match list 1 and list 2

List 1( Leader) List 2( Country)
1. Che Guevara A. Vietnam
2. Ho Chi Minh B. Italy
3. Sun Yat-sen C. Argentina
4. Garibaldi D. Republic of China (RoC)
Options:
1 2 3 4
a) C A D B
b) D C A B
c) B A D C
d) D C A B

324
7. Match list 1 and list 2
List 1( IR Events) List 2( Year)
1. End of Apartheid in South Africa A. 1993
2. Berlin Wall broken B. 1941
3. Japan Attacked Pearl harbour C. 1990
4. European Union formed D. 1989

Options:
1 2 3 4
a) C A D B
b) D C A B
c) C D B A
d) D C A B

8. Match list 1 and list 2

List 1( IR Strategy/ideology) List 2( Country)
1. Songun ideology A. USA
2. Leaning to one side B. Ghana
3. Isolation C. China
4. Non-Alignment D. North Korea

Options:
1 2 3 4
a) C D A B
b) D C A B
c) C D B A
d) D C A B

325
9. Match list 1 and list 2
List 1(Conference/Agreement) List 2(Outcome)

Options:
1 2 3 4
a) D A B C
b) D A C B
c) C D B A
d) C A B D

10. Which of these are part of the World bank Group?

1. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)
2. International Development Agency (IDA)
3. International Finance Corporation (IFC)
4. Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA)
Options:
A. 1 and 2
B. 1, 2 and 3
C. 1,3, 4
D. 1,2,3,4

326
11.Which of these are associated ( propounded or given by) with Lenin?
A. Democratic Centralization;
B. Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism
C. Permanent Revolution
D. Leninism
Options:
A. 1 and 2
B. 1, 2 and 3
C. 1,3, 4
D. 1,2,4

12. Match list 1 and list 2

List 1( Books) List 2( Authors)
1. The Anarchical Society (1977) A. Alexander Wendt
2. Systems of states (1977) B. Hedley Bull
3. Social Theory of International Politics(1999) C. Barry Buzan
4. People, States and Fear (1983) D. Martin Wight

Options:
1 2 3 4
a) B D A C
b) D C A B
c) D A B C
d) D C A B

13. Which of these Empires dissolved after the 1st world war?
1. Tsar- Russian Empire
2. Ottoman Empire
3. Austro-Hungarian Empire
4. British Empire
Options:
A. 1 and 2
B. 1, 2 and 3
C. 1,3, 4
D. 1,2,3,4

327
14. Match list 1 and list 2
List 1( UN convention on Rights) List 2( year)
1. Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) A. 1966
2. International Covenant on Economic, Social and
Cultural Rights (ICESCR) B. 2006
3. Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) C. 1989
4. Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities D. 10 December, 1948
Options:
1 2 3 4
a) B D A C
b) D C A B
c) D A C B
d) D C A B

15. Match list 1 with list 2

Options:
1 2 3 4
a) B D A C
b) C D A B
c) B D A C
d) D C A B

328
16. Match list 1 and list 2
List 1( Minority people) List 2( Country)
1. Chakma people A. Sri-Lanka
2. Rohingya people B. Bangladesh
3. Kurdish people C. Myanmar
4. Tamils D. Iraq
Options:
1 2 3 4
a) B D A C
b) C D A B
c) B C D A
d) D C A B

17. Arrange these Ethnic groups of Afghanistan from largest (in numbers) to lowest?
1. Hazara
2. Pashtun
3. Tajik
4. Uzbek
Options:
A. 1,2,3,4
B. 2,1,4,3
C. 2,3,1,4
D. 4,2,3,1

18. Which UN intervention is called items in chapter six and half of the UN charter?
a. Peaceful settlement of disputes
b. Use of force to settle peace, if required
c. Human rights
d. Peace Keeping

329
19. Match list 1 and list 2
List 1(Strategic ports in Indian Ocean) List 2( Country)
1. Port of Hambantota A. Seychelles
2. Gwadar Port B. Iran
3. Chabahar Port C. Sri-Lanka
4. Port of Victoria D. Pakistan
Options:
1 2 3 4
a) B D A C
b) C D B A
c) B C D A
d) A B C D

20. Which among the following is the Special administrative regions of China?
1. Hong Kong
2. Macau
3. Ningxia
4. Tibet
Options:
A. 1,2,3,4
B. 1,2
C. 1,4
D. 3,4

330
21. Match list 1 and list 2
List 1( UNGA Resolution) List 2( Subject)
1. Resolution 217 A. Universal Declaration of Human Rights
2. Resolution 260 B. Convention on the Prevention and
Punishment of
the Crime of Genocide.
3. Resolution 377 A C. "Uniting for Peace" Resolution
4. Resolution 1991 D. increasing UNSC membership from 11 to15

Options:
1 2 3 4
a) A B C D
b) C D B A
c) A D C B
d) A B C D

22. Match list 1 and list 2

List 1(Books on Environment) List 2( Author)
1. Tragedy of Commons A. Club of Rome
2. Silent Spring B. Garrett Hardin
3. Limits to Growth C. Brundtland Commission
4. Our Common Future D. Rachel Carson

Options:
1 2 3 4
a) B A D C
b) B D A C
c) C D A B
d) A B C D

331
23. Which of this country abstained on UNSC resolution on Russian Attack on Ukraine
in Feb, 2022?
1. India
2. China
3. UAE
4. Brazil

Options:
A. 1,2
B. 1,4
C. 2,3,
D. 1,2,3

24. Match list 1 with list 2

Options:
i ii iii iv
a) B A D C
b) B D A C
c) C D A B
d) A B C D

25. Which is Not correct about UN Peacekeeping?

A. UN Peacekeepers are called ‘Blue Helmet’

B. UN Peacekeeping is called “Chapter Six and a Half” operations
C. It is in between the pacific settlement of disputes and the use of force in cases of
threats and breaches to peace
D. First UN Peacekeeping operation was in 1960 in Congo

332
26. Match
Plan/program Purpose
1. Marshal Plan A. ‘Food for Peace’ Program of USA
2. Point Four Program B. Rebuilding Economy of Western Europe by USA help

3. Colombo Plan C. Human Resource development of Asia-Pacific region

4. PL 480 D. Technical assistance by USA to "developing countries"
Options:
1 2 3 4
a) D A B C
b) C A D B
c) B D C A
d) C B A D

27. Which of these is Not a Non-State Actor?

A. MNCs
B. WSF
C. WTO
D. INGOs

28. Which of the following is Not related to Dependency Theory in IR ?

A. Raúl Prebisch
B. Andre Gunder Frank
C. Lucian Pye
D. Fernando Henrique Cardoso

29. Which is Not correct about Indus Water Treaty?

1. It was signed between India and Pakistan in 1960
2. World Bank played a key role in getting the agreement signed
3. Pakistan got exclusive rights to use waters of Jhelum, Chenab, Indus water
4. Under the treaty India got exclusive right to use waters of Ravi, Beas , and Sutlej
rivers
Options:
A. 1,2,3
B. 2,3,4
C. 1,3,4
D. 1,2,3,4

333
30. Who coined the term ‘Security Community’ as a group of states that enjoy relations
of dependable expectations of a peace?

A. Karl Deutsch
B. Immanuel Kant
C. David Mitrany
D. Joseph Nye

31. Match list 1 and list 2

List 1( Books in IR) List 2( Thinker)
1. After Hegemony A. Michael W. Doyle
2. Soft Power B. Robert Keohane
3. Power and Interdependence C. Joseph Nye
4. Liberalism and World Politics D. Keohane and Nye
Options:
1 2 3 4
a) D A B C
b) C A D B
c) B C D A
d) C B A D

32. Who is considered to have coined the term’ Globalisation’?

A. Theodore Levitt
B. Joseph Nye
C. Ferdinand von Richthofen
D. Destutt de Tracy

33. Who has said ‘ Power lurks in the background of all relations between Sovereign
states’ ?
A. P.H. Hartmann
B. Halford Mackinder
C. Rudolf Kjellén
D. John Mearsheimer

334
34. Match list 1 and list 2
List 1( Books in IR) List 2( Thinker)
1. Prison Notebooks A. Herbert Marcuse
2. The Development of Underdevelopment B. Antonio Gramsci
3. Production, power, and world order C. Andre Gunder Frank
4. One-Dimensional Man D. Robert W. Cox

Options:
1 2 3 4
a) B C D A
b) C A D B
c) B C D A
d) C B A D

35. Match list 1 and list 2

List 1( Concept in IR) List 2( Thinker)
1. Clash of Civilisation A. Huntington
2. End of History B. Francis Fukuyama
3. End of Ideology C. Daniel Bell
4. Retreat of state D. Susan Strange

Options:
1 2 3 4
a) B C D A
b) A B C D
c) B C D A
d) C B A D

335
36. Match list 1 and list 2
List 1( Regional Organization) List 2( Feature)
1. SEATO A. Supra-nationality
2. NATO B. Common market
3. MERCOSUR C. Common security
4. EU D. Now Dissolved
Options:
1 2 3 4
a) B C D A
b) D C B A
c) B C D A
d) C B A D

37. Assertion (A) : Structure of International state system is Anarchic

Reason( R) : There is no world Government to protect states in case of aggression
by other states

Choose the correct option:

A - Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
B - Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A.
C - A is true but R is false.
D - A is false but R is true

38. Assertion (A) : The South Asian Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA) has not been a
success
Reason( R) : Narrow export base of SAARC countries and political hurdles are the
main reason for limited success of the SAFTA

Choose the correct option:

A - Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
B - Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A.
C - A is true but R is false.
D - A is false but R is true

336
39. Statement 1: North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) now stands
dissolved
Statement 2: NAFTA is now replaced by United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement
(USMCA) which entered into force on July 1, 2020
Options:
A. Both Statement I and II are correct
B. Both Statement I and II are incorrect
C. Statement I is correct but Statement II is incorrect
D. Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is correct

40. Justice, law and society have no place or are circumscribed in International Politics’;
who said?
A. Hans Morgenthau
B. Hegel
C. Kenneth Waltz
D. Thucydides

41. Which is Not correct about International Monitory Fund (IMF)?

A. It was created by the Bretton Woods Conference
B. Its headquarters is in Washington DC
C. It does project financing to both Gove and Non-Government agencies in developing
world in the energy, food, healthcare sectors
D. It was essentially created to monitor and regulate the exchange rate for global trade

42. Match list 1 and list 2

List 1(Regional Organizations) List 2( Headquarter)
1. Organization of the Islamic Cooperation. A. Hanoi, Vietnam
2. Organization of American States B. Jeddah, Saudi Arab
3. OPEC C. Washington, D.C.
4. RCEP D. Vienna, Austria
Options:
1 2 3 4
a) B C D A
b) D C A B
c) C D A B
d) A B C D

337
43. Match list 1 and list 2
List 1(Indian foreign policy doctrines) List 2( PM/Leader)
1. Act East Policy A. Narendra Modi
2. Indo-Us Nuclear deal B. Manmohan Singh
3. Panchsheel C. Jawaharlal Nehru
4. Shimla Agreement D. Indira Gandhi
Options:
1 2 3 4
a) C A B D
b) D C A B
c) C D A B
d) A B C D

44. Match list 1 and list 2

List 1(Specialized Agencies of UN) List 2( Year Of Their Formation)
1. ILO A. 1945
2. WHO B. 1865
3. ITU C. 1948
4. UNESCO D. 1919
Options:
1 2 3 4
a) C A B D
b) D C B A
c) C C A B
d) A B C D

45. Which of the following European country is not a member European Union?
A. Slovakia
B. Bulgaria
C. Switzerland
D. Sweden

338
46. Which of the following theory holds the concept that 'democratic countries are more
peaceful and law binding'?
A. Feminist theory
B. Realist theory
C. Liberal theory
D. Marxist theory

47. Which President of the United States of America made human rights the focus of
his foreign policy agenda?
A. Franklin D. Roosevelt
B. John F. Kennedy
C. Lyndon B. Johnson
D. Jimmy Carter

48. In 2014, Russia Annexed Crimea. Crimea was part of which Country?
A. Ukraine
B. Moldova
C. Romania
D. Belarus

49. What is the name of Operation/project to evacuate Indians from Ukraine after
Russian attack on Ukraine in February, 2022?
A. Operation Homecoming
B. Operation Raahat
C. Operation Yamuna
D. Operation Ganga

50. Who first floated the idea of a regional organisation in South Asia?
A. Indira Gandhi
B. Rajeev Gandhi
C. Julfikar Ali Bhutto
D. Zia-Ur-Rehman
51. Apart from India, China signed ‘Panchsheel’ with which country?
A. Malaysia
B. Russia
C. Indonesia
D. Myanmar (Burma)

339
52. Right to Property is
A. Legal Right
B. Constitutional Right
C. Fundamental Right
D. Statutory Right

53. Who provides staff to the State Election Commission for the discharge of the
functions, when requested?
A. President
B. Chief Secretary
C. Governor
D. Chief Election Commissioner

54. Identify the Prime Minister of India who did not head a minority government
A. Charan Singh
B. Morarji Desai
C. I.K Gujaral
D. Chandrashekhar

55. Rohini Commission was constituted in 2017 for??

a) Identify OBCs who were left out from the benefit of reservation
b) To recommend reforms in the administration of Scheduled areas listed under schedule
5 and 6
c) Sub categorization of the Other Backward Classes (OBCs) for equitable reservation
d) Bifurcate centre and state list of OBCs

340
56. Match the items in two columns
Article Subject/Issue
1) 31 C A. Living wage, etc., for workers
2) 39 A B. Participation of workers in management of
Industries.
3) 43 C. Saving of laws giving effect to certain directive
principles.
4) 43A D. Equal justice and free legal aid
Options:
1 2 3 4
a) A D B C
b) D C A B
c) B A D C
d) D C A B

57. Match the items in two columns

Parts of Constitution Subject/Issue
1) II A. State Government
2) IV A B. The Union Territories
3) VI C. Citizenship
4) VIII D. Fundamental duties
Options:
1 2 3 4
a) A D B C
b) D C A B
c) C D A B
d) A B C D

58. If for a good/product the quantity that a consumer chooses, decreases as the
consumer’s income increases and increases as the consumer’s income decreases. Such
goods are called?
A. Normal goods
B. Inferior goods
C. Giffen good
D. Common good

341
59. Which is correct about the demand curve?
1. The demand curve is a graphical representation of the quantity demanded at different
price points
2. Demand curve slope downward
3. Any change in the price leads to movements along the slope of the demand curve
4. Changes in income of the consumer and changes in her tastes and preferences lead to
a rightward or leftward shift in the demand curve.
Options:
A. 1,2,3,4
B. 1,2,3
C. 1,2,4
D. 1,2

60. Which is correct about the monopoly?

1. market has a monopoly structure, if there is one seller of the commodity, the
commodity has no substitute, and entry into the market of another firm is prevented.
2. In the long run the monopoly firm earns zero profit
3. The demand curve facing the monopoly firm is horizontal straight line
4. In comparison to perfect competition, price is higher and output is lower in monopoly
Options:
A. 1,2,3,4
B. 1,2,3
C. 1,2,4
D. 1,4

61. Given below are two statements

Statement I: Firms, under any type of market structure, attain their equilibrium when
Marginal revenue equals marginal cost
Statement II: monopolistically competitive firms attain their equilibrium where price equals
marginal cost, as for them price is same as marginal revenue
a. Both Statement I and Statement II are
b. Both Statement I and Statement II are false
c. Statement I is true but Statement II is false
d. Statement I is false but Statement II is true

342
62. Which is the Reverse Repo rate?
1. Rate at which RBI obtains loans from Banks
2. Rate at which RBI lends loans to Banks
3. Rate at which RBI lends money to central Govt
4. Rate below which commercial bank cannot lend money

63. Arrange the following great creations in chronological order?

1. Ajanta Caves
2. Ellora Caves
3. Mahabalipuram City
4. Gaṅgaikoṇḍa Chōḻapuram
Options:
A. 1,2,3,4
B. 2,1,4,3
C. 3,1,2,4
D. 4,2,1,3

64. Match the items in two columns

Famous Battles Fought between
1) 3rd battle of Panipat A. British East India Company(Lord Cornwallis) and
Tipu Sultan
2) Battle of Talikota B. British East India Company(Robert Clive) and
Bengal Nawab Siraj-ud-Daulah
3) Battle of Seringapatam C. Vijayanagara king Aliya Rama Raya and an
alliance of the Deccan sultanates
4) Battle of Plassey D. Maratha and Ahmad Shah Durrani( Abdali)
Options:
1 2 3 4
a) A D B C
b) D C A B
c) C D A B
d) A B C D

343
65. In Kautilya’s Raja Mandla theory which of these seemed to be the most powerful
state?
A. The State of Vijigishu
B. The Madhyma State
C. The Udasin State
D. The Akranda

66. Which thinker is odd one out?

A. J.S. Mill
B. John Rawl
C. Immanuel Kant
D. Rousseau

67. Which is Not correct about thoughts of Marx?

A. He turned upside down the dialectical idealism of Hegel
B. To him, superstructure had only limited autonomy; it was largely determined by the
base or structure
C. He gave instrumentalist view of the state
D. He gave structuralist view of the state

68. Match:
Political Thinker Concept
1. Dworkin A. Categorical Imperative
2. Michael Walzer B. Equality of resources

3. Hegel C. Dialectical Idealism

4. Immanuel Kant D. Complex Equality
Options:
1 2 3 4
a) C B A D
b) D C A B
c) B D C A
d) C B A D

344
69. Which of these is correct about Gandhiji?
1. He mixed religion in politics
2. He was influenced by great Italian revolutionary leader Giuseppe Mazzini
3. He is considered as Philosophical Anarchist
4. He supported modern western Education System
Options:
A. 1,2,3
B. 1,2,3,4
C. 1,3
D. 1,4

70. Which country has best HDI among SAARC members?

A. India
B. Maldives
C. Sri Lanka
D. Pakistan

345
 SAMPLE PAPER

SET 4

1. Match list 1 and list 2

List 1( IR Concepts) List 2( Ideology/Doctrine)
1. Balance of Power A. Liberalism
2. Core & Periphery B. Realism
3. Capitalism as Imperialism C. Dependency Theory- Neo-Marxism
4. Democratic Peace D. Marxism
Options:
1 2 3 4
a) B C D A
b) D C A B
c) C D B A
d) D C A B

2. What is the correct sequence of Morton Kaplan’s models of systems analysis?

(i) Balance of Power
(ii) Loose Bipolarity
(iii) Tight Bipolarity
(iv) Universal International System
Codes :
(A) (iv) (iii) (ii) (i)
(B) (iii) (iv) (ii) (i)
(C) (iv) (ii) (iii) (i)
(D) (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)

3. Non-alignment as India’s foreign policy meant

(A) neutrality
(B) equidistance between the three blocs during the cold war
(C) independence and judging each issue on its relevance to our national interest.
(D) interference into the internal affairs of other States.

346
4. According to many realists, chief means to achieve international peace is?
(A) Setting up robust institutional regimes
(B) A balance of power between States.
(C) Trying to spread democratic values throughout the world.
(D) Spillover effect by trade and economic relations

5. Neo-realism is basically divided into two sub-ideologies; they are?

A. Backward and advanced
B. Power cantered and security cantered
C. Structuralist and anarchist
D. Offensive and Defensive

6. Which one of the following is not a theorist of Liberalism in IR?

(A) John Ikenberry
(B) Stanley Hoffmann
(C) Reinhold Niebuhr
(D) Charles Beitz

7. Match list 1 and list 2

List 1( Books in IR) List 2( Thinker)
1. Social Theory of International Politics A. Alexander Wendt
2. World of our making B. Nicholas Onuf
3. National Interests in International Society C. Martha Finnemore
4. World Ordering D. Emanuel Adler
Options:
1 2 3 4
a) B C D A
b) D C A B
c) A B C D
d) D C A B

347
8.Match list 1 and list 2
List 1( Books in IR) List 2( Thinker)
1. Gendering world politics A. Laura Sjoberg
2. Bananas, Beaches and Bases B. Carol Cohn
3. Women and Wars C. J. Ann Tickner
4. Gendering Global Conflict D. Cynthia Enloe
Options:
1 2 3 4
a) B C D A
b) D C A B
c) A B C D
d) C D B A

9. Khilafat Movement in India was started to show solidarity with the Sultan of
(a) Saudi Arabia
(b) Turkey
(c) Iran
(d) Iraq

10. Who wrote the seminal book on Game Theory “The Theory of Games and Economic
Behaviour”.
(a) Mortan Kaplan
(b) John von Neumann and Oskar Morgenstern
(c) Karl Deutsch
(d) Michael Hass

11. Who among the following used the phrase – The United Nations is ‘sharing in the
name of solidarity’
(a) Winston Churchill
(b) Dag Hammarskjold
(c) Trygve Lie
(d) Woodrow Wilson

348
12. Match list 1 and list 2
List 1( IR terms) List 2( Who Coined or related with)
1. Track Two diplomacy A. John Agnew
2. imperial overstretch B. Henry Kissinger
3. Shuttle Diplomacy C. Joseph V. Montville
4. Territorial Trap D. Paul Kennedy
Options:
1 2 3 4
a) C D B A
b) D C A B
c) D A B C
d) D C A B

13.Which of these is/are true of Détente?

1. It was a brief phase in cold war when tensions between the two superpowers were
least
2. The period was 1967- 1979
3. At that time USA president was Richard M. Nixon
4. Détente ended with Soviet invasion of Afghanistan which started new cold war
Options:
A. 1 and 2
B. 1, 2 and 3
C. 1,3, 4
D. 1,2,3,4

14. Match list 1 and list 2

List 1( Arab Israel Peace treaties) List 2( Year)
1. 1949 Armistice Agreements A. 1949
2. Camp David Accords B. 1978
3. Oslo Accords C. 1993
4. Abraham Accords D. 2020
Options:
1 2 3 4
a) B D A C
b) C D A B
c) B D A C
d) D C A B
349
15. Match list 1 and list 2
List 1( Economic Corridor) List 2( between countries)
1. BCIM A. China- Pakistan
2. CPEC B. India- Bhutan
3. BBIN C. India- Myanmar
4. CMEC D. China- Myanmar
Options:
1 2 3 4
a) B C A D
b) C D A B
c) B D A C
d) D C A B

16. Match list 1 and list 2

List 1( Revolution) List 2( Country/nation)
1. Blue Revolution A. Kuwait (2005)
2. Purple Revolution B. Iraq (2005)
3. Yellow Revolution C. Philippines (1986)
4. Cedar Revolution D. Lebanon (2005)
Options:
1 2 3 4
a) B D A C
b) A B C D
c) A B C D
d) D C A B

350
 17. Match list 1 and list 2
List 1(BRICS Summits) List 2( held at)
1. 10th BRICS Summit-2018 A. Brasília, Brazil
2. 11th Summit: 2019 B. Johannesburg
3. 12 BRICS Summit-2020 C. New Delhi
th
4. 13 BRICS Summit-2021 D. hosted by Russia- virtual meeting

Options:
1 2 3 4
a) B D A C
b) B A D C
c) B C D A
d) D C A B

18. 'Which among the following is the 'odd' organization?

a. Universal Postal Union
b. International Labour Organization
c. International Telecommunication Union
d. International Committee of the Red Cross

351
19. Match list 1 and list 2
List 1(Famous Quotes) List 2( Attributed to/who said?)

Options:
1 2 3 4
a) D A B C
b) D B A C
c) D C B A
d) C A B D

20. Match list 1 and list 2

List 1(Famous Quotes) List 2( Attributed to/who said?)

Options:
1 2 3 4
a) C A D B
b) D B A C
c) D C B A
d) C A B D

352
21. Match list 1 and list 2
List 1( Failed States) List 2( main reason)
1. Congo A. civil war
2. Somalia B. Terrorism
3. Rwanda C. Ethnic clashes
4. Syria D. Tribal Conflict
Options:
1 2 3 4
a) B D A C
b) C D B A
c) A D C B
d) A B C D

22. Match list 1 and list 2

List 1(UNSC Resolution) List 2(Subject)
1. Resolution 1269 A. Creation of Israel
2. resolution 1325 B. Suez Crisis
3. Resolution 181 C. Terrorism
4. Resolution 1001 D. Women in peace & conflict
Options:
1 2 3 4
a) C D A B
b) C D B A
c) A D C B
d) A B C D
23. Which is true about International Criminal Court (ICC)?
1. Set up in 1998 under Rome Statute
2. It can prosecute and adjudicate individuals accused of genocide, war crimes, and crimes
against humanity
3. Located in the Hague Peace palace in Netherland
4. ICC can take up cases only if national courts are unwilling or unable to take up that case
Options:
A. 1,2
B. 1,2,3
C. 1,2,3,4
D. 1,4

353
24. Match list 1 and list 2
List 1(Indian foreign policy doctrines) List 2( PM/Leader)
1. Look East Policy A. Narendra Modi
2. Look West Policy B. I.K.Gujral
3. Non-reciprocal concessions to neighbours C. P V Narasimha Rao
4. Indian Peace keeping force in Sri-Lanka D. Rajeev Gandhi
Options:
1 2 3 4
a) C A B D
b) D C A B
c) C C A B
d) A B C D

25. Match list 1 and list 2

List 1(Specialized Agencies of UN) List 2( Year Of Their Formation)
1. ILO A. 1945
2. WHO B. 1865
3. ITU C. 1948
4. UNESCO D. 1919
Options:
1 2 3 4
a) C A B D
b) D C B A
c) C C A B
d) A B C D

26. International Women’s Day is celebrated on?

A. March 8
B. April 9
C. June 15
D. March 15

354
27. Match list 1 and list 2
List 1(Specialized Agencies of UN) List 2( Headquarters)
1. WHO A. Geneva, Switzerland
2. UNESCO B. Paris France
3. UPU C. Bern, Switzerland
4. ILO D. Vienna, Austria
Options:
1 2 3 4
a) C A B D
b) A B C A
c) C D A B
d) A B C D

28. Which of these specialized UN agency has its Headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland?
1. WHO
2. UNESCO
3. ILO
4. ITU
Options:
A. 1,2,3,4
B. 1,3,4
C. 1,4
D. 3,4

29. What is the name of the theory of Chinese foreign policy attributed to Mao Zedong
that considers Tibet to be China's right hand palm, with five fingers on its periphery:
Ladakh, Nepal, Sikkim, Bhutan, and Arunachal Pradesh
A. Theory of Core & Periphery
B. Theory of Right Palm
C. Theory of Zone of Influence
D. Theory of Palm and five Fingers

355
30. Arrange the following IGOs in chronological order
1. EU
2. ASEAN
3. SCO (Shanghai Cooperation Organisation)
4. RCEP
Options:
A. 1,2,3,4
B. 2, 1, 3,4
C. 1,4,3,2
D. 3,4,1,2

31. Match list 1 and list 2

List 1( non-state actors in IR) List 2( Country/Region)
1. ISIS A. Lebanon
2. Boko Haram B. Palestine (Gaza Strip)
3. Hamas C. Syria
4. Hezbollah D. Nigeria
Options:
1 2 3 4
a) C A B D
b) C D B A
c) C D A B
d) A B C D

356
32. Match list 1 and list 2
List 1( Free Trade Agreement India signed) List 2( With which Country)
1. Comprehensive Economic Cooperation And Partnership
Agreement (CECPA) A.Singapore and
Malaysia
2. Basic Exchange and Cooperation Agreement (BECA) B. USA
3. Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) C. Japan and South Korea
4. Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement (CECA)D. Mauritius
Options:
1 2 3 4
a) C A B D
b) D B C A
c) C D A B
d) A B C D

33. Arrange the following Events in chronological order

1. Yalta conference
2. US invasion of Iraq
3. USSR invasion of Afghanistan
4. US invasion of Vietnam
Options:
A. 1,4,3,2
B. 2, 1, 3,4
C. 1,4,3,2
D. 3,4,1,2

34. Who among the following Prime Ministers propounded the notion of genuine non-
alignment?
A. Morarji Desai
B. Lal Bahadur Shastri
C. Indira Gandhi
D. Rajeev Gandhi

357
35. Match list 1 and list 2
List 1( Books) List 2( Author)
1. Neo-colonialism: The Last Stage of Imperialism A. Kwame Nkrumah
2. The nerves of government B. Karl Deutsch
3. The Wretched of the Earth C. Frantz Fanon
4. The Implosion of Contemporary Capitalism D. Samir Amin
Options:
1 2 3 4
a) C A B D
b) C D B A
c) C D A B
d) A B C D

36. Match list 1 and list 2

List 1(Arms reduction treaties) List 2( Year)
1. INF Treaty A. 1967
2. SALT 1 B. 1987
3. START 1 C. 1991
4. Outer Space Treaty D. 1972
Options:
1 2 3 4
a) C A B D
b) B D C A
c) C D A B
d) A B C D

358
37. Match list 1 and list 2
List 1( Famous US secretary of State) List 2( Year)
1. Colin Powell A. 1973-77
2. Henry Kissinger B. 1825-29
3. John Quincy Adams C. 2005-09
4. Condoleezza Rice D. 2001-05
Options:
1 2 3 4
a) C A B D
b) B D C A
c) D A B C
d) A B C D

38. Which of the following countries was Not affected by ‘Arab spring’ movements?
A. Libya
B. Saudi Arabia
C. Bahrain
D. Egypt

39. Match list 1 and list 2

List 1( Chapters of UN charter) List 2( Content/deals with)
1. Chapter 5 A. Peaceful Settlement of Disputes
2. Chapter 6 B. Use of force to bring peace
3. Chapter 7 C. Regional Arrangements
4. Chapter 8 D. Security Council
Options:
1 2 3 4
a) C A B D
b) B D C A
c) D A B C
d) A B C D

359
40. Which of the following is correct about India- ASEAN relations?
A. India became a Sectoral Partner of the ASEAN in 1992
B. India became a Dialogue Partner of the ASEAN in 1996
C. India became Summit Level Partner in 2002
D. 2022 would be celebrated as the 'ASEAN-India Friendship Year' to mark 30 years of
their partnership
Options:
A. 1,3,4
B. 2,3,4
C. 1,2,3
D. 1,2,3,4

41. Match list 1 and list 2

List 1( Chapters of UN charter) List 2( Content/deals with)
1. Operation Raahat A. to evacuate Indian citizens and foreign
nationals from Yemen (2015)

2. Operation Shakoon B. to evacuate Indian, Sri Lankan and Nepalese

nationals from Lebanon(2006)
3. Vande Bharat Mission C. Bring back Indian nationals stranded in
different countries due to Covid-19
lockdowns( 2020)
4. Operation Safe Homecoming D. rescue Indian national stranded in
Libya(2011)
Options:
1 2 3 4
a) C A B D
b) B D C A
c) D A B C
d) A B C D

360
42. Arrange the following Earth Summits held so far in chronological order
(i) Stockholm Summit
(ii) Rio Earth Summit
(iii) Kyoto Summit
(iv) Paris Summit
Options :
(A) (ii), (iii), (i), (iv)
(B) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
(C) (iii), (ii), (i), (iv)
(D) (iii), (iv), (i), (ii)

43. Non-reciprocity principle of India’s policy towards neighbouring countries

envisages
(A) hegemonic designs towards neighbouring countries.
(B) efforts for improving ties with the neighbouring countries by one sided concession.
(C) non-aligned policy posture in the South Asian context.
(D) the disciplining of the neighbouring countries.

44. Match list 1 and list 2

List 1( Books/initiatives) List 2( UN Secretary Generals)
1. An Agenda for Peace A. Javier Pérez de Cuéllar
2. View from the UN B. Boutros Boutros-Ghali
3. In the Eye of the Storm C. Kurt Waldheim
4. Pilgrimage for Peace D. U Thant
Options:
1 2 3 4
a) C A B D
b) B D C A
c) B D C A
d) A B C D

45. Collective Security System of the UN is based on the principle of

(A) All for one, one for all
(B) Imposing sanctions against the belligerent state unilaterally
(C) Maintenance of security by the major powers
(D) Balance of power to be maintained by state of equilibrium.

361
46. Which of these is Not mentioned in any chapter of UN Charter?
(A) Regional Arrangements
(B) Peace Keeping Forces
(C) Economic and Social Cooperation
(D) Peaceful Settlement of Disputes

47. The main purpose of the Indo-Sri Lanka Accord- 1987 was?
(A) India’s war against Tamils.
(B) India’s intention to partition Sri Lanka.
(C) To end the ethnic strife between the Sinhalese and Tamils.
(D) To legalize Tamil Militant groups.

48. Match list 1 and list 2

List 1( Tinker) List 2( Books)
1. Susan Strange A. Soft Power
2. Samuel Huntington B. Retreat of the state
3. Robert Keohane C. After Hegemony
4. Joseph Nye D. The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late
Twentieth Century
Options:
1 2 3 4
a) C A B D
b) B D C A
c) B D C A
d) A B C D

49. The demand for New International Economic Order( NIEO) was first made at
(a) Tehran Summit
(b) Durban Summit
(c) Kuala Lumpur Summit
(d) Algiers Summit

362
50. Who among the following realist thinkers identifies ‘three images of politics’?
(a) Hans Morgenthau
(b) Kenneth Waltz
(c) Thucydides
(d) E.H. Carr

51. Match the items in two columns

Article Subject/Issue
1) 141 A. Power of the President to consult and take advise
from the Supreme Court
2) 143 B. Comptroller and Auditor-General of India
3) 144 C. Law declared by Supreme Court to be binding on all
courts.
4) 148 D. Civil and judicial authorities to act in aid of the
Supreme Court

Option :
1 2 3 4
a) A D B C
b) C A D B
c) B A D C
d) D C A B

52. Match the items in two columns

Parts of Constitution Subject/Issue
1) IX A. Election- Election Commission
2) X B. Amendment of the Constitution
3) XV C. The Scheduled and Tribal Areas
4) XX D. Panchayati Raj System(PRI)

Options:
1 2 3 4
a) A D B C
b) C D B A
c) D C A B
d) A B C D

363
53. Match the items in two columns

Options:
1 2 3 4
a) A D B C
b) D C A B
c) B A D C
d) A B C D

54. Match the items in two columns

Landmark cases Effect/order
1) Shankari Prasad case-1951 A. Parliament cannot amend FR
2) Sajjan Singh Case-1964 B. Supreme Court provided key clarifications
on the basic structure doctrine
3) Golaknath case-1967 C. Parliament's power under article 368 is unlimited
and without any exception
4) Minerva Mills Case-1980 D. First time, in 1964 ‘basic features’ was
mentioned in dissent note of one judge
Options:
1 2 3 4
a) A D B C
b) D C A B
c) C D A B
d) A B C D

364
55. Arrange following events of Indian National Movements chronologically
1. Khilafat Movement
2. Dandi March
3. Gandhi-Irwin Pact
4. Poona Pact
Options:
A. 1,2,3,4
B. 1,3,2,4
C. 1,4,3,2
D. 2,3,1,4

56. Suppose tea is the substitute good for coffee. If the price of coffee increases, demand
curve of tea will shift
A. Leftward
B. Rightward
C. Downward along the slope of the demand curve
D. Upward along the slope of the demand curve

57. Which is correct about the monopolistic competition?

1. The market consists of a large number firm
2. goods produced by them are not homogeneous
3. there is free entry and exit of firms
4. In the long run firms earn zero profit
Options:
A. 1,2,3,4
B. 1,2,3
C. 1,2,4
D. 1,2
58. Given below are two statements
Assertion(A): Increasing reverse repo rate has the effect of controlling the inflation
Reason (R): When reverse repo rate is increased money supply decreases
A. Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A
B. Both A and R are correct but R is NOT the correct explanation of A
C. A is correct but R is not correct
D. A is not correct but R is correct

365
 59. Given below are two statements
Statement I fiscal policy, which is related to taxation, is in the domain of Budget by
Government
Statement II: Monetary policy, related to supply of money in economy, is in the domain
of RBI
a. Both Statement I and Statement II are true
b. Both Statement I and Statement II are false
c. Statement I is true but Statement II is false
d. Statement I is false but Statement II is true

60. Match the items in two columns

Economic Sector Main activities
1) Primary A. Services, retailing
2) Secondary B. agriculture, mining
3) Tertiary C. manufacturing
4) quaternary D. Knowledge and information

Options:
1 2 3 4
a) A C B D
b) C A D B
c) C D A B
d) A B C D

61. When East India Company got the Diwani of Bengal?

A. 1765
B. 1757
C. 1764
D. 1775

366
62. Arrange the following events in chronological order?
1. Mahmud Of Ghazni’s attack on Somnath Temple
2. 1st battle of Panipat
3. Muhamad Ghuri defeating Prithviraj Chauhan
4. Battle of Talikota
Options:
A. 1,2,3,4
B. 1,3,4,2
C. 1,4,3,2
D. 4,2,1,3

63. Match the items in two columns

Sociologists Concepts
1) Auguste Comte A. Democracy
2) Jürgen Habermas B. Positivism
3) Max Weber C. Theory of Communicative Action
4) Alexis de Tocqueville D. Modern Social Organization
Options:
1 2 3 4
a) A D B C
b) B C A D
c) C D A B
d) A B C D
64. Match the items in two columns
Sociologists Concepts
1) Robert K. Merton A. theory of structuration
2) Herbert Spencer B. self-fulfilling prophecy
3) Charles Horton Cooley C. Social Darwinism
4) Anthony Giddens D. The Looking Glass Self
Options:
1 2 3 4
a) A D B C
b) B C D A
c) C D A B
d) A B C D
367
65. Match the items in two columns
Straits/Canal Joined water bodies by the Strait
1) Pak Strait A. Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea
2) Strait of Magellan B. Gulf of Mannar and Bay of Bengal
3) Bab-el Mendeb Strait C. Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.
4) Suez Canal D. Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden
Options:
1 2 3 4
a) A C D B
b) B C A D
c) B C D A
d) A B C D

66. Match the items in two columns

Sea Countries being separated by the Sea
1) Red Sea A. England and France
2) Persian Gulf B. Asia and Africa
3) Mediterranean Sea C. Arabian Peninsula from Iran
4) English Channel D. Africa and Europe

Options:
1 2 3 4
a) B C D A
b) B C A D
c) C D A B
d) A B C D

67. As stated in the Oath of Office, who is to defend the Constitution of India?
A. The President of India
B. The Chief Justice and Judges of the Supreme Court
C. The Prime Minister
D. The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court

368
68. 4. Rawl gave 3 principles - Principle of Equal Liberty, Principle of Fair Equality of
Opportunity, and Difference Principle- as part of his theory of Justice; which of these got
the last priority?
A. Liberty Principle
B. Fair Equality of Opportunity principle
C. All got equal priority
D. Difference principle

69. Match
Political Thinker Concept
1. Rousseau A. Overlapping Consensus
2. Hegel B. Property as theft
3. John Rawl C. Corporations as ethical roots of state
4. Proudhon D. Noble Savage

Options:
1 2 3 4
a) B C D A
b) D C A B
c) C D B A
d) D C B A

70. Match:
Political Thinker Was called
1. Dadabhai Naoroji A. The father of the Indian unrest
2. Ambedkar B. British described him as most 'dangerous man'
3. B.G.Tilak C. Modern Manu
4. Aurobindo D. Grand old man of Indian freedom movement
Options:

1 2 3 4
a) B C D A
b) D C A B
c) C D B A
d) D C B A

369
 SAMPLE PAPER

SET 5

1. With which country India signed Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement

(CEPA) in January 2022?
A. Canada
B. Australia
C. Brazil
D. UAE

2. Match:
IGOs latest meeting held at
1. G-7 A. Dushanbe, Tajikistan
2. G-20 B. Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei
3. SCO C. Cornwall, England
4. ASEAN D. Rome, Italy
Options:

1 2 3 4
a) B C D A
b) C D A B
c) C D B A
d) D C B A

3. Who is the 16 years old Indian Chess Grandmaster who defeated reigning world
champion Magnus Carlson in match in January 2022?

A. Rameshbabu Praggnanandhaa
B. Aravindh Chitambaram
C. Karthikeyan Murali
D. Pentala Harikrishna

370
4. Match:
Leader Country
1. Olaf Scholz A. Italy
2. Emmanuel Macron B. Canada
3. Justin Trudeau C. France
4. Mario Draghi D. Germany
Options:

1 2 3 4
a) B C D A
b) C D A B
c) C D B A
d) D C B A

5. What is the name of Corona Vaccine for children which is approved in India?
A. Corbevax
B. Covax
C. Novavax
D. Zydus Cadila vaccine

6. Which of the following is part of the basic principle of Hans J. Morgenthau’srealism?

1. Politics is rooted in the human nature
2. Politics is autonomous
3. National interest is defined in terms of power
4. Politics is governed by Universal moral values.
Options:
A. 1,2,3
B. 2,3
C. 1,2,3,4
D. 1,3

7. The major argument of Neo-realism of Kenneth Waltz is that

(A) Structures are more important than actors.
(B) Actors play more crucial role than structures.
(C) Human nature is crucial element in politics.
(D) The states override the constraints imposed by international structures.

371
8. Match list 1 and list 2
List 1(IR Thinker of Security) List 2( Contribution)
1. Barry Buzan A. Security Maximization
2. Robert Jervis B. Non-military aspects of Security
3. Karl Deutsch C. Security Dilemma
4. John Hertz D. Security Community
Options:
1 2 3 4
a) B C D A
b) D C A B
c) B A D C
d) D C A B

9. Match list 1 and list 2

List 1(IR Thinker of Security) List 2( Contribution)
1. Morton Kaplan A. Stability brought by Bipolarity
2. Kenneth waltz B. 14-point principle
3. John Mearsheimer C. System approach in IR
4. Woodrow Wilson D. States are power maximiser
Options:
1 2 3 4
a) B C D A
b) D C A B
c) B A D C
d) D C A B

10. Which is Not a difference between Neo-realism and Neo-liberalism

A. Neo realists believes in relative gains whereas neo-liberals believes in Absolute gain
B. Neo realists consider global state system anarchic; neo-liberals do not share this view
C. neorealists focus on security issues whereas neo-liberals focus more on economic
issues
D. In comparison to neo-realists, neo-liberal much more optimistic view on cooperation

372
11. Who is the famous sociologist who did extensive research on the issue of Suicide?

A. Emile Durkheim
B. Talcott Parson
C. Robert K. Merton
D. Pierre Bourdieu

12. Match list 1 and list 2

List 1(Famous Quotes) List 2( Attributed to/who said?)

Options:
1 2 3 4
a) C A D B
b) D B A C
c) D C A B
d) C A B D

13. Match list 1 and list 2

List 1(Specialised Agencies of UN) List 2( Year Of Their Formation)
1. FAO A. 1945
2. IMF B. 1966
3. UPU C. 1944
4. UNIDO D. 1874
Options:
1 2 3 4
a) C A B D
b) A C D B
c) C C A B
d) A B C D

373
14. Which of these UN Funds/Programs has its Headquarters in Africa?
1. UNEP
2. UNDP
3. UNICEF
4. UN-HABITAT
Options:
A. 1,4
B. 1,4
C. Only 4
D. Only 1

15. Arrange the following IGOs in chronological order

1. NAM
2. G-20
3. BRICS
4. G-7
Options:
A. 1,2,3,4
B. 2, 1, 3,4
C. 1,4,3,2
D. 3,4,1,2

16. Arrange the following Events in chronological order

1. Potsdam Conference
2. Bay of Pigs Invasion
3. Islamic Revolution in Iran
4. Tokyo War Crimes Trials
Options:
A. 1,4,3,2
B. 2, 1, 3,4
C. 1,4,2,3
D. 3,4,1,2

374
17. Match list 1 and list 2
List 1( Arms reduction treaties) List 2( Year)
1. Antarctic Treaty A. 1959
2. Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty B. 1972
3. START 2 C. 1993
4. SALT 2 D. 1979
Options:
1 2 3 4
a) C A B D
b) B D C A
c) C D A B
d) A B C D

18. Arrange the following countries in chronological order of their becoming nuclear
power
1. UK
2. INDIA
3. CHINA
4. FRANCE
Options:
A. 1,4,3,2
B. 1, 1, 3,4
C. 1,4,3,2
D. 3,4,1,2

19. Which of the following is NOT one of the criteria for statehood as per the
Montevideo Convention (1933)?
A. a permanent population,
B. a defined territory
C. an Army
D. the capacity to conduct international relations.

375
20. What was the official name of the Marshall Plan (1948)
A. European Recovery Program
B. European re-building Plan
C. European re-construction program
D. European Recovery plan

21. 14th SAARC Summit held in New Delhi in 2007, stressed

(A) Improving intra-regional connectivity
(B) Commitment to bilateralism within SAARC.
(C) Connecting SAARC with other regional organisations
(D) Not to extend SAARC membership

22. International society tradition is also known as the

(A) Anglo-American School of International Relations.
(B) English School of International Relations.
(C) European School of International Relations
(D) Alternative School of International Relations

23. Which of these is correct about the Kyoto Protocol?

1. It was 3rd Conference of Parties ( CoP) under UNFCCC
2. It was the only climate change protocol in which legally binding emission reduction
targets were assigned to developed nation
3. It came into force in 1997
4. It was replaced by voluntary NDC regime as per the Paris Climate Accord 2015
Options:
A. 1,2
B. 1,2,3,4
C. 1,3,4
D. 1,2,4

376
24. Match list 1 and list 2
List 1( Conference) List 2( Organization came out of that)
1. Bretton Woods Conference A. UNEP (United Nation Environment Program)
2. Stockholm Conference-1972 B. WTO
3. San Francisco Conference C. IMF and World Bank
4. Uruguay Round of GATT D. UN
Options:
1 2 3 4
a) C A D B
b) B D C A
c) B D C A
d) A B C D

25. Match list 1 and list 2

List 1(Famous Quotes) List 2( Attributed to/who said?)

Options:
1 2 3 4
a) C A D B
b) D B A C
c) D C A B
d) C A B D

377
26. Match list 1 and list 2
List 1(Foreign Policy Features) List 2( Indian PM)

Options:
1 2 3 4
a) C A D B
b) D B A C
c) D C A B
d) C D A B

27. Match list 1 and list 2

List 1( Tinker) List 2( Books)
1. Robert D. Kaplan A. The Anarchical Society(1977)
2. Hedley Bull B. Failed States(2006)’
3. Noam Chomsky C. Conflict and defense
4. Kenneth E. Boulding D. ‘Monsoon: The Indian Ocean and the Future of
American Power( 2010)’
Options:
1 2 3 4
a) D A B C
b) B D C A
c) B D C A
d) A B C D

28. Structural adjustment programmes, in 1990s, were carried out by IMF and world
bank as per the?
A. Bretton Woods Agreement
B. Paris Agreement on Neo-liberal world order
C. New York Consensus
D. Washington Consensus

378
29. Arrange the following treaties and agreements in a chronological order.
Select the answer from the codes given below :
(i) Indo-Bhutan Treaty or Perpetual Peace and Friendship
(ii) Indo-Soviet Friendship Treaty
(iii) India–Bangladesh Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Peace
(iv) India-Nepal Treaty of Peace and Friendship
Options :
(A) (iii), (ii), (iv), (i)
(B) (ii), (iii), (i), (iv)
(C) (i), (iv), (ii), (iii)
(D) (iv), (i), (iii), (ii)

30. Arrange the following treaties and agreements in a chronological order.

Select the answer from the codes given below :
(i) Indo-US Nuclear Treaty
(ii) Indo-Soviet Friendship Treaty
(iii) Tashkent Agreement
(iv) Shimla Agreement
Options :
(A) (iii), (ii), (iv), (i)
(B) (ii), (iii), (i), (iv)
(C) (i), (iv), (ii), (iii)
(D) (iv), (i), (iii), (ii)

31. Which of these are correctly matched?

1. SORT Strategic Offensive Reduction Treaty
2. RMA Revolution in Military Affairs
3. SALT Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty
4. MAD Mutually Assured Destruction
Options:
A. 1,2,3,4
B. 1,2
C. 1,4
D. 3,4

379
32. Identify which of the following are correct statements regarding IORA(Indian
Ocean Rim Association):
(i) It was established in 1997
(ii) Its objective is strengthening regional cooperation and sustainable development within
the Indian Ocean region
(iii) It has 23 members
(iv) India is a member of the IORA
Options :
(A) (i) and (ii) are correct.
(B) (iii) and (iv) are correct.
(C) (i) and (iii) are correct.
(D) all are correct.

33. The Axis of evil is a phrase deliberately used by President George W. Bush in
January 2002 to characterize
(A) Iran, North Korea and Iraq
(B) Taliban, Al-Queda and LeT
(C) Cuba, Venezuela, Nicaragua
(D) Pakistan, Afghanistan, Sri Lanka

34. Martin Wight emphasized three philosophical traditions of International politics,

they are
(A) Realism, Liberalism, Marxism
(B) Realism, Rationalism, Revolutionism
(C) Radicalism, Realism, Religion
(D) Neo-Realism, Neo-Liberalism, Constructivism

380
35. Identify which of the following are correct statements regarding the Tehran
Conference?
(i) It was held in 1943
(ii) Meeting of 3 great Allied Power of Word war 2
(iii) It was one of 3 major conferences to discuss post WW2 world order; others were in
1945 Yalta and Potsdam conferences
(iv) It drew plan for Peace-keeping
Options :
(A) (i) and (ii) are correct.
(B) (iii) and (iv) are correct.
(C) (i) and (iii) are correct.
(D) all are correct.

36. Match list 1 and list 2

List 1( Tinker) List 2( Concept/theory)
1. Kenneth Boulding A. Democratic Peace
2. Immanuel Kant B. Stable Peace
3. Johan Galtung C. Perpetual Peace
4. Michael Doyle D. Negative and positive peace
Options:
1 2 3 4
a) B C D A
b) B D C A
c) B D C A
d) A B C D

37. The Panel on United Nations Peace Operations was set up by the earlier Secretary
General Kofi Annan. Name the report
(A) Hammarskjold Report
(B) Rajeshwar Dayal Report
(C) Brahimi Report
(D) Kofi Annan Report

381
38. Match list 1 and list 2
List 1( Border dispute) List 2( Countries Involved)
1. Dahagram dispute A. India-Bangladesh
2. Wular Barrage B. India-Pakistan
3. Kacchativu Island C. India-Sri Lanka
4. Kalapani and Susta D. Indo-Nepal
Options:
1 2 3 4
a) B C D A
b) B D C A
c) B D C A
d) A B C D

39. Assertion (A) : India is for nuclear disarmament at the global level and for a credible
minimum deterrence at the regional level.
Reason (R) : India’s nuclear policy has dual objectives
Options:
1. Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A
2. Both A and R are correct but R is NOT the correct explanation of A
3. A is correct but R is not correct
4. A is not correct but R is correct

40. Which of these is component of India’s Nuclear Policy?

1. No First Use
2. Credible Minimum Deterrent.
3. not be used against non-nuclear states
4. May use nuclear weapon if attacked by chemical or biological weapon
Options:
A. 1, 2
B. 1,2,3
C. 1,2,3,4
D. 1,2,4

382
41. Which of the following is not a technique to exercise National Power?
(a) Diplomacy
(b) Economic state craft
(c) Use of military force
(d) To join a world organization

42. Which world leader gave a special concept of ‘Development’ after the Second World
War?
(a) Franklin Delano Roosevelt
(b) Harry Truman
(c) Jawaharlal Nehru
(d) Winston Churchill

43. Which of the following is not correct regarding W.T.O?

(a) It administers W.T.O. trade agreements.
(b) It acts as a forum for trade negotiations.
(c) It monitors national trade policies.
(d) It supplies technical assistance and training for developing and developed countries.

44. The roots of newly emerging forces of globalisation have been traced in specific
economic and political developments in the late 1980s or early 1990s. Which of the
following cannot be included in this category?
(a) The end of Cold War.
(b) Testing of nuclear devices by India and Pakistan in 1998.
(c) Dismantling of state socialism in the USSR.
(d) The collapse of the Berlin wall.

45. In a situation of tie, speaker’s vote in the Lok Sabha is called?

A. Deciding vote
B. Tie-break vote
C. Sound vote
D. Casting Vote

383
46. Who among the following argued that ‘realism is likely to remain the single most
useful instrument in our intellectual toolbox’?
(a) Holsti
(b) E.H. Carr
(c) Hans Margenthau
(d) Stephen Walt

47. Assertion (A): End of Cold War signified a shift from ideological politics in
International relations.
Reason (R): Religious fundamentalism is posing a threat to security.

Options:
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(c) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
(d) (A) is false, but (R) is true.

48. “Uniting for Peace Resolution” is also called as:

(a) Truman plan
(b) American plan
(c) Acheson plan
(d) Eisenhower plan

49. Which of the following statements is/are true of dependency theory?

1. Unequal exchange relation between core and periphery.
2. Developmental process in the third world nations reinforces underdevelopment.
3. Industrialization leads to new forms of democratization and equity in global order.
4. Strengthening of neo-colonialism.

Options:
A. 1,2
B. 1,2,4
C. 1,2,3,4
D. 3,4

384
50. Which leader of the USSR introduced the policy of ‘peaceful coexistence’?
(a) Mikhail Gorbachev
(b) N. Khrushchev
(c) L. Brezhnev
(d) Joseph Stalin

51. Under article 31 C Acts passed to implement certain DPSP are saved from which
two FR ?
a) 20 and 21
b) 14 and 16
c) 14 and 19
d) 20 and 22

52. Which article bar the courts to inquire into proceedings of Parliament?
a) 125
b) 122
c) 123
d) 127

53. 105th Constitutional amendments relates to?

A. 10 % reservation to EWS category

B. National Commission for Backward Classes
C. Power to identify backward caste/class (SEBC) back to State Govts
D. Abolition of nomination of two members from Anglo-Indian community

385
54. Match the items in two columns
Article Subject/Issue
1) 141 A. Power of the President to consult and take advise
from the Supreme Court

2) 143 B. Comptroller and Auditor-General of India

3) 144 C. Law declared by Supreme Court to be binding on all
courts.
4) 148 D. Civil and judicial authorities to act in aid of the
Supreme Court
Options:
1 2 3 4
a) A D B C
b) C A D B
c) B A D C
d) D C A B

55. Match the items in two columns

Article Subject/Issue
1) 108 A. Special procedure in respect of Money Bills
2) 109 B. Council of Ministers to aid and advise President
3) 86 C. Joint sitting of both Houses in certain cases.
4) 102 D. Presentation of Annual financial statement or Budget

Options:
1 2 3 4
a) A D B C
b) D C A B
c) B A D C
d) A B C D

386
 56. Which of the following may reduce inflation?
A. Increasing Repo Rate
B. Increasing Reverse Repo Rate
C. Decreasing Cash Reserve ratio
D. Decreasing Statutory Liquidity ratio

57. What is Sensex?

A. Representative of the health of National Stock Exchange
B. Benchmark index of the BSE, comprising of 30 of the largest and most actively traded
stocks
C. Both the above
D. Composite index of 50 most valuable stocks of Bombay Stock Exchange

58. Given below are two statements

Statement I India maintained Current Account Surplus in Financial year 2020-21
Statement II: India maintains trade surplus for last many year
A. Both Statement I and Statement II are
B. Both Statement I and Statement II are false
C. Statement I is true but Statement II is false
D. Statement I is false but Statement II is true

59. Given below are two statements

Statement I Higher Fiscal deficit generally increases inflation
Statement II: Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management (FRBM) Act 2003 set
targets for the fiscal deficit
E. Both Statement I and Statement II are true
F. Both Statement I and Statement II are false
G. Statement I is true but Statement II is false
H. Statement I is false but Statement II is true

60. Which of the following is Not one of the instruments of open market operations by
RBI?
A. Controlling the Repo and reverse repo rate
B. Controlling the Cash reserve ratio
C. Sale and purchase of securities
D. Printing money

387
61. Who was the Mughal Emperor when East Indian Company came to India for
trading?
A. Akbar
B. Jahangir
C. Aurangzeb
D. Shah Alam

62. Match the items in two columns

Sociologists Concepts
1) Antonio Gramsci A. Hegemony
2) Michel Foucault B. Knowledge-Power
3) C. Wright Mills C. Power Elite
4) Pierre Bourdieu D. habitus
Options:
1 2 3 4
a) A D B C
b) B C A D
c) C D A B
d) A B C D

63. Match the items in two columns

Straits/Canal Countries being separated
1. Pak Strait A. Atlantic and Pacific Ocean
2. Panama Canal B. Ukraine and Turkey
3. Caspian Sea C. India and Sri-Lanka.
4. Black Sea D. Russia and Kazakhstan
Options:
1 2 3 4
a) A C D B
b) B C A D
c) C A D B
d) A B C D

388
64. Match the items in two columns
Sea/Water Body Feature/known for
1) Caspian Sea A. Lowest point on earth
2) Dead Sea B. Fed by Amu Darya and Syr Darya
3) South China Sea C. Freedom of navigation Principle
4) Aral Sea D. Largest Inland water body/lake
Options:
1 2 3 4
a) D A C B
b) B C A D
c) C D A B
d) A B C D

65. What is international date line?

1. 180-degree Longitude
2. 90-degree Latitude
3. Line on earth surface where Day changes from East to West Hemisphere
4. Crossing which one loses or gains a calendar day
Options:
A. 1,2
B. 1,4
C. 1,2,3,4
D. Only 1

66. Match
IR Thinker Books

1. David Held A. Making Globalization Work

2. Joseph Stiglitz B. In Defense of Globalization
3. Jagdish Bhagwati C. The World is Flat
4. Thomas Friedman D. Democracy and the global order
Options:
1 2 3 4
a) D A B C
b) C D A B
c) B C A D

389
 d) C B A D

66. Which of the following is incorrect?

A. Lenin considered 'Imperialism is the highest stage of Capitalism’
B. John Rawl’s theory of Justice is a kind of end-state theory of Justice
C. For Mill, Tyranny of Majority was threat to Liberty
D. Rosa Luxemburg gave the capability approach to freedom

67. Which of the following is incorrect about thoughts of Machiavelli?

A. He preferred Republican form of Government over Monarchy
B. He believed in collective wisdom of people over irrational acts of the Prince/king
C. He advised the Prince/King not to use religion for maintaining their states
D. He had adhered to a sentiment of nationalism in his writings

68. Who is most important advocate of Legal theory of Sovereignty?

A. Jaen Bodin
B. Thomas Hobbes
C. John Austin
D. Jeremy Bentham

69. According to individualism, individual-state relation is?

A. Proportional
B. Agnostic
C. Positive
D. Inversely Proportional

70. Who argued that cold war provided stability to global order because of the bipolar
power structure?
A. Joseph Nye
B. Stephen walt
C. Robert Jervis
D. John Mearsheimer

390
 SECTION 3

ANSWER KEY WITH

ADDITIONAL
INFORMATION

391
 ANSWER KEY
SET 1

Question Answer Key Hint/additional Info

No.

1. A Must remember such IR GK

2. C

3. D

4. C Hanah Arendt is known for her writings on totalitarianism

5. A BIMSTEC leaders were chief guests during MR Modi’s

oath-taking ceremony in May 2019

6. C Robert Keohane with Joseph Nye gave theory of ‘

Complex Interdependence’- core of Neo-liberalism

7. D

8. A

9. B Containment policy was called Truman Doctrine

10. B

11. D

12. C Anarchic world order is brute reality accepted by all

schools of IR Theory

13. B Must remember Hugo Grotius and his 3 justifications for

war
Also Jus ad Bellum and Jus in Bello

14. C

15. D Antigua and Barbuda, Australia, Belize, Barbados,

Canada, Grenada, Jamaica, New Zealand, Papua New
Guinea, St Kitts and Nevis, St Lucia, St Vincent and the

392
 Grenadines, Solomon Islands, The Bahamas and Tuvalu-
these commonwealth nation accept Monarch of UK as
their Constitutional head of state

16. B

17. C Remember who coined IR terms- favourite topic for ETs

18. B

19. A Yugoslavia was founding member of NAM

20. A Better to remember Revolution named as colour- favourite

of ETs

21. D Better to remember Headquarters of major IGOs

22. A Antarctic Treaty: 1st environmental as well as Arms

control treaty

23. C

24. C

25. B

26. C

27. D

28. A

29. A

30. C Nobel Peace Prize 2020 was awarded to United Nations

World Food Programme (WFP)

31. A Iver Brynild Neumann: Norwegian political scientist and

social anthropologist.
Arbit, but was asked in one of the ET

32. A Since Marxism didn’t believed in primacy of State, its IR

theories were not well developed

33. B • Example of Soft Power of USA: American Life Style,

Pop Music, Hollywood, Food- Pizza Hut, Macdonald,
etc.

393
 • Soft power of India: Yoga, Bollywood, Largest
Democracy
• Joseph Nye wrote ‘ Soft Power’

34. D Cybernetics: scientific study of communication and

control

35. A Concert of Europe lasted till WW I

It gave stability and peace to Europe

36. A

37. A

38. A

39. A

40. A

41. C Also remember:

Marbury v. Madison - established the principle of
judicial review in USA
Brown v. Board of Education- declared racial
segregation in public schools unconstitutional

42. C • Seeing Like a State(1998)- James Scott

• Scott coined the term’ infrapolitics’ to denote
hidden forms of resistance by the Sub-altern class

43. B

44. A Kenneth Boulding was a economist, peace activist and

interdisciplinary English philosopher
He wrote the classic in IR ‘Conflict and Defense: A
General Theory (1962)’

45. D Russia was member of G7 (called G8 then), but was

expelled in 2014 when it annexed Crimea from Ukraine

46. D

47. A “These unalienable rights have been given to all humans

by their creator, and which governments are created to
protect”- American Declaration of Independence

394
48. C ‘End of History’ Philosophy: The time in which the
thinker lived was culmination of Human
civilisation/history- nothing more lie ahead of it

49. D Gramsci, unlike Marx, considered Civil Society as part of

‘Superstructure’.

50. C Hence Aristotle, like Hegel, gave organic theory of State-

state is organism, individuals- its organ
His theory of state is also natural and integrative

51. B • Article 60: Oath to President

• Article 69: Oath to Vice President
• Article 159: Oath to Governor
Note: above 3 signatory's oath format is mentioned in
separate articles; oath formats of all other offices,
including PM, is mentioned in Schedule 3

52. B Article 12 ―”the State”, includes the Government and

Parliament of India and the Government and the
Legislature of each of the States and all local or other
authorities within the territory of India or under the
control of the Government of India.

53. A

54. C

55. B Government of India Act, 1935- provincial autonomy;

Federalism, Federal Court, Separate electorates for
depressed classes (scheduled castes), women and labourer
etc
GOI Act-1919: Dyarchy in provinces; separate electorate
for Sikhs

56. D

57. C Examples of Giffen good: Cheaper varieties of goods like

bajra, potatoes, salt etc.

58. B

59. A Example: many vendors selling potato in vegetable market

60. D Even in the long run, the monopoly firm may earn super
normal profit

395
 Note: Normal profit ( to compensate the opportunity cost)
is considered as part of total cost, and hence zero profit !

61. B Chola- North Tamil Nadu, Chera- Kerala, Pandya- lower

Tamil Nadu
These 3 Dynasties ruled South India for a long period

62. D

63. D Harshvardhan’s Rule was last big Hindu Empire in North

India

64. A

65. A

66. B

67. C

68. A

69. C

70. A

396
 ANSWER KEY
SET 2

Question Answer Key Hint/additional Info

No.

1. D

2. D

3. A

4. B Robert W. Cox- critical thinker

5. B ‘Coercion is only part of foreign policy’- such crude

and outlandish statements are generally wrong

6. B

7. A

8. B This is core them of neo-realism

9. C

10. B

11. C

12. D

13. A

14. B Addl. Info: 1945, English writer George Orwell used

the term cold war in his essay “You and the Atom
Bomb,” but was popularised by an American
financier Bernard Baruch
Raphael Lemki coined the word “genocide” and, in
1951, almost single-handedly persuaded the newly
created United Nations to approve the Convention on
the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of
Genocide.

15. C

16. A

397
17. C

18. B

19. B

20. D Balkan mountains are in south Europe

21. D

22. C Know also about the recent Galwan valley conflict

between India and China

23. C

24. B

25. C

26. C Berne convention -1986- Intellectual Property Rights

of authors/righters

27. D Ajay Mathur, is the DG of ISA

28. C

29. A

30. D

31. A

32. D Addl. Info: BIMSTEC Members: India, Sri-Lanka,

Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal (SAARC nations) plus
Myanmar and Thailand (non-SAARC nations)

33. A Xinjiang Uygur touches India at Leh, Ladakh

34. A Addl. Info: : A. P. Rana, the author of ‘ The

Imperatives of Non-Alignment: A Conceptual Study
of India's Foreign Policy Strategy in the Nehru
Period’ gave this concept

35. A Addl. Info:

Security Council Resolution No.1441 of Nov 2002
resolution on Iraq, which supposedly threatened
serious consequences, if Saddam Hussain failed to

398
 reveal his weapons of mass destruction to team of
U.N. Inspectors.
Hans Blix , on behalf of UN, inspected places in Iraq
for verification of Weapons of Mass Destruction.
Obviously, he didn’t find any such weapon.
Blix wrote: "Disarming Iraq”

36. A

37. A

38. A

39. C • Addl. Info:

• EU organisation
• the European Parliament,
• the European Council: overall political
directions and priorities
• the Council of the European Union: sectoral
execution
• the European Commission: executive branch
of EU
• The European Commission (EC) is
the executive branch of the European
Union, responsible for proposing
legislation, enforcing EU laws and
directing the union's administrative
operations.
• the Court of Justice of the European Union
• the European Central Bank and
• the Court of Auditors.

40. A Addl. Info:: This term popularized by American

political scientist Graham T. Allison
He referred it to explain increasing hostility between
USA and China

41. B

42. D It was called the Jasmine Revolution

43. D Addl. Info:

399
 English School: International Society School
Copenhagen School: non-military aspects of security
Frankfurt School: Critical theories
Constructivism: social construction of national
identity, interest, power
Jürgen Habermas: communicative rationality and
communicative actions

44. D Addl. Info:

Graham Allison :decision making, especially during
times of crisis
Book: ‘Essence of Decision’- Cuban Missile Crisis

45. C Addl. Info:

Immanuel Kant : wrote the Essay- ‘Perpetual Peace’
(1795)
Morton A. Kaplan : Pioneer in the system approach
in IR

46. A

47. D Voltaire, along with Rousseau and Montesquieu was

the chief philosophers of French Revolution

48. C Watergate scandal: Alleged charge of espionage by

Republican President Nixon of the Democratic
National Committee headquarters at the Washington,
D.C. Watergate Office Building

49. B 2nd oldest was Donald Trump

50. C

51. D Addl. Info.:

Art. 331. Representation of the Anglo-Indian
community in the House of the People.
Now abolished by 104th Constitution Amendment
act- 2020

52. C Addl. Info:

On 27 September 2013, the Supreme court of India
ruled that the right to register a "none of the above"
vote in elections should apply, while ordering the

400
 Election Commission to provide a button for the
same in the electronic voting machines.

53. D The provisions regarding preventive detention under

Article 22 (3) are called necessary evil because it
provides for curtailment of liberty for reasons of
State's security; public order, disruption of national
economic discipline, etc

54. B

55. C Right to Education- 86th amendment-2002, which

also inserted 11th fundamental duty

56. B

57. A

58. A

59. A

60. B

61. B Better to remember such Classical Texts

62. D

63. D

64. A

65. D Oft-repeated

66. C

67. D David Easton: system approach, behaviouralist, post

behaviouralist

68. C

69. C

70. D

401
 ANSWER KEY
SET 3

Question Answer Key Hint/additional Info

No.

1. A Examples: Syria, Somalia, Liberia, Sudan, etc

They may also be termed as failed states

2. C

3. A
4. B

5. D Jus ad Bellum- just causes of war

Jus in Bello: Just Conduct of war

6. A

7. C
8. B

9. D

10. D

11. A
12. A

13. B

14. C
15. D

16. C

17. C

18. D
19. B

402
20. B In Special administrative regions of China- ‘one
country two policy’

21. A
22. B

23. D

24. C Regional security complex theory( RSCT) is a theory

of international relations developed by Barry Buzan
and Ole Wæver and advanced in their 2003 work
Regions and Powers: The Structure of International
Security

25. D Know all about UN Peacekeeping

26. C

27. C
28. C

29. D Oft-repeated

30. A Karl Deutsch also gave communication and control

theory; wrote ‘The nerves of government’

31. C

32. A

33. A

34. A
35. B

36. B Pakistan was member of both SEATO and CENTO

37. A
38. A

39. A

40. D Thucydides, ancient historian and realist thinker, wrote

history of the Peloponnesian War

41. C

42. A

43. D

403
44. B

45. C

46. C
47. D

48. A Ukraine is 2nd largest country in Europe

49. D
50. D

51. D U Nu, the first democratically elected Prime Minister

of Myanmar, was architect of Panchsheel along with
Indian PM Nehru and Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai

52. B
53. C 243K. Elections to the Panchayats….” (3) The
Governor of a State shall, when so requested by the
State Election Commission, make available to the
State Election Commission such staff as may be
necessary…”

54. B
55. C

56. A

57. C

58. B Examples of Inferior goods: canned soups, vegetables,

Used clothing - which consumer would purchase less
as their income rises

59. A

60. D
61. C

62. A

63. A

64. B
65. C

66. A All other 3 gave social contract theory

404
67. D Marx gave instrumentalist view of state, that is,
capitalist state work for the interest of the whole
capitalist/ruling class

68. C
69. A He was very critical of modern western Education
System, western life style, modern machines,
transport, and medical system.

70. C

405
 ANSWER KEY
SET 4

Question Answer Key Hint/additional Info

No.

1. A Democratic Peace Theory- Michael Doyle

Perpetual peace Theory- Immanuel Kant

2. D Morton Kaplan- system approach in IR

3. C

4. B
5. D Offensive: Power Maximization, Hegemony
Defensive: Security Maximization

6. C Liberal Thinkers
Kant, Thomas Paine, Bentham, Woodrow Wilson,
Karl Deutsch, Michael W. Doyle, Robert Keohane ,
Joseph Nye, David Mitrany, Norman Angell, Michael
Doyle, Francis Fukuyama, David Held, John Hobson,
Richard Rosecrance, Alfred Zimmern

Realist Thinkers: Raymond Aron, E.H. Carr, Robert

Gilpin, John Herz (Security Dilemma), George
Kennan, Henry Kissinger( Shuttle Diplomacy),
Stephen Krasner, Hans Morgenthau( father of
classical realism), Susan Strange( Casino capitalism,
retreat of state), Kenneth Waltz( father of neo-
realism), John Mearsheimer, Robert Kaplan, Robert
Jervis
7. C All of them belonged to Constructivist School

8. D All of them are prominent Feminist IR thinkers

9. B After WWI, ottoman Empire was dismantled and

institution of Khalifa was abolished by British Empire

10. B

11. B On quotes on UN, you may guess Dag Hammarskjold

12. A Territorial Trap:

406
 The conceptual error of: (i) regarding states as fixed
units of territorial sovereign space, unchanging
through time; (ii) separating domestic (inside) from
foreign (outside) political spaces; (iii) treating the
territorial state as a container of society.
13. D
14. B Addl. Info:
The Abraham Accords are a joint statement of peace
between Israel, the United Arab Emirates, and the
USA, on August 13, 2020.
Subsequently, the term was used to refer collectively
to peace agreements between Israel and the United
Arab Emirates (the Israel–United Arab Emirates
normalization agreement) and Bahrain (the Bahrain–
Israel normalization agreement).

15. A Addl. Info:

BCIM :The Bangladesh–China–India–Myanmar
Forum for Regional Cooperation
CPEC : China–Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC)
BBIN: Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal (BBIN)
initiative
CMEC: China-Myanmar Economic Corridor (CMEC)
16. C Addl. Info: other coloured revolution:
orange: Ukraine (2005)
Jasmine- Tunisia(2010-11)
Rose : Georgia(2003)
Tulip: Kyrgyzstan(2005)
Bulldozer: Yugoslavia( 2000)
Carnation : Portugal(1974)

17. B Addl. Info:

• Theme for the 13th Summit: ‘BRICS @ 15:
Intra-BRICS Cooperation for Continuity,
Consolidation and Consensus'.
• China will host the 14 BRICS Summit in 2022
18. D Unlike other three, Red Cross is Not an IGO

19. C

20. A
21. C

407
22. A Better to remember some important UNSC and UNGA
resolutions

23. C Of late, ICC has been in flavour for PG ETs

24. A Addl. Info:
• Act East Policy-2014- Narendra Modi
Non-reciprocal concessions to neighbours is called the
Gujral Doctrine; compare it to the Indira Doctrine

25. B Addl. Info:

• FAO-1945; IMF, WB- 1944; UPU-1874
• Oldest is ITU
India joined ILO in 1919 as founder member; this was
the 1st UN organisation which India Joined

26. A

27. B Addl. Info:

Imp UN special agencies
• UNESO
• WHO
• FAO
• UNIDO
• ILO
• IMF and World Bank group
• ITU and UPU
• IMO
• ICC
• IAEA
WMO

28. B

29. D

30. B

31. B
32. B

33. A

34. A
35. D

408
36. B

37. C

38. B
39. C Addl. Info:
Chapter 9: International Economic and Social
Cooperation
Chapter 10: The Economic and Social Council
Chapter 12- International Trusteeship System
Chapter 14: The International Court of Justice
Chapter 15: The Secretariat

40. D
41. D Addl. Info::
Operation Ganga: to evacuate Indian nationals
stranded( trapped) in Ukraine after the Russian Attack-
2022

42. B

43. B Oft-repeated question, important , too

44. C Addl. Info: Other Books by UN Secretary Gen:

• Interventions: A Life in War in Peace- Kofi
Annan
• Unvanquished: A U.S.–U.N. Saga- Boutros
Boutros-Ghali

45. A Addl. Info:

All for one, one for all
• The term was made famous by Alexandre
Dumas in the 1844 novel The Three Musketeers.
• Popularized in IR by Morgenthau
• NATO, WARSAW PACT, and other security
alliances are based on this principle

46. B Called chapter six and half item, as it falls between

peaceful resolution of conflict ( chapter six) and using
force to settle peace ( chapter seven)

47. C

48. B

49. D

409
50. B Addl. Info:: Kenneth Waltz in his book ‘Man, the
State and War’ he discussed the three images of
politics.
It corresponded to three level of analysis in IR

51. B

52. C
53. D

54. C

55. A
56. B

57. A

58. A

59. A
60. A

61. A

62. B

63. B
64. B

65. C

66. A
67. A The President of India takes oath to preserve, protect
and defend the Constitution

68. D 1st priority- Liberty principle

2nd Priority- B.Fair Equality of Opportunity principle

69. B

70. B

410
 ANSWER KEY
SET 5
Question Answer Key Hint/additional Info
No.

1. D Earlier, India signed CEPA with South Korea( 2009)

and Japan( 2010)

2. B Must remember latest meetings of important IGOs

3. A Better to remember current top leaders of important

countries

4. D
5. A

6. A

7. A Neo-realism is, therefore, also called structural realism

8. C Robert Jervis- defensive neo-realist

9. C John Mearsheimer - offensive neo-realist

10. B

11. A Emile Durkheim also gave the concept of ‘Anomie’-

normlessness and valuelessness in Industrial life

12. C

13. B • WHO-1948; WB- 1944; ITU- 1865, UNESCO-

1945
• Oldest is ITU
India joined ILO in 1919 as founder member; this was
the 1st UN organisation which India Joined

14. B Imp UN Funds/Programs

• UNDP (Development)
• UNEP (Environment)
• UNICEF (children)
• UNFPA (Population)
• WFP (Food)
• UN-HABITAT (Human Settlement)
UNEP :Headquarters: Nairobi, Kenya

411
 Geneva has maximum numbers of UN agencies as
their Headquarter.

15. B Addl. Info.: :

Organisation Year
OPEC 1960
NAM 1961
G-77 1964
ASEAN 1967
G-7 1975
SAARC 1985
EU 1993
BIMSTEC 1997
IORA 1997
G-20 1999
BRICS 2001
SCO 2001
African Union (AU) 2002
QUAD 2007
RCEP 2022
16. C

17. D

18. C Chronology of states becoming Nuclear Power

USA-August 1945.
the Soviet Union- 1949
The United Kingdom -1952,
France -1960
China – 1964
India- 1974
Pakistan- 1998

19. C
20. A

21. A Super arbit, but asked couple of times- just mug it up

22. B Oft-repeated question

23. D Kyoto Protocol came into force in 2005

412
 Note the difference between Kyoto protocol( legally
binding CHG reduction targets) and Paris Climate
Accord( voluntary NDC regime)

24. A

25. C

26. D
27. A

28. D Washington Consensus- 10 point consensus between

IMF, World Bank, and US treasury department- on
neo-liberal economic order

29. C
30. A
31. A

32. D

33. A
34. B Martin Wight, of English school, used rationalism of
Hugo Grotius, Realism of Hobbes, and Revolutionism
of Kant to develop a synthetic IR theory

35. D
36. A
37. C

38. D Dahagram-Angarpota is one large Bangladeshi enclave

that has not changed hands in the swap between India
and Bangladesh. With a population about 15,000,
Dahagram-Angorpota is connected to the Bangladesh
mainland through the Tin Bigha Corridor in Cooch
Behar.
July 31, 2015, the historic land boundary agreement
(LBA) between India and Bangladesh paved the way
for the resolution of the seven-decades-long problem
of enclaves between the two countries

39. A
40. C

41. D Exercise National Power- realist view

413
42. B Harry Truman , the US president ( of Truman
Doctrine) gave the binary of developed and developing
nations.
He defined what we commonly understand by
development- hight GDP growth, capital investment,
sound infrastructure, material comforts, modern life,
etc

43. C W.T.O. is Not Bretton woods organisation, like IMF

and World Bank

44. B

45. D

46. D Stephen Walt is realist thinker

47. B

48. C

49. B
50. B

51. C

52. B

53. C G.Rohini Committee was set up in 2017 to examine

sub-categorisation of OBCs

54. B

55. D

56. B
57. B

58. C

59. A

60. D
61. B

62. D

63. C
64. A

414
65. B Crossing the international date line( IDL) from East to
West, one gains one day; crossing it from West to
East, one loses a day, that is, loses a calendar day
For example, suppose one crosses IDL from West to
East on 8th March, he will find 9 March on east side of
the date line; reverse is true for crossing it from East to
West.

66. A Capability approach to freedom and development was

given by Amartya Sen and Martha Nusbaum
Rosa Luxemburg is Marxist thinker

67. D He advised the Prince/King to use religion for

maintaining their states- instrumental view of religion

68. C ‘The sovereign in any legal system is the person or

group of persons habitually obeyed by the bulk of the
population, which does not habitually obey anyone
else.’-John Austin
‘laws (“properly so called”) are commands of a
sovereign- Austin

69. D

70. D

415
 SECTION 4

TIPS & TRICKS TO

PREPARE FOR AND
TACKLE MCQs

416
 Tips & Tricks to prepare for MCQ Tests

• Very Different strategy from essay Type Questions

• Do Extensive Study- read widest possible things related to syllabus
• No need of deep understanding; one need to recall few facts, that’s
all
• Develop the knack of picking up odd facts/figures, News,
person/place, etc.
• Like only Indian PM not to face Lok Sabha for seeking vote
of confidence
• Name of school of Plato, and so on.

• Make note of odd or unique facts & figures

• Revise your notes multiple times…devise innovative ways to remember

facts
• Like record in your own voice and listen while walking or doing
exercise
• Playing MCQ quiz in a group

• Practice as many quality MCQs, sample papers as possible

• Rule of Thumb- at least 5 times of actual numbers of questions
• Learn from the options of MCQs- make notes
• From the wrong answers of MCQs make multiple MCQs
• Make MCQs from the related information as in the given MCQ
• For example: MCQ: who is the current MD of IMF
• Related MCQ: who was the first MD of IMF

417
 Tips & Tricks to tackle MCQs

• First, mark on the question sheet (if allowed) all answers you are sure
about, then fill up the OMR

• For the Computer based Test, now a standard, make yourself familiar.
Watch good you tube video on how to take CBT.

• In CBT, too, First, mark all answers you are sure about. Don’t miss out
the easy one. You will get at least 40-50% easy MCQs…Tick them first !

• Don’t get tensed on seeing few tough and arbit MCQs at the beginning;
take a deep breath and be calm; sure, you will find many easy &
straightforward MCQs later in the paper.

• Note about 70 & MCQs would be easy to medium; yes!

• The MCQ may include words like- denote, implies, informed, indicate,
etc. be fully aware about meaning of these words; in case of confusion
see the Hindi version of the question, you may get the clue!
• How to tackle remaining doubtful MCQs?

• Use 50:50 trick- eliminate most unlikely options;

• Options having statements: general and factually loaded statements

are generally correct.

• Crude and outlandish statements are generally incorrect.

• Longest statements are generally the correct option (why?)- setter

saves labour by framing shorter wrong statements.

• Read extensively, from multiple sources; practice a lot MCQs,

UGC-NET, many PG ETs, SET, etc. They help you crack odd and
arbit questions as some facts remain in your sub-conscious mind,
which you help in guessing.

• In JNU PISM/IRAM and in other IR PG ETs, to crack many

MCQs, you need to use common sense. Very general statements
are given, you need to read very carefully and eliminate most
absurd or unlikely options.

418
 • In case of matching type of MCQ, sometimes even if you know
one match, you get the right option; try this.

Example:

Options:
a) 1-A, 2-B, 3-C, 4-D
b) 1-C, 2-D, 3-A,4-B
c) 1-B,2-A,3-D,4-C
d) 1-D,2-A,3-B,4- C
• If you look at column 1, that is, 1-A, 1-C, 1-B, 1-D, all are
unique. If you know that 1-A (or any of these 4) is correct,
you solved the MCQ.

• In some cases, you may not find unique matching in any

column, but there also you can eliminate two options; see
this example:

Options:
a) 1-A, 2-B, 3-C, 4-D
b) 1-C, 2-D, 3-A,4-B
c) 1-B,2-A,3-D,4-C
d) 1-C,2-A,3-B,4- D
• If you know 1-C is correct, you can eliminate option a and c.

• If more than one option is correct, check for those option which is
definitely wrong; all codes/options containing the wrong one can
be eliminated.

• For Example

• Options:

• A- 1,2,3
• B- 2,3
• C- 1,2,3,4
• D- 1,4
• Now, suppose you know that statement 2 is definitely
wrong, then you can eliminate all options containing 2-

419
 A,B,C here; and you are left with only one option, which
you should choose.

• Even If you are not so lucky, you can eliminate two options
by this trick.

• In case of options containing statements, normally the correct one

is the longest one, why?

• Because question setters find it difficult to frame wrong

statements. To do it quickly they write some arbit words.
You can identify them by careful reading and using common
sense. But since they copy/paste, generally, the right
statement, it appears as longest/lengthiest statement!

• If option contain: both are correct or all are correct, more

chances that these options would be correct.

• If more than one option seems correct, go for the best option

• Reason/Assertion type Questions:

• Two statements are given; Assertion(A): a declarative

statement making a claim, eg: Sun Rises in the East

• Reason(R): a statement which may or may not explain and

support Assertion; eg: as earth rotate from West to East on
its axis

• 4 Options:

A. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

B. Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct explanation

of A.

C. A is true but R is false.

D. A is false but R is true.

420
 Tips:
1.Treat this as statement type question. First Check each
statement as true/false. Since one must be true, hence if one
is false you need not check other, it must be true!
2. Second, only if both A &R are true, check whether R
support or explain A; if yes go for A, otherwise B
3. You may get confused between option A and B; many a
times the reason seems not to fully explain the Assertion.
But even if it vaguely supports the Assertion, go for option
A.
• In JNU PISM/IRAM type of tough exam, many questions test your
calmness and common sense. Just by carefully reading the question
and options, and by intelligent guess many statement and R&A
type questions can be solved.

• And most important, be cool, calm, composed and take a deep

breadth before starting…use lots of common sense, JNUEE
requires that.

• Guess?

• If No negative marking, like JNU PISM/IRAM, for wrong answer,

must guess intelligently

• If moderate negative marking, like 0.25 for a wrong answer, guess

intelligently

• Should we fill one option (either a, b, c, d) in remaining questions(

after exhausting all above tricks)?

• Do it if degree of negative marking is less or No negative marking

• more probability in b and c option, why? I explained many times in

videos, you know that.

• For example: suppose after doing all tricks you are completely clueless
about 10 MCQs; if suppose you choose option b or c in all them, chances
are that at least 2-3 would be correct ( law of averages, you know!)

• In case no negative marking:

421
 • you gain 3*1 =3 marks; without any risk of losing any marks! Do
it…

• Example in case of negative marking of 0.25:

• you gain 3*1 =3 marks; you Lose 7* 0.25= 1.75; net gain=1.25
marks !; Do it…

Tips: Reading Comprehension type question

• First read quickly(browse) the paragraph; then read the 1st
question- go back to the para, search the relevant portion, read
carefully to find best option; same for remaining questions

• Generally, direct answers, in paraphrased form, are given in the

paragraph

• In case of not knowing the meanings of key words, try to guess the
meaning by reading the word in context.

• In some question additional information related to the theme may

be asked.

422
 SECTION 5

PDF OF PYQ
ANALYSIS- JNU
PISM/IRAM, JMI
IR, PUDUCHERRY
IR
423
 POL SC HELP
PG Entrance Series

PAST YEAR PAPER ANALYSIS

(PYQs)
All POL SC HELP VIDEOS
JNU PISM/IRAM
JAMIA MA IR
PUDCHERRY MA IR
 POL SC HELP
PG Entrance Series

JNUEE PISM
2021 Paper
Analysis
Useful For DUET, UGC-NET, Other Entrance Tests
& Competitions
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
[Question ID = 26020][Question Description =
M.A._PISM_Q_002]
1. A and B only [Option ID = 176002]
2. A and C only [Option ID = 176003]
3. D and C only [Option ID = 176004]
4. A and D only [Option ID = 176005]
4
• The Treaty of Peace, Friendship, and Cooperation, signed in
1971 by India with the Soviet Union,\
• Treaty of peace and friendship between India and Nepal-
1950
9. The Khajuraho temple was constructed during the
......................dynasty[Question ID = 26027][Question Description
= M.A._PISM_Q_009]
1. Chauhan [Option ID = 176030]
2. Tomar [Option ID = 176031]
3. Chandela [Option ID = 176032]
4. Solanki [Option ID = 176033]
 Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
[Question ID = 26028][Question Description =
M.A._PISM_Q_010]
1. A ‐I, B ‐II, C ‐III, D ‐V
[Option ID = 176034]
2. A ‐ I, B ‐ II, C ‐ V, D ‐IV
[Option ID = 176035]
3. A ‐III, B ‐IV, C ‐II, D ‐I
[Option ID = 176036]
4. A ‐III, B ‐IV, C ‐ V, D ‐I
[Option ID = 176037]

11. The WTO is the successor to which of the following organisations?[Question ID =

26029][Question Description =
1. General Arrangement on Trade and Tariffs [Option ID = 176038]
2. General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs [Option ID = 176039]
3. World Health Organisation [Option ID = 176040]
4. UN Development Programme [Option ID = 176041]
 Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
[Question ID = 26031][Question Description =
M.A._PISM_Q_013]
1. A ‐ II , B ‐ IV, C ‐I , D ‐ III
[Option ID = 176046]
2. A ‐ II, B ‐IV , C ‐III , D ‐V
[Option ID = 176047]
3. A ‐I , B ‐II , C ‐ III, D ‐ V
[Option ID = 176048]
4. A ‐I , B ‐II , C ‐ IV, D ‐III
[Option ID = 176049]

14. Which of the following is a military alliance?[Question ID = 26032][Question

Description = M.A._PISM_Q_014]
1. SAARC [Option ID = 176050]
2. NAFTA [Option ID = 176051]
3. MERCOSUR [Option ID = 176052]
4. SEATO [Option ID = 176053]
15. Who advocated the Six‐Fold foreign policy?
[Question ID = 26033][Question Description =
M.A._PISM_Q_015]
1. Chandragupta Maurya
[Option ID = 176054] Theory of Shadguna (षडगुण)- 6 Guna: six fold policy or six
2. Kautilya measures on diplomacy
[Option ID = 176055] Sandhi , Bigraha, Yāna, Āsana, Dvaidhībhāva and Samśraya,
3. Ashoka
[Option ID = 176056]
4. Bindusara
[Option ID = 176057]

16. Given below are two statements

Statement I: Realism believes that individuals and collective
actors are naturally competitive.

Statement II: Liberalism believes that individual and state can

cooperate to overcome collective problems.
 [Question ID = 26036][Question
Description =
16. Find out the correct feature (s) of The 'Westminster M.A._PISM_Q_018]
Model' 1. A‐ I, B‐III, C‐IV, D‐V
A. A fusion of power between the executive and the legislature. [Option ID = 176066]
B. Unitary and centralized government. 2. A‐I , B‐ II, C‐III, D‐IV
C. First‐past‐the‐post electoral system [Option ID = 176067]
Choose the correct answer from the options given below: 3. A ‐ IV, B‐ III,C‐II, D‐I
[Question ID = 26035][Question Description = [Option ID = 176068]
M.A._PISM_Q_017] 4. A‐ IV, B‐II, C‐V, D‐I
1. B and C only [Option ID = 176069]
[Option ID = 176062]
2. A and B only
[Option ID = 176063]
3. A only
[Option ID = 176064]
4. A, B and C only
[Option ID = 176065]
19. Who coined the term 'neo‐colonialism' ?
[Question ID = 26037][Question Description =
M.A._PISM_Q_019]
1. Nikita Khruschev [Option ID = 176070]
2. Kwame Nkrumah [Option ID = 176071]
3. Kofi Annan [Option ID = 176072]
4. Thomas Jefferson [Option ID = 176073]

20. Find out the correct sequence in ascending order

A. Suez Crisis
B. The construction of Berlin Wall
C. Soviet Intervention in Afghanistan
D. Disintegration of Soviet Union

[Question ID = 29917][Question Description = M.A._PISM_Q_020]

1. A, B, C, D [Option ID = 176074]
2. B,A,C,D [Option ID = 176075]
3. A, B, D,C [Option ID = 176076]
4. B, A,D, C [Option ID = 176077]
A
25. Given below are two statements
Statement I: Negative rights mark out a realm of unconstrained
action and thus check the responsibilities of government.

Statement II: Positive rights make demands on government in

terms of the provision of resources and support, and thus
extend its responsibilities.
26. Neorealism argues that:
A. The international system is characterized by anarchy. 27. Find out the correct provisions of the Nuclear
B. War is the normal state of international affairs. Non ‐ Proliferation Treaty (NPT)
C. Peaceful order can only be accomplished temporarily A. No nuclear power may transfer nuclear weapon
through a balance of power. technology to non‐nuclear states.
Choose the correct answer from the options given below: B. No non‐nuclear state may develop nuclear
[Question ID = 29923][Question Description = weapons technology.
M.A._PISM_Q_026] C. Nuclear weapons states should pursue
1. A and B only negotiation to end the nuclear arm race.
[Option ID = 176098]
2. B and C only [Question ID = 29924][Question Description =
[Option ID = 176099] M.A._PISM_Q_027]
3. A, B and C only 1. A and B only
[Option ID = 176100] [Option ID = 176102]
4. C only 2. A, B and C only
[Option ID = 176101] [Option ID = 176103]
3. A and C only
[Option ID = 176104]
4. B and C only
[Option ID = 176105]
28. Which among the following was the first state in
pre‐independent India to offer a free compulsory
elementary education?
[Question ID = 29925][Question Description =
M.A._PISM_Q_028]
1. Travancore
[Option ID = 176106]
2. Jammu and kashmir 29.Given below are two statements
[Option ID = 176107] Statement I: Government of India Act 1935 divided powers
3. Coorg between the centre and the provinces.
[Option ID = 176108]
4. Hyderabad Statement II: Government of India Act 1935 was divided into
[Option ID = 176109] two separate acts namely, the Government of India Act 1935
and the Government of Burma Act 1935.
30.Given below are two statements

Statement I: Always respect each other’s national unity,

territorial integrity, political independence and sovereign
equality.

Statement II: Both Governments will take all steps within their
power to prevent hostile propaganda directed against each
other.
In light of the 'Shimla Agreement', choose the most 31. Who was the first foreign minister of provisional
appropriate answer from the options given below government of India set up in Kabul, Afghanistan in 1915?
[Question ID = 29928][Question Description =
M.A._PISM_Q_031]
1. Mahendra Pratap
[Option ID = 176118]
2. Maulana Barkatullah
[Option ID = 176119]
3. Chempakaraman Pillai
[Option ID = 176120]
4. Subash Chandra Bose
[Option ID = 176121]
 [Question ID = 29929][Question Description =
32 M.A._PISM_Q_032]
1. A‐III, B‐I, C‐IV, D‐V [Option ID = 176122]
2. A‐III, B‐V, C‐IV, D‐I [Option ID = 176123]
3. A‐II, B‐III, C‐I, D‐V [Option ID = 176124]
4. A‐II, B‐IV, C‐V, D‐I [Option ID = 176125]

C
33. Given below are two statements, one is labelled as
Assertion A and the other is labelled as Reason R

Assertion A :In International Politics, states consciously or

unconsciously strive towards an equal distribution of power
(economic, military and political) to avoid dominance by one.

Reason R : The International system is anarchic and there is no

international authority to regulate the unruly behaviour of
the most powerful state.
 D
[Question ID = 29933][Question Description =
M.A._PISM_Q_036]
1. A and B only
36. In international trade, Country A can produce 35mn electric [Option ID = 176138]
cars and 10mn Batteries. However, Country B can produce 2. C only
30mn electric cars and 35mn Batteries in a year. [Option ID = 176139]
A. Country B has absolute trade advantage 3. D only
B. Country B has comparative trade advantage in Batteries [Option ID = 176140]
C. Country A has relative trade advantage 4. A only
D. Country A has comparative trade advantage in electric cars [Option ID = 176141]
37.Who is the first Chief of Defence Staff (CDS) of independent India?[Question
ID = 29934][Question Description =M.A._PISM_Q_037]
1. Field Marshal K.M. Cariappa [Option ID = 176142]
2. Gen. Bipin Rawat [Option ID = 176143]
3. Field Marshal Sam Manekshaw [Option ID = 176144]
4. Air Marshal Arjan Singh [Option ID = 176145]

38.Which of the following country is a member of the Nuclear

Non ‐ Proliferation Treaty (NPT) Regime ?
[Question ID = 33760][Question Description =
M.A._PISM_Q_038]
1. North Korea
[Option ID = 176146]
2. India
??
[Option ID = 176147]
3. Iran
[Option ID = 176148] • India has neither signed nor ratified NPT and CTBT
4. Pakistan •
[Option ID = 176149] • Only 3 countries- India, Pakistan, and Israel- have not
signed NPT
39.'Rajtharangani’, a chronological texts of Kashmiri kingdoms
was compiled by
[Question ID = 33761][Question Description =
M.A._PISM_Q_039]
1. Shankaracharya
[Option ID = 176150]
2. Kashyapa Muni
[Option ID = 176151]
3. Abhinav Gupta
[Option ID = 176152]
4. Kalhana
[Option ID = 176153]
The Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) is a multilateral
development bank that aims to improve economic and social
outcomes in Asia. The bank currently has 105 members

Operation Polo: Integration of Hyderabad

Operation Vijay: Liberation of Goa
Operation Devi Shakti: To help fleeing Hindus and Sikhs from
the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan.
Smiling Budhha; Shakti, Parakram( 2001-2); Brasstacks (1986)
Stilwell Road, original name Ledo Road, highway 478 mi (769
km) long that links northeastern India with the Burma Road
(q.v.), which runs from Burma to China. During World War II the
Stilwell Road was a strategic military route.

The Macartney–MacDonald Line is a proposed boundary in the

disputed area of Aksai Chin
The Ardagh–Johnson Line is the northeastern boundary of
Kashmir drawn by surveryor William Johnson and
recommended by John Charles Ardagh as the official boundary
of India
Signatories to the Congress of Vianna: Austria, Great Britain,
Prussia, Russia, France, Sweden, Spain, and Portugal
 Kellogg-Briand Pact, signed on August 27, 1928, was an
agreement between the United States and France to outlaw
war

The Responsibility to Protect (R2P or RtoP) is a global political

commitment which was endorsed by all member states of the
United Nations at the 2005 World Summit in order to address
its four key concerns to prevent genocide, war crimes, ethnic
cleansing and crimes against humanity.
 b

Raphael Lemki coined the word “genocide” and, in 1951,

almost single-handedly persuaded the newly created United
Nations to approve the Convention on the Prevention and
Punishment of the Crime of Genocide.
51.Given below are two statements

Statement I: Any part of the Constitution may be amended by

following the procedure prescribed in Article 368.

Statement II: No part of the Constitution may be so amended

as to 'alter the basic structure' of the Constitution.
54. Given below are two statements
Statement I: Article 253 of the Indian Constitution empowers Parliament to legislate even on a subject in
the State List for implementing any treaty with any other country, or any decision at any international
conference.

Statement II: Under Article 19 (2) of the Indian Constitution, 'public interest' is a ground of reasonable
restriction to curb the freedom of the press.

19(2) : Nothing in sub clause (a) of clause ( 1 ) shall affect the operation of any existing law, or
prevent the State from making any law, in so far as such law imposes reasonable restrictions on
the exercise of the right conferred by the said sub clause in the interests of the sovereignty and
integrity of India, the security of the State, friendly relations with foreign States, public order,
decency or morality or in relation to contempt of court, defamation or incitement to an
offence
resolution No. 47/135- 1992: Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to
National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities
The 100th Amendment Act of 2015 gave effect to the acquiring
of certain territories by India and transfer of certain other
territories to Bangladesh (through the exchange of enclaves
and retention of adverse possessions) in pursuance of the Land
Boundary Agreement of 1974 and its protocol of 2011
63. Choose the right combination from the following.
A. Boris Yeltsin ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ Russia
B.Golda Meir ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ Israel
C.Frontier Gandhi ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ India
D. Augusto Pinochet ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ Argentina
E. Mahendra Choudhary ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ Suriname
[Question ID = 25988][Question Description = M.A._PISM_Q_063]
1. A, B and D only [Option ID = 176246]
2. C, D and E Only [Option ID = 176247]
3. A and B only [Option ID = 176248]
4. B and E only [Option ID = 176249]
[Question ID = 25987][Question Description =
M.A._PISM_Q_062]
1. A ‐ IV, B ‐III, C ‐ II, D ‐ V
[Option ID = 176242]
2. A ‐V, B ‐III, C ‐I, D ‐IV
[Option ID = 176243]
3. A‐II, B I‐ C ‐III, D ‐IV
[Option ID = 176244]
4. A‐II, B ‐IV, C ‐III, D ‐I
[Option ID = 176245]
64. Arrange the following Non‐Aligned Movement (NAM) summit in ascending order (from first
summit to fourth summits)
A.NAM Summit, Algiers
B.NAM Summit, Lusaka
C.NAM Summit, Belgrade
D. NAM Summit, Cairo
Choose the correct answer from the options given below
[Question ID = 25989][Question Description = M.A._PISM_Q_064]
1. D, C, B, A [Option ID = 176250]
2. A, B, C, D [Option ID = 176251]
3. B, A, D, C [Option ID = 176252]
4. C, D, B, A [Option ID = 176253]

65. Given below are two statements

Statement I: Sikkim, the twenty‐second constituent state of India was the erstwhile Buddhist
Himalayan Kingdom prior to its merger with the Indian Union in 1975.

Statement II: Sikkim was ruled by hereditary monarchs belonging to the Namgyal Dynasty which
ruled Sikkim from 1642 to 1975.
66. Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion A and the other is labelled as Reason R

Assertion A : The Sixth Schedule of the Indian Constitution grants autonomy to tribal districts in North East India
by granting Autonomous District Councils (ADCs) as units of autonomous governance in Meghalaya, Assam,
Mizoram and Tripura.

Reason R : Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council (DGHC) was conceived as an autonomous district in West Bengal under
the provisions of the Sixth Schedule of the Indian Constitution.

Sixth Schedule states: Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, and

Mizoram.
69.In the passage above, Ping Pong Diplomacy is
associated with which sport?
[Question ID = 26002][Question Description =
M.A._PISM_Q_069]
1. Lawn Tennis
70. In the above passage, the relationship between the USA
[Option ID = 176838]
and China is associated with which form of diplomacy?
2. Table Tennis
[Question ID = 26003][Question Description =
[Option ID = 176839]
M.A._PISM_Q_070]
3. Squash
1. Cultural Diplomacy
[Option ID = 176840]
[Option ID = 176842]
4. Badminton
2. Sports Diplomacy
[Option ID = 176841]
[Option ID = 176843]
3. Summit Diplomacy
[Option ID = 176844]
4. Track II Diplomacy
[Option ID = 176845]
71. In the above passage, the statement “The ideological
rivalry between the two superpowers post‐second world war
till the late 1980s was evident even in international sporting
events and games.” is referred to which period in international
relations: [Question ID = 26004][Question Description =
M.A._PISM_Q_071]
1. Cold War
[Option ID = 176846]
2. Post‐Cold War 72. The Soccer War is associated with which international sporting
[Option ID = 176847] event?
3. Soccer War [Question ID = 26005][Question Description = M.A._PISM_Q_072]
[Option ID = 176848] 1. Copa America
4. India China War [Option ID = 176851]
[Option ID = 176849] 2. Copa Libertadores
[Option ID = 176852]
3. CONCACAF Gold Cup
[Option ID = 176853]
4. FIFA Football World Cup Qualifier
[Option ID = 176850]
b
76. Which of the following propounded the doctrine of 'unbalanced growth'
A. Albert O. Hirschman
B. Robert Solow [Question ID = 25997][Question Description =
C. H.S. Singer M.A._PISM_Q_076]
D. Ragner Nurkse 1. A and B only
[Option ID = 176282]
2. B and C only
[Option ID = 176283]
3. D only
[Option ID = 176284]
4. A only
[Option ID = 176285]
[Question ID = 25999][Question Description =
M.A._PISM_Q_078]
1. A ‐ IV, B ‐III, C ‐ II, D ‐I
[Option ID = 176290]
2. A ‐IV , B ‐III , C ‐I , D ‐II
[Option ID = 176291]
3. A ‐IV , B ‐III , C ‐V , D ‐II
[Option ID = 176292]
4. A ‐ V, B ‐IV , C ‐III , D ‐II
[Option ID = 176293]
 [Question ID = 33782][Question Description =
79.The trade balance of a country is represented by[Question M.A._PISM_Q_082]
ID = 26000][Question Description = M.A._PISM_Q_079] 1. A ‐III , B ‐IV , C ‐II , D ‐I
1. The difference between imports and exports. [Option ID = [Option ID = 176306]
176294] 2. A ‐II , B ‐I , C ‐III , D ‐IV
2. The total imports and exports. [Option ID = 176295] [Option ID = 176307]
3. The report between imports and exports. [Option ID = 3. A ‐III , B ‐IV , C ‐I , D ‐II
176296] [Option ID = 176308]
4. The difference between income and expenditure. [Option ID 4. A ‐IV , B ‐III , C ‐II , D
= 176297]
 b

81. Given below are two statements, one is labelled as

Assertion A and the other is labelled as Reason R
Assertion A:Privatisation is seen to work best when allied with
competition or deregulation.
Reason R: Public auction is one of the method of Privatization.

b
 86. Which of the following statements are true. [Question ID = 33786][Question Description =
A.Interaction of market forces of demand and supply to M.A._PISM_Q_086]
determine the price is known as Price Mechanism. 1. A, B and D only
B. Ability and willingness to buy a commodity is known as [Option ID = 176322]
Effective Demand. 2. A, C and D only
C.'Ceteris paribus'mean other things remaining constant. [Option ID = 176323]
D.As consumer has more and more units of goods, its marginal 3. A and D only
utility to a consumer declines. [Option ID = 176324]
4. A, B, C and D
[Option ID = 176325]
87. Given below are two statements, one is labelled as
Assertion A and the other is labelled as Reason R
Assertion A:Socialists were against private property, and saw it
as the root of all social ills of the time.
Reason R:Individuals owned the property that gave
employment but the propertied were concerned only with
personal gain and not with the welfare of those who made the
property productive.
 88. Which of the following statements are correct.
A. Human Development Index (HDI) is constructed with reference to Life expectancy, GDP per capita, infant
mortality rate, literacy rate.
B. HDI was created to emphasize that people and their capabilities should be the ultimate criteria for
assessing the development of a country, not economic growth alone.
C.The Human Development Index (HDI) is a summary measure of average achievement in key dimensions of
human development: a long and healthy life, being knowledgeable and have a decent standard of living.
D.The Gender Social Norms Index (GSNI)measures how social beliefs obstruct gender equality in areas like
politics, work, and education. [Question ID = 33788][Question Description
= M.A._PISM_Q_088]
1. A, B, C and D. [Option ID = 176330]
2. A , B and C. [Option ID = 176331]
3. A and C only. [Option ID = 176332]
89. Given below are two statements 4. A, C and D. [Option ID = 176333]
Statement I:Structural Reform undertaken in agriculture as a Part of
Atmanirbhar Bharat Package is Farmers (Empowerment
and Protection) Agreement of Price Assurance and Farm Services Act,
2020. a
Statement II:Structural Reform undertaken in labour sector is "one labour
return, one licence and one registration".
90. Given below are two statements
The Treaty on European Union, commonly known as the
Statement I:To create an area without internal frontiers is one
Maastricht Treaty, is the foundation treaty of the
of the key objectives of the European Union’s Maastricht
European Union (EU). Concluded in 1992 between the
Treaty.
then-twelve member states of the European
Statement II: Other objective is to develop a common foreign,
Communities, it announced "a new stage in the process
security and defence policy.
of European integration"[2] chiefly in provisions for a
shared European citizenship, for the eventual
introduction of a single currency, and (with less
precision) for common foreign and security policies

??
93. Given below are two statements
Statement I: Herbert Spencer suggested that the wealthy were
so favoured because they were biologically superior to the
poor.
Statement II: David Ricardo developed the Theory of the Iron
Law of Wages in which he suggested that the owner of the
factory and the machines would not be driven by the profit
motive to pay the workers.
Ferdinand Lassalle- Theory of the Iron Law of Wages

94. Given below are two statements, one is labelled as

Assertion Aand the other islabelled as Reason R

Assertion A: In a democratic society, 'Authority' is the right to

exercise the power and influence of a particular position that
comes from having being placed in that position according to
regular, known, and widely accepted procedures

Reason R : It is the legitimate power based on law, which is

derived from the Leader’s personality and charisma which
expresses thewill of the people
 96

[Question ID = 33796][Question Description =

M.A._PISM_Q_096]
1. A ‐III , B ‐I, C ‐IV, D ‐ V [Option ID = 176818]
2. A ‐I, B ‐II, C ‐III , D ‐ IV [Option ID = 176819]
3. A ‐IV , B ‐II , C ‐III , D ‐ I [Option ID = 176820]
4. A ‐ V, B ‐I , C ‐IV , D ‐ II [Option ID = 176821]

Linkage Politics: Essays on the Convergence

of National and International Systems
Rosenau
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 The AAGC would consist of four main components: 1.
development and cooperation projects, 2.quality infrastructure
and institutional connectivity, 3.capacity and skill enhancement
and 4. people-to-people partnerships.

Unlike OBOR, now BRI (Belt and Road Initiative), which entails
development of both land corridor (new economic belt) and ocean
(marine silk road), AAGC will essentially be a sea corridor linking Africa
with India and other countries of South-East Asia and Oceania by reviving
ancient sea-routes and creating new sea corridors that will link ports in
Jamnagar (Gujarat) with Djibouti in the Gulf of Aden and similarly the
ports of Mombasa and Zanzibar will be connected to ports near Madurai;
Kolkata will be linked Dto Sittwe port in Myanmar
Under the Vaccine Maitri initiative of India, which started in
January 2021, Bhutan and Maldives were the first countries to
receive vaccines as a grant by India. This was quickly followed
by shipments to Nepal, Bangladesh, Myanmar and Seychelle

QUAD: First established in 2007, re-established in 2017

September 2021- Last QUAD summit, 1st physical at Washington DC, USA

QUAD vision: “a shared vision for a Free and Open Indo-Pacific“

: “rules-based maritime order in the East and South China Seas”

Malabar Naval Exercise- Joint Military exercise of QUAD nation-states

 ?

Of the possible triggers cited for the People’s Liberation Army’s

(PLA) targeting of Indian territory along the Line of Actual
Control (LAC) in eastern Ladakh, the construction of the 255-
km long Darbuk-Shyokh-Daulat Beg Oldie (DSDBO) all-weather
road is possibly the most consequential-
Ref: https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/lac-stand-off-
india-china-darbuk-shyok-daulat-beg-oldie-dsdbo-road-
6452997/
?
A
The South China Sea dispute is an overlapping territorial
dispute involving countries like Vietnam, Taiwan, China,
Malaysia, Brunei and the Philippines.
?

Print capitalism is a theory underlying the

concept of a nation, as a group that forms an
imagined community, that emerges with a
common language and discourse that is
generated from the use of the printing press,
proliferated by a capitalist marketplace.
 1. Self Defence,
2. To seek reparation of injury,
3. To punish a wrong – doer
Jus ad bellum- right to war

Hugo Grotius’ ‘De Jure Belli ac Pacis (On the Law of War and
Peace), (1625)’, that had the most profound impact on the
development of international law
Hugo Grotius gave:
• Jus ad Bellum(right to war)
• Jus in Bello(rights in war)
• Rights of Individuals
• Humanitarian Intervention
• Freedom of the Seas
‘The Borderless World (1990)’- Kenichi Ohmae
The school of philosophy founded by Nāgārjuna, the
Mādhyamika (Middle Way), is sometimes called the Śūnyavāda,
or Doctrine That All Is Void.
A
B
The Hoysala Empire was a Kannadiga power originating from
the Indian subcontinent that ruled most of what is now
Karnataka, India between the 10th and the 14th centuries. The
capital of the Hoysalas was initially located at Belur but was
later moved to Halebidu
The Yuan dynasty, officially the Great Yuan, was a successor
state to the Mongol Empire after its division and a ruling
dynasty of China established by Kublai Khan, leader of the
Mongol Borjigin clan, lasting from 1271 to 1368 AD
4
Reason R: Realism failed to explain the structural changes in the international system and comprehend emerging security
challenges.

The Twenty Years' Crisis 1919-1939: An Introduction to the

Study of International Relations (1939)
6 Guna (गुण )- Policy in Inter-state relation
सन्धि , Bigraha, Yāna, Āsana, Dvaidhībhāva and Samśraya,
and 4 Upaya (उपाय)- sāma, dāna, bheda and danda- are
maxim (rule of conduct) for political actions
 ?

French Indo China comprised of

Cambodia, Laos , the Chinese territory
of Guangzhouwan and Vietnam

• Indonesia: Dutch East Indies

• Malaysia: Colony of England
• Brunei: British protectorate
• Thailand: almost free
B?
he United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD) was established by the
UN General Assembly in December 1992
While constructivism in IR does not draw directly from any
of these major figures, its forefathers are eminent sociologists
like Alfred Schütz, Peter Berger and Thomas Luckmann. Behind
them is, of course, Weber’s ‘understanding sociology’
4
4
hyperinflation is rapidly rising inflation, typically measuring
more than 50% per month.
Abdulla Shahid is a Maldivian politician who has served as the
Minister of Foreign Affairs for Maldives since 2018. He is the
President of the United Nations General Assembly. Shahid is
the first Maldivian politician to become the President of the
General Assembly
The Civic Culture (1963) -Gabriel Almond and Sydney Verba.
surveys conducted in the United States, Britain, West Germany,
Italy, and Mexico
political culture: parochial, subject, and participant.
81.
How to crack JNU IRAM?
• Revise UG CBCS Pol Sc from Pol Sc Help Videos, Pdf notes, own notes
• Revise from the Pol Sc Help Exam guide for JNU-PISM/IRAM
• Make Notes on IR GK- events, treaties, Books, Quotes, Organizations,
Current events from multiple sources
• Practice as many MCQs as possible- UGC-NET, SET, RET, DUET, BHU,
HCU, BHU, JNU-POLM, PISM, etc
• Learn the tips/tricks to solve MCQ
• Develop the knack to pick up correct/incorrect statements- go for
your gut feeling
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Question No.1 Given below are two statements :

Statement I: Mahalanobis Model was followed by India in its Second Five Year Plan.

Statement II: Some of the most notable mention was rapid economic growth by public
sector investment.

In the light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the
options given below.

(A) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct. (Correct Answer) (B) Both Statement
I and Statement II are incorrect. (C) Statement I is correct but Statement II is incorrect.
(D) Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is correct.

2. Consider the following statements with reference to Secularism in India.

A.Secularism means that the state has no recognised religion of state.

B. Secularism means that the state treats all the religion equally.
C. Secularism means that the state regulates the relation of man with God.

Which statements are correct?

8.Statement I: As the Dark Ages gave way to the Middle Ages, the demand in Europe for spices,
particularly pepper, increased.

Statement II: As the Middle Ages progressed, the price of pepper dropped, opening up
consumption to a larger class of the moderately wealthy. In the light of the above statements,
choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below.

The nine-dash line—also referred to as the

9.What does the controversial ‘nine-dash line’ demarcate ? ten-dash line and the eleven-dash line—refers
to the ill-defined demarcation line used by the
(A) China’s claim in Indian Ocean. (B) China’s claim in Ussurai People's Republic of China (China) and the
River. (C) China’s claim in South China Sea. (D) China’s claim in Republic of China (Taiwan), for their claims of
Senkaku Island. the major part of the South China Sea.

10.Arrange in ascending order :

A. Anandpur Sahib Resolution B. Kagodu Satyagraha C. Birsa

Munda Revolt D. Bhopal Gas Tragedy
11. Which one of the following is not part of the five Global
Commons ?

(A) The High seas (B) The Climate system (C) The Deep ocean
floor (D) The Arctic region
5 Global commons: High Sea, Deep Ocean,
Global Atmosphere, Outer Space,
Antarctica
12.Who is the leading scholar of the Constructivist School of
International Relations ?

(A) Robert Keohane (B) Alexander Wendt (C) Barry Buzan (D) Sagan
and Sagan Robert Keohane- Liberal
Barry Buzan – Copenhagen School
14. Statement I: National Judicial Appointments Commission( NJAC) is not a
constitutional body.

Statement II: The Supreme Court of India declared Ninety-ninth Constitution

Amendment Act ‘Unconstitutional and Void’.
 Che Guevara :A major figure of the Cuban
15. Choose the right combination from the following.
Revolution, was Argentine Marxist
revolutionary leader and thinker
A. Fidel Castro - Cuba
B.Che Guevara - Argentina
C. Ho Chi Minh - South Korea

Choose the correct answer from the options given below.

16. The US approach to the Cold War was originally set out in :

(A) The Truman doctrine (B) The Marshall plan (C) The Monroe
doctrine (D) The Dulles doctrine

The Truman Doctrine was an American foreign

policy with the primary goal of containing
Soviet geopolitical expansion during the Cold
War
 The term looking glass self was created by American sociologist
23. Assertion A : India and Pakistan declared Charles Cooley in 1902 in his book ‘Human Nature and the
themselves ‘Republic’ in 1950. Social Order.’
The Power Elite is a 1956 book by sociologist C. Wright Mills, in
Reason R : On and from the 26th January 1950,
which Mills describe nexus of the leaders of the military,
when the Constitution came into force, the Crown
corporate, and political class and how the ordinary citizen is a
of England ceased to have any legal or
relatively powerless subject of manipulation by the power
Constitutional authority over India.
elites.
Pakistan was successful in framing its constitution only in
1956
24. The settlement that ended the thirty years war in 1648, New Zealand became the 1st country to give voting
often said to have created the Modern state system, is known rights to women
as :

(A) Treaty of Versailles (B) Warsaw Pact (C) Treaty of Westphalia

(D) None of the above
“There is no doubt that a woman's right to make
reproductive choices is also a dimension of 'personal
liberty' as understood under Article 21 of the
25.In 1893, which of the following countries granted women Constitution of India. It is important to recognise that
the right to vote ? reproductive choices can be exercised to procreate as
well as to abstain from procreating.” SCI in 2018
(A) South Africa (B) Australia (C) United States of America (D)
New Zealand

26.Assertion A : The Women’s Right to make productive choices is also a dimension of

Fundamental Right. It is important to recognise that reproductive choices can be
exercised.

Reason R : According to the Right to Personal Liberty under Article 21, no person shall
be deprived of his personal liberty except according to procedure established by law
27.Which of the following statements are correct :

A. Gandhi argued that ideology must be rooted in India and its ancient civilisation.
B. B. He successfully used religious idioms to mobilise the masses.
C. C. His goal was a moral goal, and therefore, a utopian goal-unattainable and ever elusive.
D. D. Inclusivism became identified as his unique style of politics.
E. E. He did not have a clear vision of the pluralist nature of Indian society.

28. Statement I: On July 29, 1987, Indo-Sri Lankan Accord was signed in
Colombo.

Statement II: This accord turned out to be a diplomatic failure that claimed
the life of Indira Gandhi in the background of IPKF’s Military excess.
30. Statement I: India is a ‘quasi-federal’ state.

Statement II: ‘Federalism’ is the basic structure of the

Constitution.

Statement I: Jati-Cluster refers to a situation when people of

different Jatis classed together under one name, whose
members are treated by others as having the same general
status.

Statement II: Two of the main Jati-Clusters in Gujarat are

Badagas and Kunbis.

Which among the following are identified as countries of the

‘Golden Triangle’ ?
(A) Laos, Vietnam, Cambodia (B) Afghanistan, Pakistan, Iran (C)
Myanmar, India, China (D) Myanmar, Thailand, Laos
33. Assertion A : Any individual affected due to the violations
of any provision of Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP)
cannot move to the court. DPSPs- Part IV
FR- Part III
Reason R : The DPSPs are incorporated in Part - III of the
Constitution which is not justiciable.
 On 23 June 1961, the Antarctic Treaty
35. Which of the following is the oldest treaty to check nuclear entered into force. It was the first
weapons’ test ? international treaty to ban nuclear
testing, amongst other military activities,
(A) Antarctic Treaty (B) Non-proliferation Treaty (C) Outer Space within a specified region.
Treaty (D) Comprehensive Test Ban-Treaty
The Antarctic Treaty holds the distinction
of being the first international treaty
established during the Cold War that
included substantial arms control
36. Who among the following, defined war as “Organised provisions.
Violence carried on by political units against each other”
? • NPT (Non-proliferation Treaty) in 1968,
• Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT)
(A) Hedley Bull B) Quincy Wright (C) Carl Von Clausewitz -1996
(D) Alexander Wendt • UN Outer Space Treaty-1966

• Hedley Bull – English School-

International society
• Quincy Wright author of ‘a study of
wars’
• Alexander Wendt- Constructivism
Assertion A : Emile Durkheim connects religion primarily with
social inequality or power.

Reason R : Therefore, his work is based on the study of

totemism as practised by Australian Aboriginal Societies.
39. ‘Diego - Garcia’ island is located in :

(A) Indian Ocean (B) Atlantic Ocean (C) Bay of Bengal (D) Pacific
Ocean

• Diego Garcia is an island in the central Indian Ocean, an

overseas territory of the United Kingdom.
• USA built a large naval and military base there

40. NREGA stands for which of the following ?

(A) National Rural Employment Guarantee Programme. ( (B)

National Rural Efficiency Guarantee Programme. (C) National
Rural Employment Gauge Programme. (D) National Rural
Employment Guarantee Policy.
41.Which one of the following is not a technique for the use of
national power ?
(A) Diplomacy
(B) Economy
(C) Use of military power
(D) Joining the world organisation
Statement I: Provisions related to Co-operative Societies were inserted in India’s
Constitution by Ninety Seventh Constitution Amendment Act, 2011.

Statement II: Co-operative societies would be formed on the principles of

voluntary formation, democratic member-control, member-economic participation
and autonomous functioning.

For Hegel, 'State is the march of God on Earth' which implies

that state is the divine manifestation on the earth.
44.To derive income elasticity demand which of the following
formula is used ?

Qx = demand of x p = price y = income t = time (A) (B)(C) (D)

(Correct Answer)

45.
Assertion A : Free and compulsory education to all is a
Fundamental Right.

Reason R : Constitution (Eighty-sixth Amendment) Act, 2002

provides education as a fundamental right for 6-14 years
children.

46.Which one of the following countries is not the part of

BIMSTEC ? members of BIMSTEC: India, Sri-Lanka,
Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal (SAARC
(A) Bangladesh (B) Thailand (C) India (D) China nations) plus Myanmar and Thailand
(non-SAARC nations)
Q. 47 was dropped- was wrongly framed ??
Question No.48 (Question Id - 5) “From Stettin in the Baltic, to
Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across
the continent.” The above statement attributes to :

(A) Winston Churchill (B) President Eisenhower (C) President

Johnson (D) Lenin
 51. Arrange in ascending order :

A. Champaran Movement B. Communal Award C. Non-

Cooperation Movement D. Formation of All India Muslim
League

52. Who among the following studied under Nizam-ud-din

Aulia, the Sufi saint, was of Turkish origin though born in India ?

(A) Amir Khusrav (Correct Answer) (B) Malik Kafur (C) Mahmud
Gavan (D) Zafar Khan

53.Which of the following statements are correct :

A. Caste system is a form of social stratification. B. Caste

system is hierarchical in nature. C. Caste system is typical to
modern industrial societies. D. Caste system is an open system.
54. Assertion A : India along with other G4 countries is
demanding permanent membership in the UN Security Council.

Reason R : Such reform is difficult to implement unless

permanent members endorse it.

55.Assertion A : Indian foreign policy is currently encompassing

many multilateral platforms to enable greater participation in
international decision making.
Functionalism, an approach to the formation
of international organizations that advocates
Reason R : The move towards multilateralism in foreign policy
international cooperation on scientific,
is enabling better relationship with Indian neighbours.
humanitarian, social, and economic issues.

56.Assertion A : According to functionalist school of thought, David Mitrany- ‘Functional Theory of Politics’
the more two countries participate in the sphere of trade and ; Functional Integration
investment, more closer does their people become.

Reason R : The above occurs because in doing business people

interact and learn to appreciate the other.
57. Who among the following rulers of Gupta dynasty died
during the war with Hunas ?

(A) Kumara Gupta (Correct Answer) (B) Narasimha Gupta (C)

Samudra Gupta (D) Skanda Gupta

59. Which one of the following, played central role of

providing super power status to both the USA and USSR
during the Cold War ?

(A) East - West military confrontation (B) Containment

strategy (C) Nuclear weapons (D) Conventional military
industrial complex
The concept of ‘spill over’ is found in the theory of :

(A) Liberalism (B) Idealism (C) Realism (D) Constructivism

A - III, B - I, C - IV, D - II
A - IV, B - I, C - II, D - III
 64.Assertion A : Sarkaria Commission recommended that the President – Article 52-62
Governor of a state should be appointed after consultation Council of Minister- 74
with the Chief Minister of the State. Prime Minister- Article 75
Governor -Article 152-162
Reason R : This could be achieved through amending Article Election commission Article 324
165 of the Indian Constitution. CAG- 148
Attorney General- 143

65.Which of the following statements regarding the residuary

powers in the Constitution of India are correct ?

A. Residuary power has been given to the Union Parliament. the final authority to decide whether a matter
falls under the list of residuary powers or not,
B. In this regard, Constitution of India follows the Constitution
rests with the Supreme Court
of Australia.
C. The final authority to decide whether a particular matter
falls under the residuary power or not is the Parliament.
D. The Government of India Act, 1935 placed residuary powers
in the hands of the Governor General.
 Gunnar Myrdal: An American economist ; Dilemma: The
Negro Problem and Modern Democracy.

67.Given below are two statements : Statement I: If Production

Possibility Curve (PPC) is “dome” shaped trade offs are not
constant.

Statement II: Production Possibility Curve being “dome”

shaped, means an economy operating on the line of PPC, must
produce less of one good, if it is to produce more of another.
Question No.69: Choose the correct pair from the following.

Name of the Books Authors

A. The origins of political order - Francis Fukuyama
B. The Idea of India - Sunil Khilnani
C. Political order in changing societies - Samuel P. Huntington
70. Which of the following refers to the dominant members of
the International Solar Alliance ?

(A) Sunburst states (B) Sun-kissed countries (C) Sunbathed

states (D) Sunshine countries

71. Statement I: In India Goods and Services Tax is

implemented to ensure a fair and systematic taxing system.

Statement II:In India Goods and Services Tax is implemented to

stream line and compatibility among states.

72. The theory of social contract primarily seeks which of the

following ?

(A) To explore the historical origin of the state. (B) To justify the
status quo. (C) To explain the basis of political obligation. (D) To
bring out a radical transformation of society by revolution.
73. Who among the following were of pure Afghan origin ?

(A) Bahmanis (B) Khaljis (C) Tughlaqs (D) Lodis

74. PDS stands for which of the following ?

(A) Population Distribution Survey (B) Public Demonetisation

Scheme (C) Public Distribution Survey (D) Public Distribution
System
76. Statement I: The Planning Commission was set-up by the
Government resolution.

Statement II: It used to formulate plans for effective utilization

of resources.

77. Nuclear Reactors - Country :

A. Bushehr - Iran
B. B. Chegai Hills - North Korea
C. C. Pokhran - India

78. FICCI stands for which of the following ?

(A) Federation of Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industry

(B) Federation of Indian Chamber of Commerce and Investment
(C) Federation of Indian Chamber of Commercial and Industry
(D) Federation of Indian Chamber of Commerce and Institute
IREDA stands for which of the following ?

(A) Indian Rural Efficiency Development Agency (B) Indian Rural

Evaluation Development Agency (C) Indian Rural Effective
Development Agency (D) Indian Renewable Energy
Development Agency

85. Assertion A : Many of the South-east Asian countries are

aligning and re-aligning with the extraregional powers in the
post-cold war period.

Reason R : One of the primary reasons has been increasing

Chinese behaviour as a Middle Kingdom in the region.

86. Af-Pak strategy was adopted by Af-Pak strategy: an attempt to win the
“hearts and minds” of the Afghan and
: (A) President William J. Clinton (B) President Barack H. Pakistani people
Obama (C) President Donald J. Trump (D) President George W.
Bush
 Dyarchy: Government of India Act 1919-
called Montague-Chelmsford reform

GOI Act 1909: separate electorate – Morley-Minto reform

GOI Act 1935: Mini Indian Constitution- Provincial Autonomy

Cabinet Mission Plan- Constituent assembly

88.Statement I: The Indian diaspora is regarded as an

important resource within host countries in terms of
89. Scheduled Banking Structure in India is
influencing perceptions, behaviour and legislation.
:
A. RBI - SBI - IDBI - UCB
Statement II: The Non-Resident Indians contribute by paying
B. RBI - SCB - PSB - PSB - NB - SBI
taxes in India.
C. RBI - SCB - PSB - FBI - SBI
D. SBI - RBI - SCB - PSB - NB
95.Who is the author of the book ‘Gender Trouble’ published in • Sylvia Walby :British sociologist and feminist :
1990 and later translated into 20 languages ? noted for work in the fields of the domestic
violence, patriarchy, gender relations in the
(A) Margaret Mead (B) Simone de Beauvoir(C) Sylvia Walby (D) workplace and globalisation.
Judith Butler
• Margaret Mead: American cultural
anthropologist

• Judith Butler: third-wave feminist

• Simene de Beauvoir: Second wave feminist-
the second sex

96.The term ‘Complex Interdependence’ in International theory advocates which of

the following ?

(A) Transnational actors along with economic and institutional instruments. (B) It
advocates complex inter-linkages between states within a region. (C) It supports the
role of hard power with soft power. (D) Transnational economic actors along with
military capacity.
 17 SDG: Zero hunger, No poverty,
97. Statement I: During Cold War, Truman doctrine of containment of good health, quality education
communist expansionism helped generate an extremely expensive and tense
arms race with the USSR.
8 MDG: Zero hunger, No poverty, good
health, quality education
Statement II: Under the Marshall Plan, billions of dollar was given to
European nations in order to revitalize them as allies and trading partners of An Agenda for Peace-
USA. Book by Boutros Boutros-Ghali

United Nations General Assembly (UNGA)

resolution 377 A, the "Uniting for Peace"
resolution, states that in any cases where
the Security Council, because of a lack of
unanimity among its five permanent
members (P5), fails to act as required to
maintain international peace and security,
the General Assembly shall consider the
matter immediately and may issue
appropriate recommendations to UN
members for collective measures, including
the use of armed force
99. A person shall be disqualified for being chosen as, and for
being, a member of eitherhouse of Parliament :
A. If he holds any office of profit under the Govt. of India or
the Govt. of State.
B. B. If he does not possess educational qualification as
mentioned in the Constitution.
C. C. If he is of unsound mind and stands so declared by a
competent court.
D. D. If he is an undischarged insolvent.
So the Lessons are
• For IR paper, apart from Core Political theories/thinkers, and
thoughts, also cover the following
• IR theories, thinkers
• IR books/Authors
• IR GK
• Regional alliances/organizations
• Indian Constitution
• Be ready for at least 10-20% random questions- better guess them
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Tests & Competitions
 1. Statement I: Locke ensures the right to life, liberty and
property.
Statement II: Locke was an individualist out and out.

In the light of the above statements, choose the most

appropriate answer from the options given below :
(A) Both Statement I and Statement II are true
(B) Both Statement I and Statement II are false
(C) Statement I is true but Statement II is false
(D) Statement I is false but Statement II is true

2.The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) was

adopted by the UN General Assembly in
: (A) 1945
(B) 1948
(C) 1975 30 Articles in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights
(D) 1980 (UDHR)
3.Which one is the correct group of Shanghai Cooperation
Organisation (SCO) Countries ? SCO: 8 members:
(A) Kazakhstan - Turkmenistan - India - China China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan,
(B) (B) Tazikistan - India - Turkmenistan - Russia and Uzbekistan; India, Pakistan
(C) (C) Pakistan - India - Russia - China
(D) (D) Uzbekistan - Turkmenistan - Tazikistan - Kazakhstan

4.Who among the following is a proponent of ‘Critical Theory’ Frankfurt School: Ernst Bloch, Walter Benjamin, Max
? (A) Isiah Berlin Horkheimer, Erich Fromm, Herbert Marcuse, Habermas
(B) Herbert Mercuse
(C) C.B. McPherson
(D) Jurgen Hebermas
Q.14
 10.Who among the following is a proponent of idea of ‘Clash of Joseph Stiglitz: well known American
Civilizations' ? Economist; Nobel prize winner; critic of
(A) J. Stieglitz neo-liberal Globalization , IMF, and World
(B) (B) Sigmund Freud Bank
(C) (C) S.P. Huntington • People, Power, and Profits (2019)
(D) (D) Mikhail Gorvachev • The Great Divide: Unequal Societies and
What We Can Do About Them (2015)
• Creating a Learning Society: A New
Approach to Growth Development and
11.Assertion A: The UN Security Council (UNSC) has primary Social Progress (2014)
responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and
security.

Reason R: The UNSC has authority to investigate any dispute, or Huntington wrote:
any situation which might lead to international friction or give • The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late
rise to a dispute. Twentieth Century
(A) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of • Clash of Civilizations
A
(B) (B) Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct
explanation of A
(C) (C) A is correct but R is incorrect
(D) (D) A is incorrect but R is correct
13. Constitution of India says : “India that is Bharat, shall be a
__________”.

A. Union of States
B. B. State of States
C. C. Republic of States
D. D. United Sates
E. E. Federation of States
Q.15
5 Arab- Israel War
1948: 1st war- creation of Israel
1956: The Suez War
1967: The Six-Day War
1973: The Yom Kippur War, Ramadan War, or October War- oil crisis,
Camp David Accords
1982: : Israel’s invasion of Lebanon

Israel vs Syria, Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine

Gaza Strip, Sinai Peninsula - Egypt, West Bank- Jordan,

Golan Heights- Syria,

Palestine- settled on Gaza Strip & West bank

Hamas control Gaza Strip; PLO- West Bank
17.Statement I: Dialectical Materialism is the crude and
deterministic form of Marxism that dominated intellectual life
in orthodox communist states.

Statement II: Historical Materialism is the Marxist theory that

holds that economic conditions ultimately structure law,
politics, culture and other aspects of Social existence.
Question No.19 (Question Id - 74)
Who among the following is a proponent of ‘Libertarianism’ ? Carole Pateman- feminist; critic of liberal
(A) Louis Hartz democracy and democratic peace theory
(B) Pateman
(C) Michael Sandel Louis Hartz: American liberal thinker;
(D) Robert Nozick (Correct Answer) fragment theory; book: The Liberal
Tradition in America(1955)

Michael Sandel: Communitarian liberal

thinker
 Q.20

21. Green peace, an environmental INGO, is stationed at :

(A) Amsterdam •Drafting Committee – B. R. Ambedkar.
(B) (B) London •Union Power Committee – Jawaharlal Nehru.
(C) (C) Paris •Union Constitution Committee – Jawaharlal Nehru.
(D) (D) Kyoto •Provincial Constitution Committee – Vallabhbhai Patel.
•Advisory Committee on Fundamental Rights,
Minorities and Tribal and Excluded Areas – Vallabhbhai
22. Assertion A : Philosophy of realism is based on the notion Patel.
of national interest. •Steering Committee: Rajendra Prasad
•Order of Business Committee - K M Munshi
Reason R : Realism says that national interest has no
permanent meaning.
23. Statement I: Machiavelli is not a political philosopher.

Statement II: Machiavelli’s thoughts are both narrowly local

and narrowly dated.

24. Identity determines interests; interests determine action is

associated with :
(A) Liberal institutionalist approach to study international
relations.
(B) (B) Dependency theory to study international relations.
(C) (C) International systems theory to study political economy.
(D) (D) Social Constructivist approach to study international
relations.
constructivists see identities and interests of
actors as socially constructed and
changeable;

identities are not static and cannot be

exogenously assumed
Question No.26 (Question Id - 35) Name the scholar who said,
“Power is everywhere” :
(A) Scheuerman
(B) (B) Joseph Schumpeter
(C) (C) Michel Foucault
(D) (D) H.J. Morgenthau
Why not uncivil disobedience? By William E. Scheuerman
 Basel convention relates to :
(A) Hazardous waste (Correct Answer)
(B) Intellectual property rights
(C) Investments
(D) Services

28. Who was the US secretary of state in President D. Wight

Eisenhower’s Administration, a strong proponent of the policy
of containment and wanted Pakistan to join the US military • Cold War policy of the United States and its
alliance in early 1950s ? allies to prevent the spread of communism in
(A) George F Kennan 3rd world.
(B) (B) John Forster Dulles (Correct Answer) • The term was suggested by the principal
(C) (C) Dean Rusk framer of the policy, the U.S. diplomat George
(D) (D) Henry Kissinger F. Kennan,
• The policy was implemented in the Truman
Question No.29 (Question Id - 76) Doctrine of 1947
‘International Solar Alliance’ assembly was organised by :
(A) Ministry of Petroleum
(B) (B) Ministry of External Affairs
(C) (C) Ministry of New and Renewable Energy
(D) (D) Ministry of Coal
 30. The famous statement : “Power and deception are the two
essential means for the conduct of foreign policy” is associated
with whom ?
(A) Thomas Hobbes
(B) (B) Niccolo Machiavelli
(C) (C) Thucydides
(D) (D) H.J. Morgenthau

36. Assertion A: The idea of human security was introduced by

the World Bank in 1995.

Reason R: Human security emphasizes the welfare of

individuals rather than states.
38. Africa’s bloodiest 1994 Rwanda genocide was the
consequence of ethnic conflict between :
(A) Haratin and Moors (B) Hutus and Tutsi (C) Akan and Dendi
(D) Jola and Kanuri

39. Assertion A : Indian federalism is called co-operative

federalism.

Reason R : There’s allocation by the Union of the taxes

collected or direct grants or plan funds which do not
necessarily mitigate against the concept of federalism.

full members are Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and

Uruguay.
40. MERCOSUR trade bloc belongs to :
Venezuela is a full member but has been
suspended since 1 December 2016.
A. South America B. North America C. Both North and South
America D. South America and Europe E. Europe Associate countries are Bolivia, Chile, Colombia,
Ecuador, Guyana, Peru and Suriname.
41. Statement I: The Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) is an
export control group of 30 countries, that provide nuclear
materials, equipment and technology on the global market.

Statement II: The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)

was created in 1957 as part of the UN system to work with
member states to support safe, secure and peaceful nuclear
technologies.

42. India invited leaders of which regional group at the Oath

ceremony of Prime Minister Narendra Modi in May 2019 ?

(A) BIMSTEC (B) SAARC (C) ASEAN (D) BCIM

BIMSTEC members: Bangladesh, Bhutan,

India, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Thailand
43.
Statement I: Nehru’ adopted non-alignment as the Lodestar of
India’s Foreign Policy due to his concern about the opportunity
costs of defence spending.

Statement II: He was intended on maintaining India’s hard won

independence by adopting nonalignment policy.

• NATO- 30 members
49. Which country joined NATO recently ? • The most recent member states to be added
to NATO are Montenegro on 5 June 2017 and
(A) Greece (B) Macedonia (C) Italy (D) Latvia North Macedonia on 27 March 2020.
 Question No.50 (Question Id - 44) Harry Truman- US president; Michel Temer-
(Leader) (Country) Brazilian President
A. Robert Mugabe : Zimbabwe
B. B. Hugo Chavez : Venezuela
C. C. Michel Temer : Mexico Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye are neo-liberals;
D. D. Harry Truman : Germany gave theory of complex interdependence
E. E. Bill Clinton : USA
Nye gave concept of ‘Soft Power’.
Q. Which are correctly matched?
51. The book “After Hegemony : Cooperation and Discord in
the World Political Economy”, is written by :

(A) Peter Marshall (B) Robert Keohane (C) Joseph Nye (D)
Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye
**Question No.53 (Question Id - 21) What is not true about
‘Track-two diplomacy’ ?

(A) Individuals outside the government carry out negotiations.

(B) Takes longer process of sustained dialogue. (C) Government
officials participate in negotiations. (D) Influencing Public
Opinion in their respective states.

54. Assertion A : Liberal - institutionalism emphasizes on the

role of international institutions in shaping the behaviour of a
state.

Reason R : The UN and the WTO have shaped the behaviour of

the states in international relations.
56. ‘Glasnost’ and ‘Perestroika’ are associated with which of
the following Soviet leader ?

(A) V.I. Lenin (B) Joseph Stalin (C) Leonid Brezhnev (D) Mikhail
Gorbachev
 Friedrich List (1789 –1846)- German-
American political economist
• "National System" of political economy
• Against free trade
• Supported tariff barrier to support domestic
industries
• economic liberalism

59. The principle of “National Treatment”, in the WTO implies :

(A) All nationally registered MNCs will be given protection.

(B) (B) It prohibits discrimination between imported and
domestically produced goods with respect to internal
taxation or other government regulations.
(C) C) It supports the cause of nationalism.
(D) (D) It supports domestic industry.
 The term “artificial intelligence” is coined in
60. Artificial intelligence is “One of the hottest, least a proposal for a “2 month, 10 man study of
understood and most debated technological break throughs in artificial intelligence” submitted by John
modern times”. Who among the following is credited with McCarthy (Dartmouth College), Marvin
coining of the word Artificial Intelligence (AI) ? Minsky (Harvard University), Nathaniel
Rochester (IBM), and Claude Shannon
(A) Danny Hillis (B) Mark Zuekerberg (C) John McCarthy (D) (Bell Telephone Laboratories)
Alan Turing

61. Recently, India has stopped importing Palm Oil from which
of the following South East Asian Countries ?

(A) Indonesia (B) Laos (C) Malaysia (D) Brunei

BCIM :The Bangladesh–China–India–Myanmar

Forum for Regional Cooperation
CPEC : China–Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC)
BBIN: Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal (BBIN)
initiative
CMEC: China-Myanmar Economic Corridor (CMEC)
 63.Assertion A : Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) are
nuclear, biological, or chemical weapons that can kill large
numbers of people indiscriminately.

Reason R : Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) is an

international agreement to ban WMD.
A. Shimla Agreement- 1972
B. B. India-USSR Peace and Friendship Treaty -1971
C. C. India-Sri Lanka Peace Accords- 1987
D. D. Nepal’s comprehensive Peace Agreement-
69. Arrange the following events in descending order :
2006
A. Shimla Agreement
E. E. Chittagong Hill Tracts Peace Accord- 1997
B. B. India-USSR Peace and Friendship Treaty
C. C. India-Sri Lanka Peace Accords
D. D. Nepal’s comprehensive Peace Agreement
E. E. Chittagong Hill Tracts Peace Accord
70. Statement I: The Sangam texts are same as the Vedic texts,
particularly the Rig Vedic texts.

Statement II: The Sangam texts refer to many settlements

including Kaveripattanam whose existence is now attested
archaeologically.
 the Oslo Accord include borders of Israel and
71.Assertion A : Oslo Accords of 1993 famously brought a Palestine, Israeli settlements, the status of
peace between Israel and Palestine. Jerusalem, Israel's military presence in and
control over remaining territories after Israel's
recognition of Palestinian autonomy, and the
Reason R : The issue of borders of Israel and a Palestinian state Palestinian right of return.
was undertaken.
The Oslo Accords, however, did not create a
Palestinian state.
72. Assertion A: International Monetary Fund (IMF) plays an
important role in managing the International Financial System.

Reason R: International Monetary Fund (IMF) helps debtors

and creditors arrive at co-operative arrangements.

Question No.73 (Question Id - 62)

Which of the following ethnic people consider the Huns as
their ancestors ?

(A) The Kazakhs (B) The Kyrgyzs (C) The Mongols (D) The
Uyghurs
 42nd Constitution Amendment Act – 1976
74. Which of the Constitution Amendment Act of the Indian
during Emergency by Indira Gandhi Govt
Constitution is called - “Indian Constitution is being re-written”
?
• 51 A – fundamental duties
• Precedence of DPSP over FR
(A) 48th (B) 24th (C) 44th (D) 42nd
• Limited Judicial Review

Question No.75 (Question Id - 43) India remained actively engaged in 2018-19 in the field of
disarmament, non-proliferation and international security through participating in :

A. Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC)

B. B. UN Programme of Action on Small Arms and Light Weapons
C. C. NPT Review Conference 2020
D. D. Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention (BTWC)
E. E. Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW)

Choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below : (A) A, B, C, D only (B) B, C, D,
E only (C) A, B, D, E only (Correct Answer) (D) A, C, D, E only
 76. The concept of Sagarmala Programme was approved by the Indian Union Cabinet in 2015 with
which of the following vision ?
A. Reducing cost of transporting Cargo through optimizing model mix.
B. B. Lowing logistics cost of bulk commodities by locating future industrial capacities near the
coast.
C. C. Improving defence capabilities of India near the coast.
D. D. Optimizing time/cost EXIM container movement.
E. E. Improving export competitiveness by developing port proximate discrete manufacturing
clusters
The objectives of Sagarmala Programme are port
modernization & new port development, port connectivity
enhancement, port-led industrialization and coastal community
development.

77. Which of the following are autonomous regions of China ?

A. Hainan
B. Inner Mongolia
C. Tibet • Xinjiang- Uyghur borders the countries of Mongolia, Russia,
D. Xinjiang - Uyghur Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan and
E. Yunnan Choose India
• It is Muslim dominated region in China
• Casablanca Conference- UK, USA – WWII
strategy- Jan 1943
• Tehran Conference: UK, USA, USSR-
Trident
• third Washington Conference- UK Winston
Churchill and USA (Franklin D. Roosevelt)
• Yalta Conference: Post WWII to discusses
post war arrangements

Hobbes Wrote:
De Corpore( Concerning
Body), De Homine (1658;
“Concerning Man”), De
Cive ( Concerning Citizen)

• Leviathan
 Question No.80 (Question Id - 38) Provisions regarding the
Constituent Assembly of India were prescribed in the :

(A) Cripps Mission (B) Wavell Plan (C) Mountbatten Plan (D)
Cabinet Mission

Question No.81 (Question Id - 3) UNCLOS is :

(A) UN Convention on Law of Semi-arid zones. The United Nations Convention on the
(B) B) UN Convention on Law of Seas and Sea navigation. Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) is an
(C) (C) UN Convention on Law of Seas. (Correct Answer) international treaty which was adopted
(D) (D) UN Convention on Law of Sea services. and signed in 1982.

82. Assertion A : The formation of Magadh empire in India was

the work of ambitious rulers such as Bimbisara, Ajatoshatru
and Mahapadma Nanda.

Reason R : The availability of the rich iron ores enabled the

Magadhan princes to equip themselves with effective weapons.
Question No.83 (Question Id - 52) The October Revolution is
named as :

(A) Manshevik Revolution (B) Color Revolution (C) Arab

Revolution (D) Bolshevik Revolution
 Question No.86 (Question Id - 17) Which of the
following country is member of the G-7 ?

(A) South Korea (B) Norway (C) Italy (Correct Answer)

(D) Finland

Question No.87 (Question Id - 68) Cairns Group relates to :

Group of Seven (G7) is an intergovernmental
organization( IGO) consisting of Canada, France,
Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom and
(A) Oil importing nations (B) Oil exporting nations (C) the United States
Agriculture exporting nations (Correct Answer) (D) Nations
trade in investments

The Cairns Group is a coalition of 19 agricultural exporting countries which account for
more than 25 per cent of the world’s agricultural exports, and one observer (Ukraine).
Set uu in Cairns, Australia, on 25-27 August 1986
GRULAC in WTO relates to :

(A) Latin American Countries (B) Latin American and Caribbean

Countries (Correct Answer) (C) Latin American and Central
• The Boxer Rebellion was an uprising against
American Countries (D) None of these
foreigners that occurred in China about 1900
• Treaty of Kyakhta (1727)- Russia and China
 • Ayoob first proposed his theory of
90. Mohammad Ayoob’s name is associated with : subaltern realism in the 1980s and
further developed it in the 1990s.
(A) Realism (B) Classical realism (C) Subaltern realism (D)
Offensive realism • The theory is a critical rejoinder to
the neorealism of Kenneth
Waltz and others,
92. Name the Prime Minister of India at the time of
establishment of SAARC.

(A) Rajeev Gandhi (Correct Answer) (B) Indira Gandhi (C)

Narsimha Rao (D) V.P. Singh

95. According to which political philosopher

states were created to lift humans out of the
states of nature in which life was “solitary,
poor, nasty, brutish and short” ?

(A) John Locke (B) John Rawls (C) Thomas

Piane (D) Thomas Hobbes
 Locke gave his social contract theory in his
book -Two Treatises on Civil Government
(1690)

Question No.97 (Question Id - 20) Find the

96. correct pairs of author and his book from
A. Taimur’s invasion of Delhi the following :
B. Treaty of Purander (Author) (Books)
C. Landing of Vasco da Gama at Calicut A. Plato - Republic
D. Abolition of Jizyah by Akbar B. B. Aristotle – Politics
C. C. Hobbes - Leviathan
Choose the correct answer in chronological order from the D. D. Locke - Social Contract
options given below :
Question No.98 (Question Id - 67) Berne convention relates to :
( ??)

(A) Services (B) Investments (C) Environment (D) Intellectual

Property Rights (Correct Answer)
100. The constitution of India prescribes that the state shall
endeavor to :

A. promote international peace and security.

B. maintain just and honorable relations between nations.
C. foster respect for international law and treaty obligation.
D. encourage settlement of international disputes by
arbitration.

Choose the correct answer from the options given below :

Article 51 in The Constitution Of India 1949

51. Promotion of international peace and security The State
shall endeavour to(a) promote international peace and security;
(b) maintain just and honourable relations between nations;
(c) foster respect for international law and treaty obligations in
the dealings of organised peoples with one another; and
encourage settlement of international disputes by arbitratio
 Topic/theme from which questions were asked

Topic/theme Nos. of questions

IR theory and Thinkers 15 questions; Many out of Syllabus, but important
IR books /Authors Many out of Syllabus, but important
IR treaties/Conferences Many Questions;
IR GK Most of the questions; On war, Map, Events, etc. Quiz type question
Regional Associations NATO, BIMSTEC, SCO, MERCOSUR, Cairns Group, BBIN, etc.
Core Political Many; good and easy questions
Theory/Thinker
Indian Constitution Good numbers of Questions
So the Lessons are
• For IR paper, apart from Core Political theories/thinkers, and
thoughts, also cover the following
• IR theories, thinkers
• IR books/Authors
• IR GK
• Regional alliances/organizations
• Indian Constitution
• Be ready for at least 10-20% random questions- better guess them
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 POL SC HELP
MA Entrance Series

JNU-PISM
2019 PAPER ANALYSIS
Useful For DUET, UGC-NET, Other Entrance Tests
& Competitions
Syllabus for PISM (politics with specialization
in international studies)
• Five disciplines are covered in the test – Sociology, Political Science,
International Relations, History and Economics.

• There is sufficient choice in questions for applicants from each

discipline to be able to attempt the required number of questions.

• The BA syllabi of these disciplines generally found in most Indian

universities are kept in mind while setting questions.
How to prepare for JNUEE- PISM?

•Revise from the Pol Sc Help Exam Guide

• Available on
https://polschelp.stores.instamojo.com/
The Songun ideology , "military first“ policy
implemented by Kim Il-sung in 1962. The doctrine
aim was to arm the entire population, fortify the
entire state, train every soldier to become a cadre
and modernize the entire military sector
Abdur Rahman Khan, grandson of Dost Mohammad
Khan, re-asserted Afghan Government after 2nd Anglo-
Afghan war; finalised the Durand Line; called Iron Amir
The Quadrilateral Security Dialogue- Free
and Open Indo-Pacific
Concert of Europe or Congress System or
the Vienna System: Five Great Powers of
Europe: Austria, France, Prussia, Russia,
and the United Kingdom.
• June 26, 1945- 51 founding( 51st- Poland) member signed UN
charter at San Francisco
• October 24, 1945: UN charter came into force

An amendment to the UN Charter in 1965

increased council membership from 11 to 15,
including the original 5 permanent members
and 10 nonpermanent members.
Mainland China( PRC) replaced Taiwan (ROC) as
permanent member in 1971.
World bank Group: International Bank for
Reconstruction and Development (IBRD),
International Development Agency (IDA),
International Finance Corporation (IFC) and
Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency
(MIGA),and and the International Centre for
Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID)
Theory of International Politics- 1979- Kenneth Waltz
Man, the State, and War( 1959)- Kenneth Waltz
Zbigniew Brzezinski was a Polish-
American diplomat and political scientist.
He served as a counselor to President
Lyndon B. Johnson from 1966 to 1968
and was President Jimmy Carter's
National Security Advisor from 1977 to
1981
‘One Hundred Years of Solitude( 1967)’ Novel by
Gabriel García Márquez
‘An agenda for peace : preventive diplomacy,
peacemaking and peace-keeping (1995)’-
Boutros Boutros-Ghali
The Organization of American States(OAS)-
oldest continental Inter- governmental
organization

The Wassenaar Arrangement on

Export Controls for
Conventional Arms and Dual-
Use Goods and Technologies is a
multilateral export control
regime (MECR) with 42
participating states; India
became its member in 2017
 THANKS FOR WATCHING!
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 POL SC HELP
MA Entrance Series

JNU IRAM
JNU MA ENTRANCE EXAM
2019 PAPER ANALYSIS

Useful For DUET, UGC-NET, Other Entrance

Tests & Competitions
Entrance Test Syllabus- JNU IRAM
• Five disciplines are covered in the test – Sociology, Political Science,
International Relations, History and Economics.
• There is sufficient choice in questions for applicants from each
discipline to be able to attempt the required number of questions.
• The BA syllabi of these disciplines generally found in most Indian
universities are kept in mind while setting questions.
• The emphasis will be on Area Studies in International Relations.

• How to prepare for PG EntranceTest?

• Revise from the Pol Sc Help Exam Guide
• Available on https://polschelp.stores.instamojo.com/
The treaty gave the waters of the western rivers—the
Indus, Jhelum, and Chenab—to Pakistan and those of
the eastern rivers—the Ravi, Beas, and Sutlej—to
India.
Treaty of Versailles was the primary treaty produced by the
Paris Peace Conference at the end of World War I. It was
signed on June 28, 1919,
Operation Shakti: Pokhran II-1998
Rose Revolution: Georgia -2003
Velvet Revolution: Czechoslovakia-1989
Orange Revolution: Ukraine - 2004-05
11th Summit: 2019- Brasília, Brazil
12th:2020: ?? (online VC)
13TH: 2021- India- to be held
Syr Darya and Amu Darya draining into the Aral Sea
The World Bank Group has four Boards of Executive Directors representing the four institutions
of the World Bank Group: International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD),
International Development Agency (IDA), International Finance Corporation (IFC) and Multilateral
Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA).
 • The Theory of Moral
Sentiments(1759): Adam
Smith
• The Wealth of Nations(
1776): Adam Smith

Lebensraum: Friedrich Ratzel

John Agnew: Idea of Territorial Trap: The conceptual error of: (i) regarding states as fixed units of
territorial sovereign space, unchanging through time; (ii) separating domestic (inside) from foreign
(outside) political spaces; (iii) treating the territorial state as a container of society.
In September 2018, the
United States, Mexico, and
Canada reached an
agreement to replace
NAFTA with the United
States–Mexico–Canada
Agreement (USMCA), and
all three countries had
ratified it by March 2020.
NAFTA remained in force
until USMCA was
implemented.
 THANKS FOR WATCHING!
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 POL SC HELP
Crack the MA Entrance Tests

Jamia MA Entrance
IR & Area Study
2020- Paper Analysis
Useful For DUET, UGC-NET, Other Entrance Tests
& Competitions
Entrance Test Syllabus- Political Science
• BA Hons. CBCS syllabus
• GK and Current Event – domain specific
• Constitution and Polity in India- for political science

• Cut Off- General

• 2019: 67.5%
• 2020: 58 %
1. “Imperialism the highest stage of capitalism” was written by?
a. Karl Marx b. Lenin Thomas Jefferson D. John Locke

2. the coniferous forests are found in?

a. tropical region b. Alpine region c. temperate region. d. subtropical region

3. line of actual control ( L O AC) is between the following two countries

a India and Pakistan b. India and China c. India and Bangladesh d. India and Nepal.

4. the exhaustible resources are called

a renewable resources b. flow resources c. non renewable resources d. none of the above.

5. who is the father of Economics

a Max Weber b. John Dewey C. Adam Smith D. Gunnar Myrdal.
6. which among the following processes is not caused by water

a. soil erosion b. soil salinization C. soil compaction D. soil saturation.

7. Dry farming means

a. cultivation of drylands b. the cultivation of drought resistant crops c. cultivation of crops without irrigation
d. cultivation of dry fruits.

8. Sustainable Development paradigm lays stress on achieving

a. economic growth and development B. economic equality of the present generation c. economic equality of
the future generation D. intra-generational and inter-generational equity.

9. primary workers are those workers who are engaged in

a. primary school or Primary Health Centre b. employed on the basis of their primary level qualification c.
crop farming and animal husbandry activities D. primary economic activities.

10. the first foreigner to receive the Bharat Ratna was

a. Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan b. Mother Teresa c. Nelson Mandela D. none of the above
11. which Indian state was originally known as the North East Frontier agency (NEFA)

A Manipur B Meghalaya C Arunachal Pradesh D. Assam.

12. McMahan line is the boundary between

a India and Bangladesh b.India and Myanmar c. India and China d. India and Pakistan.

13. which one of the following countries is not a monarchy

A. Afghanistan B Bhutan C Britain D. Japan.

14. The multinational cricket team known as West Indies consists of countries from

a Scandinavia b. Persian / Arabian Gulf c. Caucasian region D Caribbean region.

15. who was the first woman to become Prime Minister of a country in the world
a Indira Gandhi b. Margaret Thatcher c. Benazir Bhutto d. Sirimavo Bandaranaike.

16. The Indo-US Nuclear deal entitles India to the membership of

a. NTP b. AEC c. FMCT d. None of these

17. in 2008 which of these countries was not ruled by a military Dictator

a Nepal B Pakistan C Myanmar D Bangladesh

18. Who is the author of the book ‘preparing for the 21st century’

a Paul Kennedy b.Schumacher c Aldous Huxley d. Bob Woodward.

19. who propounded the neorealist theory in international relations

a Morgenthau b. E.H.Carr c. John Mearsheimer d. Kenneth waltz. Paul Kennedy- ‘The Rise
and Fall of the Great
Powers’
 20. which of the following theorists is associated with the dependency School of International Relation
a Robert Cox b. Kenneth waltz c. Anda Gunder Frank D. Samuel Huntington.

21. who coined the term ‘casino capitalism’

a Joseph Stiglitz B Samir Amin c. Anda Gunder Frank D. Susan strange.

22. in which of the following regions of Africa are the “ Maghreb states” located?
a Central Africa B. Northern Africa C. Western Africa D. Southern Africa.

23. which one of the following militant group was involved in the an attempted coup in 1988 Maldives
a. EPRLF b. EROS c. PLOTE d. LTTE

24. when is National Literacy Day celebrated

a. 8 September b. 6 September c. 8 October d. 15 September.

25. who was the first Indian to play in the presidents cup?
a. Sachin Tendulkar B. Saina Nehwal C. Anirban Lahiri D. none of these.

26. when was television separated from Akashvani as an independent organisation

a. 1959 B. 1956 C. 1976 D. 1982
Casino Capitalism (1986), States and Markets (1988), The Retreat of the State (1996), and Mad Money (1998).Susan
strange- responsible for creating international political economy
27. the capital of Pandya dynasty was
a Mysore c. Kanchipuram c. Madurai D. Dwarasamudra.

28. Tripitak is a religious scripture of

a shamanism b. Hinduism C. Buddhism D. Judaism.

29 Discovery of India was written by

a Sardar Patel b. Mahatma Gandhi C. Jawaharlal Nehru d. Lal Bahadur shastri.

30. The Dandi march was led by the father of the nation Mahatma Gandhi from
a Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi b. Sabarmati Ashram to Delhi c. Dandi to Sabarmati Ashram D.
none of these.

31 Fascism is
a. Authoritarianism b. Totalitarianism c. lack of democracy D. all of the above.

32. Who is the author of the book ‘peace by peaceful means’

a James Rosenau B. Johan Galtung c. Joseph Nye D. none of the above.

33. Who said ‘right is a reasonable claim recognized by society and endorsed by State’
a. Laski b. Hegel c Bosanquet d. Marx.
34. who first gave the concept of Distributive Justice?
a. Plato b. Aristotle c.Locke d. Machiavelli.

35. the book ‘German ideology’ is written by ?

a.Victor Hugo b. Karl Marx c. Emile Zola D. Thomas Mann.

36. the Boxer Rebellion took place in ?

a 1900 b 1905 c 1917 D 1949.

37. Magna Carta was signed in ?

a 1127 b 1215 C 1526 D 1648.
The Boxer Rebellion was
38. The official language of Bhutan is ? an uprising against foreigners that
a Tshangla b. Dzongkha c. Tibetan D. Nepali. occurred in China about 1900,

39. ‘Friends not Masters: A political autobiography’ is written by ?

a General Zia ul Haq b. General Pervez Musharraf c. General Ayub Khan D
General Yahya Khan
40. the Montague Chelmsford Reform was enacted in
a 1905 b 1909 C 1914 d. 1919.

41. the lower house of Pakistan Parliament is known as?

a majlis b. Shura c National Assembly D Senate

42. after the fall of Soviet Union Leningrad was renamed as?
a Frunze b. St. Petersburgh c. Stalingrad d. Volgograd.

43. the Cuban missile crisis occurred in?

a 1952 the 1958 C 1962 D 1968.

44 the view that sovereignty is indivisible was advanced by

a Aristotle b. John Locke C. Jean Bodin d. Spinoza.

45. the theory of constructivism in international relations is associated with?

a. Robert Cox b. Alexander wendt c. Barry Buzan D. Morgenthau

• Montague Chelmsford Reform : Dyarchy in

provinces
• Morley Minto reform-1909- separate electorate
• GOI Act 1935- provincial autonomy
46. the headquarter of World Health Organisation ( W.H.O) is located in?
a Hague b Geneva c Paris D New York.

47 how many individual countries are member of G20?

A. 17 B. 19 C. 20 D. 22.

48 which of the following cities has the highest number of UN related Agencies
a Geneva b. Washington DC c. Paris d. Vienna

49. the headquarter of European Union(EU) in is located in?

a Paris b. Rome C Berlin D. Brussels.

50 The Nuremburg trials were held immediately after

a World War 1 b. World War II c. Cold War d. 9/11.
51. which continent has the largest number of independent States ?

A. Asia b. Africa c. Europe d. South America.

52. G20 was founded in

a.1991 b. 1995 c. 1999 d. 2008.

53 the Googleplex the corporate headquarters of Google and its parent company alphabet Inc is
located in
a. Chicago b. California c. New York d. Los Angeles.

54. the alternate name for Oscar award is?

a Amy award b. Grammy award c. Academy Awards d.Golden Globe awards.

55. the author of the book ‘The End of history and the last man’ is
a Herodotus b. Michel Foucault c. Francis Fukuyama d. Samuel P Huntington.

End of Ideology- Daniel Bell

Clash of civilization- Samuel Huntington
56. which of the following is a G7 country
a Canada B Australia C China D. India.

57 which is the correct sequence of the following communist revolution

i. the Cuban Revolution led by Fidel Castro and Che Guevara
ii. ii. Maoist communist Revolution which ended monarchical system in Nepal
iii. iii. the People's Liberation war in Yugoslavia lead by Joseph Broz Tito
iv. iv October revolution or Bolshevik revolution in Russia.

58 the industrialized communist country where generally considered as part of the

a. first World b. second world c. third world d. fourth world.

59. the author of the book ‘soft power: the means to success in world politics’ is written by a
a.Joseph Nye b.Alexander Wendt c.Shashi Tharoor d. Steve Jobs.
60. how many members are there in the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation(
SAARC)
a.5 b. 6 c.7 d.8.

61 the last super Blue Blood moon was in (??)

a 1866 b. 1950 c.1985 d. 2005.

62. the oldest person to assume Presidency of The United States of America was The youngest to
become president by election was John F. Kennedy, who was inaugurated at age 43
a Richard Nixon b. George Bush C. Franklin Roosevelt d. Donald Trump.

63. Ajanta Ellora caves are located in

a Maharashtra b. Andhra Pradesh c. Madhya Pradesh d. Gujarat.

64 the soundtrack of the Last Temptation of Christ Peter Gabriel what with
a. A R Rahman b. he Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan c. Rohail Hyatt d. none of the above.

Jan 31, 2018 “super blue blood moon” The youngest to become US president was John F.
Kennedy, who was inaugurated at age 43 ; Now oldest is
Joe Biden
65. in 2015 Pune university was renamed in the owner of
a Savitribai Phule b. Shivaji C. B R Ambedkar D. none of the above.

66 the last presidential election in Kirghizstan was held in (??)

a 2010 b. 2015 c. 2017 d.2016.

67. the candidate of the Communist Party for presidential election in Russia this year is
a Pavel Grudinin. B. Gennady Zyuganov c. Vladimir Putin d. Vladimir Zhirinovsky

68. the Battle of Buxar was fought between British East India company and

a Mir Qassim b. Sadat Ali Khan c. Ali Vardi Khan d. Siraj-ud-daulah.

69 during the freedom struggle Rabindranath Tagore renounced his knighthood in
protest against
a partition of Bengal b.Jallianwala Bagh massacre c. execution of Bhagat
Singh, Rajguru, and Sukhdev D. none of the above.

70. the first Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to

a) Henry Dunant, and Frédéric Passy
b) I C R C and the Red Cross
c) Jane Adams and N.M. Butler
d) Ludwig Quidde and Ferdinand Buisson

71. the classical Sattriya dance is from

a West Bengal b. Assam C Mizoram d. Nagaland.

72. Saraswathi Samman for literary achievement was instituted in

a 1991 b. 1960 C. 1985 D. 2001.
73. the father of the Soviet hydrogen bomb was
a Mikhail Lomonosov B. Yuri Gagarin c. Andrae Sakharov d. none of the above

74. ‘Liaka the dog’ was launched into space by the Soviet in

1916 1962 1954 1957.

75. the idea of civil society encompasses

a University B. NGO C. trade unions D. all of the above.

76. According to Amartya Sen Poverty alleviation requires?

a. Increasing income b. enhancing capabilities c. getting foreign aid d. providing
primary good

77. Jasmine Revolution refer to the popular uprising in

a Tunisia b. Sri Lanka c. Venezuela D. Zimbabwe

78. the rational for collective security was laid out by

a Woodrow Wilson B. Winston Churchill C. Jeremy Bentham d. Immanuel Kant.

collective security- League of Nation

Martha Nussbaum- capability approach

79. Georgy Lucas was a well-known
a. Hungarian philosopher b. famous Bulgarian poet c. eminent Russian scientist D.
well-known Polish composer.

80. the United Nation Universal Declaration of Human Rights (U D H R) consists of

a. 30 article b.21 article C.9 article D. 15 article.

81. the international human rights law was adopted in

a 1964 b. 1948 C. 1957 D. 1975.

82. Aristotle was

a Socrates’ student b. Socrates teacher c. Plato’s student D
Plato’s teacher.

Lyceum- Aristotle’s Academy ; The Academy- Plato’s

– Aristotle studied there for 20 years
Georgy Lucas is best known for creating the Star Wars
 83. Dmitri Mendeleev formulated
a periodic law b. theory of diabetes C. theory of DNA D. none of the above.

84. the concept of political democracy states that the political power of the state is equally
shared by
a citizen b. market C. production line D. all of the these.

85 John Rawls theory of justice argues that

a) freedom and Justice are not mutually exclusive
b) freedom and Justice are mutually exclusive
c) justice is a virtue
d) the none of the above and.

86. ‘Rethinking Multiculturalism: Cultural diversity and Political Theory’ is a book by

a. Bhikhu Parekh b. Gary Soto c. Tariq Modoo d. Will Kymlicka .

Multicultural Citizenship by Will Kymlicka

87. the model of five stages of national development was proposed by
a. Adam Smith b. W W Rostow c. Charles Darwin d. Hanger stand.

88 Tsunami wave caused by

a. high atmospheric pressure b. volcanic eruption c. earthquake d.landslide.

89 International Criminal Court ( ICC) is located in ( in Hague)

a.Berlin b.New Delhi c.Paris d.Rome.

90 the Indus water treaty between India and Pakistan was negotiated by the effort of
a. the US President b. the World bank c. UN d. International Court of Justice.

Rostow’s 5 stage 1) traditional society, 2)

preconditions to take-off, 3) take-off, 4) drive
to maturity and 5) age of high mass
consumption.

Indus water treaty : India has exclusive right to use

waters of Ravi, Beas, Sutlej
 The Sociological
91 the concept Anticipatory Socialization was given by Imagination(1959) by C
a. R.K. Merton b. Max Weber c. Marx d. Auguste Comte. Wright Mills

92 Who is the author of the concept Sociological Imagination

a. C Wright Mills b. RK Merton c. Max Weber d.Herbert spencer.

93 who has given the concept suicide and suicide rate

a. Marx b. Lenin c. Mao Zedong d. Emile Durkheim. 6 GCC members are the
UAE, Saudi Arabia, Qatar,
94 how many countries are there in Gulf cooperation Council (GCC) Oman, Kuwait and
a.4 b.6 c.8 d.10 Bahrain.

95. the headquarter of SCO is located in

a.Shanghai b.Moscow c.New Delhi d.Beijing.

96. Who is the author of the ‘Asian values’

a. Gunar Myrdal b. Noam Chomsky c. Amartya Sen d. Ban Ki moon.

Human Rights and Asian Values by Amartya

Sen
97. which sea divides Asia and Africa
A Caspian Sea b. Red Sea c. Mediterranean d. the
Arabian sea.

98 the Statue of Liberty is located in

a.Paris b.Rome c.London d.New York.

99 who is regarded as the father of America

a Thomas Jefferson b. George Washington c. Abraham Lincoln d. John
Kennedy.

100. which three religion are called Abrahamic faiths?

a) Hinduism Buddhism Jainism

b) Catholicism, Protestantism, Evangelicalism Statue of Unity, grand statue of sardar
c) Judaism, Christianity, Islam Vallabhbhai Patel located on the Narmada River
d) African animation, Taoism, Confucianism facing the Sardar Sarovar Dam 100 kilometres
southeast of the city of Vadodara

Jerusalem is considered birth place of 3 Abrahamic faiths ;

Known in Hebrew as Yerushalayim and in Arabic as
al-Quds, it is one of the oldest cities in the world.
 THANKS FOR WATCHING!
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 POL SC HELP
Crack the MA Entrance Tests

Jamia MA Entrance
IR & Area Study
MCQs for Preparation- Part 1
Useful For DUET, UGC-NET, Other Entrance Tests
& Competitions
 POL SC HELP
Crack the MA Entrance Tests

CURRENT
AFFAIRS
MCQs for MA ET Tests- Part 2
Useful For DUET, UGC-NET, JAMIA, Other Entrance
Tests & Competitions
Syllabus: Politics: International and Area Study
How to prepare for this segment?
• IR GK:
• Unique & interesting facts, trivia, quiz on region/countries
• 1st in world, Asia, Africa, India
• Famous person/place/events/quotes/terminologies

• Solve Past year’s MCQs on this theme

• Read additional info by googling

• Revise from the Pol Sc Help Exam Guide

• Available on https://polschelp.stores.instamojo.com/
IR GK
1. Match List - I with List - II and select your answer from the codes given below :
List - I List - II
(Person) (1st in the world)
A. Benazir Bhutto I. Women PM
B. Gita Gopinath II. Women chief Economist in IMF
C. Jean Henry Dunant and Frédéric Passy III. Muslim Women PM
D. Sirimavo Bandaranaike IV. Noble Peace Prize

2. Match List - I with List - II and select your answer from the codes given below :
List - I List - II
(Person) (1st in the world)
A. Vigdís Finnbogadóttir I. UN Secretary General
B. Sir Robert Walpole II. President of USA
C. George Washington III. PM of England
D. Trygve Halvdan Lie IV. Elected women president of a country

Vigdís Finnbogadóttir was elected president of

Focus area: 1st in World/Asia/Africa
Iceland in 1980; 1st women in the world!
3. Match List - I with List - II and select your answer from the codes given below :
List - I List - II
(Person) (1st in the Space) Dennis Tito, US millionaire : On
A. Dennis Tito I. Man April 30, 2001, he arrived at the
B. Laika II. Women International Space Station via a
C. Yuri Gagarin III. Animal Russian Soyuz rocket, becoming
D. Valentina Tereshkova IV. Space tourist the world's first space tourist.

5. Which of these was not part of Yogoslavia?

a) Kosovo
b) Bosnia Herzegovina
c) Crete
4. Match List - I with List - II and select your answer from the codes d) Montenegro
given below :
List - I List - II Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia,
(Intelligence Agency) (Country) Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, and
A. Mossad I. India Slovenia- nations emerged from
B. KGB II. Israel Yugoslavia
C. RAW III. Pakistan
D. ISI IV. Russia Crete is an Greek Island in Mediterranean sea
6. Which of these country is not ruled by a Monarch?
A. Japan
B. Denmark
C. Nepal
D. Canada

7.Which country is not member of GCC( Gulf Cooperation Council)?

A. Iran
B. United Arab Emirates
C. Bahrain GCC members: Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia,
D. Qatar and the United Arab Emirates

8.Which country in Middle East is functional democracy?

A. Egypt
B. Jorden
C. Israel
D. Iran
Focus area: Regional organisations in Asia/Africa
 9. Match List - I with List - II and select your answer from the codes given below :
List - I List - II
(Person) (1st in Asia)
A. U Thant I. Noble Prize
B. Le Duc Tho II. UN Secretary General
C. Rabindranath Tagore III. 1st woman President
• 1st Asian to get Nobel peace prize:
D. Corazon Aquino IV. Nobel peace prize
1973 : Le Duc Tho – Vietnam- 1st
Corazon Aquino served as president of Asian to get ; but he refused to accept
the Philippines from 1986 to 1992 the award
Youngest Asian to win Nobel Prize: 2014:
Malala Yousafzai- Pakistan

10. Match List - I with List - II and select your answer from the codes given below :
List - I List - II
(Person) (1st in Africa)
A. Lupita Amondi Nyong'o I. Women President Sirleaf served as the 24th President of
B. Albert Luthuli II. UN Secretary General Liberia from 2006 to 2018
C. Ellen Johnson Sirleaf III. Black women Oscar Winner
for acting
D. Boutros Boutros-Ghali IV. Nobel peace prize Lupita Amondi Nyong’o : Kenyan, First
Black African to win in any category.
11. Match List - I with List - II and select your answer from the codes given below :
List - I List - II
(Cultural Minority) (Country)
A. Rohingyas I. Nepal
B. Kurds II. Bangladesh
C. Chakmas III. Myanmar
D. Madheshi IV. Iraq

12. Which year postal department was separated from telegraph?

A. 1976
B. 1985
C. 1990 Doordarshan was separated from AIR in 1976
D. 2000

13. What is Zionism?

A. Arab Movement for Establishment of a Palestinian state
B. Jews Movement for Establishment of a Jews state in in Palestine, the
ancient homeland of the Jews
C. Jews settlement in British occupied Palestine
D. Holy war of Jews against Arab nations
14. What is intifada?
A. Palestinian uprising against Israeli occupation of the West
Bank and Gaza Strip
B. Islamic revolution in Iran in 1979
C. Revolution in Lebanon against Israel for liberation of its
territory
D. Revolution in Syria for liberation of Golan Heights from
Israel

15. Who are Hezbollah?

A. Militia in Syria fighting with Israel

B. Revolutionary group in Egypt fighting to liberate Sinai from Israel
C. Militant group in Afghanistan fighting with western forces
D. Militant group in Lebanon fighting with Israel to liberate occupied
territories
 Arab-
Israel War
16. Which is not the names given to 1973 Arab- Israel War?
A. The Yom Kippur War
B. The Sinai War
C. Ramadan War
Arab- Israel Wars: 1948 Arab–Israeli War, The Suez
D. October War War(1956), 6 Day War( 1967), The Yom Kippur War (1973),
Israel’s invasion of Lebanon(1982)

17. In Which Arab- Israel War Israel captured Sinai

Peninsula, Golan Heights, and West Bank from Arabian
countries?
A. The Yom Kippur War
B. The Sinai War
C. The six-day war
D. The October War
18.Match list 1 and list 2

List 1(Occupied Territory) List 2( From Which Arab Country)

A. West Bank Egypt
B. Sinai Peninsula Syria
C. Gaza Strip Egypt
D. Golan Heights Jordan

19.Match list 1 and list 2

List 1(Arab Israel Accord/treaty) List 2( Result)

A. Camp David Accord-1978 Israel withdrew from Sinai, returned it to Egypt
B. Oslo Accords-1993 Won Noble peace prize for head of state/Government
of Israel and Egypt
C. Abraham Accords-2020 Palestinian Authority tasked with limited self-governance
of parts of the West Bank and Gaza Strip
D. Egypt–Israel peace treaty-1979 First public normalization of relations between an
Arab country and Israel
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 POL SC HELP
Crack the MA Entrance Tests

Jamia MA Entrance
IR & Area Study
Tips for Last Minute
Preparation
Syllabus: Politics: International and Area Study
Important themes, topics, tips
• Prepare as per syllabus and exam pattern declared by the university

• 40 %- MCQ; 60 % subjective

• Area Study
• Focus: Central, South, West, East Asia and Africa
• Countries, Capitals, Currencies, landmark events, wars, treaties, membership
of regional organizations, current events
Themes/facts- Area Study- Examples
• Central Asian Countries: Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan

• Neighbouring countries across the caspian Sea- Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia

• ’Nagorno Karabakh’’ is a disputed territory between Armenia and Azerbaijan

• Which central Asian nation is not member of CIS? Turkmenistan

• Which sea sets the western limit of Central Asia? Caspian Sea

• Rose Revolution- Georgia;

• Tashkent is the capital of Uzbekistan

• Corona free central Asian nation Turkmenistan

• India and central Asia

West Asia
• Arab Israel wars
• Treaties
• Israel-Palestine conflicts
• Arab Spring- facts, features, leaders, events
• Jasmine Revolution- Tunisia
• Political system
• Monarchies, dictatorship, democracy
• Regional organizations- OPEC, GCC, Arab League
• India and west Asia
South Asia
• All about SAARC Nations
• Regional organization: SAARC, BIMSTEC, BCIM, CPEC, BBIN
• Wars, conflicts, treaties, events
• India and South Asia- look east, look west, neighborhood first, Indo-
Pak, Indo-Bangladesh, Indo-Nepal
• China’s role in South Asia; USA and South Asia
East Asia
• China, Japan, Korea
• China as rising superpower- global impacts
• BRI (One Belt One Road), RCEP, Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
• ASEAN, BRICS
• China-USA; China-India- recent conflicts
Africa
• Political Geography
• Mediterranean Africa, Sub-Sahara, Northwest Africa-Maghreb, South
Africa, East Africa
• African Union, OPEC, G-77, NAM, BRICS
• Interesting facts: Maximum nation-states, largest nation, richest
nation, troubled state, failed state
Environment
• Environmental science/facts
• Ecology, Biomes, Climate vs weather
• Green House gases, global warming, Ozone layer
• Sustainable development
• Climate change: Summits, UNEP, CoPs
• Rio summit- UNFCCC, CBDR, Agenda 21
• Kyoto protocol- legally binding targets
• Paris Accord- NDC
• Global Commons: treaties, protocols, events
Tips for subjective part
• Very general questions from the themes in syllabus
• Environment:
• What is sustainable development? Climate change? Steps taken to mitigate
climate change? Roadblocks and challenges in climate talks? India’s stance in
Climate negotiations?
• International Organizations:
• Role & functions of UN, its limitations, reforms; Role/functions of IMF/world
Bank/WTO, About EU and Brexit, SAARC vs BIMSTEC; role of regional
organization- ASEAN, AU, SAARC
Subjective…contd
• Third world: North vs South issue; political system, development and
challenges; emerging powers in 3rd world
• Arab World: Arab-Israel conflict and role of UN, USA, and Europe
• Globalization: meaning, nature, scope, impact on nation-states, challenges
of globalized world
• China and Asian Politics: BRI, RCEP, China’s role in south Asia, Africa and
changing geo-politics of South, S-E, and east Asia
• India’s foreign Policy: Ideology, components, features, outcomes; look
east, west, neighbourhood first; Indo-US, Indo-Russia, Indo-China
• Role of Indian Diaspora
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 POL SC HELP
MA Entrance Series

Puducherry University
MA Politics and International
Relations
2018 Paper Analysis
Useful For DUET, UGC-NET, Other Entrance
Tests & Competitions
How to prepare for PG Entrance Tests?

•Revise from the Pol Sc Help Exam Guide

• Available on
https://polschelp.stores.instamojo.com/
Question No.1 4.00

Choose the best antonym of the italicized word.

The principal deprecated the attitude of some student-leaders.

derided

tolerated

ignored

appreciated
Question No.3
According to Marx 'the Dictatorship of the proletariat' signifies?
A transitional state
A liberal state
An autocratic state
An ideal state
Question No.4
As stated in the Oath of Office, who is to defend the Constitution of India?
The President of India
The Chief Justice and Judges of the Supreme Court …preserve, protect and defend the
The Prime Minister Constitution….
The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court

Question No.5 4.00

Bookmark
“God is always on the side of the biggest battalions.” Whose observation is this?
Morgenthau
Napoleon
Perkins
Voltaire
 Question No.7 4.00
Bookmark
The Special Officer for Linguistic Minorities as per Article 350 B of the Indian Constitution, shall be
appointed by
The Prime Minister
The President of India
The Parliament
The Official Languages Commission
Question No.9 4.00
Bookmark
Which is not part of Rawls’ well-ordered society?
Just
Efficient
Stable
Equal

Question No.10 4.00

Which is the wrongly placed combination?
Defence - Union List
Betting and Gambling - Union List
Adulteration of Food Stuffs - Concurrent List
Public Order - State List
Question No.11 4.00
Which of the following were the first two states in India which established Panchayati Raj in 1959?
Rajasthan and Maharashtra
Rajasthan and Andhra Pradesh
Rajasthan and Punjab
Rajasthan and Odisha

Question No.12 4.00

“Political Liberty is never real unless it is accompanied by virtual Economic Equality.” Who said this?
G.D.H. Cole
H.J. Laski
T.H. Green
J.S. Mill
Question No.13 4.00

Who has called India as a Democratic Developmental State?

Atul Kohli
Christopher Jefferlot
James Manor Religion, Caste, and Politics in India: Christophe Jaffrelot
Paul Brass The Politics of India Since Independence: Paul Brass
‘Politics and State-Society Relations in India’- James Manor
Question No.14 4.00
Who among the following wrote: “laws are the rules of just and unjust, nothing being reputed unjust that
is not contrary to some law”?
Hegel
Romeseau
Hobbes
Benthan

Question No.15 4.00

Which of the following is related to Pendleton Act of 1883 in USA
It abolished tenure appointment
It abolished the spoils system
It abolished the sale of offices system
It abolished the merit system of recruitment

Question No.16 4.00

Who said, "Functionalism can indeed be interpreted as a conscious alternative to Marxism"?
Oran R. Young
W.G. Runciman
David Easton
Robert K. Merton
Question No.17 4.00
The custom of Gerrymandering is related to
A practice of setting electoral constituencies intended to take political advantage by a
particular party
Begin by Elbridge Gerry – Governor of Massachusetts in 1810- and became popular after
this.
founding father was Patrick Henry who designed Virginia of foiling the election of James
Madison.
All the above.

Question No.18 4.00

In which year, the Governor General of Bengal was made the Governor General of India and the
country was centralized ?
1813
1885
l833
1853
Question No.20 4.00
Which among the following does not come under the ambit of “Law” as per Article 13 of the
Indian
Constitution?
Circular
Ordinance
Bye-law
Order

Question No.21 4.00

The partition of Bengal was done in the year
1910
1900
1905 “Civil Liberty”, according to Barker, “consists in three differently
1906 expressed articles; physical freedom from injury or threat to
the life, health and movement of the body; intellectual
Question No.22 4.00 freedom for the expression of thought and belief, and practical
According to Barker, civil liberty is freedom for the play of will and the exercise of choice in the
A necessary evil general field of contractual action and relations with other
Physical freedom from injury persons”.
The liberty of man in capacity of an individual
Right to Life
 Question No.23 4.00
Bookmark
The Lahore Session of the Indian National Congress, where the demand for Poorna Swaraj was
raised was presided over by
Subash Chandra Bose
Lala Lajpat Rai
Jawaharlal Nehru
Bhagat Singh • In Pursuit of Lakshmi:The Political Economy of the Indian
State: Lloyd and Sussane Rudolph
• Indian politics as tussle between a “demand polity” and a
Question No.34 4.00 “command polity”
According to Aristotle, State is • India as ‘weak-strong state’
A Divine Institution
A Natural Institution • Democracy and Discontent: India's Growing Crisis of
A Creation of Force Governability : Atul Kohli
An Artificial Creation • Indian state as interchangeably “weak” and “captured”

Question No.35 4.00

Who describes Indian economy as "Bullock Cart Capitalism'
Atul Kohli
Lloyd and Sussane Rudolph
Rajni Kothari Indian constitution as a ‘seamless web’- Granville Austin
Granville Austin Indian constitution: Cornerstone of a Nation
Question No.25 4.00
John Rawls’ principle of Distributive Justice is based on the notion of
Difference Principle
Entitlement
Equality
Merit

Question No.26 4.00

Who has described political system as the authoritative allocation of values for a society?
S. M. Lipset
Talcott Parsons
David Apter
David Easton Indian Constitution as Quasi-Federal: K.C.Wheare
Question No.27 4.00
Who prefers to characterize the Indian federalism as "bargaining federalism?"
D. D. Basu
K. C. Wheare
Morris Jones The Government and Politics in India : Morris Jones
K. Chanda Theory of single party dominance in India: Morris Jones
Question No.28 4.00
The economic dimension of justice has been emphasized by
Individualists
Idealists
Socialists
Anarchists

Question No.29 4.00

Who among the following is the pioneer of the theory of neo-realism?
Raul Prebish
Kenneth Waltz
Barry Buzan
Hans Morgenthau

Question No.30 4.00

Under which Act police magistrates were empowered to arrest anyone without a trial ?
Rowlatt Act
1919 Act
1935 Act
Regulating Act
Question No.31 4.00
“All Property is a theft” is the view expressed by
Adam Smith
Karl Marx
J.S. Mill
Joseph Proudhon

Question No.32 4.00

Which part of the Indian Constitution deals with Citizenship? Part II of the Constitution of India (Articles
Part V 5-11) deals with the Citizenship of India.
Part VI
Part II
Part I

Question No.33 4.00

“The Theory of International Relations” is the famous book written by
….
Quincy Wright
Kenneth Waltz Theory of International Politics(1979): Kenneth Waltz
Hans J Morgenthau
Morton Kaplan
Question No.37 4.00
The Original Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court is mentioned under which Article of the Indian
Constitution?
Article 131
Original Jurisdiction: article 131
Article 132
Appellate: 132-134
Article 134
Law declared by Supreme Court to be binding on all courts: 141
Article 130
Advisory: 143
Question No.38 4.00
Which among the following committee was appointed by the Government of India in 1986 to revitalize
Panchayati raj institutions for democracy and development?
G.V.K. Rao Committee
Ashok Mehta Committee
L.M.Singhvi Committee
Balwant Rai Mehta Committee

Question No.39 4.00: Kangaroo motion is the system : Compare with Guillotine Vote
System of filibustering in the Australian Parliament
To drop some amendments in the American House of Representatives
To move ahead by chopping some amendments in any bill due to paucity of time in the British
House of Commons
To regulate the debate in the British House of Commons
Question No.40 4.00
The Concept of Natural Liberty is associated with which of the following
Force Theory
Evolutionary Theory
Divine Origin Theory
Social Contract Theory

Question No.41 4.00

Which Congress President during British Raj initiated the idea of Planning Commission?
Mahatma Gandhi
Jawaharlal Nehru
Subhash Chandra Bose
Maulana Azad

Question No.42 4.00

Which among the following American Presidents had to resign over Watergate scandal ?
Roosevelt
Kennedy
Nixon
Eisenhower
Question No.43 4.00
“By Liberty I mean the eager maintenance of an atmosphere in which men have the opportunity to be
their best selves” Who opined this
Laski
Wilde
Holland
Bosanquet

Question No.44 4.00

President of India can dissolve the Lok Sabha on:-
Advice of the Chief Justice of India
Advice of the Prime Minister
Recommendation of the Rajya Sabha
Recommendation of Lok Sabha

Question No.45 4.00

'King can do no wrong' is a statement attributed to :
King is literally above law and cannot do wrong
There is no remedy for king's action through court
King is eminently capable of doing, wrong, but cannot do so lawfully
All the above
Question No.46 4.00
Who among the following was the first Satyagrahi of the individual civil Disobedience movements
started by Gandhi in October 1940?
Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel
J. Kripalani
Acharya Vinoba Bhave
Dr. Rajendra Prasad
Question No.47 4.00

Which of the following countries is not a member of SAARC?

Bhutan
Maldives
Myanmar
Sri Lanka
Question No.49 4.00
Who was the prime supporter of 'Partyless Democracy' amongst the following ?
M.K. Gandhi
B.G. Tilak
Narendra Dev
Jai Prakash Narayan

Question No.51 4.00

Gandhi described himself as a:-
Social Democrat
Socialist
Philosophical Anarchist
Liberal
Question No.52 4.00
What do you understand by 'Zero Hour' in the Indian Parliamentary Procedure ?
Time just before the question hour
At the end of the question hour and before the debate on other agenda of the day
When any special privilege motion is accepted
First hour of the session

Question No.53 4.00

Identify the one which is not part of the World Bank Group.
The International Finance Corporation
The International Lending Agency
The International Development Association
The Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency

Question No.54 4.00

Who among the following has described India as- "Weak-strong state"?
Gummar Myrdal
K. C. Wheare
Lloyd and Susan Rudolf
Rajni Kothari
Question No.55 4.00
Identify the language which is not part of Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution?
Assamese
Maithili
Tulu
Marathi

Question No.56 4.00

In Hegel’s notion the highest possible achievement of mind as expressed in social life
was in-
Rome
The contemporary Prussian state
Contemporary Great Britain
Athens
Question No.58 4.00
Under the Hare Scheme of Representation every voter enjoys
Only two votes
Assembly votes as there are seats to be filled
One vote less than the number of seats to be filled
One effective vote

Question No.59 4.00

Gadar Party was founded in California, U.S.A. by :
Madan Lal Dhingra
Lala Hardayal
Damodar Savarkar
Aurobindo Ghose

Question No.60 4.00

Who wrote 'Indian War of Independence, 1857'?
S.N. Sen
R.C Majumdar
S.B. Chaudhary
V.D. Savarkar
Question No.61 4.00
Identify the strongest advocate of functional representation
Rousseau
Mirabeau
Engels Count of Mirabeau (1749 –1791) was a leader
Marx of the early stages of the French Revolution.
Question No.62 4.00
The Quit India Resolution was passed by which session of the Indian National Congress
Lahore Session of 1926
Madras Session of 1927
Bombay Session of 1942
None of the above

Question No.63 4.00

The Office of Governer General of Bengal was created by
Pitt’s India Act of 1784
Regulating Act of 1773
Charter Act of 1793
None of the above
Question No.64 4.00
Who demanded 'Complete freedom from the British Empire' from the Congress Party platform in
1906 ?
Dadabhai Naoroji
Gopal Krishna Gokhale
Bal Gangadhar Tilak
Ferozeshah Mehta

Question No.65 4.00

“Life, Liberty and the pursuit of happiness” is a fact of the
American Declaration of Independence
Bill of Rights of the US Constitution
French Declaration of the Rights of Man
Constitution of the France

These unalienable rights have been given to all humans by their creator, and which
governments are created to protect- American Declaration of Independence
Question No.67 4.00
The demand for Poorna Swaraj was made for the first time in the
year
1929
1907
1938
1937

Question No.68 4.00

Who has termed India as an example of "Polycentric Nationalism"?
Will Kymlicka
Benedict Anderson
Partha Chattterji ‘Nationalism’ – by Anthony D. Smith
Anthony D. Smith
Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights’:
Question No.69 4.00 Will Kymlicka
Who described Indian Politics as "Politics of Scarcity"?
Morris Jones
Atul Kohli
Paul R. Brass
Myron Weiner
Question No.70 4.00
“Sovereignty resides in a determinate human superior.” Who said this?
Austin
Bentham
Bodin
Montesquieu

Question No.72 4.00

Who among the following formed- "The League of Radical Congressmen"?
B.R. Ambedkar
M.N. Roy
M. K. Gandhi
Aurobindo
Question No.73 4.00
Who was the author of the book 'Poverty and UnBritish Rule in India' ?
Gopal Krishna Gokhale
Surendra Nath Bannerjea
Dadabhai Naoroji
Bal Gangadhar Tilak-

Question No.74 4.00

The Oath or affirmation of which of the following office is not mentioned in the main text (part) of the
Constitution?
President
Prime Minister
Vice President
Governor
Question No.76 4.00
Which article of the Indian Constitution defines the State?
Article 13
Article 12
Article 14
Article 15

Question No.78 4.00

The article in Indian Constitution that provides the meaning of Money Bills?
Article 199
Article 198
Article 201
Article 200

Article 12 ―”the State”, includes the Government

and Parliament of India and the Government and the
Legislature of each of the States and all local or other
authorities within the territory of India or under the control of
the Government of India.
Question No.79 4.00
The term geopolitik which was later translated into English as geopolitics, was coined by
Haushofer
Mackinder
Thayer
Kjellen

Question No.80 4.00

"The social contract theory has been criticized as bad history, bad logic and bad ethics," by?
H.J. Laski
F. Wilson
Ernest Barker
Henny Maine

Question No.81 4.00

Communal Representation pre-supposes the existence of
There can be both joint as well as separate electorates
Reservation of Seats
Separate Electorate
A Joint Electorate
Question No.82 4.00
Identity the person who equated Civil Society to “a trench system in the modern warfare.”
Lenin
Hegel
Luxumburg
Gramsci

Question No.83 4.00

Which among the following is a regarded as a Civil Right?
Right to Property
Freedom of Speech and Expression
Right to Elect and to be elected
Right to Public Employment
Question No.85 4.00

The historic INA Trail commenced in

1948
1940
1945
1944

Colonel Prem Sahgal, Colonel Gurbaksh Singh Dhillon, and

Major-General Shah Nawaz Khan were tried ( court marshalled)
in the famous INA trial inside Red Forte in 1945-46
Question No.87 4.00
Franchise rights were given to the women of the U.S.A. in :
1920
1946
1931
1971

Question No.90
Identify the Prime Minister of India who did not head a minority government
V.P. Singh
Morarji Desai
I.K Gujaral
Chandrashekhar

Question No.91 4.00

Where is secretariat of SAARC situated?
New Delhi
Islamabad
Kathmandu
Dacca
Question No.93 4.00
What is the total number of members in the Legislative Council of a State having such a Council?
Shall not exceed three-fourth of the total number members in the Legislative Assembly
Shall not exceed one-third of the total number of members in the Legislative Assembly
Shall not exceed the total number of members in the Legislative Assembly
Shall not exceed half of the total number of members in the Legislative Assembly

Question No.94 4.00

The provision of just and humane conditions of work and maternity relief is stated in which Article of
the Constitution?
Article 41
Article 42 40. Organisation of village panchayats.
Article 40 41. Right to work, to education and to public assistance in
Article 43 certain cases.
42. Provision for just and humane conditions of work and
maternity relief.
43. Living wage, etc., for workers.
43A. Participation of workers in management of industries.
43B. Promotion of co-operative societies.
44. Uniform civil code for the citizens.
Question No.95 4.00

Who is known as Father of Indian Unrest?

Mahatma Gandhi
Dadabhai Nauroji
G.K. Gokhale
Bal Gangadhar Tilak

Question No.96 4.00

‘Man without society is either a beast or a God', Who said this?

Gandhi
Plato
Aristotle
Henry Maine
Question No.97 4.00
Arrange the following international political theorists in a chronological order from the codes given
below:-
1. Reinhood Niebuhr
2. Immanual Kant
3. Antonio Gramsci
4. Robert W. Cox
4, 1, 2, 3
2, 3, 1, 4
1, 2, 3, 4
3, 4, 1, 2
Question No.98 4.00
Who provides staff to the State Election Commission for the discharge of the functions, when
requested?
President
Chief Secretary
Governor
Chief Election Commissioner

243K. Elections to the Panchayats….” (3) The Governor of a State shall, when so requested by the State
Election Commission, make available to the State Election Commission such staff as may be
necessary…”
Question No.99 4.00
Bookmark
Gandhi's Dandi March is associated with which among the following movements?
Civil Disobedience Movement
Partition of Bengal
Non-cooperation Movement
Khilafat Movement

Question No.100 4.00

Fill in the blank with the correct form of the verb.

The International Women’s Day _____________ with great enthusiasm by our university last month.
has celebrated
is celebrated
celebrated
was celebrated
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Puddu IR-2017
 THANKS FOR WATCHING!
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