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49 views56 pages

MATMOD Week1 Upload

Uploaded by

jose.esparaguera
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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MATHEMATICS IN THE

MODERN WORLD
WEEK 1

KREANNE LOCSON FALCASANTOS-DIAZ


Faculty, ADZU
In this session, we will…
1. THE NATURE OF MATHEMATICS
❖ Discuss and argue about the nature of mathematics, what it is, how it is expressed,
represented, and used

❖ Identify patterns in nature and regularities in the world by citing examples,


describing, inferring

❖ Express appreciation for mathematics as a human endeavor by articulating the


benefits that man can get from mathematics
In this session, we will…
2. PROBLEM SOLVING AND REASONING
❖ Use different types of reasoning to justify statements and arguments made about
mathematics and mathematical concepts

❖ Write clear and logical proofs

❖ Solve problems involving patterns and recreational problems following Polya’s four
steps

❖ Organize one’s methods and approaches for proving and solving problems
Mathematics is the science that deals
with numbers, quantities, shapes,
patterns and measurement.
Mathematics is a language that makes
use of symbols and notations for
describing numerical, geometric and
graphical relationships.
Mathematics helps us organize
patterns and regularities in the world.
Patterns and Numbers
in Nature and the World
A pattern is the repeated or regular way in
which something happens or is done.
Example: Which of the figures can be used
to continue the series given below?
Example: What number comes next?

10
2, 4, 6, 8, ______
Types of Patterns
Symmetry Fractals

Spirals Tesselations
Symmetry
Symmetry indicates that you can draw an imaginary
line across an object and the resulting parts are mirror
images of each other.
Fractals
A fractal is a never-ending pattern. Fractals are infinitely complex
patterns that are self-similar across different scales.
Spirals
A spiral is a curved pattern that focuses on a center point
and a series of circular shapes that revolve around it.
Tesselations
Tessellations are patterns formed by repeating tiles all over a flat
surface.
Who Was Fibonacci?
❑ Born in Pisa, Italy in 1175 AD
❑ Full name was Leonardo Pisano
❑ Grew up with a North African education under the
Moors
❑ Traveled extensively around the Mediterranean coast
❑ Met with many merchants and learned their systems of
arithmetic
❑ Realized the advantages of the Hindu-Arabic system
The Fibonacci Numbers

❑ Were introduced in The Book of Calculating


❑ Series begins with 0 and 1
❑ Next number is found by adding the last two numbers together
❑ Number obtained is the next number in the series
❑ Pattern is repeated over and over

0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, 233, 377, 610, 987, …

F(n + 2) = F(n + 1) + Fn
Many aspects of nature
are grouped in bunches
equaling Fibonacci
numbers.
For example, the
number of petals on a
flower tend to be a
Fibonacci number.
Fibonacci spiral found in both snail and sea shells
◦ Lilies and irises = 3 petals
Buttercups and wild roses = 5 petals

Corn marigolds = 13 petals Black-eyed Susan’s = 21 petals


Fibonacci Numbers and the Golden Ratio
❖There is a special relationship between the Golden Ratio
and Fibonacci Numbers
❖When we take any two successive (one after the
other) Fibonacci Numbers, their ratio is very close to the Golden
Ratio:
0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, 233, 377, 610, 987, …

10
❖ Center of pupil : bottom of teeth:
bottom of chin
❖ With of eye: width of iris
❖ Outer and inner edge of eye:
center of nose
What are the applications
of Mathematics
in your chosen course?
Problem Solving
and
Reasoning
Find the next item in the sequence:

1. December, November, October, …


September
Find the next item in the sequence:

2. 3,6,9,12, …
15
Find the next item in the sequence:

3. 1,1,2,3,5,8, …
13
What is a Problem?

A problem is a statement requiring a solution,


usually by means of mathematical
operation/geometric construction?
What is a Problem Solving?

The word “method’ means the ways or


techniques used to get answer which will, usually
involve one or more problem solving strategies.
Problem solving is a process – an ongoing activity
in which we take what we know to discover what
we don’t know.
Three Basic Functions

✔Seeking information
✔Generating new knowledge
✔Making decisions
Reasoning

The drawing of inferences or conclusions from


known or assumed facts.
Inductive Reasoning

Uses specific examples to reach a general


conclusion of something

A conjecture is an idea that may or may not be


correct.
Use inductive reasoning to predict the
next number in each of the following:

1. 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, ?


30
2. 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, ?
36
Use inductive reasoning to make a
conjecture out of the following process:

1. Pick a number.
2. Multiply the number by 10.
3. Add 8 to the product.
4. Divide the sum by 2.
5. And subtract 4.
Example:

1. Pick a number. 3
2. Multiply the number by 10. 30
3. Add 8 to the product. 38
4. Divide the sum by 2. 19
5. And subtract 4. 15
TRY by Pair:
1. Pick a number.
2. Multiply the number by 10.
3. Add 8 to the product.
4. Divide the sum by 2.
5. And subtract 4.
Consider the results below:
◦

6666
◦

11,110
counterexample
Deductive Reasoning

Is the process of reaching a general conclusion


by applying general assumptions, procedures, or
principles.

A premise is an assumption or a condition that


one thinks is true.
Example

All men are mortal. (major premise)


Socrates is a man. (minor premise)
Therefore, Socrates is mortal. (conclusion)
Logic Puzzle
Each of the four friends Kris, Kate, King and Kier, has a different pet (fish, cat, dog and snake). From each of the
following clues, determine the pet of each individual.
1. Kate is older than her friend who owns the cat and younger than her friend who owns the dog.
2. King and his friend who owns the snake are both of the same age and are the youngest members of their
group.
3. Kris is older than her friend who owns the fish.

Fish Cat Dog Snake


Kris
Kate
King
Kier
Polya’s
Problem Solving
Strategy
George Polya

❑ Hungarian mathematician
❑ December 13, 1887 – September 7, 1985
❑ Professor in mathematics (1914 – 1940)
❑ Father of problem-solving
Polya’s Four-Step Problem-Solving
Strategy
1. Understand the problem.
2. Devise a plan.
3. Carry out the plan.
4. Review the solution.
Example
A travel agency charged P15, 000 for a 3-day and
2-night tour in Seoul, South Korea and P20,000 for the
same tour with a side trip to Jeju Island. Ten persons
joined the trip, which enable them to collect P170,000.
How many tourists made a side trip to Jeju Island?
Understand the problem
◦Two types of tourist in the given situation

◦We wanted to know how many of them made a side trip to


Jeju Island.
Devise a plan
◦Use the variable x and y to represent the two types of tourist
◦x number of tourist bound for Seoul alone
◦y number of tourist bound for Seoul who made a side trip to
Jeju
◦P15,000x = amount collected
◦P20,000y = amount collected
Carry out the plan
◦
Review the Solution

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