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Designation: C168 − 13

Standard Terminology Relating to

Thermal Insulation1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C168; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

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1. Scope sion by several modes of heat transfer resulting in property
1.1 This standard provides definitions, symbols, units, and variation with specimen thickness, or surface emittance. See
abbreviations of terms used in ASTM standards pertaining to conductivity, thermal.
DISCUSSION—Thermal conductivity and resistivity are normally con-
thermal insulating materials, and to materials associated with
sidered to be intrinsic or specific properties of materials and, as such,
them. should be independent of thickness. When nonconductive modes of
1.2 This terminology is not intended to be used to classify heat transfer are present within the specimen (radiation, free convec-
insulation materials as having particular properties. Rather, tion) this may not be the case. To indicate the possible presence of this
phenomena (for example, thickness effect) the modifier “apparent” is
classification of insulation materials is to be done by the
used, as in apparent thermal conductivity.
material standards themselves.
DISCUSSION—Test data using the “apparent” modifier must be quoted
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the only for the conditions of the measurement. Values of thermal conduc-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the tance (material C) and thermal resistance (material R) calculated from
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- apparent thermal conductivity or resistivity, are valid only for the same
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- conditions.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
DISCUSSION—Test data labeled with “apparent” shall not include any
equipment related measurement errors induced due to measurement
2. Referenced Documents
attempts beyond an apparatus range or calibration.
2.1 ASTM Standards:2
DISCUSSION—Use of the “apparent” modifier with system C or system
E456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics R measurements is not permitted.
E2282 Guide for Defining the Test Result of a Test Method
2.2 ISO Standard: apparent thermal resistivity, ra, n—a thermal resistivity
ISO 7345 Thermal Insulation—Physical Quantities and assigned to a material that exhibits thermal transmission by
Definitions3 several modes of heat transfer resulting in property variation
with specimen thickness, or surface emittance. See
3. Terminology resistivity, thermal.
3.1 Definitions: DISCUSSION—See entire discussion under apparent thermal conduc-
absorptance, n—the ratio of the radiant flux absorbed by a tivity.
body to that incident upon it. area weight, n—weight per unit area for a specified sample, in
absorption, n—transformation of radiant energy to a different units of lb/ft2 (kg/m2 ).
form of energy by interaction with matter. aerogel, n—a homogeneous, low-density solid phase material
apparent thermal conductivity, λ a, ka, n—a thermal conduc- derived from a gel, in which the liquid component of the gel
tivity assigned to a material that exhibits thermal transmis- has been replaced with a gas.
DISCUSSION—The resulting material has a porous structure with an
average pore size below the mean free path of air molecules at standard
1
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C16 on atmospheric pressure and temperature.
Thermal Insulation and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C16.94 on
Terminology. batt, n—blanket insulation manufactured to dimensions as
Current edition approved April 1, 2013. Published May 2013. Originally required by a specific application.
approved in 1941. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as C 168 – 10.
DOI:101520/C0168–13.
2
blackbody, n—the ideal, perfect emitter and absorber of
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
thermal radiation. It emits radiant energy at each wavelength
contact ASTM Customer Service at [email protected]. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on at the maximum rate possible as a consequence of its
the ASTM website. temperature, and absorbs all incident radiance.
3
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org. blanket, n—flexible insulation product, supplied rolled or flat.

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C168 − 13
blanket insulation, n—a relatively flat and flexible insulation conductance, film, n—the time rate of heat flow from a unit
in coherent sheet form furnished in units of substantial area. area of a surface to its surroundings, induced by a unit
temperature difference between the surface and the environ-
blanket insulation, metal mesh, n— blanket insulation cov-
ment.
ered by flexible metal-mesh facings attached on one or both
DISCUSSION—The environment is a fluid (liquids or gases). h depends
sides. on the nature of fluid motion past the surface (laminar or turbulent). (h
block insulation, n—rigid insulation preformed into rectangu- in SI units: W/m2·K).
lar units. conductance, thermal, C, n—the time rate of steady state heat
board insulation, n—semirigid insulation preformed into rect- flow through a unit area of a material or construction induced
angular units having a degree of suppleness particularly by a unit temperature difference between the body surfaces.
related to their geometrical dimensions. C 5 q/∆T
calcium silicate, n—insulation composed principally of hy- A conductance (C) associated with a material shall be
drous calcium silicate, and which usually contains reinforc- specified as a material C. A conductance (C) associated with
ing fibers. a system or construction of materials shall be specified as a
cellular elastomeric, n—insulation composed principally of system C. (C in SI units: W/m2K.) (C in inch-pound units:
natural or synthetic elastomers, or both, processed to form a (Btu/h)/ft2/F = Btu/h ft2F.)
flexible, semirigid, or rigid foam which has a predominantly DISCUSSION—The average temperature of a surface is the area-
weighted temperature of that surface.
closed-cell structure.
cellular glass, n—insulation composed of glass processed to DISCUSSION—When the surfaces of a mass type thermal insulation are
not of equal areas, as in the case of thermal transmission in the radial
form a rigid foam having a predominantly closed-cell direction, or are not of uniform separation (thickness), the surface area
structure. and thickness to which the conductance is assigned must be defined.
cellular polyimide, n—insulation composed of the reaction DISCUSSION—“Total’’ or “areal’’ thermal conductance are often used
product in which the bonds formed between monomers as synonyms for thermal conductance.
during polymerization are essentially imide units forming a
cellular structure. DISCUSSION—Thermal conductance and thermal resistance are recip-
rocals of one another.
cellular polystyrene, n—insulation composed principally of
DISCUSSION—See Discussion under resistance, thermal.
polymerized styrene resin processed to form a rigid foam
having a predominantly closed-cell structure. conductivity, thermal, λ or k, n—the time rate of steady state
cellular polyurethane, n—insulation composed principally of heat flow through a unit area of a homogeneous material
the catalyzed reaction product of polyisocyanate and poly- induced by a unit temperature gradient in a direction
hydroxy compounds, processed usually with fluorocarbon perpendicular to that unit area. (λ or k in SI units: (W/m2
gas to form a rigid foam having a predominantly closed-cell )/(K/m) = W/m K.) (λ or k in inch-pound units: (Btu/h)/ft
2 2
structure. 2/(F/ft) = Btu/h ft F) or (Btu/h)/ft /(F/in.) = Btu in./h ft F.)
(See discussion under apparent thermal conductivity.)
cellulosic fiber, n—insulation composed principally of cellu- DISCUSSION—Thermal conductivity testing is usually done in one of
lose fibers usually derived from paper, paperboard stock, or two apparatus/specimen geometries: flat-slab specimens with parallel
wood, with or without binders. heat flux lines, or cylindrical specimens with radial heat flux lines. The
operational definitions of thermal conductivity for these two cases are
cement, finishing, n—a mixture of dry fibrous or powdery given as follows:
materials, or both, that when mixed with water develops a
Q L
plastic consistency, and when dried in place forms a rela- Flat 2 slab geometry λ 5 (1)
A ∆T
tively hard, protective surface.
where:
cement, insulating, n—a mixture of dry granular, flaky,
fibrous, or powdery materials that when mixed with water Q = heat flow rate,
develops a plastic consistency, and when dried in place A = area through which Q passes, and
L = thickness of the flat-slab specimen across which the
forms a coherent covering that affords substantial resistance
temperature difference ∆T exists.
to heat transmission.
The ∆T/L ratio approximates the temperature gradient.
cladding, n—See jacket (as related to insulation jacketing).
Q r2
Cylindrical geometry λ 5 loge (2)
closed cell foam, n—a material comprised predominantly of 2πl∆T r1
individual non-interconnecting cellular voids.
where:
coating, n—a liquid or semiliquid that dries or cures to form a 1 = length,
protective finish, suitable for application to thermal insula- r2 = the outer radius, and
tion or other surfaces in thickness of 30 mils (0.76 mm) or r1 = the inner radius of the cylinder.
less, per coat. Eq 1 and Eq 2 are actually special-case simplifications of the more general
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C168 − 13
definition: diffusivity, thermal, n—the ratio of thermal conductivity of a
thermal conductivity, λ—a tensor property defined by the tensor equation: substance to the product of its density and specific heat. (In
SI units: (W/(m•K))/((kg/m3)•(J/(kg•K))) = m 2/s.) (In inch-
q 5 2λ∆T (3)
where q is the heat flux vector, and ∆ T (grad T) is the temperature
pound units: (Btu/(hr•ft) F)/((lb/ft3)(Btu/(lb•F)) = ft 2/hr))
gradient vector. Except in theoretical discussions, this generalized form emittance, ε, n—the ratio of the radiant flux emitted by a
of the definition is seldom used. For experimental situations, the geom-
etry of the testing apparatus and the specimen are chosen such that Eq
specimen to that emitted by a blackbody at the same
3 reduces to the one-dimensional scalar equation: temperature and under the same conditions.
dT emittance, directional ε(θ; φ), n—the ratio of the radiance
Q 5 2Aλ (4)
du from a surface in a particular direction to the radiance from
a blackbody at the same temperature under the same
where:
conditions.
Q = heat flow rate,
A = area through which Q passes, emittance, hemispherical εH or ε(2π) , n—the average direc-
λ = thermal conductivity, and tional emittance over a hemispherical envelope covering a
dT/du = the temperature gradient in the direction of heat surface.
flow.
At steady state, Eq 1 and Eq 2 are consistent with Eq 4 if ∆ T is sufficiently emittance, spectral ελ or ε(λ; θ;φ ), n—an emittance based on
small. If ∆T is not sufficiently small, then Eq 1 and Eq 2 define a mean the radiant energy emitted per unit wavelength interval
thermal conductivity over the ∆T range, and this range in addition to the (monochromatic radiant energy).
mean temperature should be stated. DISCUSSION—Where necessary to avoid confusion, emittances should
be designated by subscripts, for example: εHT,εHλ , εNλ, εθλ,εHT . For
DISCUSSION—If the measured thermal property indicates that other most engineering purposes, the hemispherical total emittance εHT
than conductive heat flows are present, as evidenced by dependence on suffices.
specimen thickness, air flow, or emittance of bounding surfaces, then
this definition does not apply. See also, apparent thermal conductiv- emittance, total εT or ε(t), n—an emittance that is an
ity. integrated average over all wavelengths of radiant energy
DISCUSSION—Thermal conductivity and thermal resistivity are recip-
emitted.
rocals of one another. facing, n—a thin covering adhered to the surface of insulation
DISCUSSION—As an additional reference and discussion along similar prior to field installation.
lines, see the International Standard ISO 7345 Annex.
fibrous glass, n—A synthetic vitreous fiber insulation made by
corrosion retarder (as related to insulation jacketing), n—See melting predominantly silica sand and other inorganic
moisture barrier (as related to insulation jacketing). materials, and then physically forming the melt into fibers.
coverage, n—the area to be covered per unit volume of coating DISCUSSION—Commonly referred to as fiber glass.
to obtain specified dry thickness and desired performance. DISCUSSION—To form an insulation product, there are often other
materials applied to the fibrous glass such as binders, oils, etc.
covering capacity, dry, n—the area covered to a dry thickness

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of 1 in. (25 mm) by 100 lb (45.4 kg) of dry cement when graybody, n—a body having the same spectral emittance at all
mixed with the recommended amount of water, molded and wavelengths.
dried to constant weight.
glass fiber, n—fiber manufactured as continuous filament from
covering capacity, wet, n—the area covered to a wet thickness molten glass, normally used for reinforcement, tissue or
of 1 in. (25 mm) by 100 lb (45.4 kg) of dry cement when textiles.
mixed with the recommended amount of water, and molded.
glass wool, n—See fibrous glass.
density,ρ, n—the mass per unit volume of a material. (ρ in SI
units: kg/m3.) (ρ in inch-pound units: lb/ft3.) heat flow; heat flow rate, Q, n—the quantity of heat trans-
DISCUSSION—The term mass is used and not weight, due to the ferred to or from a system in unit time. (Q in SI units: W.) (Q
buoyancy effect of some low density closed cell insulations. in inch-pound units: Btu/h.)
DISCUSSION—See heat flux for the areal dependence.
density, apparent (of applied insulation), n—the mass per
unit volume of in-place mass thermal insulation. DISCUSSION—This definition is different than that given in some
textbooks, which may use Q̇, or q to represent heat flow rate. The ISO
dewpoint temperature, n—the temperature at which conden- definition uses Φ.
sation of water vapor in a space begins for a given state of
humidity and pressure as the vapor temperature is reduced; heat flux, q, n—the heat flow rate through a surface of unit area
the temperature corresponding to saturation (100 % relative perpendicular to the direction of heat flow.
humidity) for a given absolute humidity at constant pressure. (q in SI units: W/m2)
(q in inch-pound units: Btu/h/ft2 = Btu/h ft2)
diatomaceous silica, n—insulation composed principally of DISCUSSION—This definition has been used as heat flux density, or
diatomaceous earth with or without binders, and which density of heat flow rate (defined as areal density of heat flow rate by
usually contains reinforcing fibers. ISO).

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C168 − 13
heat flux transducer, HFT, n—a device containing a thermo- microporous insulation, n—material in the form of compacted
pile (or equivalent) that produces an output which is a powder with an average interconnecting pore size compa-
function of the heat flux. rable to or below the mean free path of air molecules at
DISCUSSION—In the past this device may also have been known as a standard atmospheric temperature and pressure.
heat flow meter, heat flux meter, heat flow sensor, or heat flux sensor. DISCUSSION—Microporous insulation may contain fibers to add
DISCUSSION—The HFT output may also be a function of mean integral strength and may contain opacifiers to reduce the amount of
temperature, attachment, application, and environmental situation. radiant heat transmitted.

homogeneous material, n—a material in which relevant prop- mineral fiber, n—insulation composed principally of fibers
erties are not a function of the position within the material. manufactured from rock, slag, or glass, with or without
DISCUSSION—Homogeneity depends on the scale of the volume binders.
element used to examine the material. The purposes of Committee C16
are best suited if a macroscopic viewpoint is taken such that the
mineral wool, n—A synthetic vitreous fiber insulation made by
standard insulating materials are considered homogeneous (for melting predominantly igneous rock, and or furnace slag,
example, fibrous and cellular insulations), at least in the heat flow and other inorganic materials, and then physically forming
direction and time frame involved in a thermal test. the melt into fibers.
DISCUSSION—To form an insulation product, there are often other
DISCUSSION—Relevant properties may be a function of such variables
materials applied to the mineral wool such as binders, oils, etc.
as time, direction, or temperature.

humidity, absolute, n—the mass of water vapor per unit moisture barrier (as related to insulation jacketing), n—a
volume. polymeric film or coating applied to the inner surface of
metal jacketing for the primary purpose of reducing
humidity, relative, n—the ratio of the mol fraction of water electrolytic, pitting, or crevice corrosion of the jacketing
vapor present in the air to the mol fraction of water vapor DISCUSSION—Moisture barriers are not water vapor barriers or water
present in saturated air at the same temperature and baro- vapor retarders
metric pressure. Approximately, it equals the ratio of the
moisture retarder (as related to insulation jacketing), n—See
partial pressure or density of the water vapor in the air to the
moisture barrier (as related to insulation jacketing).
saturation pressure or density, respectively, at the same
temperature. overall coeffıcient of heat transfer—See transmittance, ther-
jacket, n—a covering installed over insulation. mal.
DISCUSSION—A facing is a type of jacket. open cell foam, n—a material comprised predominantly of
interconnecting cellular voids.
jacket (as related to insulation jacketing), n—a protective
covering installed over thermal insulation. perlite, n—insulation composed of natural perlite ore ex-
panded to form a cellular structure.
jacketing, n—See jacket, n.
perm, n—the mass rate of water vapor flow through one square
lagging-covering, n—See jacket (as related to insulation foot of a material or construction of one grain per hour
jacketing). induced by a vapor pressure gradient between two surfaces
DISCUSSION—lagging-insulation is usually applied in the form of cut,
of one inch of mercury or in units that equal that flow rate.
pieced together or mitered parts.
DISCUSSION—This emperically derived permeance unit was devel-
lagging-insulation, n—Insulation used on pipe, tanks, ducts, oped by cooperation of eight laboratories in the United States and
vessels, or other mechanical equipment. Canada to delineate the moisture migration rate below which there
DISCUSSION—Lagging-insulation is usually applied in the form of cut, would be low probability for induced moisture problems in ordinary
pieced together or mitered parts. constructions, such as houses, apartments, and conventional buildings
in climates that are not greater than 5 000 degree heating-days or are
loose fill insulation, n—insulation in granular, nodular, fibrous, hot and humid for which continual air conditioning would be recom-
powdery, or similar form designed to be installed by pouring, mended. Perms are not limited to buildings.
blowing, or hand placement. DISCUSSION—Evaluations in perms can be made in multiple or
fractional perms. However, no combination of SI units will express the
mastic, n—a material of relatively viscous consistency that same flow rate without a numerical coefficient. A perm defines the same
dries or cures to form a protective finish, suitable for flow rate, regardless of units, world-wide.
application to thermal insulation in thickness greater than 30 = 1 gr/h·ft2·in·Hg I-P units
mils (0.76 mm) per coat. = 57.2·10−12 kg/s·m2·Pa SI fundamental
1 perm { = 57.2·10−12 s/m SI reduced
mean specific heat, n—the quantity of heat required to change = 57.2 ng/s·m2·Pa SI modified
the temperature of a unit mass of a substance one degree, = 0.66 g/24 h·m2·mm Hg SI obsolete
measured as the average quantity over the temperature range permeability, water vapor—See water vapor permeability.
specified. (It is distinguished from true specific heat by being
an average rather than a point value.) (In SI units: J/kg•K) permeance, water vapor—See water vapor permeance.
(In inch-pound units: Btu/lb•F)
pipe insulation, n—insulation in a form suitable for applica-
metal lagging, n—See jacket. tion to cylindrical surfaces.
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C168 − 13
radiance, n—the rate of radiant emission per unit solid angle DISCUSSION—Thermal resistivity and thermal conductivity are recip-
and per unit projected area of a source in a stated angular rocals of one another.
direction from the surface (usually the normal). Discussion—See the definition and discussions under conductive,
thermal. Also, see the definition of apparent thermal resistivity.
DISCUSSION—The term “intensity of radiation’’ is often used as a
synonym for radiance. resistivity, water vapor— See water vapor resistivity.
radiant flux density, n—the rate of radiant energy emitted sample, n—a group of items, observations, test results, or
from unit area of a surface in all radial directions of the portions of material, taken from a large collection of items,
overspreading hemisphere. observations, test results, or quantities of material, which
serves to provide information that may be used as a basis for
reflectance, n—the fraction of the incident radiation upon a making a decision concerning the larger collection. E456,
surface that is reflected from the surface. E2282
DISCUSSION—For an opaque surface, the sum of the reflectance and
the absorptance is unity at equilibrium. soaking heat, n—a test condition in which the specimen is
completely immersed in an atmosphere maintained at a
DISCUSSION—Absorptances and reflectances are of various types, as
controlled temperature.
are emittances. For most engineering purposes, the counterparts of the
hemispherical total emittance suffice. Further, the terms absorptivity steady state, n—in heat transfer, condition in which the
and reflectivity, like emissivity, are restricted to apply to materials temperature at any given point in a material or system is
having opaque, optically flat surfaces.
independent of time, to a given precision for a specified time
reflective insulation, n—insulation depending for its perfor- period. It follows that the temperature gradient and heat flux
mance upon reduction of radiant heat transfer across air at any given point are independent of time.
spaces by use of one or more surfaces of high reflectance and DISCUSSION—The time period and precision or tolerance involved in
low emittance. the use of this definition must pertain to the needs of the specific test
method.
resistance, abrasion, n—the ability to withstand scuffing,
scratching, rubbing, or wind-scouring. steady state (thermal), n—a condition for which all relevant
parameters in a region do not vary over two consecutive
resistance, freeze-thaw, n—resistance to cycles of freezing steady-state time periods by more than the steady-state
and thawing that could affect application, appearance, or tolerance, and no long-term monotonic drifts are present.
performance. Where, the steady-state time period is the time constant of
the apparatus-specimen system with additional time neces-
resistance, impact (toughness), n— ability to withstand me-
sary if physical phenomena are present, such as moisture
chanical blows or shock without damage seriously affecting
transport, which could cause a long-term monotonic drift.
the effectiveness of the material or system.
Steady-state tolerance consists of (possibilities in order of
resistance, thermal, R, n—the quantity determined by the increasing magnitude):
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temperature difference, at steady state, between two defined (1) The imprecision of the mean of a set of data points.
surfaces of a material or construction that induces a unit heat This can be defined as twice the standard deviation of a set
flow rate through a unit area. of N independent data points divided by the square root of
R 5 ∆T/q (5) N, 2σ/ =N,
A resistance (R) associated with a material shall be speci- (2) The scatter of the data. This would be 2σ, or,
(3) Some larger value may be chosen resulting in less
fied as a material R. A resistance ( R) associated with a sys- precision.
tem or construction of materials shall be specified as a sys- DISCUSSION—The time constant of an apparatus-specimen system
tem R. (R in SI units: K/(W/m2) = K m2/W.) (R in inch- will depend on the response time of the control system, and the heat
pound units: F/(Btu/h/ft2) = F ft2 h/Btu.) capacity of the specimen and the apparatus parts in contact with it. One
DISCUSSION—Thermal resistance and thermal conductance are recip- way to estimate the time constant is to initiate a step change in the hot
rocals of one another. surface temperature and measure the time required for the change in the
measured heat flux across the specimen to reach 1/e of the eventual
DISCUSSION—See first and second discussions under conductance, total heat flux change, where e is the natural logarithm base (2.718).
thermal. For insulation applied to cylinders, thermal resistance is
expressed in terms of unit linear length or unit area of the cylindrical DISCUSSION—At times it may be necessary for a point to be averaged
surface. over a period of time of the order of the steady-state time period to
qualify as being independent, otherwise
DISCUSSION—For the case where the heat flow rate depends upon air
flow within the system, moisture content and migration, or radiant 2σ/ 2 2. =N
energy transparency, the situation must be fully described. would not be a correct estimate of the apparatus precision.

resistivity, thermal, r, n—the quantity determined by the DISCUSSION—In some measurements (especially in situ), the data may
temperature difference, at steady state, between two defined vary with time in a seemingly erratic manner. However, if there are no
monotonic trends then this may be termed a “quasi-steady-state’’ and
parallel surfaces of a homogeneous material of unit
the variations can be averaged out.
thickness, that induces a unit heat flow rate through a unit
area. (r in SI units: m K/W.) (r in inch-pound units: h ft strength, transverse (or flexural), n— the breaking load
F/Btu or, h ft2 F/Btu in.) applied normal to the neutral axis of a beam.

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C168 − 13
surface coefficient, n—the ratio of the steady-state heat ex- water vapor diffusion, n—the process by which water vapor
change rate (time rate of heat flow per unit area of a spreads or moves through permeable materials caused by a
particular surface by the combined effects of radiation, difference in water vapor pressure.
conduction, and convection) between a surface and its
external surroundings (air or other fluid and other visible water vapor permeability , n—the time rate of water vapor
surfaces) to the temperature difference between the surface transmission through unit area of flat material of unit
and its surroundings. (See conductance, film.) thickness induced by unit vapor pressure difference between
two specific surfaces, under specified temperature and hu-
surface wetting and adhesion—See wetting and adhesion, midity conditions.
surface. DISCUSSION—Permeability is a property of a material, but the
test specimen, n—the portion of a test unit needed to obtain a permeability of a body that performs like a material may be used.
single test determination. E456, E2282 Permeability is the arithmetic product of permeance and thickness.

thermal capacity, n—the quantity of heat required to change water vapor permeance , n—the time rate of water vapor
the temperature of the body one degree. For a homogeneous transmission through unit area of flat material or construc-
body, it is the product of mass and specific heat. For a tion induced by unit vapor pressure difference between two
nonhomogeneous body, it is the sum of the products of mass specific surfaces, under specified temperature and humidity
and specific heat of the individual constituents. (May also be conditions.
seen as heat capacity.) (In SI units: J/K) (In inch-pound DISCUSSION—Permeance is a performance evaluation and not a
units: Btu/F) property of a material.

thermal insulation, n—a material or assembly of materials water vapor pressure, n—the pressure of water vapor at a
used to provide resistance to heat flow. given temperature; also the component of atmospheric
pressure contributed by the presence of water vapor.
thermal insulation system, n—applied or installed thermal
insulation complete with any accessories, vapor retarder, and water vapor resistance, n—the steady vapor pressure differ-
facing required. ence that induces unit time rate of vapor flow through unit
area of a flat material (or construction that acts like a
toughness—See resistance, impact (toughness). homogeneous body) for specific conditions of temperature
transference, thermal, n—the steady-state heat flow from (or and relative humidity at each surface.
to) a body through applied thermal insulation and to (or DISCUSSION—Vapor resistance is the reciprocal of vapor permeance.
from) the external surroundings by conduction, convection, It is the arithmetic product of the resistivity and thickness.
and radiation. It is expressed as the time rate of heat flow per
unit area of the body surface per unit temperature difference water vapor resistivity, n—the steady vapor pressure differ-
between the body surface and the external surroundings. ence that induces unit time rate of vapor flow through unit
area and unit thickness of a flat material (or construction that
transmission, heat, n—the quantity of heat flowing through acts like a homogeneous body), for specific conditions of
unit area due to all modes of heat transfer induced by the temperature and relative humidity at each surface.
prevailing conditions. DISCUSSION—Vapor resistivity is the reciprocal of vapor permeability.
DISCUSSION—Heat transfer may be by solid conduction, mass
water vapor retarder (barrier), n—a material or system that

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transfer, gas conduction, convection and radiation, either separately or
in any combination. significantly impedes the transmission of water vapor under
specified conditions.
transmission rate, water vapor—See water vapor transmis-
sion rate. water vapor transmission rate, n—the steady water vapor
transmittance, thermal, n—the heat transmission in unit time flow in unit time through unit area of a body, normal to
through unit area of a material or construction and the specific parallel surfaces, under specific conditions of tem-
boundary air films, induced by unit temperature difference perature and humidity at each surface.
between the environments on each side.
DISCUSSION—This heat transmission rate has been called the overall wetting and adhesion, surface, n—the mutual affinity of and
coefficient of heat transfer. bonding between finish and the surface to which it is applied.
vapor barrier—See water vapor retarder (barrier). wood fiber, n—insulation composed of wood fibers, with or
vermiculite, n—insulation composed of natural vermiculite without binders.
ore expanded to form an exfoliated structure. DISCUSSION—This is a type of cellulosic fiber insulation.

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