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Unit 6-Wireless Sensor Network Architecture

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39 views

Unit 6-Wireless Sensor Network Architecture

Uploaded by

Shabhana Pirjade
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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UNIT-VI Wireless Sensor Network

What is a Wireless Sensor Network?


A Wireless Sensor Network is one kind of wireless network that includes a large
number of circulating, self-directed, minute, low powered devices named sensor
nodes called motes. These networks certainly cover a huge number of spatially
distributed, little, battery-operated, embedded devices that are networked to caringly
collect, process, and transfer data to the operators, and it has controlled the
capabilities of computing & processing. Nodes are tiny computers, which work jointly
to form networks.

Wireless Sensor Network


The sensor node is a multi-functional, energy-efficient wireless device. The
applications of motes in industrial are widespread. A collection of sensor nodes
collects the data from the surroundings to achieve specific application objectives. The
communication between motes can be done with each other using transceivers. In a
wireless sensor network, the number of motes can be in the order of hundreds/ even
thousands. In contrast with sensor n/ws, Ad Hoc networks will have fewer nodes
without any structure.

Wireless Sensor Network Architecture


The most common wireless sensor network architecture follows the OSI architecture
Model. The architecture of the WSN includes five layers and three cross layers.
Mostly in sensor n/w, we require five layers, namely application, transport, n/w, data
link & physical layer. The three cross planes are namely power management, mobility
management, and task management. These layers of the WSN are used to accomplish
the n/w and make the sensors work together in order to raise the complete efficiency
of the network.

Types of WSN Architectures


The architecture used in WSN is sensor network architecture. This kind of
architecture is applicable in different places such as hospitals, schools, roads,
buildings as well as it is used in different applications such as security management,
disaster management & crisis management, etc. There are two types of architectures
used in wireless sensor networks which include the following. There are 2 types of
wireless sensor architectures: Layered Network Architecture, and Clustered
Architecture. These are explained as following below.

 Layered Network Architecture


 Clustered Network Architecture
Layered Network Architecture
This kind of network uses hundreds of sensor nodes as well as a base station. Here the
arrangement of network nodes can be done into concentric layers. It comprises five
layers as well as 3 cross layers which include the following.

The five layers in the architecture are:

 Application Layer
 Transport Layer
 Network Layer
 Data Link Layer
 Physical Layer
The three cross layers include the following:

 Power Management Plane


 Mobility Management Plane
 Task Management Plane
These three cross layers are mainly used for controlling the network as well as to
make the sensors function as one in order to enhance the overall network efficiency.
The above mentioned five layers of WSN are discussed below.
Wireless Sensor Network Architecture

Application Layer
The application layer is liable for traffic management and offers software for
numerous applications that convert the data in a clear form to find positive
information. Sensor networks arranged in numerous applications in different fields
such as agricultural, military, environment, medical, etc.

Transport Layer
The function of the transport layer is to deliver congestion avoidance and reliability
where a lot of protocols intended to offer this function are either practical on the
upstream. These protocols use dissimilar mechanisms for loss recognition and loss
recovery. The transport layer is exactly needed when a system is planned to contact
other networks.

Providing a reliable loss recovery is more energy-efficient and that is one of the main
reasons why TCP is not fit for WSN. In general, Transport layers can be separated
into Packet driven, Event-driven. There are some popular protocols in the transport
layer namely STCP (Sensor Transmission Control Protocol), PORT (Price-Oriented
Reliable Transport Protocol and PSFQ (pump slow fetch quick).
Network Layer
The main function of the network layer is routing, it has a lot of tasks based on the
application, but actually, the main tasks are in the power conserving, partial memory,
buffers, and sensor don‟t have a universal ID and have to be self-organized.

The simple idea of the routing protocol is to explain a reliable lane and redundant
lanes, according to a convincing scale called a metric, which varies from protocol to
protocol. There are a lot of existing protocols for this network layer, they can be
separated into; flat routing and hierarchal routing or can be separated into time-driven,
query-driven & event-driven.

Data Link Layer


The data link layer is liable for multiplexing data frame detection, data streams, MAC,
& error control, confirm the reliability of point–point (or) point– multipoint.

Physical Layer
The physical layer provides an edge for transferring a stream of bits above the
physical medium. This layer is responsible for the selection of frequency, generation
of a carrier frequency, signal detection, Modulation & data encryption. IEEE 802.15.4
is suggested as typical for low rate particular areas & wireless sensor networks with
low cost, power consumption, density, the range of communication to improve the
battery life. CSMA/CA is used to support star & peer to peer topology. There are
several versions of IEEE 802.15.4.V.

The main benefits of using this kind of architecture in WSN is that every node
involves simply in less-distance, low- power transmissions to the neighboring nodes
due to which power utilization is low as compared with other kinds of sensor network
architecture. This kind of network is scalable as well as includes a high fault
tolerance.
Clustered Network Architecture
In this kind of architecture, separately sensor nodes add into groups known as clusters
which depend on the “Leach Protocol” because it uses clusters. The term „Leach
Protocol‟ stands for “Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy”. The main
properties of this protocol mainly include the following.

Clustered Network Architecture


 This is a two-tier hierarchy clustering architecture.
 This distributed algorithm is used to arrange the sensor nodes into groups, known
as clusters.
 In every cluster which is formed separately, the head nodes of the cluster will
create the TDMA (Time-division multiple access) plans.
 It uses the Data Fusion concept so that it will make the network energy efficient.
This kind of network architecture is extremely used due to the data fusion property. In
every cluster, every node can interact through the head of the cluster to get the data.
All the clusters will share their collected data toward the base station. The formation
of a cluster, as well as its head selection in each cluster, is an independent as well as
autonomous distributed method.

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