Scribd
Upload
11 views

Lesson+2 Intro+to+Database

ttt

Uploaded by

esperanzaerinnie
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
11 views

Lesson+2 Intro+to+Database

ttt

Uploaded by

esperanzaerinnie
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 37

Introduction to

Database
Introduction to Database
Traditional File Processing
System

◼ In the traditional approach, we


used to store information in flat
files which are maintained by the
file system under the operating
system's control.
Traditional File Processing
System

◼ A file system is a method for


storing and organizing computer
files and the data they contain to
make it easy to find and access
them.
Example of a Flat File
◼ Consider the following form:
Flat File
◼ This is how the flat file would look like based on the
previous form:
Flat Files

◼ Flat Files – contain all the


information worth keeping in a
database; the resulting information
can eventually become the fields of a
table.
Disadvantage of File Processing
System

◼ Data Redundancy
◼ Data Inconsistency
◼ Difficulty in Accessing Data
◼ Data Isolation
◼ Security Problems
Disadvantage of File Processing
System

◼ Data Redundancy

- Data Redundancy means same


information is duplicated in several
files. This makes data redundancy.
Example of Data Redundancy
Disadvantage of File Processing
System

◼ Data Inconsistency

- Data Inconsistency means different


copies of the same data are not
matching.
Data Redundancy and Inconsistency

When all copies of redundant data are not updated


consistently, a data inconsistency can result.
Disadvantage of File Processing
System

◼ Difficulty in Accessing Data

- Need to write a new program to


carry out each new task.
Disadvantage of File Processing
System

◼ Data Isolation
- Data are scattered in various
files, and the files may be in
different format, writing new
application program to retrieve
data is difficult.
Disadvantage of File Processing
System

◼ Security Problems

- Enforcing Security Constraints in file


processing system is very difficult as the
application programs are added to the
system in an ad-hoc manner.
The Hierarchy of Data in
File System
What is a database?
What is a Database?

◼ It is an organized collection of logically


related data.
◼ It is used to store, manipulate, and
retrieve data in nearly every type of
organization.
◼ It is a container that holds the data.
◼ Ex. business, health care, education,
government and libraries
Why do we need a Database?

◼ To keep a record of
activities and
interventions;
◼ Keep sales records;
◼ Develop reports;
◼ Perform research
Database Applications
◼ Banking: all transactions
◼ Airlines: reservations, schedules

◼ Universities: registration, grades

◼ Sales: customers, products, purchases

◼ Manufacturing: production, inventory,


orders, supply chain
◼ Human resources: employee records,
salaries, tax deductions
◼ Databases touch all aspects of our lives
What is Database Management
System (DBMS)?
◼ A DBMS consists of a group of programs that
manipulate the database and provide an
interface between the database , the user of the
database and other application programs.
◼ DBMS provides an environment that is both
convenient and efficient to use.
What is Database
Management System (DBMS)?

MS Access
MySQL
Oracle
Microsoft SQL Server
Popular DBMSs

❑ MS Access
❑ DB2

❑ Oracle

❑ MySQL

❑ Microsoft SQL Server


What is the ultimate purpose of a
DBMS?

Is to transform

Data Information Knowledge Action


The Hierarchy of Data in
DBMS
Database Management Systems

Using a DBMS directly

Using a DBMS through another program


Level of Data Organization
Advantages of a DBMS

❑ Improved availability
One of the principle advantages of a DBMS is that the
same information can be made available to different
users.
❑ Minimized redundancy
The data in a DBMS is more concise because as a
general rule, the information in it appears just once.
This reduces data redundancy, or in other words, the
need to repeat the same data over and over again.
Advantages of a DBMS
❑ Accuracy
Accurate, consistent, and up-to-date data is a sign of
data integrity. DBMSs foster data integrity because
updates and changes to the data only have to be
made in one place.

❑ Program and file consistency


Using a database management system, file formats
and system programs are standardized. This makes
the data files easier to maintain because the same
rules and guidelines apply across all types of data.
The Advantages of a DBMS
❑ User-friendly
Data is easier to access and manipulate with a DBMS
than without it. In most cases, DBMSs also reduce the
reliance of individual users on computer specialists to
meet their data needs.
❑ Improved security
DBMSs allow multiple users to access the same data
resources. Through the use of passwords, database
management systems can be used to restrict data
access to only those who should see it.
The Disadvantages of a DBMS
❑ Cost
• High cost of Software
• Hardware costs high due to software
complexity
• Requirement for skilled staff
• Higher programming costs - greater skill
required
The Disadvantages of a DBMS

❑ Security
• More difficult recovery (if disaster
strikes)
• Increased vulnerability (all your
eggs in one basket)
People Who Work with
Databases
➢ Database Implementers/ Designers
➢ Database Administrator (DBA)
➢ Application Programmers
➢ End Users
Type of Database End Users
➢ Casual users
These are people who use the database occasionally.
➢ Naive users
These are users who constantly querying and
updating the database.
Eg. Reservation Clerks of Airline, Railway, Hotel,
etc.
Clerks at receiving station of Courier service,
Insurance agencies, etc.
End Users

➢ Sophisticated Users
People who use for their complex
requirements.
Eg. Engineers, Scientists, Business
analysts…
➢ Standalone Users
Who maintain database for personal use.
Database Administrators (DBA)
❖ The central authority in charge of database.
ROLES of a DBA:
➢ Managing resources
➢ Creation of user accounts
➢ Providing security and authorization
➢ Managing poor system response time
➢ System Recovery
➢ Tuning the Database
Thank you for
listening!
Prepared By: Engr. Lizel Rose Natividad

You might also like