MIT ART DESIGN & TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY

MIT College of Management (MITCOM), Pune

PROGRAMME: BCA

COURSE – BCA – SEM - I

First Year Semester I

Batch – 2023-24

Fundamental of Computer

Complied by by Dr Ashwin Tomar

MCA, Ph.D[Computer Science], MBA[IT]
[email protected], [email protected]
 Course Title: Fundamentals of Computer

Mini. Passing Internal External

Course Course Name Total Marks % Marks Marks Detail Total
Code
L T P Credits Mark

23BCDS101 Fundamentals
4 0 0 4
of Computers
40 30 100
70

Course Objectives:

1. The course is designed to aim at imparting a basic level

appreciation programme for the commonman.
2. After completing the course the incumbent is able to the use
the computer for basic purposes of preparing his
personnel/business letters, viewing information on Internet
(the web), sending mails,using internet banking services etc.
3. This allows a common man or housewife to be also a part of
computer users list by making them digitally literate.
4. This would also aid the PC penetration program.
5. This helps the small business communities, housewives to
maintain their small account using the computers and enjoy in
the world of Information Technology.

Course Outcome:

1. Bridge the fundamental concepts of computers with the

present level of knowledge of thestudents.
2. Familiarize operating systems, number systems,
peripheral devices, networking, multimedia,Operating
systems, internet etc.
Model 3. (6 Hrs) Cloud Computing:

Definition, Cloud Architecture, Cloud Storage

The NIST Model,
The Cloud Cube Model,
Deployment Models, Service Models,
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS),
Platform as a Service (PaaS),
Software as a Service (SaaS),
Benefits of Cloud, Computing,
Disadvantages of Cloud Computing,
Cloud Security
What is Cloud Computing
The term cloud refers to a network or the internet. It is a technology that uses remote
servers on the internet to store, manage, and access data online rather than local drives.
The data can be anything such as files, images, documents, audio, video, and more.

There are the following operations that we can do using cloud computing:

o Developing new applications and services

o Storage, back up, and recovery of data
o Hosting blogs and websites
o Delivery of software on demand
o Analysis of data
o Streaming videos and audios

Why Cloud Computing?

Small as well as large IT companies, follow the traditional methods to provide the IT
infrastructure. That means for any IT company, we need a Server Room that is the
basic need of IT companies.

In that server room, there should be a database server, mail server, networking, firewalls,
routers, modem, switches, QPS (Query Per Second means how much queries or load will
be handled by the server), configurable system, high net speed, and the maintenance
engineers.

To establish such IT infrastructure, we need to spend lots of money. To overcome all these
problems and to reduce the IT infrastructure cost, Cloud Computing comes into existence.

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Characteristics of Cloud Computing
The characteristics of cloud computing are given below:

1) Agility

The cloud works in a distributed computing environment. It shares resources among

users and works very fast.

2) High availability and reliability

The availability of servers is high and more reliable because the chances of infrastructure
failure are minimum.

3) High Scalability

Cloud offers "on-demand" provisioning of resources on a large scale, without having

engineers for peak loads.

4) Multi-Sharing
With the help of cloud computing, multiple users and applications can work more
efficiently with cost reductions by sharing common infrastructure.

5) Device and Location Independence

Cloud computing enables the users to access systems using a web browser regardless of
their location or what device they use e.g. PC, mobile phone, etc. As infrastructure is off-
site (typically provided by a third-party) and accessed via the Internet, users can
connect from anywhere.

6) Maintenance

Maintenance of cloud computing applications is easier, since they do not need to be

installed on each user's computer and can be accessed from different places. So, it
reduces the cost also.

7) Low Cost

By using cloud computing, the cost will be reduced because to take the services of cloud
computing, IT company need not to set its own infrastructure and pay-as-per usage
of resources.

8) Services in the pay-per-use mode

Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) are provided to the users so that they can
access services on the cloud by using these APIs and pay the charges as per the usage
of services.
Cloud Computing Architecture
As we know, cloud computing technology is used by both small and large organizations
to store the information in cloud and access it from anywhere at anytime using the
internet connection.

Cloud computing architecture is a combination of service-oriented

architecture and event-driven architecture.

Cloud computing architecture is divided into the following two parts -

o Front End
o Back End

The below diagram shows the architecture of cloud computing -

Front End
The front end is used by the client. It contains client-side interfaces and applications that
are required to access the cloud computing platforms. The front end includes web servers
(including Chrome, Firefox, internet explorer, etc.), thin & fat clients, tablets, and mobile
devices.

Back End
The back end is used by the service provider. It manages all the resources that are required
to provide cloud computing services. It includes a huge amount of data storage, security
mechanism, virtual machines, deploying models, servers, traffic control mechanisms, etc.
Note: Both front end and back end are connected to others through a network, generally using the
internet connection.

Components of Cloud Computing Architecture

There are the following components of cloud computing architecture -

1. Client Infrastructure

Client Infrastructure is a Front end component. It provides GUI (Graphical User

Interface) to interact with the cloud.

2. Application

The application may be any software or platform that a client wants to access.

3. Service

A Cloud Services manages that which type of service you access according to the client’s
requirement

Cloud computing offers the following three type of services:

i. Software as a Service (SaaS) – It is also known as cloud application services. Mostly,

SaaS applications run directly through the web browser means we do not require to
download and install these applications. Some important example of SaaS is given below
–

Example: Google Apps, Salesforce Dropbox, Slack, Hubspot, Cisco WebEx.

ii. Platform as a Service (PaaS) – It is also known as cloud platform services. It is quite
similar to SaaS, but the difference is that PaaS provides a platform for software creation,
but using SaaS, we can access software over the internet without the need of any platform.

Example: Windows Azure, Force.com, Magento Commerce Cloud, OpenShift.

iii. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) – It is also known as cloud infrastructure services.

It is responsible for managing applications data, middleware, and runtime environments.

Example: Amazon Web Services (AWS) EC2, Google Compute Engine (GCE), Cisco
Metapod.
4. Runtime Cloud

Runtime Cloud provides the execution and runtime environment to the virtual
machines.

5. Storage

Storage is one of the most important components of cloud computing. It provides a huge
amount of storage capacity in the cloud to store and manage data.

6. Infrastructure

It provides services on the host level, application level, and network level. Cloud
infrastructure includes hardware and software components such as servers, storage,
network devices, virtualization software, and other storage resources that are needed to
support the cloud computing model.

7. Management

Management is used to manage components such as application, service, runtime cloud,

storage, infrastructure, and other security issues in the backend and establish
coordination between them.

8. Security

Security is an in-built back end component of cloud computing. It implements a security

mechanism in the back end.

9. Internet
Cloud Cube model.
There is an open-group association Jericho Forum & their focus is on how to protect and
secure cloud network. They put forward a model that helps to categorize a cloud network
based on four-dimensional factors. The figure is drawn below showing the Cloud Cube
model.

As the name Four-Dimensional, the working is also categorized into four parts viz:

1. Physical Location of Data: The location of data may be internally or externally

which ultimately defines the organization's boundary.
2. Ownership: Ownership is proprietary or open; is a measurement for not only
ownership of technology but also its interoperability, use of data & ease of data-
transfer & degree of vendor's application's lock-in.
3. Security Range: is parameterized or de-parameterized; which measures whether
the operations are inside or outside the security boundary, firewall, etc.
4. Sourcing: In-sourcing or out-sourcing; which defines whether the customer or the
service provider provides the service.

The Jericho Forum has designed the Cloud Cube Model to help select cloud formations
for security cooperation. Their fascinating new cloud model helps IT managers and
business tycoons assess the benefits of cloud computing. The Cloud Cube Model looks
at the several different "cloud formations". They amount to the cloud service and
deployment models. The sourcing dimension addresses the delivery of service. The
Cloud Cube Model may be designed to let users show that the traditional notion of
network ranges & its boundaries with network firewall no longer applies in Cloud
computing.
Deployment Models, Service Models,

What Is A Cloud Deployment Model?

It works as your virtual computing environment with a choice of deployment model
depending on how much data you want to store and who has access to the Infrastructure.

Different Types Of Cloud Computing Deployment Models

Most cloud hubs have tens of thousands of servers and storage devices to enable fast
loading. It is often possible to choose a geographic area to put the data "closer" to users.
Thus, deployment models for cloud computing are categorized based on their location.
To know which model would best fit the requirements of your organization, let us first
learn about the various types.

Public Cloud
The name says it all. It is accessible to the public. Public deployment models in the cloud
are perfect for organizations with growing and fluctuating demands. It also makes a great
choice for companies with low-security concerns. Thus, you pay a cloud service provider
for networking services, compute virtualization & storage available on the public internet.
It is also a great delivery model for the teams with development and testing. Its
configuration and deployment are quick and easy, making it an ideal choice for test
environments.
Benefits of Public Cloud

o Minimal Investment - As a pay-per-use service, there is no large upfront cost and is ideal
for businesses who need quick access to resources
o No Hardware Setup - The cloud service providers fully fund the entire Infrastructure
o No Infrastructure Management - This does not require an in-house team to utilize the
public cloud.

Limitations of Public Cloud

o Data Security and Privacy Concerns - Since it is accessible to all, it does not fully protect
against cyber-attacks and could lead to vulnerabilities.
o Reliability Issues - Since the same server network is open to a wide range of users, it can
lead to malfunction and outages
o Service/License Limitation - While there are many resources you can exchange with
tenants, there is a usage cap.
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Private Cloud
Now that you understand what the public cloud could offer you, of course, you are keen
to know what a private cloud can do. Companies that look for cost efficiency and greater
control over data & resources will find the private cloud a more suitable choice.

It means that it will be integrated with your data center and managed by your IT team.
Alternatively, you can also choose to host it externally. The private cloud offers bigger
opportunities that help meet specific organizations' requirements when it comes to
customization. It's also a wise choice for mission-critical processes that may have
frequently changing requirements.

Benefits of Private Cloud

o Data Privacy - It is ideal for storing corporate data where only authorized personnel gets
access
o Security - Segmentation of resources within the same Infrastructure can help with better
access and higher levels of security.
o Supports Legacy Systems - This model supports legacy systems that cannot access the
public cloud.

Limitations of Private Cloud

 o Higher Cost - With the benefits you get, the investment will also be larger than the public
cloud. Here, you will pay for software, hardware, and resources for staff and training.
o Fixed Scalability - The hardware you choose will accordingly help you scale in a certain
direction
o High Maintenance - Since it is managed in-house, the maintenance costs also increase.

Community Cloud
The community cloud operates in a way that is similar to the public cloud. There's just one
difference - it allows access to only a specific set of users who share common objectives
and use cases. This type of deployment model of cloud computing is managed and hosted
internally or by a third-party vendor. However, you can also choose a combination of all
three.

Benefits of Community Cloud

o Smaller Investment - A community cloud is much cheaper than the private & public cloud
and provides great performance
o Setup Benefits - The protocols and configuration of a community cloud must align with
industry standards, allowing customers to work much more efficiently.
Limitations of Community Cloud

o Shared Resources - Due to restricted bandwidth and storage capacity, community

resources often pose challenges.
o Not as Popular - Since this is a recently introduced model, it is not that popular or available
across industries

Hybrid Cloud
As the name suggests, a hybrid cloud is a combination of two or more cloud architectures.
While each model in the hybrid cloud functions differently, it is all part of the same
architecture. Further, as part of this deployment of the cloud computing model, the
internal or external providers can offer resources.

Let's understand the hybrid model better. A company with critical data will prefer storing
on a private cloud, while less sensitive data can be stored on a public cloud. The hybrid
cloud is also frequently used for 'cloud bursting'. It means, supposes an organization runs
an application on-premises, but due to heavy load, it can burst into the public cloud.

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Benefits of Hybrid Cloud

o Cost-Effectiveness - The overall cost of a hybrid solution decreases since it majorly uses
the public cloud to store data.
o Security - Since data is properly segmented, the chances of data theft from attackers are
significantly reduced.
o Flexibility - With higher levels of flexibility, businesses can create custom solutions that fit
their exact requirements

Limitations of Hybrid Cloud

o Complexity - It is complex setting up a hybrid cloud since it needs to integrate two or more
cloud architectures
o Specific Use Case - This model makes more sense for organizations that have multiple use
cases or need to separate critical and sensitive data

A Comparative Analysis of Cloud Deployment Models

With the below table, we have attempted to analyze the key models with an overview of
what each one can do for you:

Important Factors Public Private Community Hybrid

to Consider

Setup and ease of use Easy Requires Requires professional Requires professional IT
professional IT IT Team Team
Team

Data Security and Low High Very High High

Privacy

Scalability and High High Fixed requirements High

flexibility

Cost-Effectiveness Most Most expensive Cost is distributed Cheaper than private but
affordable among members more expensive than public
 Reliability Low High Higher High

Making the Right Choice for Cloud Deployment Models

There is no one-size-fits-all approach to picking a cloud deployment model. Instead,
organizations must select a model based on workload-by-workload. Start with assessing
your needs and consider what type of support your application requires. Here are a few
factors you can consider before making the call:

o Ease of Use - How savvy and trained are your resources? Do you have the time and the
money to put them through training?
o Cost - How much are you willing to spend on a deployment model? How much can you
pay upfront on subscription, maintenance, updates, and more?
o Scalability - What is your current activity status? Does your system run into high demand?
o Compliance - Are there any specific laws or regulations in your country that can impact
the implementation? What are the industry standards that you must adhere to?
o Privacy - Have you set strict privacy rules for the data you gather?

Each cloud deployment model has a unique offering and can immensely add value to
your business. For small to medium-sized businesses, a public cloud is an ideal model to
start with. And as your requirements change, you can switch over to a different
deployment model. An effective strategy can be designed depending on your needs using
the cloud mentioned above deployment models.

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3 Service Models of Cloud Computing

Cloud computing makes it possible to render several services, defined according to the
roles, service providers, and user companies. Cloud computing models and services are
broadly classified as below:

IAAS: Changing Its Hardware Infrastructure on Demand

The Infrastructure as a Service (IAAS) means the hiring & utilizing of the Physical
Infrastructure of IT (network, storage, and servers) from a third-party provider. The IT
resources are hosted on external servers, and users can access them via an internet
connection.

The Benefits

o Time and cost savings: No installation and maintenance of IT hardware in-house,

o Better flexibility: On-demand hardware resources that can be tailored to your needs,
o Remote access and resource management.

For Who?

This cloud computing service model is ideal for large accounts, enterprises, or
organizations to build and manage their own IT platforms. However, they want the
flexibility to amend their Infrastructure according to their needs.

PAAS: Providing a Flexible Environment for Your Software Applications

Platform as a Service (PAAS) allows outsourcing of hardware infrastructure and software

environment, including databases, integration layers, runtimes, and more.

The Benefits

o Focus on development: Mastering the installation and development of software

applications.
o Time saving and flexibility: no need to manage the implementation of the platform, instant
production.
o Data security: You control the distribution, protection, and backup of your business data.

For Who?

It is ideal for companies wanting to maintain control over their business applications.
However, they wish to get rid of constraints to manage the hardware infrastructure and
software environment.
SAAS: Releasing the User Experience of Management Constraints

Software as a Service (SaaS) is provided over the internet and requires no prior installation.
The services can be availed from any part of the world at a minimal per-month fee.

The Benefits

o You are entirely free from the infrastructure management and aligning software
environment: no installation or software maintenance.
o You benefit from automatic updates with the guarantee that all users have the same
software version.
o It enables easy and quicker testing of new software solutions.

For Who?

SAAS model accounts for 60% of sales of cloud solutions. Hence, it is applicable and
preferred by most companies.

Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS),

Platform as a Service (PaaS),
Software as a Service (SaaS),

Cloud Service Models

There are the following three types of cloud service models -

1. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

2. Platform as a Service (PaaS)
3. Software as a Service (SaaS)
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
IaaS is also known as Hardware as a Service (HaaS). It is a computing infrastructure
managed over the internet. The main advantage of using IaaS is that it helps users to
avoid the cost and complexity of purchasing and managing the physical servers.

Characteristics of IaaS
There are the following characteristics of IaaS -

o Resources are available as a service

o Services are highly scalable
o Dynamic and flexible
o GUI and API-based access
o Automated administrative tasks

Example: DigitalOcean, Linode, Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft Azure, Google
Compute Engine (GCE), Rackspace, and Cisco Metacloud.

To know more about the IaaS, click here.

Platform as a Service (PaaS)

PaaS cloud computing platform is created for the programmer to develop, test, run, and
manage the applications.
Characteristics of PaaS
There are the following characteristics of PaaS -

o Accessible to various users via the same development application.

o Integrates with web services and databases.
o Builds on virtualization technology, so resources can easily be scaled up or down as per
the organization's need.
o Support multiple languages and frameworks.
o Provides an ability to "Auto-scale".

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Example: AWS Elastic Beanstalk, Windows Azure, Heroku, Force.com, Google App Engine,
Apache Stratos, Magento Commerce Cloud, and OpenShift.

To know more about PaaS, click here.

Software as a Service (SaaS)

SaaS is also known as "on-demand software". It is a software in which the applications
are hosted by a cloud service provider. Users can access these applications with the help
of internet connection and web browser.

Characteristics of SaaS
There are the following characteristics of SaaS -

o Managed from a central location

o Hosted on a remote server
o Accessible over the internet
o Users are not responsible for hardware and software updates. Updates are applied
automatically.
o The services are purchased on the pay-as-per-use basis

Example: BigCommerce, Google Apps, Salesforce, Dropbox, ZenDesk, Cisco WebEx,

ZenDesk, Slack, and GoToMeeting.
Difference between IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS
The below table shows the difference between IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS -

IaaS Paas SaaS

It provides a virtual data center It provides virtual platforms and It provides web software and
to store information and create tools to create, test, and deploy apps to complete business
platforms for app apps. tasks.
development, testing, and
deployment.

It provides access to resources It provides runtime It provides software as a

such as virtual machines, virtual environments and deployment service to the end-users.
storage, etc. tools for applications.

It is used by network architects. It is used by developers. It is used by end users.

IaaS provides only PaaS provides SaaS provides

Infrastructure. Infrastructure+Platform. Infrastructure+Platform
+Software.

IaaS
Iaas is also known as Hardware as a Service (HaaS). It is one of the layers of the cloud
computing platform. It allows customers to outsource their IT infrastructures such as
servers, networking, processing, storage, virtual machines, and other resources.
Customers access these resources on the Internet using a pay-as-per use model.

In traditional hosting services, IT infrastructure was rented out for a specific period of time,
with pre-determined hardware configuration. The client paid for the configuration and
time, regardless of the actual use. With the help of the IaaS cloud computing platform
layer, clients can dynamically scale the configuration to meet changing requirements and
are billed only for the services actually used.
IaaS cloud computing platform layer eliminates the need for every organization to
maintain the IT infrastructure.

IaaS is offered in three models: public, private, and hybrid cloud. The private cloud implies
that the infrastructure resides at the customer-premise. In the case of public cloud, it is
located at the cloud computing platform vendor's data center, and the hybrid cloud is a
combination of the two in which the customer selects the best of both public cloud or
private cloud.

IaaS provider provides the following services -

1. Compute: Computing as a Service includes virtual central processing units and virtual
main memory for the Vms that is provisioned to the end- users.
2. Storage: IaaS provider provides back-end storage for storing files.
3. Network: Network as a Service (NaaS) provides networking components such as routers,
switches, and bridges for the Vms.
4. Load balancers: It provides load balancing capability at the infrastructure layer.

Advantages of IaaS cloud computing layer

There are the following advantages of IaaS computing layer -

1. Shared infrastructure

IaaS allows multiple users to share the same physical infrastructure.

2. Web access to the resources

Iaas allows IT users to access resources over the internet.

3. Pay-as-per-use model
IaaS providers provide services based on the pay-as-per-use basis. The users are required
to pay for what they have used.

4. Focus on the core business

IaaS providers focus on the organization's core business rather than on IT infrastructure.

5. On-demand scalability

On-demand scalability is one of the biggest advantages of IaaS. Using IaaS, users do not
worry about to upgrade software and troubleshoot the issues related to hardware
components.

Disadvantages of IaaS cloud computing layer

1. Security

Security is one of the biggest issues in IaaS. Most of the IaaS providers are not able to
provide 100% security.

2. Maintenance & Upgrade

Although IaaS service providers maintain the software, but they do not upgrade the
software for some organizations.

3. Interoperability issues

It is difficult to migrate VM from one IaaS provider to the other, so the customers might
face problem related to vendor lock-in.

Some important point about IaaS cloud computing layer

IaaS cloud computing platform cannot replace the traditional hosting method, but it
provides more than that, and each resource which are used are predictable as per the
usage.

IaaS cloud computing platform may not eliminate the need for an in-house IT department.
It will be needed to monitor or control the IaaS setup. IT salary expenditure might not
reduce significantly, but other IT expenses can be reduced.

Breakdowns at the IaaS cloud computing platform vendor's can bring your business to
the halt stage. Assess the IaaS cloud computing platform vendor's stability and finances.
Make sure that SLAs (i.e., Service Level Agreement) provide backups for data, hardware,
network, and application failures. Image portability and third-party support is a plus point.

The IaaS cloud computing platform vendor can get access to your sensitive data. So,
engage with credible companies or organizations. Study their security policies and
precautions.

Top Iaas Providers who are providing IaaS cloud computing platform
 IaaS Vendor Iaas Solution Details

Amazon Web Elastic, Elastic Compute The cloud computing platform pioneer, Amazon
Services Cloud (EC2) MapReduce, offers auto scaling, cloud monitoring, and load
Route 53, Virtual Private balancing features as part of its portfolio.
Cloud, etc.

Netmagic Netmagic IaaS Cloud Netmagic runs from data centers in Mumbai,
Solutions Chennai, and Bangalore, and a virtual data center
in the United States. Plans are underway to
extend services to West Asia.

Rackspace Cloud servers, cloud files, The cloud computing platform vendor focuses
cloud sites, etc. primarily on enterprise-level hosting services.

Reliance Reliance Internet Data RIDC supports both traditional hosting and cloud
Communications Center services, with data centers in Mumbai, Bangalore,
Hyderabad, and Chennai. The cloud services
offered by RIDC include IaaS and SaaS.

Sify Technologies Sify IaaS Sify's cloud computing platform is powered by

HP's converged infrastructure. The vendor offers
all three types of cloud services: IaaS, PaaS, and
SaaS.

Tata InstaCompute InstaCompute is Tata Communications' IaaS

Communications offering. InstaCompute data centers are located
in Hyderabad and Singapore, with operations in
both countries.
Platform as a Service | PaaS
Platform as a Service (PaaS) provides a runtime environment. It allows programmers to
easily create, test, run, and deploy web applications. You can purchase these applications
from a cloud service provider on a pay-as-per use basis and access them using the
Internet connection. In PaaS, back end scalability is managed by the cloud service
provider, so end- users do not need to worry about managing the infrastructure.

PaaS includes infrastructure (servers, storage, and networking) and platform (middleware,
development tools, database management systems, business intelligence, and more) to
support the web application life cycle.

Example: Google App Engine, Force.com, Joyent, Azure.

PaaS providers provide the Programming languages, Application frameworks, Databases,

and Other tools:

1. Programming languages
PaaS providers provide various programming languages for the developers to develop
the applications. Some popular programming languages provided by PaaS providers are
Java, PHP, Ruby, Perl, and Go.

2. Application frameworks
PaaS providers provide application frameworks to easily understand the application
development. Some popular application frameworks provided by PaaS providers are
Node.js, Drupal, Joomla, WordPress, Spring, Play, Rack, and Zend.
3. Databases
PaaS providers provide various databases such as ClearDB, PostgreSQL, MongoDB, and
Redis to communicate with the applications.

4. Other tools
PaaS providers provide various other tools that are required to develop, test, and deploy
the applications.

Advantages of PaaS
There are the following advantages of PaaS -

1) Simplified Development

PaaS allows developers to focus on development and innovation without worrying about
infrastructure management.

2) Lower risk

No need for up-front investment in hardware and software. Developers only need a PC
and an internet connection to start building applications.

3) Prebuilt business functionality

Some PaaS vendors also provide already defined business functionality so that users can
avoid building everything from very scratch and hence can directly start the projects only.

4) Instant community

PaaS vendors frequently provide online communities where the developer can get the
ideas to share experiences and seek advice from others.

5) Scalability

Applications deployed can scale from one to thousands of users without any changes to
the applications.
Disadvantages of PaaS cloud computing layer
1) Vendor lock-in

One has to write the applications according to the platform provided by the PaaS vendor,
so the migration of an application to another PaaS vendor would be a problem.

2) Data Privacy

Corporate data, whether it can be critical or not, will be private, so if it is not located within
the walls of the company, there can be a risk in terms of privacy of data.

3) Integration with the rest of the systems applications

It may happen that some applications are local, and some are in the cloud. So there will
be chances of increased complexity when we want to use data which in the cloud with the
local data.

Popular PaaS Providers

The below table shows some popular PaaS providers and services that are provided by
them -

Providers Services

Google App Engine App Identity, URL Fetch, Cloud storage client library, Logservice
(GAE)

Salesforce.com Faster implementation, Rapid scalability, CRM Services, Sales cloud,

Mobile connectivity, Chatter.

Windows Azure Compute, security, IoT, Data Storage.

AppFog Justcloud.com, SkyDrive, GoogleDocs

Openshift RedHat, Microsoft Azure.

Cloud Foundry from Data, Messaging, and other services.

VMware

Software as a Service | SaaS

SaaS is also known as "On-Demand Software". It is a software distribution model in which
services are hosted by a cloud service provider. These services are available to end-users
over the internet so, the end-users do not need to install any software on their devices to
access these services.

There are the following services provided by SaaS providers -

Business Services - SaaS Provider provides various business services to start-up the
business. The SaaS business services include ERP (Enterprise Resource
Planning), CRM (Customer Relationship Management), billing, and sales.
Document Management - SaaS document management is a software application
offered by a third party (SaaS providers) to create, manage, and track electronic
documents.

Example: Slack, Samepage, Box, and Zoho Forms.

Social Networks - As we all know, social networking sites are used by the general public,
so social networking service providers use SaaS for their convenience and handle the
general public's information.

Mail Services - To handle the unpredictable number of users and load on e-mail services,
many e-mail providers offering their services using SaaS.

Advantages of SaaS cloud computing layer

1) SaaS is easy to buy

SaaS pricing is based on a monthly fee or annual fee subscription, so it allows

organizations to access business functionality at a low cost, which is less than licensed
applications.

Unlike traditional software, which is sold as a licensed based with an up-front cost (and
often an optional ongoing support fee), SaaS providers are generally pricing the
applications using a subscription fee, most commonly a monthly or annually fee.

2. One to Many

SaaS services are offered as a one-to-many model means a single instance of the
application is shared by multiple users.
3. Less hardware required for SaaS

The software is hosted remotely, so organizations do not need to invest in additional

hardware.

4. Low maintenance required for SaaS

Software as a service removes the need for installation, set-up, and daily maintenance for
the organizations. The initial set-up cost for SaaS is typically less than the enterprise
software. SaaS vendors are pricing their applications based on some usage parameters,
such as a number of users using the application. So SaaS does easy to monitor and
automatic updates.

5. No special software or hardware versions required

All users will have the same version of the software and typically access it through the
web browser. SaaS reduces IT support costs by outsourcing hardware and software
maintenance and support to the IaaS provider.

6. Multidevice support

SaaS services can be accessed from any device such as desktops, laptops, tablets, phones,
and thin clients.

7. API Integration

SaaS services easily integrate with other software or services through standard APIs.

8. No client-side installation

SaaS services are accessed directly from the service provider using the internet
connection, so do not need to require any software installation.
Disadvantages of SaaS cloud computing layer
1) Security

Actually, data is stored in the cloud, so security may be an issue for some users. However,
cloud computing is not more secure than in-house deployment.

2) Latency issue

Since data and applications are stored in the cloud at a variable distance from the end-
user, there is a possibility that there may be greater latency when interacting with the
application compared to local deployment. Therefore, the SaaS model is not suitable for
applications whose demand response time is in milliseconds.

3) Total Dependency on Internet

Without an internet connection, most SaaS applications are not usable.

4) Switching between SaaS vendors is difficult

Switching SaaS vendors involves the difficult and slow task of transferring the very large
data files over the internet and then converting and importing them into another SaaS
also.

Popular SaaS Providers

The below table shows some popular SaaS providers and services that are provided by
them -

Provider Services

Salseforce.com On-demand CRM solutions

Microsoft Office Online office suite

365

Google Apps Gmail, Google Calendar, Docs, and sites

NetSuite ERP, accounting, order management, CRM, Professionals Services

Automation (PSA), and e-commerce applications.

GoToMeeting Online meeting and video-conferencing software

Constant Contact E-mail marketing, online survey, and event marketing

Oracle CRM CRM applications

Workday, Inc Human capital management, payroll, and financial management.

Benefits of Cloud, Computing,
Advantages of Cloud Computing
As we all know that Cloud computing is trending technology. Almost every company
switched their services on the cloud to rise the company growth.

Here, we are going to discuss some important advantages of Cloud Computing-

1) Back-up and restore data

Once the data is stored in the cloud, it is easier to get back-up and restore that data using
the cloud.

2) Improved collaboration

Cloud applications improve collaboration by allowing groups of people to quickly and

easily share information in the cloud via shared storage.

3) Excellent accessibility

Cloud allows us to quickly and easily access store information anywhere, anytime in the
whole world, using an internet connection. An internet cloud infrastructure increases
organization productivity and efficiency by ensuring that our data is always accessible.

4) Low maintenance cost

Cloud computing reduces both hardware and software maintenance costs for
organizations.
5) Mobility

Cloud computing allows us to easily access all cloud data via mobile.

6) IServices in the pay-per-use model

Cloud computing offers Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) to the users for access
services on the cloud and pays the charges as per the usage of service.

7) Unlimited storage capacity

Cloud offers us a huge amount of storing capacity for storing our important data such as
documents, images, audio, video, etc. in one place.

8) Data security

Data security is one of the biggest advantages of cloud computing. Cloud offers many
advanced features related to security and ensures that data is securely stored and
handled.

Disadvantages of Cloud Computing

Disadvantages of Cloud Computing,

A list of the disadvantage of cloud computing is given below -

1) Internet Connectivity

As you know, in cloud computing, every data (image, audio, video, etc.) is stored on the
cloud, and we access these data through the cloud by using the internet connection. If
you do not have good internet connectivity, you cannot access these data. However, we
have no any other way to access data from the cloud.
2) Vendor lock-in

Vendor lock-in is the biggest disadvantage of cloud computing. Organizations may face
problems when transferring their services from one vendor to another. As different
vendors provide different platforms, that can cause difficulty moving from one cloud to
another.

3) Limited Control

As we know, cloud infrastructure is completely owned, managed, and monitored by the

service provider, so the cloud users have less control over the function and execution of
services within a cloud infrastructure.

4) Security

Although cloud service providers implement the best security standards to store
important information. But, before adopting cloud technology, you should be aware that
you will be sending all your organization's sensitive information to a third party, i.e., a
cloud computing service provider. While sending the data on the cloud, there may be a
chance that your organization's information is hacked by Hackers.
Cloud Security
What are the Security Risks of Cloud Computing
Cloud computing provides various advantages, such as improved collaboration, excellent
accessibility, Mobility, Storage capacity, etc. But there are also security risks in cloud
computing.

Some most common Security Risks of Cloud Computing are given below-

Data Loss
Data loss is the most common cloud security risks of cloud computing. It is also known as
data leakage. Data loss is the process in which data is being deleted, corrupted, and
unreadable by a user, software, or application. In a cloud computing environment, data
loss occurs when our sensitive data is somebody else's hands, one or more data elements
can not be utilized by the data owner, hard disk is not working properly, and software is
not updated.

Hacked Interfaces and Insecure APIs

As we all know, cloud computing is completely depends on Internet, so it is compulsory
to protect interfaces and APIs that are used by external users. APIs are the easiest way to
communicate with most of the cloud services. In cloud computing, few services are
available in the public domain. These services can be accessed by third parties, so there
may be a chance that these services easily harmed and hacked by hackers.

Data Breach
Data Breach is the process in which the confidential data is viewed, accessed, or stolen by
the third party without any authorization, so organization's data is hacked by the hackers.

Vendor lock-in
Vendor lock-in is the of the biggest security risks in cloud computing. Organizations may
face problems when transferring their services from one vendor to another. As different
vendors provide different platforms, that can cause difficulty moving one cloud to
another.
Increased complexity strains IT staff
Migrating, integrating, and operating the cloud services is complex for the IT staff. IT staff
must require the extra capability and skills to manage, integrate, and maintain the data to
the cloud.

Spectre & Meltdown

Spectre & Meltdown allows programs to view and steal data which is currently processed
on computer. It can run on personal computers, mobile devices, and in the cloud. It can
store the password, your personal information such as images, emails, and business
documents in the memory of other running programs.

Denial of Service (DoS) attacks

Denial of service (DoS) attacks occur when the system receives too much traffic to buffer
the server. Mostly, DoS attackers target web servers of large organizations such as
banking sectors, media companies, and government organizations. To recover the lost
data, DoS attackers charge a great deal of time and money to handle the data.

Account hijacking
Account hijacking is a serious security risk in cloud computing. It is the process in which
individual user's or organization's cloud account (bank account, e-mail account, and social
media account) is stolen by hackers. The hackers use the stolen account to perform
unauthorized activities.
Types of Cloud
Cloud computing is a revolutionary technology transforming how we store, access, and
process data. It simply refers to delivering computing resources, such as servers, storage,
databases, software, and applications, over the Internet. Cloud computing uses a network
of remote computer systems housed on the net to save and process data rather than
relying on physical infrastructure.

Cloud service companies use advanced security techniques, which include encryption,
firewalls, and access restrictions, to secure your data from unauthorized access. Moreover,
because your information is saved in the cloud, it is secure even if your nearby devices are
damaged, misplaced, or stolen. Redundancy and cloud backups guarantee that your data
may be restored promptly and effectively in case of any unexpected situations.

Types of Cloud
There are the following 5 types of cloud that you can deploy according to the
organization's needs-

o Public Cloud
o Private Cloud
o Hybrid Cloud
o Community Cloud
 o Multi Cloud

Public Cloud
Public cloud is open to all to store and access information via the Internet using the pay-
per-usage method.

In public cloud, computing resources are managed and operated by the Cloud Service
Provider (CSP). The CSP looks after the supporting infrastructure and ensures that the
resources are accessible to and scalable for the users.

Due to its open architecture, anyone with an internet connection may use the public cloud,
regardless of location or company size. Users can use the CSP's numerous services, store
their data, and run apps. By using a pay-per-usage strategy, customers can be assured
that they will only be charged for the resources they actually use, which is a smart financial
choice.

Example: Amazon elastic compute cloud (EC2), IBM SmartCloud Enterprise, Microsoft,
Google App Engine, Windows Azure Services Platform.
Characteristics of Public Cloud
The public cloud has the following key characteristics:

o Accessibility: Public cloud services are available to anyone with an internet connection.
Users can access their data and programs at any time and from anywhere.
o Shared Infrastructure: Several users share the infrastructure in public cloud settings. Cost
reductions and effective resource use are made possible by this.
o Scalability: By using the public cloud, users can easily adjust the resources they need
based on their requirements, allowing for quick scaling up or down.
o Pay-per-Usage: When using the public cloud, payment is based on usage, so users only
pay for the resources they actually use. This helps optimize costs and eliminates the need
for upfront investments.
o Managed by Service Providers: Cloud service providers manage and maintain public
cloud infrastructure. They handle hardware maintenance, software updates, and security
tasks, relieving users of these responsibilities.
o Reliability and Redundancy: Public cloud providers ensure high reliability by
implementing redundant systems and multiple data centers. By doing this, the probability
of losing data and experiencing service disruptions is reduced.
o Security Measures: Public cloud providers implement robust security measures to protect
user data. These include encryption, access controls, and regular security audits.

Advantages of Public Cloud

There are the following advantages of Public Cloud -

o Public cloud is owned at a lower cost than the private and hybrid cloud.
o Public cloud is maintained by the cloud service provider, so do not need to worry about
the maintenance.
o Public cloud is easier to integrate. Hence it offers a better flexibility approach to
consumers.
o Public cloud is location independent because its services are delivered through the
internet.
 o Public cloud is highly scalable as per the requirement of computing resources.
o It is accessible by the general public, so there is no limit to the number of users.
o Rapid deployment of services and applications.
o Reduced time and effort in hardware procurement and setup.
o The cloud provider offers a range of services and resources that you can avail of.
o Built-in redundancy and resilience for enhanced reliability.

Disadvantages of Public Cloud

o Public Cloud is less secure because resources are shared publicly.
o Performance depends upon the high-speed internet network link to the cloud provider.
o The data is not under the control of the client.
o Dependency on the cloud service provider for availability and service level agreements.
o Compliance challenges in meeting industry-specific regulations and standards.
o Risk of vendor lock-in and limited portability of applications and data.
o Concerns about data privacy and confidentiality.
o Potential for unexpected costs with usage-based pricing models.
o Lack of customization options and flexibility compared to private or hybrid cloud
environments.
o Reliance to the cloud provider's support and responsiveness for issue resolution.

To Read More Click Here

Private Cloud
Private cloud is also known as an internal cloud or corporate cloud. It is used by
organizations to build and manage their own data centers internally or by the third party.
It can be deployed using Opensource tools such as Openstack and Eucalyptus.
Examples: VMware vSphere, OpenStack, Microsoft Azure Stack, Oracle Cloud at
Customer, and IBM Cloud Private.

Based on the location and management, National Institute of Standards and Technology
(NIST) divide private cloud into the following two parts-

o On-premise private cloud: An on-premise private cloud is situated within the physical
infrastructure of the organization. It involves setting up and running a specific data center
that offers cloud services just for internal usage by the company. The infrastructure is still
completely under the hands of the organization, which gives them the freedom to modify
and set it up in any way they see fit. Organizations can successfully manage security and
compliance issues with this degree of control. However, on-premise private cloud setup
and management necessitate significant hardware, software, and IT knowledge
expenditures.
o Outsourced private cloud: An outsourced private cloud involves partnering with a third-
party service provider to host and manage the cloud infrastructure on behalf of the
organization. The provider may operate the private cloud in their data center or a
colocation facility. In this arrangement, the organization benefits from the expertise and
resources of the service provider, alleviating the burden of infrastructure management.
The outsourced private cloud model offers scalability, as the provider can adjust resources
based on the organization's needs. Due to its flexibility, it is a desirable choice for
businesses that desire the advantages of a private cloud deployment without the initial
capital outlay and ongoing maintenance expenses involved with an on-premise
implementation.
Compared to public cloud options, both on-premise and external private clouds give
businesses more control over their data, apps, and security. Private clouds are particularly
suitable for organizations with strict compliance requirements, sensitive data, or
specialized workloads that demand high levels of customization and security.

Characteristics of Private Cloud

The private cloud has the following key characteristics:

o Exclusive Use: Private cloud is dedicated to a single organization, ensuring the resources
and services are tailored to its needs. It is like having a personal cloud environment
exclusively for that organization.
o Control and Security: Private cloud offers organizations higher control and security than
public cloud options. Organizations have more control over data governance, access
controls, and security measures.
o Customization and Flexibility: Private cloud allows organizations to customize the
infrastructure according to their specific requirements. They can configure resources,
networks, and storage to optimize performance and efficiency.
o Scalability and Resource Allocation: The private cloud can scale and allocate resources.
According to demand, businesses may scale up or down their infrastructure, effectively
using their resources.
o Performance and dependability: Private clouds give businesses more control over the
infrastructure at the foundation, improving performance and dependability.
o Compliance and Regulatory Requirements: Organizations may more easily fulfill certain
compliance and regulatory standards using the private cloud. It provides the freedom to
put in place strong security measures, follow data residency laws, and follow industry-
specific norms.
o Hybrid Cloud Integration: Private cloud can be integrated with public cloud services,
forming a hybrid cloud infrastructure. This integration allows organizations to leverage the
benefits of both private and public clouds.

Advantages of Private Cloud

There are the following advantages of the Private Cloud -

o Private cloud provides a high level of security and privacy to the users.
 o Private cloud offers better performance with improved speed and space capacity.
o It allows the IT team to quickly allocate and deliver on-demand IT resources.
o The organization has full control over the cloud because it is managed by the organization
itself. So, there is no need for the organization to depends on anybody.
o It is suitable for organizations that require a separate cloud for their personal use and data
security is the first priority.
o Customizable to meet specific business needs and compliance regulations.
o Higher reliability and uptime compared to public cloud environments.
o Seamless integration with existing on-premises systems and applications.
o Better compliance and governance capabilities for industry-specific regulations.
o Enhanced flexibility in resource allocation and application deployment.

Disadvantages of Private Cloud

o Skilled people are required to manage and operate cloud services.
o Private cloud is accessible within the organization, so the area of operations is limited.
o Private cloud is not suitable for organizations that have a high user base, and organizations
that do not have the prebuilt infrastructure, sufficient manpower to maintain and manage
the cloud.
o Higher upfront costs and ongoing maintenance expenses.
o Scaling resources can be challenging compared to public or hybrid cloud options.
o Relies on internal IT staff for management and troubleshooting.
o Slower deployment timelines and implementation compared to public cloud solutions.
o Limited access to the latest advancements and innovations offered by public cloud
providers.
o Reduced flexibility and agility compared to public cloud options.
o Challenges in keeping up with hardware and software upgrades and compatibility.
o Higher risks of technology becoming outdated and the need for regular infrastructure
updates

Hybrid Cloud
Hybrid Cloud is a combination of the public cloud and the private cloud. we can say:
Hybrid Cloud = Public Cloud + Private Cloud

Hybrid cloud is partially secure because the services which are running on the public cloud
can be accessed by anyone, while the services which are running on a private cloud can
be accessed only by the organization's users. In a hybrid cloud setup, organizations can
leverage the benefits of both public and private clouds to create a flexible and scalable
computing environment. The public cloud portion allows using cloud services provided
by third-party providers, accessible over the Internet.

Example: Google Application Suite (Gmail, Google Apps, and Google Drive), Office 365
(MS Office on the Web and One Drive), Amazon Web Services.

Characteristics of Hybrid Cloud

o Integration of Public and Private Clouds: Hybrid cloud seamlessly integrates public and
private clouds, allowing organizations to leverage both advantages. It provides a unified
platform where workloads and data can be deployed and managed across both
environments.
o Flexibility and Scalability: Hybrid cloud offers resource allocation and scalability
flexibility. Organizations can dynamically scale their infrastructure by utilizing additional
resources from the public cloud while maintaining control over critical workloads on the
private cloud.
o Enhanced Security and Control: Hybrid cloud allows organizations to maintain higher
security and control over their sensitive data and critical applications. Private cloud
components provide a secure and dedicated environment, while public cloud resources
can be used for non-sensitive tasks, ensuring a balanced approach to data protection.
 o Cost Optimization: Hybrid cloud enables organizations to optimize costs by utilizing the
cost-effective public cloud for non-sensitive workloads while keeping mission-critical
applications and data on the more cost-efficient private cloud. This approach allows for
efficient resource allocation and cost management.
o Data and Application Portability: Organizations can move workloads and data between
public and private clouds as needed with a hybrid cloud. This portability offers agility and
the ability to adapt to changing business requirements, ensuring optimal performance and
responsiveness.
o Compliance and Regulatory Compliance: Hybrid cloud helps organizations address
compliance and regulatory requirements more effectively. Sensitive data and applications
can be kept within the private cloud, ensuring compliance with industry-specific
regulations while leveraging the public cloud for other non-sensitive operations.
o Disaster Recovery and Business Continuity: Hybrid cloud facilitates robust disaster
recovery and business continuity strategies. Organizations can replicate critical data and
applications between the private and public clouds, ensuring redundancy and minimizing
the risk of data loss or service disruptions.

Advantages of Hybrid Cloud

There are the following advantages of Hybrid Cloud -

AD

o Hybrid cloud is suitable for organizations that require more security than the public cloud.
o Hybrid cloud helps you to deliver new products and services more quickly.
o Hybrid cloud provides an excellent way to reduce the risk.
o Hybrid cloud offers flexible resources because of the public cloud and secure resources
because of the private cloud.
o Hybrid facilitates seamless integration between on-premises infrastructure and cloud
environments.
o Hybrid provides greater control over sensitive data and compliance requirements.
o Hybrid enables efficient workload distribution based on specific needs and performance
requirements.
 o Hybrid offers cost optimization by allowing organizations to choose the most suitable
cloud platform for different workloads.
o Hybrid enhances business continuity and disaster recovery capabilities with private and
public cloud resources.
o Hybrid supports hybrid cloud architecture, allowing applications and data to be deployed
across multiple cloud environments based on their unique requirements.

Disadvantages of Hybrid Cloud

o In Hybrid Cloud, security feature is not as good as the private cloud.
o Managing a hybrid cloud is complex because it is difficult to manage more than one type
of deployment model.
o In the hybrid cloud, the reliability of the services depends on cloud service providers.
o Potential challenges in data integration and ensuring seamless connectivity between
different cloud platforms.
o Higher costs due to the need for managing and integrating multiple cloud environments.
o Increased complexity in data governance and compliance management across different
cloud providers.
o Dependency on stable and high-bandwidth internet connections for efficient hybrid cloud
operations.
o Potential compatibility issues between various cloud platforms and applications.
o Risk of vendor lock-in and limited portability of applications and data across different
cloud providers.
o Requires skilled IT staff with expertise in managing hybrid cloud environments.

To Read More Click Here

Community Cloud
Community cloud allows systems and services to be accessible by a group of several
organizations to share the information between the organization and a specific
community. It is owned, managed, and operated by one or more organizations in the
community, a third party, or a combination of them.
In a community cloud setup, the participating organizations, which can be from the same
industry, government sector, or any other community, collaborate to establish a shared
cloud infrastructure. This infrastructure allows them to access shared services,
applications, and data relevant to their community.

Example: Health Care community cloud

Characteristics of Community Cloud

o Shared Infrastructure: Community cloud provides a shared infrastructure accessible to a
specific community of organizations. The participating organizations can leverage this
common cloud infrastructure to meet their shared computing needs and objectives.
o Community-specific Services: The community cloud provides resources, apps, and
services adapted to the participating organizations' demands. These services are created
to meet the community's specific requirements and difficulties while promoting effective
communication and information exchange.
o Community Ownership and Management: The community cloud is owned, managed,
and operated by one or more organizations from the community, a third party, or a
combination of both. The involved organizations have a say in the governance and
decision-making procedures to ensure that the cloud infrastructure meets their shared
objectives.
 o Enhanced Security and Compliance: Community cloud emphasizes security and
compliance measures relevant to the specific community. It allows for implementing
robust security controls, access management, and compliance frameworks that meet the
community's regulatory requirements and industry standards.
o Cost Sharing and Efficiency: Participating organizations in a community cloud benefit
from cost sharing. By sharing the infrastructure and resources, the costs associated with
establishing and maintaining the cloud environment are distributed among the
community members. This leads to cost efficiency and reduced financial burden for
individual organizations.
o Collaboration and Knowledge Sharing: The community cloud encourages
communication and information exchange amongst participating businesses. It gives
community members a forum for project collaboration, information sharing, and resource
exploitation. This encourages creativity, education, and effectiveness within the
neighborhood.
o Scalability and Flexibility: Community cloud enables organizations to scale up or reduce
their resources in response to demand. This allows the community to adjust to shifting
computing requirements and efficiently use cloud resources as needed.

Advantages of Community Cloud

There are the following advantages of Community Cloud -

o Community cloud is cost-effective because the whole cloud is being shared by several
organizations or communities.
o Community cloud is suitable for organizations that want to have a collaborative cloud with
more security features than the public cloud.
o It provides better security than the public cloud.
o It provdes collaborative and distributive environment.
o Community cloud allows us to share cloud resources, infrastructure, and other capabilities
among various organizations.
o Offers customization options to meet the unique needs and requirements of the
community.
o Simplifies compliance with industry-specific regulations and standards through shared
security measures.
 o Provides scalability and flexibility, allowing organizations to scale resources based on
changing demands.
o Promotes efficient resource utilization, reducing wastage, and optimizing performance
within the community.
o Enables organizations to leverage shared expertise and experiences, leading to improved
decision-making and problem-solving.

Disadvantages of Community Cloud

o Community cloud is not a good choice for every organization.
o Security features are not as good as the private cloud.
o It is not suitable if there is no collaboration.
o The fixed amount of data storage and bandwidth is shared among all community
members.
o Challenges in ensuring consistent performance and availability when multiple
organizations share the same resources.
o Limited scalability options as the shared resources determine the community cloud's
capacity.
o Potential conflicts of interest among community members regarding resource allocation
and usage.
o Transparent governance and agreement frameworks are required to address potential
disputes and ensure fair resource distribution.
o Inadequate technical support and service level agreements (SLAs) compared to private or
public cloud options.

To Read More Click Here

Multi-Cloud
Multi-cloud is a strategy in cloud computing where companies utilize more than one
cloud service provider or platform to meet their computing needs. It involves distributing
workloads, applications, and statistics throughout numerous cloud environments
consisting of public, private, and hybrid clouds.
Adopting a multi-cloud approach allows businesses to have the ability to select and
leverage the most appropriate cloud services from different providers based on their
specific necessities. This allows them to harness each provider's distinctive capabilities and
services, mitigating the risk of relying solely on one vendor while benefiting from
competitive pricing models. '

Examples: Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft Azure, and Google Cloud Platform
(GCP).

Characteristics of Multi-cloud
o Multiple Cloud Providers: The key characteristic of multi-cloud is the utilization of
multiple cloud service providers. Organizations can leverage the offerings of different
providers, such as Amazon web services (AWS), Microsoft Azure, Google Cloud Platform
(GCP), and others, to access a huge range of services and capabilities.
o Diversification and Risk Reduction: Thanks to multi-cloud, organizations may distribute
workloads, apps, and data across several cloud environments. This diversification
decreases the danger of vendor lock-in, and the effects of any service interruptions or
outages from a single cloud provider are lessened.
o Flexibility and Vendor Independence: Businesses using multi-cloud can choose the
finest cloud services from various providers per their requirements. This approach enables
companies to leverage each provider's unique benefits and avoids needing to depend
solely on a single supplier for all their cloud computing requirements.
o Optimisation of Services and Costs: Organisations may optimize their services and costs
by using a multi-cloud strategy and choosing the most affordable and appropriate cloud
 provider for each workload or application. They can use specialized services from many
sources to meet certain demands, taking advantage of competitive pricing structures.
o Enhanced Reliability and Performance: Multi-cloud enhances reliability and
performance by utilizing multiple cloud environments. By utilizing the infrastructure and
resources of various providers, organizations can achieve high availability, scalability, and
enhanced performance for their applications and services
o Data Sovereignty and Compliance: Multi-cloud allows organizations to address data
sovereignty and compliance requirements by choosing cloud providers with data centers
in specific regions or jurisdictions. It provides flexibility in managing data residency and
regulatory compliance obligations.
o Interoperability and Integration: Multi-cloud necessitates interoperability and
integration between different cloud platforms. Organizations must ensure seamless data
exchange, application compatibility, and integration of services across the various cloud
environments they utilize.

Advantages of Multi-Cloud:
There are the following advantages of multi-Cloud -

o It allows organizations to choose the most suitable cloud services from different providers
based on their specific requirements.
o Distributing workloads and data across multiple cloud environments enhances reliability
and ensures resilience in case of service disruptions or downtime.
o By utilizing its providers, organizations can avoid dependency on a single vendor and
mitigate the risks associated with vendor lock-in.
o Organizations can optimize services and costs by selecting the most cost-effective and
suitable cloud provider for each workload or application.
o Leveraging the infrastructure and resources of different cloud providers allows
organizations to achieve high availability, scalability, and improved performance.
o It enables organizations to select cloud providers with data centers in specific regions,
addressing data sovereignty and compliance requirements.
o Access to specialized services and capabilities from different providers promotes
innovation and allows organizations to leverage the best-in-class offerings in the market.
 o Distributing workloads across multiple clouds reduces the risk of data loss or service
disruptions, providing enhanced disaster recovery capabilities.

Disadvantages of Multi-Cloud:
o Increased complexity in managing multiple cloud environments.
o Potential for higher costs due to multiple subscriptions and data transfer fees.
o Challenges in ensuring data governance and compliance across multiple clouds.
o Integration difficulties and compatibility issues between different cloud providers.
o Potential for increased management overhead and resource requirements.
o Risk of vendor dependencies and interoperability challenges.

Difference between public cloud, private cloud, hybrid cloud, and community cloud

The below table shows the difference between public cloud, private cloud, hybrid cloud,
and community cloud.

Parameter Public Private Hybrid Community Multi-Cloud

Cloud Cloud Cloud Cloud

Host Service Enterprise Enterprise Community Multiple cloud

provider (Third party) (Third (Third party) providers
party)

Users General Selected users Selected Community Multiple

public users members organizations

Access Internet Internet, VPN Internet, Internet, VPN Internet, VPN

VPN
Owner Service Enterprise Enterprise Community Multiple
provider organizations

Cost Pay-per- Infrastructure Mixed Shared cost Variable

usage investment (variable) among depending on
members usage

Security Provider's Enhanced Varied Varied Varied

responsibility control (depends (depends on (depends on
on setup) setup) setup)

Scalability Highly Scalable Scalable Scalable within Scalable

scalable within within resources within
resources resources resources

Customization Limited High control Varied Varied Varied

control (depends (depends on (depends on
on setup) setup) setup)

Resource Not shared Not shared Varied Shared among Shared among
Sharing (depends community providers
on setup)

Public Cloud
o Public Cloud provides a shared platform that is accessible to the general public through
an Internet connection.
o Public cloud operated on the pay-as-per-use model and administrated by the third
party, i.e., Cloud service provider.
o In the Public cloud, the same storage is being used by multiple users at the same time.
o Public cloud is owned, managed, and operated by businesses, universities, government
organizations, or a combination of them.
 o Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2), Microsoft Azure, IBM's Blue Cloud, Sun Cloud, and
Google Cloud are examples of the public cloud.

Advantages of Public Cloud

There are the following advantages of public cloud -

1) Low Cost

Public cloud has a lower cost than private, or hybrid cloud, as it shares the same resources
with a large number of consumers.

2) Location Independent

Public cloud is location independent because its services are offered through the internet.

3) Save Time

In Public cloud, the cloud service provider is responsible for the manage and maintain
data centers in which data is stored, so the cloud user can save their time to establish
connectivity, deploying new products, release product updates, configure, and assemble
servers.
4) Quickly and easily set up

Organizations can easily buy public cloud on the internet and deployed and configured it
remotely through the cloud service provider within a few hours.

5) Business Agility

Public cloud provides an ability to elastically re-size computer resources based on the
organization's requirements.

6) Scalability and reliability

Public cloud offers scalable (easy to add and remove) and reliable (24*7 available) services
to the users at an affordable cost.

Disadvantages of Public Cloud

1) Low Security

Public Cloud is less secure because resources are shared publicly.

2) Performance

In the public cloud, performance depends upon the speed of internet connectivity.

3) Less customizable

Public cloud is less customizable than the private cloud.

Private Cloud
o Private cloud is also known as an internal cloud or corporate cloud.
o Private cloud provides computing services to a private internal network (within the
organization) and selected users instead of the general public.
o Private cloud provides a high level of security and privacy to data through firewalls and
internal hosting. It also ensures that operational and sensitive data are not accessible to
third-party providers.
 o HP Data Centers, Microsoft, Elastra-private cloud, and Ubuntu are the example of a private
cloud.

Advantages of Private cloud

There are the following advantages of Private Cloud -

1) More Control

Private clouds have more control over their resources and hardware than public clouds
because it is only accessed by selected users.

2) Security & privacy

Security & privacy are one of the big advantages of cloud computing. Private cloud
improved the security level as compared to the public cloud.

3) Improved performance

Private cloud offers better performance with improved speed and space capacity.
Disadvantages of Private Cloud
1) High cost

The cost is higher than a public cloud because set up and maintain hardware resources
are costly.

2) Restricted area of operations

As we know, private cloud is accessible within the organization, so the area of operations
is limited.

3) Limited scalability

Private clouds are scaled only within the capacity of internal hosted resources.

4) Skilled people

Skilled people are required to manage and operate cloud services.

Hybrid Cloud
o Hybrid cloud is a combination of public and private clouds.
Hybrid cloud = public cloud + private cloud
o The main aim to combine these cloud (Public and Private) is to create a unified, automated,
and well-managed computing environment.
o In the Hybrid cloud, non-critical activities are performed by the public cloud and critical
activities are performed by the private cloud.
o Mainly, a hybrid cloud is used in finance, healthcare, and Universities.
o The best hybrid cloud provider companies are Amazon, Microsoft, Google,
Cisco, and NetApp.
Advantages of Hybrid Cloud
There are the following advantages of Hybrid Cloud -

1) Flexible and secure

It provides flexible resources because of the public cloud and secure resources because
of the private cloud.

2) Cost effective

Hybrid cloud costs less than the private cloud. It helps organizations to save costs for both
infrastructure and application support.

3) Cost effective

It offers the features of both the public as well as the private cloud. A hybrid cloud is
capable of adapting to the demands that each company needs for space, memory, and
system.

4) Security

Hybrid cloud is secure because critical activities are performed by the private cloud.
5) Risk Management

Hybrid cloud provides an excellent way for companies to manage the risk.

Disadvantages of Hybrid Cloud

1) Networking issues

In the Hybrid Cloud, networking becomes complex because of the private and the public
cloud.

2) Infrastructure Compatibility

Infrastructure compatibility is the major issue in a hybrid cloud. With dual-levels of

infrastructure, a private cloud controls the company, and a public cloud does not, so there
is a possibility that they are running in separate stacks.

3) Reliability

The reliability of the services depends on cloud service providers

Community Cloud
Community cloud is a cloud infrastructure that allows systems and services to be
accessible by a group of several organizations to share the information. It is owned,
managed, and operated by one or more organizations in the community, a third party, or
a combination of them.
Example: Our government organization within India may share computing infrastructure
in the cloud to manage data.

Advantages of Community Cloud

There are the following advantages of Community Cloud -

Cost effective

Community cloud is cost effective because the whole cloud is shared between several
organizations or a community.

Flexible and Scalable

The community cloud is flexible and scalable because it is compatible with every user. It
allows the users to modify the documents as per their needs and requirement.

Security

Community cloud is more secure than the public cloud but less secure than the private
cloud.
Sharing infrastructure

Community cloud allows us to share cloud resources, infrastructure, and other capabilities
among various organizations.

Disadvantages of Community Cloud

There are the following disadvantages of Community Cloud -

o Community cloud is not a good choice for every organization.

o Slow adoption to data
o The fixed amount of data storage and bandwidth is shared among all community
members.
o Community Cloud is costly than the public cloud.
o Sharing responsibilities among organizations is difficult.

Cloud Computing Technologies

A list of cloud computing technologies are given below -

o Virtualization
o Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA)
o Grid Computing
o Utility Computing

Virtualization
Virtualization is the process of creating a virtual environment to run multiple applications
and operating systems on the same server. The virtual environment can be anything, such
as a single instance or a combination of many operating systems, storage devices, network
application servers, and other environments.

The concept of Virtualization in cloud computing increases the use of virtual machines. A
virtual machine is a software computer or software program that not only works as a
physical computer but can also function as a physical machine and perform tasks such as
running applications or programs as per the user's demand.

Types of Virtualization

A list of types of Virtualization is given below -

i. Hardware virtualization
ii. Server virtualization
iii. Storage virtualization
iv. Operating system virtualization
v. Data Virtualization

Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA)

Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) allows organizations to access on-demand cloud-
based computing solutions according to the change of business needs. It can work
without or with cloud computing. The advantages of using SOA is that it is easy to
maintain, platform independent, and highly scalable.

Service Provider and Service consumer are the two major roles within SOA.

Applications of Service-Oriented Architecture

There are the following applications of Service-Oriented Architecture -

o It is used in the healthcare industry.

o It is used to create many mobile applications and games.
o In the air force, SOA infrastructure is used to deploy situational awareness systems.

The service-oriented architecture is shown below:

AD
Grid Computing
Grid computing is also known as distributed computing. It is a processor architecture
that combines various different computing resources from multiple locations to achieve
a common goal. In grid computing, the grid is connected by parallel nodes to form a
computer cluster. These computer clusters are in different sizes and can run on any
operating system.

Grid computing contains the following three types of machines -

1. Control Node: It is a group of server which administrates the whole network.

2. Provider: It is a computer which contributes its resources in the network resource pool.
3. User: It is a computer which uses the resources on the network.

Mainly, grid computing is used in the ATMs, back-end infrastructures, and marketing
research.
Utility Computing
Utility computing is the most trending IT service model. It provides on-demand
computing resources (computation, storage, and programming services via API) and
infrastructure based on the pay per use method. It minimizes the associated costs and
maximizes the efficient use of resources. The advantage of utility computing is that it
reduced the IT cost, provides greater flexibility, and easier to manage.

Large organizations such as Google and Amazon established their own utility services for
computing storage and application.