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Scientific Writing-3

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15 views25 pages

Scientific Writing-3

Uploaded by

kekuliblinder
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DATA VISUALIZATION:

TABLES AND FIGURES

Asmaa A. Elsayed
Lecturer of Clinical Pharmacy
DATA
❑ Constants as (bi Π= 3.14)

❑ Variables (types??)

Categorical (Qualitative) Numerical (Quantitative)

❖Nominal (Male/Female) ❖Discrete (0,1,2,….)

❖Ordinal (obese, overweight, normal, ❖Continuous (1.25, 2.5, 3.75,…..)

underweight) (Disease stages I to V)


Numbers and percentages Mean and standard deviation
Can be used in all sections of the article, not just
for results.
All tables, illustrations, and graphs must be
appropriately labeled and referenced in the text.
They are a substitute for, and not an addition to,
voluminous descriptions in the body of the article.
Tables are best when there is more text to display
and the data is qualitative
Charts are useful when the relationship between
Illustrations are the glue that data sets is more important than the actual
can hold the attention of the
numbers.
reader.
TABLES OR FIGURES

A figure in the form of a flow chart can sometimes be conveniently used to


outline an analytical process in the Materials & Methods section or a table can be
used to summarize the results of studies cited in the Introduction.
Figures and tables can be valuable where there is a strict word limit for the paper.
TABLES OR FIGURES

➢ Many journals set a limit on the number of figures or tables that can be

included, so they need to be used judiciously.

➢ When there are many data sets to display, choose tables

➢ When the data sets are few, or want to display trends, or where data patterns

are more important than the data itself, choose figures


TABLES

Table is a systematic arrangement of data in columns and rows


Tables organize data into understandable classifications. They are the most
frequently used.
Tables present parallel descriptions.You can easily compare variables in different
groups.
Ex: How weight changes with the age group ??
Ex: How weight changes with age group for males and for females
Tables may be “word (categorical) tables” or “numerical tables.”
Table 10.1 Capitals and leaders of some countries

Country Capital Leader


Egypt Cairo President
Saudi Arabia Riyadh King
United Prime minister*
Kingdom London
* Technically, the leader is the queen, but political power lies with the prime minister FOOTNOTE

Box headings and stubs: The data are presented in vertical columns and

horizontal rows. The headings given to columns are called ‘box headings’ or

‘column headings’ and row headings, ‘stubs’.


Table 7.2 Comparison of anthropometric and physio-biochemical parameters
among prehypertension and control group

?
THE ANATOMY OF A TABLE

➢Tables must have a text reference, such as “Table 1” written in the proper place
in the text.
➢Tables should be numbered sequentially according to their appearance in the
text, with appropriate cross-referencing in the text.
➢Every table must have a title.
➢A good table has a clear title: it depicts the content of the table. Do not make
the titles too long. Ideally, they should not exceed one line of text. Placed on top.
ARRANGEMENT OF DATA IN TABLES

➢Size of tables: Do not exceed the page size


➢Avoid overcrowding
➢Arrange logically: While presenting the data
➢Condense the data: through approximation rounding up or down to the
nearest integers
➢When a table presented in the ‘Results’ section of a research article or thesis
is mentioned in ‘Discussion’ section, the table number must be indicated for
reference.
Ex. Table 1 (not table 1 or Table No. 1).
CASE SCENARIO

You have been asked to review an article by an editor of a reputed journal. One
of the tables presented in the article is given below:

What would be your comments on the table?


FIGURES/GRAPHS/CHARTS

A figure is a visual presentation or diagram conveying


information. It might be a diagram or a chart or it might be a
photo.
A chart can be a map, or it can show statistics like a bar-
chart.
A diagram shows the flow of a process visually (schematic
presentation).
A chart is any table or list that organizes text or numerical
information outside of the normal paragraph.
Charts and graphs are both figures, and mostly synonymous:
both are a visualization of numbers or numerical
relationships.
INSTRUCTIONS FOR CHARTS AND
GRAPHS

❖Create Simple Figures: Should be simple and convey a


clear idea
❖Use Figures Sparingly: Avoid including too many figures
in the document
❖Titles: Simple and clear. To explain what a figure is
about, a title or caption is placed at its bottom
❖Numbering of Figures Ex: Fig. 10.1
❖Footnotes to Figures: Symbols used in illustrations,
source of illustration should be written below the title
CHARTS

1- Bar Chart:
When the variable is discrete or categorical
Represent categorical data on the x-axis and their numerical value on the y-axis.
There is a gap between bars
Easy to construct, simple, and easy to understand
Simple bar chart
rectangles (sometimes, lines too) of equal width are used to compare data
Simple bar diagrams may be vertical or horizontal in orientation.
Multiple Bar chart
If the objective is to represent more
than one character for an item, then
multiple bar diagram can be used

Subdivided Bar chart


Also called component bar chart, or
stacked bar chart represents the
components of a character in one bar.
The whole character can be split or
divided into small components.
Percentage Bar chart
In percentage bar diagram, only relative comparison is done on a variable and its
components. It is similar to a component bar chart, but the sub-categories for a
particular bar add up to 100. All the bars may have the same height as the total is
made up of 100. Each bar is sliced into portions in relation to their proportion
out of 100
Deviation Bar chart
Deviation bar diagrams are used when positive and negative fluctuations are to be
represented.
The bars are directed upward or downward depending upon the trends.
Upward bars indicate positive values, while the downward bars indicate negative
values.
Histogram
Represent numerical group values, also known as “bins,” on the x-axis. The y-axis
represents the frequencies.
There is usually no gap between bars in a histogram unless one of the values is 0.
It indicate the distribution of data or its skewness. (Normal Distribution or not)

A histogram showing the frequency of


daily income of individuals
2- Pie Chart:
Also known as pie diagrams, sector chart, circle chart, or circular graph,
A circular graph which is divided into slices to illustrate numerical proportion.
Illustrating proportions such as the percentage contributions of various
components.
The whole circle is divided into component parts
based on their proportional size; but there should
be limit for the number of segments for clarity.
Limit the number of slices to 5 or maximum 7.
place the data (percentage or number) inside the
pie segment.
3- The Line Graph
Line graphs are the most widely used and versatile type of diagrams for showing a
change in data relationships over a period. These are most useful for showing
trends, and sometimes, for identifying whether two variables are related to each
other.
Line graphs simply use a line to connect the data points that are plotted
Time series graph
4- Scatter diagram
Also, called scatter plots.
Compare pairs of numerical data for the same subject to see the nature of the
relationship between the two.
In charts, in the interests of clarity, one should avoid:
1. Shaded backgrounds
2. Borders
3. Patterns, textures and shadows
4. 3D effects
5. Markers superimposed on the lines
Thank YOU

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