08-08-2024

Intensity Transformation
Spatial Filtering
Image Enhancement

UNIT- II

Spatial Domain vs. Transform Domain

► Spatial domain
image plane itself, directly process the intensity values of
the image plane

► Transform domain
process the transform coefficients, not directly process the
intensity values of the image plane

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Spatial Domain Process

g ( x, y )  T [ f ( x, y )])
f ( x, y ) : input image
g ( x, y ) : output image
T : an operator on f defined over
a neighborhood of point ( x, y)

Spatial Domain Process

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Spatial Domain Process

Intensity transformation function

s  T (r )

Some Basic Intensity Transformation

Functions

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Image Negatives

Image negatives
s  L 1 r

Example: Image Negatives

Small
lesion

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Log Transformations

Log Transformations
s  c log(1  r )

Example: Log Transformations

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Power-Law (Gamma) Transformations

s  cr 

Example: Gamma Transformations

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Example: Gamma Transformations

Cathode ray tube
(CRT) devices have an
intensity-to-voltage
response that is a
power function, with
exponents varying
from approximately
1.8 to 2.5

s  r1/ 2.5

Example: Gamma Transformations

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Example: Gamma Transformations

Piecewise-Linear Transformations

► Contrast Stretching
— Expands the range of intensity levels in an image so that it spans
the full intensity range of the recording medium or display device.

► Intensity-level Slicing
— Highlighting a specific range of intensities in an image often is of
interest.

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Highlight the major

blood vessels and
study the shape of the
flow of the contrast
medium (to detect
blockages, etc.)

Measuring the actual

flow of the contrast
medium as a function
of time in a series of
images

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Bit-plane Slicing

Bit-plane Slicing

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Bit-plane Slicing

Histogram Processing

► Histogram Equalization

► Histogram Matching

► Local Histogram Processing

► Using Histogram Statistics for Image Enhancement

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Histogram Processing

Histogram h( rk )  nk
rk is the k th intensity value
nk is the number of pixels in the image with intensity rk

nk
Normalized histogram p( rk ) 
MN
nk : the number of pixels in the image of
size M  N with intensity rk

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Histogram Equalization
The intensity levels in an image may be viewed as
random variables in the interval [0, L-1].
Let pr (r ) and ps ( s) denote the probability density
function (PDF) of random variables r and s.

Histogram Equalization

s  T (r ) 0  r  L 1

a. T(r) is a strictly monotonically increasing function

in the interval 0  r  L -1;
b. 0  T (r )  L -1 for 0  r  L -1.

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Histogram Equalization

s  T (r ) 0  r  L 1

a. T(r) is a strictly monotonically increasing function

in the interval 0  r  L -1;
b. 0  T ( r )  L -1 for 0  r  L -1.

T (r ) is continuous and differentiable.

ps (s)ds  pr (r)dr

Histogram Equalization

r
s  T ( r )  ( L  1)  pr ( w)dw
0

ds dT (r ) d r
  ( L  1)   pr ( w)dw
dr dr dr  0 
 ( L  1) pr ( r )

pr ( r ) dr pr ( r ) p (r ) 1
ps ( s )    r 
ds  ds   ( L  1) pr (r )  L  1
 
 dr 

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Example
Suppose that the (continuous) intensity values
in an image have the PDF

 2r
 , for 0  r  L-1
pr (r )   ( L  1) 2
 0, otherwise


Find the transformation function for equalizing

the image histogram.

Example
r
s  T ( r )  ( L  1)  pr ( w)dw
0

r 2w
 ( L  1)  dw
0 ( L  1) 2
r2

L 1

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Histogram Equalization
Continuous case:
r
s  T (r )  ( L  1)  pr ( w)dw
0

Discrete values:
k
sk  T (rk )  ( L  1) pr (rj )
j 0
k nj L 1 k
 ( L  1)   nj k=0,1,..., L-1
j  0 MN MN j 0

Example: Histogram Equalization

Suppose that a 3-bit image (L=8) of size 64 × 64 pixels (MN = 4096)
has the intensity distribution shown in following table.
Get the histogram equalization transformation function and give the
ps(sk) for each sk.

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Example: Histogram Equalization

0
s0  T ( r0 )  7  pr ( rj )  7  0.19  1.33 1
j 0
1
s1  T (r1 )  7 pr ( rj )  7  (0.19  0.25)  3.08 3
j 0
s2  4.55  5 s3  5.67  6
s4  6.23  6 s5  6.65  7
s6  6.86  7 s7  7.00  7

Example: Histogram Equalization

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