a) Discuss three hard disk interface standards.

(6 Marks)

1. IDE/ATA (Integrated Drive Electronics/Advanced Technology Attachment):

o ATA is one of the earliest interface standards for connecting hard drives to PCs. It
includes Parallel ATA (PATA), which uses a ribbon cable with multiple wires to
connect storage devices. It has a limitation in data transfer speed and the number
of devices that can be connected.

2. SATA (Serial ATA):

o SATA is the successor to PATA and uses serial signaling technology to transfer
data, offering faster data transfer rates and improved efficiency. It uses a
simplified cable that allows for better airflow inside the computer case and
supports hot swapping.

3. SCSI (Small Computer System Interface):

o SCSI is an older interface standard that can connect a variety of peripheral

devices, including hard drives. It offers faster data transfer rates compared to
ATA but is more complex and expensive. SCSI supports multiple devices
connected in a daisy chain.

b) Define the term virtual memory and cache memory. Explain their role in a typical
computer system. (4 Marks)

• Virtual Memory:

o Virtual memory is a memory management capability that provides an "illusion" of

a large main memory by using a portion of the hard drive to extend the available
memory space. When the RAM is insufficient to hold all the active processes, the
operating system swaps data between the RAM and the disk, effectively allowing
the system to run larger applications than physical memory would permit.

• Cache Memory:

o Cache memory is a smaller, faster type of volatile memory that provides high-
speed data access to the CPU. Cache stores copies of frequently accessed data
 from main memory (RAM) to reduce the time needed for the CPU to retrieve
data, thus improving overall system speed and performance.

Roles in a Computer System:

• Virtual memory allows systems to run larger applications and multitask efficiently by
compensating for limited physical RAM.

• Cache memory improves CPU performance by reducing the time required to access data
from the main memory, effectively speeding up processing tasks.

c) Using an illustration, describe the structure of the CPU and explain the function of its
components. (6 Marks)

• Structure of the CPU:

o The CPU (Central Processing Unit) consists of several key components including
the Control Unit (CU), Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), Registers, and Cache.

Function of CPU Components:

1. Control Unit (CU):

o Directs the operation of the processor. It tells the memory, ALU, and input/output
devices how to respond to the instructions received.
 2. Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU):

o Performs arithmetic and logical operations. It handles mathematical calculations

and logical comparisons, the core operations of any computation.

3. Registers:

o Small, fast storage locations within the CPU that temporarily hold data and
instructions that are being processed.

4. Cache:

o Stores frequently accessed data and instructions to speed up processing time. It

acts as a buffer between the main memory and the CPU.

d) Differentiate between computer architecture and computer organization. (4 Marks)

• Computer Architecture:

o Refers to the conceptual design and fundamental operational structure of a

computer system. It includes the instruction set, data formats, processor register
set, and the techniques used to implement the instruction execution process.

• Computer Organization:

o Involves the physical aspects of a computer system, such as the hardware and the
actual data paths, data processing elements, and control signals. It focuses on how
the components of the system are interconnected and operate together.

e) CPU contains circuitry controlling the interpretation and execution of instructions.

Special storage locations called registers are included in this circuitry to hold information
temporarily while it is being decoded or manipulated. Identify six types of registers. (6
Marks)

1. Accumulator (AC):

o Temporarily holds the results of arithmetic and logical operations.

2. Program Counter (PC):

 o Holds the address of the next instruction to be executed.

3. Memory Address Register (MAR):

o Holds the address in memory where the CPU intends to read or write data.

4. Memory Data Register (MDR):

o Holds the data to be written to or read from memory.

5. Instruction Register (IR):

o Holds the current instruction being executed.

6. Stack Pointer (SP):

o Points to the top of the current stack in memory, which is used to keep track of
call/return addresses during subroutine execution.

Distinguish between RAM and ROM, explaining their roles in a computer.

• RAM (Random Access Memory): This is the primary storage location for a computer's
operating system, applications, and data that is currently being used. RAM is volatile,
meaning its contents are lost when the power is turned off.

• ROM (Read-Only Memory): This type of memory stores essential instructions and data
that the computer needs to boot up and function. ROM is non-volatile, meaning its
contents are retained even when the power is off.

Question 2

a) What is a computer bus? Describe three types of computer buses.

• Computer Bus: A computer bus is a communication system that transfers data between
components within and outside a computer.

• Types of Computer Buses:

1. Address Bus: Carries memory addresses between the CPU and main memory.

2. Data Bus: Transfers data between the CPU and other components, such as
memory and input/output devices.
 3. Control Bus: Transmits control signals that coordinate the activities of various
computer components.

b) What is an application software? State and explain two types of application software,
giving examples in each case.

• Application Software: Software designed to perform specific tasks for users.

• Types of Application Software:

1. Word Processors: Used for creating and editing text documents. Examples
include Microsoft Word, Google Docs, and LibreOffice Writer.

2. Spreadsheets: Used for organizing and analyzing data. Examples include

Microsoft Excel, Google Sheets, and Apache OpenOffice Calc.

c) List two functions of the processor.

• Processor Functions:

1. Fetches instructions: Retrieves instructions from memory and decodes them.

2. Executes instructions: Carries out the decoded instructions, performing

calculations and data manipulation.

d) Perform the following binary calculations/arithmetic operations:

i. `10111 + 01101` = `100100`

ii. `10111 - 01110` = `01001`

Question 3

a) Describe any three types of motherboards.

• Motherboard Types:

1. ATX (Advanced Technology Extended): The most common type, used in

desktop computers, with various expansion slots and connectors.

2. Micro ATX (µATX): A smaller version of ATX, often used in compact systems.
 3. Mini-ITX: A very small form factor motherboard, suitable for ultra-compact
systems.

b) List and explain factors that affect the performance of a computer system.

• Factors Affecting Performance:

1. Processor Speed: The clock speed of the CPU determines how fast it can execute
instructions.

2. Memory (RAM): The amount of RAM available affects how much data the
system can handle at once.

3. Storage Speed: The speed of the hard drive or SSD influences how quickly data
can be accessed.

4. Graphics Card: For systems with high graphical demands, a powerful graphics
card is crucial.

5. Software Optimization: Efficiently written software can improve performance.

c) Discuss the role of the PCI slots on the motherboard.

• PCI Slots: PCI slots are expansion slots on the motherboard that allow the addition of
various devices, such as network cards, sound cards, and graphics cards.

d) Why is Charles Babbage considered the father of modern digital computers?

• Charles Babbage: He is considered the father of modern digital computers because he

conceptualized and designed the Analytical Engine, a mechanical computer with many of
the components found in modern computers, including memory, a processor, and
input/output devices.

e) Describe briefly the following data representation schemes:

• Data Representation Schemes:

1. Hexadecimal: A base-16 number system using digits 0-9 and letters A-F.

2. Binary: A base-2 number system using only digits 0 and 1.

 3. Octal: A base-8 number system using digits 0-7.

Question 4:

a) The von Neumann architecture provides a model through which most computer designs
are based. Describe the architecture clearly illustrating your answer. (6 Marks)

• Von Neumann Architecture:

o The von Neumann architecture is a computer architecture model that describes a

system where the computer's memory holds both data and program instructions.
The key components include the Central Processing Unit (CPU), memory (RAM),
and input/output devices.

o The CPU is divided into the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), which performs
computations, and the Control Unit (CU), which interprets instructions from
memory and coordinates the operations of the computer.

o In this model, data and instructions are stored in the same memory, which can be
accessed by the CPU for processing. The architecture is based on the concept of a
stored-program computer, where instructions are fetched from memory, decoded,
and executed sequentially.

b) Describe three (3) broad categories of computer programming languages. (6 Marks)

1. Low-Level Languages:

o These are closer to machine language and include assembly languages and
machine code. They provide minimal abstraction from the hardware and are used
to write programs that directly control the computer hardware.

2. High-Level Languages:

o These are more abstract and easier for humans to read and write. They include
languages like Python, Java, and C++. High-level languages are more user-
friendly and often compiled or interpreted into machine code.
 3. Scripting Languages:

o These are often high-level languages designed for integrating and communicating
with other programming languages. Examples include JavaScript, Python (when
used for scripting), and Bash. Scripting languages are often used to automate tasks
or create dynamic content on the web.

c) Discuss the concept of instruction interrupt and List 4 types of interrupts. (6 Marks)

• Concept of Instruction Interrupt:

o An interrupt is a signal sent to the processor that temporarily halts the current
execution of instructions, allowing the CPU to address a higher-priority task.
After handling the interrupt, the CPU resumes its previous task.

• Types of Interrupts:

1. Hardware Interrupt: Generated by hardware devices (e.g., keyboard or mouse) to

signal the CPU for attention.

2. Software Interrupt: Generated by software programs when they require the CPU’s
attention (e.g., system calls).

3. Timer Interrupt: Triggered by a timer within the CPU, used for multitasking and timing
operations.

4. I/O Interrupt: Occurs when an input/output operation is complete, signaling the CPU to
process the data.

d) Discuss at least four roles of the operating system. (2 Marks)

1. Resource Management:

o Manages hardware resources like CPU, memory, and I/O devices, ensuring they
are used efficiently.

2. Process Management:

o Controls the execution of programs, including scheduling processes, handling

process synchronization, and managing process communication.
 3. File System Management:

o Organizes and controls file storage, including reading, writing, and accessing files
on storage devices.

4. Security and Access Control:

o Protects system resources and data from unauthorized access, ensuring user
authentication and data encryption.

Question 5:

a) Discuss the fetch-decode-execute cycle. (6 Marks)

• Fetch-Decode-Execute Cycle:

o The fetch-decode-execute cycle is the basic operational process of a computer’s

CPU. It is the sequence of steps that the CPU follows to execute an instruction:

1. Fetch: The CPU fetches the instruction from memory, located at the
address pointed to by the program counter.

2. Decode: The CPU decodes the fetched instruction to understand what

action is required.

3. Execute: The CPU executes the decoded instruction, performing the

operation such as arithmetic calculations, moving data, or branching to
another instruction.

b) What is a chipset? Identify two major components of the chipset, clearly stating their
roles. (6 Marks)

• Definition of Chipset:

o A chipset is a group of integrated circuits that manage the data flow between the
processor, memory, and peripherals. It controls the communication between
different parts of the computer.
 • Two Major Components:

1. Northbridge:

▪ Role: Connects the CPU to high-speed devices, including the RAM and
graphics card (GPU). It is responsible for tasks that require fast data
processing.

2. Southbridge:

▪ Role: Manages lower-speed peripheral connections, such as USB ports,

audio controllers, and hard drives. It handles the input/output functions of
the computer.

c) How data files are stored in secondary storage varies with the types of media and devices
you are using. Describe various file access and organization methods. (6 Marks)

• File Access Methods:

1. Sequential Access:

▪ Files are accessed in a linear sequence. This is common in tape storage,

where data is read or written in order, one record after another.

2. Direct Access:

▪ Files can be accessed directly without having to go through other files.

This is common in disk storage, where each block or sector can be
accessed independently.

• File Organization Methods:

1. Heap (Unordered) File Organization:

▪ Data is stored in no particular order. Accessing data may require scanning

the entire storage medium, making it inefficient for large datasets.

2. Sequential File Organization:

 ▪ Data is stored in a specific order, often by key field, making it efficient for
tasks that require accessing records in a specific sequence.

3. Indexed File Organization:

▪ A separate index is maintained alongside the file, allowing for quick direct
access to records. This is efficient for searching and retrieving data.

d) Explain four factors to consider when upgrading a computer. (2 Marks)

1. Compatibility:

o Ensure that the new hardware components are compatible with the existing
system, including the motherboard, CPU socket, and power supply.

2. Performance Improvement:

o Consider whether the upgrade will significantly improve the computer’s

performance for the intended tasks, such as gaming, video editing, or
multitasking.

3. Cost:

o Evaluate the cost-effectiveness of the upgrade, comparing the benefits against the
investment. It's important to prioritize upgrades that offer the best value for
money.

4. Future Proofing:

o Choose components that will remain useful and effective for a few years,
allowing for future expansions or upgrades without requiring a complete system
overhaul.