Main part of an opperating system is the Kernel.

Lenux is one of the main opperating systems.

Windows - MTFS
Linexu - EXT4
Block Storage - Improves faster handling of data because the data isn't stored as
one ling piece and can be accessed quicker.
Metadata tells everything about a file.
Microsoft is currently developing another filesystem called ReFS, it isn’t quite
ready for consumer use,
Kernel - Process Manager, Memory Manager, File Manager, I/O Manager
User Space - Applications
Hardware- RAM , CPU
System is running multiple processes, done by a time slice.
power on - BIOS/UEFI - Boot Device - Boot Loader - OS - Kernal

Boot Methods
While the most common way to boot a computer is to simply push the power button and
allow the normal process to run, there are many other boot options. This reading
covers the various methods you can use to boot a computer.

Internal method
You can create partitions on the computer’s drive so that only one part of the
drive runs the boot process. A common reason to partition your drive is to have two
separate operating systems on your computer, such as both Windows and Linux. When
you have two operating systems on your drive, you must choose which one will run
the boot process. Having two possible systems to boot into is called dual booting.

While having two operating systems can be helpful for various reasons, it is
especially helpful when one system is failing or unable to boot. If this happens,
you can still boot the computer using the other system and troubleshoot from there.

External tools
External tools can be used to boot the computer. You can load the needed resources
on an external tool to boot a system before any problems happen.

External bootable devices include:

USB drive: You use a USB drive loaded with resources needed to boot the computer.
This drive is inserted into a USB port and chosen at startup.

Optical Media: You use a disk loaded with booting resources. This disk can be a
DVD, CD, or Blu-ray disk and is loaded through the computer's optical drive.

Solid State Boot Drive: You use a solid state drive to boot. Solid state drives do
not use spinning discs or moving parts. This solid state drive can be installed in
your computer or can be a smaller device such as a flash drive.

External hot-swappable drive: You boot from an external hard drive that can be
moved between computers without turning it off.

Network boot: You boot the operating system directly from a local area network
(LAN) without using a storage device. Your computer must be connected to a LAN for
this option.

Internet-based boot: You boot the computer from an internet source, as long as it
is a secure source. Your computer must be connected to the internet for this
option.

Window OS or Linux OS
In order to boot either Windows OS or Linux OS with an external tool, you’ll need
to enter BIOS at startup by pressing F2/F12/Del keys. From there you can change the
boot order so that the first option is the external tool you want to use.

macOS
If booting macOS, press and hold the Option key at startup. This will open up the
Startup Manager, which will scan your computer and identify bootable devices. Then
you can choose the bootable device you want to use.

Key Takeaways
There are multiple ways to boot a computer.

A computer can be partitioned into different operating systems and you can select
which OS to use when booting.

You can boot from an external tool. External tools include USB drives, optical
media, solid state boot drives, external hot-swappable drives, network booting, and
internet-based booting.

Choosing a boot method on startup varies depending on which operating system you
use.

Solid State Boot Drive: You can use a solid state drive to boot your computer.
Solid state drives do not use spinning discs or moving parts. This solid state
drive can be installed in the computer or can be a smaller device such as a flash
drive.

External hot-swappable drive: You may boot from an external hard drive that can be
moved between computers without turning it off.

Network boot: You can boot an operating system directly from a local area network
(LAN) without using a storage device. Your computer must be connected to a LAN for
this option. The network boot is used when the computer does not have an OS
installed, among other things. To boot from a network, you will need to set up the
Preboot Execution Environment (PXE) capability on the BIOS and have the network
environment prepared for this type of request (see resources linked below).

Internet-based boot: You boot the computer from an internet source, as long as it
is a secure source. If you are in charge of a network and your server is down for
any reason, you can use this boot method to remotely power on the server and
restart network operations. Internet-based boot can be achieved in one of two ways:

Remote access. Remote Access Controller (IPMI or similar) has to be enabled on the
BIOS and the computer needs to have a Remote access control device, such as IDRAC
(see resources linked below).

Wake on LAN (WoL). This process requires the WoL option enabled on the BIOS (see
resources linked below). The WoL instruction should come from a device in the
network or use a WoL gateway, and the network card should have WoL capability.

Internal options
Disk partitions: You can create partitions on your computer’s drive so that only
one part of the drive runs the boot process. A common reason to partition your
drive is to have two separate operating systems on your computer. For example, you
could have Windows on one partition of your drive and Linux on the other. When you
have two operating systems on your drive, you must choose which one will run the
boot process. Having two possible systems to boot into is called dual booting.
While having two operating systems can be helpful for various reasons, it is
especially helpful when one system is failing or unable to boot. If this happens,
you can still boot the computer using the other system and troubleshoot from there.

Domain access: Joining a domain, a centrally administered group of computers,

functions the same in Windows 10 and 11. A user can quickly join a domain from the
“System Properties” window.

Workgroup access: Joining a workgroup, a group of computers on the same Local Area
Network (LAN) with shared access and responsibilities, also functions the same in
Windows 10 and 11. A user can quickly join a workgroup from the “System Properties”
window.

Group Policy Settings (Gpedit.msc): Editing Group Policies (with Gpedit.msc)

locally or using Active Directory is largely unchanged. Note that Gpedit.msc is not
available in Home licenses of Windows.

Remote Desktop Protocol: The Remote Desktop tool, used for connecting to the
desktop of a different computer over a network connection, is largely unchanged
between Windows versions. Note that to use a Remote Desktop Server, the server
machine needs to be running at least the Pro edition of Windows.

Bitlocker: Bitlocker, a drive encryption tool included with Windows, is largely

unchanged. Note that Bitlocker is only available for Pro and Enterprise licenses of
Windows.

Android: A mobile operating system based on Linux

Application: A computer program designed for a specific use

BIOS/UEFI: A low-level software that initializes our computer's hardware to make

sure everything is good to go

Block storage: It improves faster handling of data because the data isn't stored in
one long piece but in blocks, so it can be accessed more quickly

Boot: To start up a computer

Bootloader: A small program that loads the operating system

Chrome OS: A Linux-based operating system designed by Google

Command Line Interface (CLI): A shell that uses text commands to interact with the
operating system

Computer file: Data that we store and a file can be anything, a word document, a
picture, a song, literally anything

Data blocks: Data that can be broken down into many pieces and written to different
parts of the hard disk

Distributions: Some common Linux distributions are Ubuntu, Debian, and Red Hat

Etcher.io: A tool you can use to load an install image onto your USB device and
make it bootable

File extension: The appended part of a filename that tells us what type of file it
is in certain operating systems
File handling: A process of storing data using a program

File system: A system used to manage files

Finder: The file manager for all Macs

Folders/Directories: Used to organize files

Hardware resource deficiency: It refers to the lack of system resources like

memory, hard drive space, et cetera

HFS+/APFS: HFS+ is a journaling system developed by Apple Inc. and APFS is another
but more encrypted Apple journaling system

Hostname: Used to identify the computer when it needs to talk to other computers

Input/Output device: A device that performs input and output, including monitors,
keyboards, mice, hard disk drives, speakers, bluetooth headsets, webcams, and
network adapters

Install image: A downloadable operating system image used to install an operating

system on a device

I/O management: Anything that can give us input or that we can use for output of
data

iOS: A mobile operating system developed by Apple Inc.

Kernel: The main core of an operating system that creates processes, efficiently
schedules them, and manages how processes are terminated

Logs: Files that record system events on our computer

Mac OS: Apple's operating system

Memory management: One of the functions that a kernel performs; it optimizes memory
usage and make sure our applications have enough memory to run

Metadata: Tells us everything we need to know about a file, including who created
it, when it was last modified, who has access to it, and what type of file it is

Microsoft Terminal Services Client: A client program used to create RDP connections
to remote computers

Open SSH: The most popular program to use SSH within Linux

Operating system: The whole package that manages our computers resources and lets
us interact with it

PC: Personal computer, which technically means a computer that one person uses

Plink (PuTTY Link): A tool built into the command line after PuTTY is installed
that is used to make remote SSH connections

Powershell: A shell (program that interprets text commands) for Windows

Power user: Above average computer users

Process management: The capacity to manage the many programs in a system - when to
run them, the order they run in, how many resources they take up, how long they
run, etc.

Qwiklabs: An online platform which provides training in cloud services

Remote connection: The ability to connect an authorized person to a computer or

network remotely; allows us to manage multiple machines from anywhere in the world

Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP): A secure network communication protocol developed by

Microsoft that allows a user to connect to another device remotely

Scalability: The measure of a system’s ability to increase or decrease in

performance and cost in response to varying loads in system processing demands

Shell: A program that interprets text commands and sends them to the OS to execute

SSH (Secure shell): A protocol implemented by other programs to securely access one
computer from another.

SSH authentication key: A secure authentication method for accessing a computer

from other device

SSH client: A program you must have installed on your device in order to establish
an SSH connection with another device

SSH server: Software installed on a machine that allows for that device to accept
an SSH connection

Standardization: A systematic way of naming hosts

Swap space: The allocated space where the virtual memory is stored on the hard
drive when the amount of physical memory space is used up or full

System: A group of hardware components and software components that work together
to fun the programs or processes in the computer

System settings: Settings like display resolution, user accounts, network, devices,
etc.

Task bar: It gives us quick options and shows us information like network
connectivity, the date, system notifications, sound etc

Terminal: A text based interface to the computer

Time slice: A very short interval of time that gets allocated to a process for CPU
execution

Ubuntu: The most popular Linux consumer distribution

User name: A unique identifier for a user account

User space: The aspect of an operating system that humans interact with directly
like programs, such as text editors, music players, system settings, user
interfaces, etc.

Virtual Box: An application you can use to install Linux and have it completely
isolated from your machine

Virtual machine (VM): An application that uses physical resources like memory, CPU
and storage, but they offer the added benefit of running multiple operating systems
at once

Virtual memory: A combination of hard drive space and RAM that acts like memory
which our processes can use

VPN (Virtual private network): A secure method of connecting a device to a private

network over the internet