The Laws of Motion

 Newton’s first law

 Force
 Mass
 Newton’s second law
 Newton’s third law
 Examples
Isaac Newton’s work represents one of the greatest
contributions to science ever made by an individual.

Feb. 11-15, 2013

 Dynamics
 Describes the relationship between the motion
of objects in our everyday world and the forces
acting on them
 Language of Dynamics
 Force: The measure of interaction between two
objects (pull or push). It is a vector quantity – it has a
magnitude and direction
 Mass: The measure of how difficult it is to change
object’s velocity (sluggishness or inertia of the object)

Feb. 11-15, 2013

 Forces
 The measure of interaction
between two objects (pull or
push)
 Vector quantity: has
magnitude and direction
 May be a contact force or a
field force
 Contact forces result from
physical contact between two
objects
 Field forces act between
disconnected objects
 Also called “action at a distance”

Feb. 11-15, 2013

 Forces

 Gravitational Force
 Archimedes Force
 Friction Force
 Tension Force
 Spring Force
 Normal Force

Feb. 11-15, 2013

 Units of Force
 Newton’s second law:

⃗F =∑ F⃗ =m⃗a
net
 SI unit of force is a Newton (N)
kg m
1 N ≡1 2
s
 US Customary unit of force is a pound (lb)
 1 N = 0.225 lb (divide by 5 from N to pounds)

 In europe a bathroom scale measures the mass kg.

In the US, it measures the weight in pounds → Divide by 2.2 to go

from pounds to kg. Example: 180 pounds is what in kg (France)
 Weight, also measured in lbs. is a force (mass x acceleration). What

is the acceleration in that case? Weight is mass x g (magnitude)

Feb. 11-15, 2013

 Vector Nature of Force
 Vector force: has magnitude and direction
 Net Force: a resultant force acting on object
⃗F net =∑ F⃗ = F⃗ 1 + ⃗F2 + ⃗F 3 +. .....
 You must use the rules of vector addition to
obtain the net force on an object


| F | F12  F22  2.24 N
F1
  tan 1 ( )  26.6
F2

Feb. 11-15, 2013

SIMULATION vectors in kine2D folder
 REMEMBER VECTORS COME WITH COMPONENTS !!
Components are independent from each other and have “different” job
http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/vectors/Lesson-3/Resolution-of-Forces

Find the components of the force

Pulling the dog through the leash. SEE PICTURE in the FOLDER
Find the components of the force
What is the “ job “ of each component ff the wind pushing the sail.

What is the “ job “ of each component

(Fx=200N, Fy=-173N)

Describe in each
Case, what is the “job “
Of each component.
 If the vector (force) is in standard notation → cosine gives the x-component
→ sine gives the y-component

F1
F2
30

Draw each vector in a free-body diagram (x-y coordinate system). The tail is attached to the origin.
Compute the components of the vectors. The magnitude of the force is the same but not its direction.

F1 = 50N @ ______ but F2= 50N @ ______ (use standard notation)

The components are not the same : F1 ( , ) F2 ( , )

Describe what the x-component and the y-component are doing to each object.

The y-component of F1 is ______ the wagon with a force of ______ .

The y-component of F2 is _________
If there is friction. Which way is the best to pull with less effort ?
F1( 43,25) F2(-43,-25)
 In a free-body diagram you find the components of the forces.
The x-axis is independent from the y-component
1) you are dragging a crate and the rope makes a 25 degrees angle
with horizontal. The tension in the rope is 250N. Make a free-body
diagram and show the force.
A) How much force is being used to drag the crate ?
(find the horizontal component) 2
B) How much force (from you) is pulling the crate upward ?
Solution: 5
F(226.6,105.6)

3) You push a lawn mower with a force of 160N, exerted directly along its
shaft.
The shaft makes an angle of 55 degrees with the ground. Make a free body-
diagram
A) How much force is moving the lawn mower (along horizontal)
B) how much force is pushing the lawn mower toward the ground.

Solution:

F(92,-131) 5
5
 Newton’s Laws of Motion
 Newton’s first law of motion: A body in uniform motion
remains in uniform motion, and a body at rest remains at
rest, unless acted on by a nonzero net force.

 Newton’s second law of motion: The rate at which a

body’s momentum changes is equal to the net force acting
on the body:
 dp (Newton’s 2nd Law) or F=ma or F = m ΔV/Δt or a = F/m
Fnet 
dt P is the momentum (kg m/s)

 Newton’s third law of motion: If object A exerts a force

on object B, then object B exerts an oppositely directed
force of equal magnitude on A.
 Newton’s First Law
 An object at rest tends to stay at rest and an
object in motion tends to stay in motion with
the same speed and in the same direction
unless acted upon by an unbalanced force

 An object at rest remains at rest as long as no net force acts on it

 An object moving with constant velocity continues to move with
the same speed and in the same direction (the same velocity) as
long as no net force acts on it
 “Keep on doing what it is doing”

Feb. 11-15, 2013

 Newton’s First Law
 An object at rest tends to stay at rest and an
object in motion tends to stay in motion with
the same speed and in the same direction
unless acted upon by an unbalanced force

 When forces are balanced, the acceleration of the object is zero

 Object at rest: v = 0 and a = 0
 Object in motion: v  0 and a = 0

 The net force is defined as the vector sum of all the external forces
exerted on the object. If the net force is zero, forces are balanced.
When forces are balances, the object can be stationary, or move
with constant velocity.
Feb. 11-15, 2013
Inertia is the natural tendency of an
object to remain at rest in motion at
a constant speed along a straight line.

The mass of an object is a quantitative

measure of inertia.
SI Unit of Mass: kilogram (kg)
 Mass and Inertia
 Every object continues in its state of rest, or uniform
motion in a straight line, unless it is compelled to change
that state by unbalanced forces impressed upon it
 Inertia is a property of objects
to resist changes is motion!
 Mass is a measure of the
amount of inertia.
 Mass is a measure of the resistance of an object to
changes in its velocity
 Mass is an inherent property of an object
 Scalar quantity and SI unit: kg

Feb. 11-15, 2013

misconception: " Motion requires force " WRONG.
A puck initially hit will keep moving on the ice until it is
stopped by a wall or by a player.
Motion does not require force.

A net Force is only required to change the motion.

to speed up an object, to slow it down, to stop it , to get it to
move or to change its direction,

Mass is amount of “ stuff” or matter in an object.

Mass is a measure of inertia. How much an object
resists a change in motion. Its laziness to change
Its direction or speed.
Source: Conceptual Physics, Paul Hewitt
Demo : inertia
Videos:crash test / inertia loop /inertia string / table cloth 1 & 2 /
 WHAT HAPPEN TO THE PASSENGERS
OF A CAR WHEN IT ABRUPTLY BREAKS ?
OR SPEED UP ?
WHY DO YOU NEED TO WEAR A SEAT BELT ?

HOW CAN YOU EXPLAIN THE TABLE TRICK

USING INERTIA PRINCIPLE ?
(drawings: Paul Hewitt)
USING A THOUGHT EXPERIMENT, GALILEO REASONED
THAT ARISTOTLE WAS WRONG.
IF THERE IS NO NET FORCE, AN OBJECT IN MOTION
STAYS IN MOTION, AT THE SAME SPEED AND
THE SAME DIRECTION.Describe this experiment:
An elephant has a large inertia and can run
very fast. What could you do to escape a
charging elephant ?
(using inertia)

stinger missiles are heat seeking missiles.

They detect infra red and can hit planes.
They reach them because the " feel " the heat.
If you are an experienced pilot, how can you
avoid the stingers ?

Let s say you try to push a large mass like

an Anvil.
Is it harder to push it on Earth or in space,
out of gravity reach ? (tricky)
A pipe is bent into the shape shown and oriented so that it is sitting
horizontally on a table top. You are looking at the pipe from
above. The interior of the pipe is smooth. A marble is shot into
one end and exits the other end. Which one of the paths shown
in the drawing will the marble follow when it leaves the pipe?

a) 1

b) 2

c) 3

d) 4 Watch the video clip from “wanted” curved bullet→

Pseudo sciences
e) 5
Feb. 11-15, 2013
Which one of the following terms is used to indicate the
natural tendency of an object to remain at rest or
in motion at
a constant speed along a straight line?
a) velocity

b) equilibrium

c) acceleration

d) inertia

e) force
 Newton's second law : F = ma
Acceleration is proportional to force (for a given mass)
But inversely proportional to mass ( for a given push/pull = force)

Exploration of physical sciences Newton's law

Sims https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/forces-and-motion-basics

Push/pull = change in velocity (magnitude or direction or both)

but the change depends on the mass !!!
Force in newtons, mass in kg, acceleration in m/s/s
 Net Force = mass x acceleration
(Newtons) (kg) (m/s/s)

For the same mass , the acceleration is proportional to the net force
24
 For the same force, the acceleration is inversely proportional
to the mass. Acceleration = Fnet/mass

25
For the same acceleration → more mass means more force.
The push from the seat is larger for an adult than for a child
Complete the following statement: The term net force most
accurately describes

a) the inertia of an object.

b) the quantity that causes displacement.

c) the quantity that keeps an object moving.

d) the mass of an object.

e) the quantity that changes the velocity of an object.

Feb. 11-15, 2013
The Second Law

 
p  mv

 dp
F
dt

 
 d  mv  dv 
F m  ma
dt dt
 Newton’s Second Law
 The acceleration of an object is directly
proportional to the net force acting on
it and inversely proportional to its mass

∑ F⃗ ⃗F net
⃗a = =
m m

⃗F =∑ F⃗ =m⃗a
net

Feb. 11-15, 2013

The acceleration has the same direction as the net force.
To find the acceleration → find the net force
1- use geometry. Add the forces and find the net force. a=Fnet/m

2- use algebra. Find Fnetx = sum(Fx) and Fnety=sum(Fy)

Find ax = Fnetx/m and ay=Fnet/m → a(ax,ay)
A box is on a friction less table and
pulled by 2 strings. Trace Fnet
m=2kg . Trace the accelertion a

How would you do it algebraically?

You add the vectors F1 and F2.
ax=F1x/m and a2x = F2x/m
Here Focus on the x-axis. There is no acceleration along the y
Use algebra: Right – left = max
 What Causes Motion?
 That’s the wrong question!
 The ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle believed that
forces—pushes and pulls—caused motion.
 The Aristotelian view prevailed for some 2000 years.

 Galileo and Newton discovered the correct relation

between force and motion.
 Force causes not motion itself but change in motion.

The Aristotelian view The Newtonian

view
 More about Newton’s 2nd Law
 You must be certain about which body we are
applying it to
 F must be the vector sum of all the forces that act
net
on that body
 Only forces that act on that body are to be included
in the vector sum
 Net force component along an
axis gives rise to the acceleration
along that same axis
F net ,x =ma x F net , y =ma y
Feb. 11-15, 2013
Textbook 4.4 and 4.5 and 5.7
 The First Law
 The
first law is a special case of the second law,
when there’s no net force acting on an object.
 In that case the object’s motion doesn’t change.
 If at rest it remains at rest.
 If in motion, it remains in uniform motion.
 Uniform motion is motion at constant speed in a straight line.
 Thus the first law shows that uniform motion is a natural state,

requiring no explanation.
 Newton’s Third Law
 If object 1 and object 2 interact, the force
exerted by object 1 on object 2 is equal in
magnitude but opposite in direction to the
force exerted by object 2 on object 1

 
Fon A   Fon B

 Equivalent to saying a single isolated force cannot exist

Feb. 11-15, 2013
 Newton’s Third Law of Motion

Whenever one body exerts a force on a

second body, the second body exerts an
oppositely directed force of equal magnitud
on the first body.

Demo with the scales

m a= Push = Ma
 Newton’s third law of motion
 Newton’s 3
rd
Law of Motion states that
forces always occur in pairs:
 When one object exerts a force on a second
object, the second exerts an equal and
opposite force on the first.

34
 Newton’s third law of motion
,
cont’d

 If object A exerts a force on object B, then

object B exerts an equal force in the
opposite direction on A:
 FA on B = - FB on A

When you fall down, you feel the Earth

exerting a force on you but you also
exert that same force on the Earth.

35
 Newton’s third law of motion
,
cont’d

 Think about pushing off against a wall.

 You push against the wall.
 The wall pushes back.
 If the wall is
weak, it might
fall down.
 If not, you move
away.

37
 Newton’s third law of motion
,
cont’d

 Consider an airplane’s wing.

 Due to the angle of attack, the air impacts the
bottom of the wing.
 The wing pushes the air out of the way.
 The air pushes back and provides some
lift.

38
https://www.reddit.com/r/wallstreetbets/comments/pv4xkk/a_summary_of_the_last_week_for/
Same force. Not the same acceleration.

NEWTON's THIRD LAW

-mA =F = Ma
Magnus force → consequence of
Newton’s third law.

See video magnus

1) a truck and a smart collide head front.
A) they both experience the same force
B) the truck experiences more force
C) the smart experiences more force
D) not enough information

What about the acceleration and damage ? (change in velocity )

2) A little girl is playing tug of war with her dad.

A) she exerts the greatest force
B) he exerts the greatest force
C) They experience the same pull

Is the acceleration the same ? (who experiences a change in speed)

3) An apple is placed on a table. The Earth pulls on the apple. What is the
reaction ? Consequence?

4) A hammer hits a nail. What is the reaction ? Consequence?

5) The blades of a helicopter push the air down. What is the reaction.
Consequence ?

6) while you walk you push the ground back ward (possible if friction)
What is the reaction ? Consequence?
m a = same force =
How Newton's third law can explain
Ma
The lift of the space shuttle ?

What happen to your shoulder if you shoot using

a riffle ? To spare your shoulder, is it better to
use a heavy riffle or a light one?

How Newton's third law can explain the walk ?

If you stand on the ground (not on a skateboard)

and you push the wall, why don't you move
back ? What is the other pair of forces
involved ?

In a cowboy movie, the good guy punches the

bad guy who goes flying away. Of course the
good guy stays steady. What is wrong with
that ?

Also, when a bullet hit a person, does it make

sense to see the guy flying off ?

How to relate newton's third law to the rocket ?

DURING A COLLISION THE FORCE and THE TIME
“ felt” BY THE 2 OBJECTS is the same BUT NOT THE
ACCELERATION (or CHANGE OF SPEED= DAMAGE).

They both feel the same force

But Baloo has a larger mass He does not
move as much as Mowgli. Change in spe

m a=F=-Ma Is larger for Mowgli.

Same because
Acceleration =change of speed
over time. Time of collision is the
same 52
Same force→
BIG MASS = small change in speed
Small mass=BIG CHANGE IN SPEED m ΔV = F/time = - M ΔV
You are traveling in a bus at highway speed on a nice summer day and an unlucky
bug splatters on the front window.

With Newton's third law in mind , Compare to the force that acts of the bug , how
much force acts of the bus ?

Which undergoes the greater acceleration ? Which therefore suffer the greater
damage ?
 A cell phone is sitting on a desk. Which one of the
following is the reaction force to the cell phone’s weight on
the desk?

a) the gravitational force on the cell phone

b) the gravitational force on the table

c) the normal force of the Earth on the table

d) the normal force of the cell phone on the table

e) the normal force of the table on the cell phone

Feb. 11-15, 2013
 Always define
 Forces come in pairs.
your system first.
 If object A exerts a force on object B, then object B exerts an
oppositely directed force of equal magnitude on A.
 Obsolete language: “For every action there is an equal but
opposite reaction.”
 Important point: The two forces
always act on different objects;
therefore they can’t cancel each other.
 Example:
 Push on book of mass m1 with force 
F.


Note third-law pair F and F .

21 12
 Third law is necessary for
a consistent description of
motion in Newtonian physics.
 Gravitational Force
 Gravitational force is a vector
 Expressed by Newton’s Law of Universal
Gravitation: mM
F g =G 2
R
 G – gravitational constant
 M – mass of the Earth
 m – mass of an object
 R – radius of the Earth
 Direction: pointing downward

Feb. 11-15, 2013

 Weight
 The magnitude of the gravitational force acting on an
object of mass m near the Earth’s surface is called the
weight w of the object: w = mg
 g can also be found from the Law of Universal Gravitation
 Weight has a unit of N
mM
F g =G w=F g =mg
R2
M 2
g=G 2 =9 . 8 m/s
R
 Weight depends upon location
R = 6,400 km
Feb. 11-15, 2013
 WEIGHT IS THE PULL DUE TO GRAVITY.
WEIGHT is a FORCE but MASS is STUFF(INER
WEIGHT is measured in Newtons (or pounds)
weight = mass x g g is the acceleration due to gravity (m/
Mass is in kg
Weight in Newtons (N)

On Earth g =9.8 m/s/s about 10m/s/s

so weight = mass x 10
2.2 Pounds on Earth
1 ●kg has a weight of 10N
So 10N ↔ 2pounds
Divide by 5
 WEIGHT is a FORCE = pull due to gravity
It depends on the planet, star, object.. you are standing on.

So if your mass is 80kg , your mass on the Moon

Will be : the same ? Greater ? Larger

What about your weight ?

 Mass
 The weight of an object depends on which
planet you measure the weight.
 The mass of the object is independent of the
planet.

Far from gravity

From planet,
In space, what is
The weight of
The hammer

9
 Show applet elevator from website
For a 70kg person :
And check weight on other planets.
150 pounds on Earth
27 pounds on Moon
400 pounds on Jupiter
2 tons on the Sun
½ ounce on an asteroid (5 pennies)
(6mph to escape, versus 7 miles per second for Earth = 25 200 mph)
 Textbook 4.7

1) If a hammer has a mass of 2.5kg, how much does it weighs on Earth ?

On the Moon/ (gravity is divided by 6 on the Moon)

2) What is the mass of a girl who weighs 340N on earth ?

3) what is the mass of a dog that weighs 75N ?

4) convert 10 pounds in newtons.

5) On Earth 10 pounds corresponds to what mass in kg ?

6) convert 10 newtons in pounds ? What is the mass ?

 Normal Force
 Force from a solid
surface which keeps
object from falling w=F g =mg

through
 Direction: always
perpendicular to the
surface N −F g =ma y
 Magnitude: depends
N −mg=ma y
on situation
N =mg
Feb. 11-15, 2013
 Definition of the Normal Force
Support force
The normal force is one component of the force that a surface
exerts on an object with which it is in contact – namely, the
component that is perpendicular
to the surface.
 Normal N Normal force
On hand
(also called support force)

Normal on hand
 Important the forces acting
On the man are:
Normal from wall, normal from
friction

http://dallaswinwin.com/Newtons_Laws/Normal%20Force
%20and%20Tension.htm
What is the meaning of the word “normal” in the term
“normal force?”

a) that it is in magnitude and opposite in direction to the we

of the object
b) that it is one that is encountered in everyday life
c) that it is directed perpendicular to a surface

d) that it is measurable

e) that it has a magnitude of 1 newton

 FIND The Normal Force ?

FN −11 N −15 N = 0

FN = 26 N

FN +11 N −15 N = 0

FN = 4 N
A brick (like skier) is resting on the surface of a flat board. A
end of the board is slowly raised, what change, if any, is
there in the normal force exerted on the brick?

a) The normal force increases.

What about the scale?
Same reading ?
b) The normal force decreases. Do demo

c) The normal force remains constant.

d) Only the direction of the normal force changes.

60 x
60
  
w  mg
 Mass doesn’t depend on the presence or strength of
gravity.
 Weight depends on gravity, so varies with location:
 Weight is different on different planets.

 Near Earth’s surface, has magnitude 9.8 m/s2

or 9.8 N/kg, and is directed downward.

 All objects experience theg same gravitational

acceleration, regardless of mass.
 Therefore objects in free fall—under the influence
of gravity alone—appear “weightless” because they
share a common accelerated motion.
 This effect is noticeable in orbiting spacecraft
 because the absence of air resistance means

gravity is the only force acting.

 because the apparent weightlessness continues

indefinitely, as the orbit never intersects Earth.

 Weight and Weightlessness,
Continued-1

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Weight and Weightlessness,
Continued
Weightlessness:
– no support force, as in
free fall
– Example: Astronauts in
orbit are without
support forces and are
in a continual state of
weightlessness.
http://www.youtube.com/watch? Spinning in zero gravity
v=7tEkKhMVoS4&feature=player_embedded

http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=H0pGEq7bhLM&feature=player_embedded
Zero gravity
Video in folder. Free-fall.

While going down the plane and its inhabitants are in zero gravity for 10-15 seconds.
 Weight and Weightlessness
CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR
When an elevator accelerates upward, your weight reading
on a scale is

A.greater.
B.less.
C.zero.
D.the normal weight.

Demos by prof
Walter Lewin

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Free-Fall Acceleration
 Have you heard this claim:
 Astronauts are weightless in space, therefore there is no gravity in
space?
 It is true that if an astronaut on the International Space Station
(ISS) tries to step on a scale, he/she will weigh nothing.
 It may seem reasonable to think that if weight = mg, since weight = 0,
g = 0, but this is NOT true.
 If you stand on a scale in an elevator and then the cables are cut,
you will also weigh nothing (ma = N – mg, but in free-fall a = g, so
the normal force N = 0). This does not mean g = 0!
 Astronauts in orbit are in free-fall around the Earth, just as you
would be in the elevator. They do not fall to Earth, only because of
their very high tangential speed.

10/06/24
 Tension Force: T
 A taut rope exerts forces
on whatever holds its
ends
 Direction: always along
the cord (rope, cable,
string ……) and away T1
from the object T1 = T = T2
 Magnitude: depend on T2
situation

Feb. 11-15, 2013

 The Tension Force

Cables and ropes transmit

forces through tension.
A massless rope will transmit
tension undiminished from one
end to the other.

If the rope passes around a

massless, frictionless pulley, the
tension will be transmitted to
the other end of the rope
undiminished.

demo
 Spring Forces
 A stretched or compressed spring produces a force proportional
to the stretch or compression from its equilibrium configuration:
• The spring force is a
Fsp = –kx.
restoring force
because its direction
is opposite that of the
stretch or
compression.
• Springs provide
convenient devices
for measuring force.
 Free Body Diagram
 The most important step in
solving problems involving F hand on book
Newton’s Laws is to draw the
free body diagram
 Be sure to include only the
forces acting on the object of
interest F Earth on book
 Include any field forces
acting on the object
 Do not assume the normal
force equals the weight

Feb. 11-15, 2013

 Hints for Problem-Solving
 Read the problem carefully at least once
 Draw a picture of the system, identify the object of primary interest,
and indicate forces with arrows
 Label each force in the picture in a way that will bring to mind what
physical quantity the label stands for (e.g., T for tension)
 Draw a free-body diagram of the object of interest, based on the
labeled picture. If additional objects are involved, draw separate
free-body diagram for them
 Choose a convenient coordinate system for each object
 Apply Newton’s second law. The x- and y-components of Newton
second law should be taken from the vector equation and written
individually. This often results in two equations and two unknowns
 Solve for the desired unknown quantity, and substitute the numbers

F net ,x =ma x F net , y =ma y

Feb. 11-15, 2013
 Accelerating Objects
 If an object that can be modeled as a particle
experiences an acceleration, there must be a
nonzero net force acting on it
 Draw a free-body diagram
 Apply Newton’s Second Law in component form

∑ =m⃗a
⃗
F
∑ F x=max
∑ F y =ma y
Feb. 11-15, 2013
 Y

6
0

Draw the forces applied to the skier.

Then trace the forces in a free-body diagram
 Y

Free-body diagr
Normal force Fn
400N

If there is not friction

The magnitude of the accelera
X
60 10 x sin(angle of the slope)
Weight mg
6 800N
0 Fn

60
mg

Free-body diagram
Memorize:
- With an inclined plane, take the x-axis along the plane
- take the +x-axis in the same direction as the acceleration (if any)
So if the mass slides down, + points to downslope
If the mass is pulled up, + points to upslope
Works with pulley problem too. MAKE a>0
Mass = 80kg
If you get a<0 it means it slides in anotherFind
direction
the x-component of weight
- the x-component of the weight is mg sin(angle) (magnitude)
Find the y-component of weight
- the y-component of the weight is mg cos(angle) (magnitude)

Example: If the mass is 50kg.

The angle 40 degrees. There is no friction
What is the acceleration?

Now there is kinetic friction = 121 N. What is the acceleration?

Now there is friction (121 N) but the block is pulled up slope with
A string. (take +xaxis up slope). The pull is parallel to slope.
What is the applied force so the mass is pulled at a constant speed.
Always define your system first. Strategy of the imaginary bag
@V.Lankar

Carefully,
Draw the forces on
scale.
M=50kg
m=10kg
Find a and T

Carefully,
What is the
1) Draw the forces
relationship
on scale.
between P and
M=50kg in cart
T?
m=10kg hanging
Use the
Find a and T. a>0
imaginary bag.
No friction
2) with 40N
friction
First make a> 0. you don’t know
Which what it will move.
Say A = 6kg.suppose A is winning
If a <0 its not. If friction=5N?
Draw. If you push only on the lower
Box. How come the top box
Also accelerate?
Take both boxes in a bag
Then each one. Draw the forces.

m1=10kg, m2 = 5kg, a = 0.5m/s/s

What is F (magnitude?) angle = 30 degrees.
 https://www.walter-fendt.de/html5/phen/equili
briumforces_en.htm
Check it first. Show how the forces “ eat each
other out “
Static EQUILIBRIUM MEANS : no acceleration
MEANS :The net force is 0

 = F1+F2+F3
 
∑F
F1 F2
=0

Algebraically (we use):

Sum of x-component = 0 F3
Sum of y-components = 0 Geometrically:
F2
F1x+F2x+F3x=0 F3
This is adding
F1y+F2y+F3y=0 F1 vectors. Its like
Displacement =0
What happens if not
 Objects in Equilibrium
 Objects that are either at rest or moving with
constant velocity are said to be in equilibrium
 Acceleration of an object can be modeled as
zero: ⃗a =0
 Mathematically, the net force acting on the
object is zero ∑ F⃗ =0
 Equivalent to the set of component equations
given by
∑ F x=0 ∑ F y =0
Feb. 11-15, 2013
 Equilibrium, Example 1
 A lamp is suspended from a
chain of negligible mass
 The forces acting on the
lamp are
 the downward force of gravity
 the upward tension in the
chain
 Applying equilibrium gives
F y  0  T  Fg  0  T  Fg

Feb. 11-15, 2013

Note: from previous slide. (2) (4)
The net force is 0. The block is in equilibrium.
The vectors add up to 0. .

C A A
Tail to head
B

B
C

A+ B + C = 0

D
A B A+B+C+D =0
Machines → small effort x large distance = large load x small
distance

Angle = 30 degrees

1
m
Source: Paul Hewitt – Conceptual Physics
Meet Susie the acrobat.

T
2
T
1
2

If you have to take a

statics class. See dropbox
for 3tutorials. And other
sources.
 F1
The crate placed at the origin is at rest. 3 forces are acting on it.

F2 F1 =5N @ 90 F2=10N @0 F3 = ?
F3 1st trace using the parallelogram method. Can you see the components
Of F3?

x-axis y-axis
1) Fill the table
F1
2) Use F1x+F2x+F3x=0 and F1y+F2y+F3y=0
F2 to find F3x and F3y
F3 F3x F3y 3) Compute the magnitude of F3 and its direction
SUM=FNE 0 0
T F3 = ____ N @ _______
 II) In this situation F1 and F2 have a 10N magnitude and make an angle of 30 degr
With vertical. Find the third vector to achieve equilibrium

x-axis y-axis
F1
F2
F3 F3x F3y
SUM=FNE 0 0
T
F1(-6.2,4.5) B(9.1,4)
4.11 Equilibrium Application of Newton’s Laws of Motion

First draw a free-body diagram

Write each force in standard notation
Use: T1 = T2 = weight = 22N
(we will see that weight = mass x 10)

Then find the magnitude of F

The force stretching the leg.
It’s an equilibrium so sum =0

1) |T2| is a tension so |T2| = 2.2x10 = weight of the mass = |T1|

x-axis y-axis
F Fx Fy
T1
Source: Paul Hewitt – Conceptual Physics

T2

T1

3
4.11 Equilibrium Application of Newton’s Laws of Motion
4.11 Equilibrium Application of Newton’s Laws of Motion

Force x component y component


T1  T1 sin 10.0 
 T1 cos10.0 


T2  T2 sin 80.0  T2 cos 80.0 


W 0 W

W  3150 N
4.11 Equilibrium Application of Newton’s Laws of Motion

F x   T1 sin 10.0  T2 sin 80.0  0

 

F y   T1 cos10.0  T2 cos 80.0  W  0

 

 sin 80.0 
The first equation gives T1   T
  2
 sin 10.0 
 Substitution
sin 80.0 into the secondgives

 T
  2
cos 10 . 0  T 2 cos 80. 0 
W  0
 sin 10.0 
4.11 Equilibrium Application of Newton’s Laws of Motion

W
T2 
 sin 80.0 
  cos10.0  cos 80.0
 
 

 sin 10.0 

T2  582 N T1  3.30  10 N 3
 Equilibrium, Example 2
 A traffic light weighing 100 N hangs from a vertical cable
tied to two other cables that are fastened to a support.
The upper cables make angles of 37° and 53° with the
horizontal. Find the tension in each of the three cables.
 Conceptualize the traffic light
 Assume cables don’t break
 Nothing is moving
 Categorize as an equilibrium problem
 No movement, so acceleration is zero
 Model as an object in equilibrium

∑ F x=0 ∑ F y =0
Feb. 11-15, 2013
 Equilibrium, Example 2
 Need 2 free-body diagrams
 Apply equilibrium equation to light
∑ F y =0 →T 3− F g=0
∑ F y =0 →T 3− F g=0 T 3 =F g =100 N
T 3 =F g =100 N
 Apply equilibrium equations to knot

∑ F x=T 1 x +T 2 x=−T 1 cos37∘ +T 2 cos53 ∘=0

∑ F y =T 1 y +T 2 y +T 3 y
¿ T 1 sin 37∘ +T 2 sin 53∘−100 N =0

(
T 2 =T 1
cos37 ∘
cos53∘ )=1. 33 T 1
T 1=60 N T 2 =1. 33 T 1 =80 N
Feb. 11-15, 2013
- cos(37) cos(53) 0
Sin(37) sin(53) 100

T1=60N and T2= 80N

See tutorial in dropbox for the steps

You can do it using A-1 B instead

https://
www.youtube.com/
watch? Feb. 11-15, 2013

v=QNdzIwlhQU4
Static equilibrium Physics of climbing

Smaller the angles between

The cables, larger the weight.

Its an equilibrium. You can not have

Horizontal rope supporting a weight.

The max weight is 8000N

Convert to lbs
Feb. 11-15, 2013
Accelerating Objects, Example 1
 A man weighs himself with a scale in an elevator. While
the elevator is at rest, he measures a weight of 800 N.
 What weight does the scale read if the elevator accelerates
upward at 2.0 m/s2? a = 2.0 m/s2
 What weight does the scale read if the elevator accelerates
downward at 2.0 m/s2? a = - 2.0 m/s2
 Upward: ∑ F y =N −mg=ma N
N =mg+ma=m( g+a ) N =80 (2 . 0+9 . 8)=960 N N
w 800 N
m= =
g 9. 8 m/s 2
=80 N N >mg
 Downward: N =80(−2 . 0+9 .8 )=624 N
N <mg mg mg
Feb. 11-15, 2013
Textbook 5.8 and 5.9

October 6, 2024
It takes about 90s to reach the speed from rest
Find the acceleration of the plane/
Convert to g (divide by 10). So thats _____
Your own weight.
If you weight 150 pounds you will feel?
 So its ___ g.
You feel ___ times your weight
October 6, 2024
he centrifugal force on your body at the equator is 0.034 m/s2 times
the mass of your body. The centrifugal force at the poles is zero
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