21GEOAECC2

INTERNSHIP REPORT

DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY
SCHOOL OF EARTH SCIENCES
CENTRAL UNIVERSITY OF TAMILNADU
THIRUVARUR – 610 005

Submitted by,

Registration No. P212214

Nandana Sarma

M.Sc. Geography (2021-2023)

SEPTEMBER 2022
TABLE OF CONTENTS

SL.NO. CHAPTERS PAGE

NO.
1 INTRODUCTION 3,4
1.1About the organization 3
1.2 Methodology 4
2 SKILLS ACQUIRED 5 -17
2.1 ERADAS Imagine 5 -11
1. Layer Stacking, Mosaic tool and Clipping tool 5 -7
2. Normalized Difference Vegetative Index (NDVI) 7,8
3. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) 9
4. Convolution Tool 10,11

2.2 ArcGIS: HYDROLOGICAL TOOL 11-14

2.3 DGPS Survey 14 -17

3 USEFULNESS OF THE PROGRAMME 18

4 CERTIFICATE 19
 21GEOAECC2 - INTERNSHIP REPORT (M.Sc. Geography 2021-2023 Batch)

1. INTRODUCTION:

This report highlights the internship work at Karnataka State Remote Sensing Applications
Centre. The task assigned included learning basics of using Remote Sensing and GIS software.
The software’s that were used included ArcGIS (ArcMap 10.8), QGIS 3.16, ERDAS Imagine
2014, etc. It also includes the collection of GCP points through DGPS field survey.

1.1 ABOUT THE ORGANIZATION:

The Karnataka State Remote Sensing Applications Centre (KSRSAC) was established in the
year 1986 and designated as the Nodal Agency for implementation of Remote Sensing
(including Photogrammetry) and GIS programmes in the State vide Government Order No.ITD
28 MIS 2002, Bangalore dated 06.08.2002. KSRSAC has been carrying out a wide array of
projects for Central and State Departments in the areas of watershed development, forest, mines
and geology, rural development, town planning, water resources, minor irrigation, ecology and
environment, agriculture, horticulture, sericulture, BBMP, pollution control, lake development
etc.

KSRSAC has the following divisions

1. Geo-Informatics Laboratory
2. Geospatial Data Centre
3. Photogrammetry Laboratory

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1.2 METHODOLOGY
In this internship program softwares like ArcGIS, QGIS and ERDAS IMAGINE were
introduced. So, the spatial was collected through both primary and secondary method of
data collection.
Primary data was collected through DGPS survey. A field survey was carried out to find
the GPS locations around Karnataka State Remote Sensing Application Center.
Secondary data was collected from Bhuvan portal site, and K-GIS site.

SOFTWARES:

1. ArcGIS
Arc GIS is a licensed version Software. It is a combination of client software, server
software and online GIS (Geographical Information System). It is developed and
maintained by Esri. It consists of ArcMap, ArcCatalog, Arc Toolbox.

2. QGIS
QGIS (Quantum Geographic Information System) is free open-source software that
allows users to create, edit, visualize, analyse, and publish geospatial information.
There are many benefits to using QGIS.

3. ERDAS Imagine
ERDAS Imagine is raster-based software that is specifically designed for information
extraction from satellite images. The functions embedded involve importing, viewing,
altering and analysing both raster and vector data sets. This software is capable of
handling an unlimited number of bands of image data in a single file.

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2. SKILLS ACQUIRED:
During the internship programme I was able to learn about the above softwares.
Following are some of the things that I have learnt through this programme.

2.1ERADAS Imagine
Following are few methods and techniques that are used in this software:

1. LAYER STACKING, MOSAIC TOOL, CLIPPING TOOL

To work on layer stacking and mosaic tools, firstly we need acquire a satellite data,
which was done through Bhuvan portal.
• Now open ERDAS Imagine →Go to Raster tab →Then select Layer Stack
• Now in the Layer Stack pop window select the four bands of the downloaded grid and
add them one by one in the layer stacking dialog box →Provide the destination of the final
image in the required folder by giving it a suitable name to generate an image for the grid.
• Repeat the above steps for the other 5 grids to obtain 6 images for the 6 downloaded grids.
(As the Bangalore city satellite image in Liss IV senser required 6 grids) This process is
called Layer Stacking.

Fig 1. An Image showing the grid images used for mosaic tool

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• After Layer Stacking is completed, go to Raster→Select Mosaic tool→Then select Mosaic

2D Pro→Go to edit→Add Images, here select the Layer Stacked image of each grid one
by one
• Then Go to Process in the main ribbon of the mosaic tab→Click on run mosaic→Provide
the final location of the image file in the required file location by naming it properly.
• Now go to the main screen of ERDAS Imagine →Under 2D view right click on it→Press
add new raster layer →Select the final image obtained from using the mosaic tool →Click
on OK to load the image onto the screen.

Fig 2. The final image opened after using mosaic tool on the grids

• Now go to KGIS website →Go to downloads→Click on Ward Boundaries →Click on

BBMP wards to download the shape file for BBMP and store it on the required file
location.
• Then Right Click on 2D view →Select add vector layer→Then select the downloaded
BBMP shape file and then click on OK to import the shape file.
• For clipping, click on the mosaic symbol → In mosaic dialog box appears Select the
Output Image option → Click on Poly Vector File in method option → Select on BBMP
file on vector file option → Click OK → Click on Run mosaic symbol and save the output
file and click ok. Then add the saved image in the main window.

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Fig 3. The final image being clipped onto the BBMP shape file

2. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)

The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) is a simple graphical indicator
that can be used to analyse remote sensing measurements, often from a space
platform, assessing whether the target being observed contains live green vegetation.
The NDVI is calculated from the following measurement:
NDVI=(NIR-RED)/(NIR+RED)

The procedure to obtain NDVI image for the given satellite image is as follows

• Under 2D view, right click to the drop-down menu →Click on open raster layer→Select
the image for which NDVI is required and click on OK to obtain the image onto the
screen.
• Now go to raster →Unsupervised→Index→Click on NDVI
• Then select the required Image →check the box with red band to its corresponding
wavelength and NIR to its corresponding wavelength to calculate the NDVI value for the
image based on the above-mentioned formula.
• Then provide a suitable file location for the image with an appropriate name for the file

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Fig 4. An image show casing the NDVI tool box

• Then Under 2D view, right click to the drop-down menu →Click on open raster
layer→Select the final image→Click OK to open the image on the screen as shown
below.

Fig 5. An image showing NDVI for a satellite image

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3. Principal Component Analysis (PCA)

Principal Components Analysis (PCA) is a mathematical formulation used in the reduction of

data dimensions. Thus, the PCA technique allows the identification of standards in data and
their expression in such a way that their similarities and differences are emphasized. Once
patterns are found, they can be compressed, i.e., their dimensions can be reduced without much
loss of information. In summary, the PCA formulation may be used as a digital image
compression algorithm with a low level of loss. Principal component analysis is done to reduce
the number of bands in an image.

The procedure to perform PCA is as follows

• In ERDAS imagine go to layers→Click on Principal Component Analysis tool

• Then provide the image require for PCA as the input in the pop dialog box and provide a
suitable name for the file and store it in known file location
• Then Under 2D view, right click to the drop-down menu →Click on open raster
layer→Select the image as stored in the above step→Click OK to open the image on the
screen as shown below.

Fig 6. An Image show casing the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) tool

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4. CONVOLUTION TOOL
A convolution is done by multiplying a pixel and its neighbouring pixels colour value
by a matrix. Convolution filtering is used to modify the spatial frequency
characteristics of an image. Convolution is used to smoothen, sharpen, intensify, and
enhance an image.
The procedure to use the convolution tool is as follows
• Open ERDAS Imagine→Go to Raster→Go to Spatial→Select Convolution
• Then select the required image to be convoluted in the input →Provide an output
destination for the final image by giving it a suitable name →Enter the output in the
data type same as that of the input(say Unsigned 16 bit) →Then select 3x3 high pass
kernel →Then click on OK

• Then Under 2D view, right click to the drop-down menu →Click on open raster
layer→Select the image as stored in the above step→Click OK to open the image on
the screen as shown below.

Fig 7. An Image show casing the Convolution tool used on a satellite image

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Fig 8. An Image show casing the Convolution tool used on a satellite image (Panchromatic view)

2.1 ARCGIS

HYDROLOGICAL TOOL consists of the following tools

1. Basin -Creates a raster delineating all drainage basins.

2. Fill -Fills sinks in a surface raster to remove small imperfections in the data.
3. Flow Accumulation -Creates a raster of accumulated flow into each cell. A weight
factor can optionally be applied.
4. Flow Direction -Creates a raster of flow direction from each cell to its steepest
downslope neighbor.
5. Stream Order -Assigns a numeric order to segments of a raster representing branches
of a linear network

Procedure:
• Go to Bhuvan Website→Bhuvan Store → Open DEM Sat, select any grid and download
data and import it into a desired location.
• Open ArcMap and Import tiff file of the grid.
• Select Arc Toolbox→Spatial Analyst tools→ Hydrology→fill →Select the Input file
→Ok.

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Fig 8. An image showcasing the fill tool

• The Fill.tiff file is automatically imported. Now select flow direction tool and select
the fill.tiff file as input→ Ok.

Fig 9. An image showcasing the Flow direction tool

• Now select Flow accumulation tool and input the Flow direction file in tiff format and
press Ok.

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Fig 10 An image show casing the Flow accumulation tool

• Now select basin tool and input flow direction file in tiff format and press ok.

Fig 11. An image show casing the use of Basin tool in ArcMap

• Now select map algebra under arc toolbox and select on raster calculator. Now select
FlowAcc_Flow1 and give mathematical condition to measure stream flow according to
volume. (For example- “FlowAcc_Flow1>5000”)

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Fig 12 An image show casing the use of Flow Accumulation tool

• Now Arc Toolbox→Conversion Tools→ from raster→ Raster to polygon to create

shape file from the raster image.
• Now select stream order→ input the required files and press ok. This gives the order of
branching in streams.

Fig 12. Image show casing the use of Stream Order tool in ArcMap

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2.3 DGPS Survey

Introduction

Field survey was carried out to find the GPS locations around Karnataka State Remote Sensing
Application Center.
GPS – The Global Positioning system (GPS) is a global navigation satellite system that
provides location, velocity and time synchronization.

Application of GPS
• Location- determining a position
• Navigation- getting from one location to another
• Tracking- Monitoring objects or personal movement
• Mapping- Creating maps of the world
• Timing – bring precise timing to the world

How GPS works?

There should be at least 4 GPS satellite in line of sight around a receiver which on the earth.
Each of these GPS satellites sends information about its position and the current time to the
GPS receiver at the fixed regular instants of time. This information is transmitted to the receiver
in the form signal which is then intercepted by the receiver devices.

Once the receiver receives the signal from at least 3 satellites, the receiver then points its
location using trilateration process. A GPS requires at least 3 satellites to calculate 2-D position
(latitude and longitude) and 4 satellites for 3-D position (latitude, longitude and altitude). Here,
it is assumed that the GPS receiver is located at mean sea level.

What is Trilateration process?

Trilateration is the process of determining your position based on intersection of spheres. When
a receiver receives a signal from one of the satellites, it calculates its distance from satellite
considering a 3-D sphere with the satellite located at the center of the sphere. Once the receiver
does the same with 3 other GPS satellite, the receiver than proceeds to find the intersection
points of the 3 spheres to calculate its location. Once the position of a receiver is calculated,
the GPS device can then easily calculate time of the sunrise and sunset, speed, track, distance
of destination of the GPS receiver.

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Fig 13. Trilateration of Satellites

DGPS

Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) is an enhancement to global navigation

satellite system (GNSS) which provides improved location accuracy, in the range of operation
of each system, from 15-meter nominal GPS accuracy to about 1-3 centimeters in the case of
best implementation

Working of DGPS:

• The DGPS receiver must be set up at a known location.

• The receiver calculates its position based on the satellite signals and compares its
location to the known location.
• The difference between the two locations is applied to the data recorded by the GPS
receiver.
• Post processing is done by transferring the data collected by DGPS to the processing
software
EQUIPMENTS USED
1. Dual frequency DGPS receivers
2. Handled GPS receiver
3. Computer
4. Computer disc
5. Tape measure/ scale
6. DGPS Tripod Stan

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Image: photo taken during the field visit of GKVK campus to conduct DGPS survey

Use of DGPS

• DGPS uses a fixed known position to adjust real time DGPS signal to eliminate pseudo
range errors.
• DGPS corrections improve the accuracy of position data only.
• It is also used to obtain precise positions of unknown locations by relating them to
known locations.

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3. USEFULNESS OF THE PROGRAMME:

I was able to learnt that although remote sensing techniques have primarily been viewed as a
means for gathering data that are then interpreted by the user they are increasingly serving other
roles in scientific and applied research. Remotely sensed data on natural features such as
vegetation cover, land use, topography, and hydrography now serve as input to a range of
simulation models, including hydrologic, climatic, ecological, and economic models.
Classified images of land use and land cover are combined with surveys of demographic and
socioeconomic variables to develop models that allow scientists to better understand processes
such as deforestation, land use conversion, etc. Satellite images of the forests, land mines can
be used to collect data of how much the land is exploited by humans. In fact, most
comprehensive image analysis software packages now include GIS functions for change
detection overlays, local spatial analysis techniques, conversions between raster and vector
data structures, and other not strictly image-related processes.

I was introduced to the basic of using ArcGIS 10.1, QGIS 3.16 and ERDAS Imagine 2014. I
understood how to used basic tools for data manipulation and analysis, on these packages. We
also learnt the use of DGPS and GPS on the field and its useful applications. From the GPS
device, one can get the exact co-ordinates of a point on the surface of the Earth, using the
coordinate system. DGPS instrument is used to get the exact latitude and longitude of a place.
I was given the opportunity to use the Trimble R8s for the activity. After field work, we used
Trimble Business Centre to rectify error in the coordinates. I was also able to learn the basics
of photogrammetry and understand it thoroughly by using suitable examples of satellite images.

An internship is a period of time where a student can learn the responsibilities and time
management. It was great exposure for learning new skills, most of them from observation and
practical exposures. This one month of internship has been a memorable one and we would
like to thank each one of the staffs and officials involved for their support and guidance
throughout.

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4. CERTIFICATE:

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