COMPLEX NUMBERS

COMPLEX NUMBER

1. Definition :
Complex numbers are defined as expressions of the form a + ib where a, b R & i = 1 . It
is denoted by z i.e.z = a + ib. 'a' is called real part of z (Re z) and 'b' is called imaginary part
of z (Im z).
Every Complex Number Can Be Regarded As

Purely real Purely imaginary

if b = 0 if a = 0
Note :
(i) The set R of real numbers is a proper subset of the complex numbers.
Hence the complex number system is
N  W  I  Q  R  C.
(ii) Zero is both purely real as well as purely imaginary but not imaginary.
(iii) i = 1 is called the imaginary unit. Also i = –1; i = –i ;i = 1 etc.
2 3 4

(iv) a b  ab , a  0, b  0 or either of them is non negative.

2. Conjugate complex:
If z = a + ib then its conjugate complex is obtained by changing the sign of its imaginary
part & is denoted by z. i.e. z = a - ib .
Note that :

(i) z + z = 2Re (z) and If z is purely imaginary then z + z = 0

(ii) z – z = 2i Im (z) and If z is purely real then z – z = 0

(iii) z z = a2 + b2 which is real

3. Representation of complex number in various forms:

(a) Cartesian Form (Geometrical Representation) :
Every complex number z = x + iy can be represented by a point on the cartesian plane
known as complex plane (Argand diagram) by the ordered pair (x,y).

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 COMPLEX NUMBERS

Length OP is called modulus of the complex number denoted by |z| &  is called the
argument or amplitude.
y
e.g. |z| = x 2  y 2 &= tan–1(angle made by OP with positive x–axis)
x
Geometrically |z| represents the distance of point P from origin. (|z|  0)
(b) Trigonometric / Polar Representation :

z = r (cos  + i sin ) where |z| = r ; arg z =  ; z = r (cos–i sin)

Note : cos  + i sin  is also written as CiS .
Euler 's formula :
The formula eix = cosx + i sin x is called Euler's formula.
eix  e –ix eix  e –ix
Also cos x = & sin x = are known as Eular's identities.
s.
2 2i
(c) Exponential Representation :
Let z be a complex number such that |z| = r & arg z = , then z = rei.

4. Important properties of conjugate:

____ _________
(a) ( z ) = z (b) z1  z2  z1  z2
_________ _________
(c) z1  z2  z1  z2 (d) z1 .z2  z1  z2
_____ __
z  z1
(e)  1  = __ ; z2  0 (f) If f ( + i) = x + iy  f(–i) = x – iy
 z2  z2

5. Imporant properties of modulus:

(a) |z|  0 (b) |z|  Re (z) (c) |z|  Im (z)
__ __ __
(d) |z| = | z | = |–z| = |– z | (e) z z = |z|2 (f) |z1 z2| = |z1|.|z2|
z1 |z1|
(g) =
z2 |z2 |, z2  0 (h) |zn|=|z|n,

__
(i) |z1 + z2|2 = |z1|2 +|z2|2 + 2Re (z1 z 2 ) or |z1 +z2|2 = |z1|2 + |z2|2 + 2|z1| |z2| cos(1 –2)

(j) |z1 +z2|2 + |z1 – z2|2 = 2  z1  z 2 

2 2

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 COMPLEX NUMBERS

(k)| |z1| – |z2 | |  | z1 + z2|  |z1| + |z2| [Triangle Inequality]

(l) ||z1| – |z2 | |  | z1 – z2|  |z1| + |z2| [Triangle Inequality]

(m) If z 
1
z
= a (a > 0), then max |z| =
a  a2  4
2
& min |z| =
1
2
 a2  4  a 
6. Important properties of amplitude:
(a) amp (z1.z2) = amp z1 + amp z2 + 2 k ; k I
 z1 
(b) amp  z  = amp z1 – amp z2 + 2 k ; k  I
 2
(c) amp (zn) = n amp (z) + 2k, where proper value of k must be chosen so that
RHS lies in –,].
(d) ln (z) = ln(rei) = lnr + i = ln |z| + i amp (z)

7. Demoiver’s theorem :
If n is an ainteger then the value of (cos + isin)n is cosn + isinn and if n is a ratyional
number then (cos + isinn) is one of it’s value.
Note : Continued product of roots of a complex quantity should be determined using theory
of equations.

8. Cube roots of unity

1  i 3 1  i 3
(a) The cube roots of unity are 1, = = ei2/3 & 2  = ei4/33
2 2
 0 r is not integral multiple of 3
(b) 1+1 + 2 = 0, 3 = 1, in genral 1 + r + 2r =  3 r is multiple of 3

(c) a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – bc – ca = (a + b+ c2) (a + b2 + c)
a3 + b3 = (a + b) (a+ b2) (a2 + b)
a3 – b3 = (a – b) (a– b) (a – b)
x2 + x + 1 = (x –) (x –)

9. Square root of complex number

  z a |z|  a 
z a |z|  a  i
a  ib =   i  for b > 0 &   2 2
 for b < 0 where
e

2 2
  

|z| = a2  b2

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 COMPLEX NUMBERS

10. Rotation :
C(z2)

z2  z 0 z1  z0
|z2  z 0 | |z1  z0 | e .
= i

A(z0) B(zI)

Take  in anticlockwise direction

11. Results related to triangle :

(a) Equilateral triangle :
A(zI)
z1  z2 z 3  z2 i/33
 e .......(i)
l l
z2  z 3 z1  z 3 i/3
Also  e .......(ii)
l l

from (i) & (ii) B(z2) C(z3)

1 1 1
z12 + z22 + z32 = z1z2 + z2z3 + z3z1. or   0
z1  z 2 z 2  z 3 z 3  z1
(b) Isosceles triangle :
4cos2 (z1– z2) (z3– z1) = (z3– z2)2.
A(zI)

B(z2) C(z3)

z1 z1 1
1
z z2 1
(c) Area of  ABC = 4 2
z3 z3 1

12. Eq u a t i o n o f l i n e t h r o u gh p o i n t s z 1 & z2:

z z 1
z1 z1 1
=0
z2 z2 1

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 COMPLEX NUMBERS

z ( z1  z2 )  z (z 2 – z 1 ) + z1 z2 – z1 z2 = 0
z ( z1  z2 ) i  z (z 2 – z 1 ) i+ (z1 z2 – z1 z2) i = 0
__ __
Let (z2–z1)i= a, then equation of line is a z + a z +b = 0 where a  C & b  R..
Note :
__ __ a
(i) Complex slope of line a z + a z +b = 0 is = –
a
(ii) Two lines with slope 1 & 2 are parallel or perpendicular if
1 = 2 or 1 + 2 = 0 respectively.
__
| a   a   b|
__ __
(iii) Lengh of perpendicular from point A() to line a z + a z +b = 0 is
2|a|

13. Equation of circle:

(a) Circle whose centre is z0 & radii = r |z–z0| = r
(b) General equation of circle
__ __
z z + a z + az + b = 0 (b is real)
centre '–a'; & radii = |a|2 b
__ __ __
(c) Diameter form (z–z1)( z – z 2 ) + (z – z2) ( z – z 1 ) = 0
 z  z1  
or arg   = (z1 & z2 are ends of diameter)
 z  z2  2

z  z1
(d) Equation = k represent a circle if k  1 and a straight line if k = 1.
z  z2

1
(e) Equation |z–z1|2 + |z–z2|2 = k represent circle if k  |z –z |2.
2 1 2
P(z)

B A

 z  z1  
(f) arg  z  z  = ; 0 <  <  ,   represent a segment of cirlce passing through A(z1)
 2  2
& B (z2)

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 COMPLEX NUMBERS

14. Standard loci:

(a) |z–z1| + |z–z2| = 2 k (a constant represent)
(i) if 2k > |z1–z2| An ellipse
(ii) if 2k = |z1–z2| An line segment
(iii) if 2k < |z1–z2|  No solution
(b) Equation | |z–z1| –| z– z2| | = 2 k (a constant represent)
(i) if 2k < |z1– z2 | A hyperbola
(ii) if 2k = |z1– z2 | A line ray
(iii) 2k > |z1– z2 | No solution

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 MATHEMATICAL REASONING

MATHEMATICAL REASONING
1. Statement :
A sentence which is either true or false but cannot be both is called a statement. A sentence
which is an exclamatory or a wish or an imperative or an interrogative can not be a
statement.
If a statement is true then its truth value is T and if it is false then its truth value is F

2. Simple statement :
Any statement whose truth value does not depend on other statement is called simple
statement

3. Compound statement :
A statement which is a combination of two or more simple statements are called compound
statement
Here the simple statements which form a compound statement are known as its sub
statements

4. Logical Connectives :
The words or phrases which combine simple statements to form a compound statement
are called logical connectives.
S.N. Connectives symbol use operation
1. and  p q conjunction
2. or  p q disjunction
3. not  or '  p or p' negation
4. If .... then ..... or  p q Implication or
or p q conditional
5. If and only if (iff)  or  p q Equivalence or
or p  q Bi-conditional

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 MATHEMATICAL REASONING

5. Truth Table :
Conjunction Disjunction Negation
p q pq p q pq p (~ p)
T T T T T T T F
T F F T F T F T
F T F F T T
F F F F F F

Conditional
p q pq
T T T
T F F
F T T
F F T

Biconditional
p q p  q q  p (p  q)  (q  p) or p  q
T T T T T
T F F T F
F T T F F
F F T T T

Note : If the compound statement contain n sub statements then its truth table will contain
2n rows.

6. Logical Equivalence :
Two compound statements S1(p, q, r...) and S2(p, q, r ....) are said to be logically equivalent
or simply equivalent if they have same truth values for all logically possibilities
Two statements S1 and S2 are equivalent if they have identical truth table i.e. the entries in
the last column of their truth table are same. If statements S1 and S2 are equivalent then
we write S1 S2
i.e. p  q   p  q

7. Tautology and contradiction :

(i) Tautology : A statement is said to be a tautology if it is true for all logical possibilities.
i.e. its truth value always T. it is denoted by t.

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 MATHEMATICAL REASONING

(ii) Contradiction : A statement is a contradiction if it is false for all logical possibilities.

i.e. its truth value always F. It is denoted by C.
Note : The negation of a tautology is a contradiction and negation of a contradiction is a
tautology

8. Duality:
Two compound statements S1 and S2 are said to duals of each other if one can be obtained
from the other by replacing  by  and  byy  if a compound statement contains the
special variable t (tautology) and c (contradiction) then obtain its dual we replaced t by c
and c by t in addition to replacing  by  and  byy  .
Note :
(i) the connectives  by  are also called dual of each other..
(ii) If S* (p,q) is the dual of the compound statement S(p,q) then
(a) S* ( p,  q)  S ( p, q ) (b)  S * ( p, q)  S ( p,  q )

9. Converse, inverse and contrapositive of the conditional statement

(pq):
(i) Converse : The converse of the conditional statement pq is defined as q  p
(ii) Inverse : The inverse of the conditional statement p  q is defined as  p   q
(iii) Contrapositive : The contrapositive of conditional statement
p  q is defiened as  q   p

10. Negation of compound statments:

if p and q are two statements then
(i) Negation of conjunction :  (p  q)   p   q
(ii) Negation of disjunction :  (p  q)   p   q
(iii) Negation of conditional :  (p  q)  p   q
(iv) Negation of biconditional :  (p  q)  (p   q)  ( p  q)
we know that p  q  (p  q)  (q  p)
  (p  q)  [(p  q)  (q  p)]
 ( p  q)  (q  p )
 (p   q)  (q   p)

Note : The above result also can be proved by preparing truth table for
 (p  q)and(p   q)  (q   p)

11. Algebra of statements :

If p, q, r are any three statements then

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 MATHEMATICAL REASONING

(i) Idempotent Laws :

(a) p  p  p (b) p  p  p
(ii) Commutative laws :
(a) p q q p (b) p q q p
(iii) Associative laws :
(a) (p q) r p (q r)
(b) (p q) r p (q r)
(iv) Distributive laws : (a) p (q r) (p q) (p r)
(b) p  (q r)  (p q)  (p r)
(c) p (q r) (p q) (p r)
(d) p (q r)  (p q) (p r)
(v) De Morgan Laws : (a)  (p q)   p   q
(b)  (p q)   p   q
(vi) Involution laws (or Double negation laws) :  (  p) p
(vii) Identity Laws : If p is a statement and t and c are tautology and contradiction
respectively then
(a) p t p (b) p t t (c) p c c (d) p c p
(viii) Complement Laws :
(a) p (  p) c (b) p (  p) t (c) (  t) c (d) (  c) t
(ix) Contrapositive laws : p q   q   p

12. Quantified statements and quantifiers:

The words or phrases "All", "Some", "None". There exists a" are examples of quantifiers.
A statement containing one or more of these words (or phrases) is a quantified statement.
Note : Phrases "There exists a" and" Atleast one" and the word "some" have the same
meaning.
Negation of Quantified Statements :
(1) 'None' is the negation of 'at least one or 'some' or 'few'
Similarly negation of 'some' is 'none'
(2) The equation of "some A are B" or "There exist A which is B" is "No A are (is) B" or
"There does not exist any A which is B"
(3) Negation of "All A are B" is " Some A are not B".

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 STATISTICS

STATISTICS

MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY

An average value or a central value of a distribution is the value of variable which is
representative of the entire distribution, this representative value are called the measures
of central tendency.
Generally the following five measures of central tendency.
(a) Mathematical average
(i) Arithmetic mean (ii) Geometric mean (iii) Harmonic mean
(b) Positional average
(i) Median (ii) Mode

1. Arithmetic mean :
(i) For ungrouped dist. : If x1, x2, ...... xn are n values of variate xi then their A.M. x is
defined as
n

x 1  x 2  .....  x n
x
i 1
i

x = =
n n
 xi = n x
(ii) For ungrouped and grouped freq. dist. : If x1, x2, .... xn are values of variate with
corresponding frequencies f1, f2, ... fn then their A.M. is given by
n

f1 x 1  f2 x 2  ....  fn x n  fx i i n

x =
f1  f2  ....  fn
= i1
N
, where N = f
i 1
i

(iii) By short method :

Let di = xi – a
 fd
 x =a+ i i
, where a is assumed mean
an
N
(iv) By step deviation method : Sometime during the application of short method of finding
the A.M. If each deviation di are divisible by a common number h(let)
di x a
Let ui = = i
h h
 fu 
 x = a +  i i h
 N 

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 STATISTICS

(v) Weighted mean : If w1, w2, ...... wn are the weights assigned to the values x1, x2, ..... xn
respectively then their weighted mean is defined as
n

w x  w 2 x 2  .....  w n x n
w x
i 1
i i
Weighted mean = 1 1 =
w 1  .....  w n n

w
i 1
i

(vi) Combined mean : If x1 and x2 be the means of two groups having n1 and n2 terms
respectively then the mean (combined mean) of their composite group is given by
n 1 x1  n 2 x 2
combined mean =
n1  n 2
n1 x1  n 1 x 2  n 3 x 3  ....
If there are more than two groups then, combined mean =
n 1  n 2  n 3  ....

(vii) Properties of Arithmetic mean :

 Sum of deviations of variate from their A.M. is always zero i.e. (xi – x ) = 0, fi(xi – x )
=0
 Sum of square of deviations of variate from their A.M. is minimum i.e. (xi – x )2 is
minimum
If x is the mean of variate xi then A.M. of (xi + ) = x + 
A.M. of (xi) =  x
A.M. of (axi + b) = a x + b
(where , a, b are constant)
 A.M. is independent of change of assumed mean i.e. it is not affected by any change in
assumed mean.

2. Median :
The median of a series is the value of middle term of the series when the values are written
in ascending order. Therefore median, divided an arranged series into two equal parts.
Formulae of median :
(i) For ungrouped distribution : Let n be the number of variate in a series then
 n  1  th
  term , (when n is odd)
 2 
Median =  th th
Mean of  n  and  n  1  terms, (when n is even)
 2 2 

(ii) For ungrouped freq. dist. : First we prepare the cumulative frequency (c.f.) column
and Find value of N then

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 STATISTICS

  N  1  th
  term , (when N is odd)
 2 
Median =  th th
N N
Mean of   and   1  terms, (when N is even)
 2 2 
N
(iii) For grouped freq. dist : Prepare c.f. column and find value of then find the class
2
which contain value of c.f. is equal or just greater to N/2, this is median class
N 
 –F
 2  × h
Median =  +
f
where — lower limit of median class
f — freq. of median class
F — c.f. of the class preceeding median class
h — Class interval of median class

3. Mode :
In a frequency distribution the mode is the value of that variate which have the maximum
frequency

Method for determining mode :

(i) For ungrouped dist. : The value of that variate which is repeated maximum number of
times
(ii) For ungrouped freq. dist. : The value of that variate which have maximum frequency.
(iii) For grouped freq. dist. : First we find the class which have maximum frequency, this is
model calss
f0  f1
Mode = + × h
2f0  f1  f2

where — lower limit of model class

f0 — freq. of the model class
f1 — freq. of the class preceeding model class
f2 — freq. of the class succeeding model class
h — class interval of model class

4. Relation between Mean, Median and Mode :

In a moderately asymmetric distribution following relation between mean, median and
mode of a distribution. It is known as empirical formula.

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 STATISTICS

Mode = 3 Median – 2 Mean

Note (i) Median always lies between mean and mode
(ii) For a symmetric distribution the mean, median and mode coincide.

5. Measures of dispersion :
The dispersion of a statistical distribution is the measure of deviation of its values about
their average (central) value.
It gives an idea of scatteredness of different values from the average value.
Generally the following measures of dispersion are commonly used.
(i) Range (ii) Mean deviation
(iii) Variance and standard deviation
(i) Range : The difference between the greatest and least values of variate of a distribution,
is called the range of that distribution.
If the distribution is grouped distribution, then its range is the difference between upper
limit of the maximum class and lower limit of the minimum class.
difference of extreme values
Also, coefficient of range =
sum of extreme values
(ii) Mean deviation (M.D.) : The mean deviation of a distribution is, the mean of absolute
value of deviations of variate from their statistical average (Mean, Median, Mode).
If A is any statistical average of a distribution then mean deviation about A is defined as
n

|x
i1
i  A|
Mean deviation = (for ungrouped dist.)
n
n

 f |x  A|
i 1
i i

Mean deviation = (for freq. dist.)

N
Note :- Mean deviation is minimum when it taken about the median
Mean deviation
Coefficient of Mean devation =
A
(where A is the central tendency about which Mean deviation is taken)

(iii) Variance and standard deviation : The variance of a distribution is, the mean of squares
of deviation of variate from their mean. It is denoted by 2 or var(x).
The positive square root of the variance are called the standard deviation. It is denoted by
or S.D.

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 STATISTICS

Hence standard deviation = + variance

Formulae for variance :
(i) for ungrouped dist. :
(x i  x)2
2x =
n
2
x 2 x 2  x 
2x = i – x2 = i –  i 
n n  n 
2
 d2i  d 
2d = –  i  , wheree di = xi – a
n  n 
(ii) For freq. dist. :
 fi (x i  x)2
2x =
N
2
f x2 f x 2  f x 
2x = i i – (x)2 = i i –  i i 
N N  N 
2
 fd2  fd 
2d = i i –  i i
N  N 

  fu 2
  fu  
2
di
 2u = h2  – i i   where ui =
i i

 N  N   h


(iii) Coefficient of S.D. =
x

Coefficient of variation = × 100 (in percentage)
x
Note :- 2 =  2x =  2d = h2  2u

6. Mean square deviation :

The mean square deviation of a distrubution is the mean of the square of deviations of
variate from assumed mean. It is denoted by S2
(x i  a)2  d2
Hence S2 = = i (for ungrouped dist.)
n n
 fi (x i  a)2  fd2
S2 = = i i (for freq. dist.), where di = (xi – a)
N N

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 STATISTICS

7. Relation between variance and mean square deviation :

2
 fd2  fd 
  = i i – i i
2
N  N 
 fd
 2 = s2 – d2 , where d = x – a = i i
N
 s2 = 2 + d2 s2 2
Hence the variance is the minimum value of mean square deviation of a distribution

8. Mathematical properties of variance:

Var.(x1+) = Var.(x1)
Var.(x1) = 2Var.(x1)
Var (ax1 + b) = a2. Var (x1)
where , a,b, are constant
If means of two series containing n 1,n 2 terms are X 1 , X 2 and their variance's aree
12 , 2 2 respectively and their combined mean is X then the variance  2 of their combined
d
series is given by following formula
n1 (12  d12 )  n2 ( 2 2  d 2 2 )
2  where d1= X 1  X , d2 = X 2  X
(n1  n2 )

n112  n2  2 2 n1n2
2  1
X  X2 
2
i.e.  2  n1  n2

(n1  n2 )

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