Caller ID

Caller ID (caller identification, CID), also called call- separate pieces of information: the calling number and
ing line identification (CLID), calling number deliv- the billing (or subscriber) name where available. When a
ery (CND), calling number identification (CNID) or call is made from a given name, this name can be passed
calling line identification presentation (CLIP), is a on through a number of different methods. For exam-
telephone service, available in analog and digital phone ple, the caller’s name may be datafilled in the originating
systems and most voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) ap- switch, in which case it is sent along with the number.
plications, that transmits a caller's number to the called More commonly, a database is accessed by the receiv-
party's telephone equipment during the ringing signal, or ing switch, in order to match the number to a name. If
when the call is being set up but before the call is an- the name does not exist, then the city, State, Province, or
swered. Where available, caller ID can also provide a other designation may be sent. Some of these databases
name associated with the calling telephone number. This may be shared among several companies, each paying ev-
service is called CNAM. The information made available ery time a name is “extracted”. It is for this reason that
to the called party may be displayed on a telephone’s dis- mobile phone callers appear as WIRELESS CALLER, or
play, on a separately attached device, or personal com- the location where the phone number is registered (these
puter. vary based on which company owns the block of num-
Caller ID information typically consists of the caller’s bers, not the provider to which a number may have been
telephone number while CNAM consists of the caller’s ported). Additionally, nothing ensures that the number
name. A modem can pass CLID information to a sent by a switch is the actual number where the call orig-
computer for purposes of call logging or blocking, but inated; the telephone switch initiating the call may send
this can be problematic as modems in different countries any digit string desired as caller ID. As such, the tele-
have different systems, causing hardware or software in- phone switch, and therefore the operating entity, must
compatibilities. However, many modems are designed also be trusted to provide secure authentication.
and programmed to handle multiple signalling methods, The displayed caller ID also depends on the equipment
and can be configured to use the local standard. originating the call.
Caller ID may be used by the recipient to avoid answering If the call originates on a POTS line (a standard loop start
unwanted incoming calls by the concept of informed con- line), then caller ID is provided by the service provider’s
sent; however, it also poses problems for personal privacy. local switch. Since the network does not connect the
However, the possibility of caller ID spoofing may render caller to the callee until the phone is answered, generally
received information unreliable. the caller ID signal cannot be altered by the caller. Most
service providers however, allow the caller to block caller
ID presentation through the vertical service code *67.
A call placed behind a private branch exchange (PBX)
1 Calling-line identification has more options. In the typical telephony environment,
a PBX connects to the local service provider through
In some countries, the terms caller display, calling line Primary Rate Interface (PRI) trunks. Generally, although
identification presentation (CLIP), call capture, or just not absolutely, the service provider simply passes what-
calling line identity are used; call display is the predomi- ever calling line ID appears on those PRI access trunks
nant marketing name used in Canada (although some cus- transparently across the Public Switched Telephone Net-
tomers use the phrase caller ID). The idea of CNID as a work (PSTN). This opens up the opportunity for the PBX
service for POTS subscribers originated from automatic administrator to program whatever number they choose
number identification (ANI) as a part of toll free number in their external phone number fields.
service in the United States.
Some IP phone services (ITSPs, or Internet Telephony
However, CNID and ANI are not the same thing. ANI Service Providers) support PSTN gateway installations
was originally a term given to a system that identified throughout the world. These gateways egress calls to the
a caller placing a long distance call, in a non-electronic local calling area, thus avoiding long distance toll charges.
central office switch. Previous to this implementation, ITSPs also allow a local user to have a number located in
after dialling the long distance number, the caller would a “foreign” exchange; the New York caller could have a
be intercepted by the operator to request their number Los Angeles number, for example. When that user places
before the call proceeded. Caller ID is made up of two

1
2 2 HISTORY

a call, the calling line ID would be that of a Los Angeles proposed to send alphanumeric information to the receiv-
number, although they are actually located in New York. ing apparatus, such as the caller’s name, and also to make
This allows a call return without having to incur long dis-feasible banking by telephone. He also proposed to iden-
tance calling charges. tify the calling telephone by special code (e.g., “PF” for
With cellphones, the biggest issue appears to be in the public phone, “HO” for home phone, “OF” for office
passing of calling line ID information through the net- phone, “PL” for police).
work. Cellphone companies must support interconnect- In May 1976, Kazuo Hashimoto, a prolific Japanese in-
ing trunks to a significant number of Wireline and PSTN ventor with over 1000 patents worldwide,[5] first built a
access carriers. In order to save money, it appears prototype of a caller ID display device that could receive
that many cellphone carriers do not purchase the North caller ID information. His work on caller ID devices and
American feature Group D or PRI trunks or SS7 trunks early prototypes was received in the Smithsonian Institu-
(Signalling System 7) required to pass calling line ID in- tion, National Museum of American History in 2000.[6]
formation across the network. U.S. patent 4,242,539, filed originally on May 8, 1976,
and a resulting patent re-examined at the patent office
by AT&T, was successfully licensed to most of the ma-
2 History jor telecommunications and computer companies in the
world.[7]
In 1968, Theodore George “Ted” Paraskevakos, while Initially, the operating telephone companies wanted to
working in Athens, Greece as a communications engineer have the caller ID function performed by the central of-
for SITA,[1] began developing a system to automatically fice as a voice announcement and charged on a per-call
identify a telephone caller to a call recipient. After sev-basis. John Harris, an employee of Northern Telecom's
eral attempts and experiments, he developed the method telephone set manufacturing division in London, Ontario
in which the caller’s number is transmitted to the called promoted the idea of having caller ID as a telephone set
receiver’s device. This method was the basis for modern- display. The telephone was coded ECCS for Enhanced
day Caller ID technology. Custom Calling Services. A video of his prototype was
used to leverage the feature from the central office to the
From 1969 through 1975, Paraskevakos was issued
telephone set.
20 separate patents related to automatic telephone line
identification,[2] and since they significantly predated all In 1977, a Brazilian inventor, Valdir Bravo Salinas, filed
other similar patents, they appear as prior art in later a patent application for a caller ID device at the Brazilian
United States Patents issued to Kazuo Hashimoto[3] and Patent and Trademarks Office (INPI). The patent was is-
Carolyn A. Doughty.[4] sued in 1982 as patent PI7704466 and is the first patent
ever issued for a caller ID equipment in Brazil. Later
in 1980 two other Brazilian inventors, João da Cunha
Doya and Nélio José Nicolai, filed different patent ap-
plications for caller ID devices. Mr. Doya’s applica-
tion was filed on May, 2nd, 1980 and issued as patent
PI8003077. Mr. Nicolai’s application was filed on July,
2nd,1980 and rejected for being a mere copy of Mr. Sali-
nas’ invention, thus lacking novelty. In 1981 another ap-
plication for a caller ID equipment was filed at the INPI.
The inventors were Mr. José Daniel Martin Catoira and
Mr. Afonso Feijó da Costa Ribeiro Neto. This appli-
cation was granted and the patent was issued as patent
PI8106464.
The first market trial for Caller ID and other “Custom Lo-
The first caller identification receiver
cal Area Signaling Services” was conducted by BellSouth
as one of the "TouchStar" services on July 7, 1984 in
In 1971, Paraskevakos, working with Boeing in
Orlando, Florida. The Lines of Business (marketing) de-
Huntsville, Alabama, constructed and reduced to
partment in BellSouth Services named the service “Caller
practice a transmitter and receiver, representing the
ID”. The other Regional Bell Operating Companies later
world’s first prototypes of caller-identification devices.
adopted the name and eventually became the generally
They were installed at Peoples’ Telephone Company in
accepted name in the US. Planning for the trial was ini-
Leesburg, Alabama and were demonstrated to several
tiated by a team in Bell Laboratories, AT&T Co., and
telephone companies with great success. These original
Western Electric before the Bell System divestiture, with
and historic working models are still in the possession of
the participation of Southern Bell. The purpose of these
Paraskevakos.
trials was to assess the revenue potential of services that
In the patents related to these devices, Paraskevakos also
 3

depend on deployment of the common channel signaling stream (similar to data passed between two modems), us-
network needed to transmit the calling number between ing Bell 202 modulation between the first and second
originating and terminating central offices. Trial results rings, while the telephone unit is still on hook. If the
were analyzed by Bellcore members of the original team. telephone call is answered too quickly after the first ring,
In 1987, Bell Atlantic (now Verizon Communications) caller ID information will not be transmitted to the re-
conducted another market trial in Hudson County, New cipient. There are two types of caller ID, number only
Jersey, which was followed by limited deployment.[8] and name+number. Number-only caller ID is called Sin-
BellSouth was the first company to deploy caller ID in gle Data Message Format (SDMF), which provides the
caller’s telephone number, the date and time of the call.
December 1988 in Memphis, Tennessee, with a full de-
ployment to its nine-state region over the next four years. Name+number caller ID is called Multiple Data Mes-
sage Format (MDMF), which in addition to the infor-
Bell Atlantic was the second local telephone company to
deploy Caller ID in New Jersey’s Hudson County. US mation provided by SDMF format, can also provide the
directory listed name for the particular number. Caller
West Communications (now Qwest/CenturyLink) was
the third local telephone company to offer caller ID ser- ID readers which are compatible with MDMF can also
read the simpler SDMF format, but an SDMF caller ID
vice in 1989.
reader will not recognize an MDMF data stream, and will
act as if there is no caller ID information present, e.g. as
if the line is not equipped for caller ID.
3 Type II Caller ID
Instead of sending the caller ID in between the first and
second ring, some systems use a "line reversal" to an-
In 1995, Bellcore released another type of modulation,
nounce the caller ID, or caller ID signals are simply sent
similar to Bell 202, in which it became possible to
without any announcement. Instead of Bell 202, the Eu-
transmit caller ID information and even provide call-
ropean alternative V.23 is sometimes used, (without the
disposition options while the user was already on the tele-
75-baud reverse channel) or the data is sent using DTMF
phone. This service became known in some markets as
signalling.
call waiting ID, or (when it was combined with call-
disposition options), Call Waiting Deluxe; it is techni- In general, CID as transmitted from the origin of the
cally referred to as Analog Display Services Interface. call is only the calling party’s full phone number (includ-
“Call Waiting Deluxe” is the Bellcore (now Telcordia ing area code, and including international access code
Technologies) term for Type II caller ID with Disposi- and country code if it’s an international call). The call-
tion Options. ing party name is added by the consumer’s terminating
central office if the consumer has subscribed to that ser-
This CLASS-based POTS-telephone calling feature
vice. Calling name delivery is not automatic. A SS7 (or
works by combining the services of call waiting with
Signalling System 7) TCAP query may be launched by the
caller ID but also introduces an “options” feature that,
called party’s central office, in order to retrieve the infor-
in conjunction with certain screen-based telephones, or
mation for Calling Name delivery to the caller ID equip-
other capable equipment, gives a telephone user the op-
ment at the consumer’s location, if the caller’s name has
tion to
not already been associated with the calling party’s line
at the originating central office. Canadian systems using
• Switch: Place the current call on hold to take the CCS7 automatically (but not in all cases) send the calling
second call (not a new feature) name with the call set-up and routing information at the
• Hang-up: Disconnect the current call and take the time of the call.
second call (not a new feature) To look up the name associated with a phone number, the
carrier in some instances has to access that information
• Please Hold: Send the caller either a custom or
from a third-party database, and some database providers
telephone-company-generated voice message asking
charge a small fee for each access to such databases. To
the caller to hold
avoid such charges, some carriers will report the name as
• Forward to Voice Mail: Send the incoming caller “unavailable”, or will report the name as "(city), (state)"
to the recipient’s voice mail service. based on the phone number, particularly for wireless
callers. For 800 numbers, they may report a string such
• Join: Add the incoming caller to the existing con- as TOLLFREE NUMBER if the name is not available in
versation. a database.

4 Operation
In the United States, caller ID information is sent to the 5 Uses
called party by the telephone switch as an analogue data
4 8 GETTING AROUND CALLER ID

5.1 Telemarketing Different countries often use different standards for trans-
mitting caller ID information. As a result, phones pur-
Telemarketing organisations often spoof caller ID. In chased in one country may not be compatible with the lo-
some instances, this is done to provide a “central num- cal caller ID standard when the phone is used in a differ-
ber” for consumers to call back, such as an 800 number, ent country.[10] For example, the US uses Bellcore FSK,
rather than having consumers call back the outbound call whereas Taiwan uses ETSI FSK, so a phone purchased in
centre where the call actually originated. However, some the US will not understand Taiwan’s caller ID standard.
telemarketers block or fraudulently spoof caller ID to pre- There are even cases where individual state/provinces will
vent being traced. It is against United States federal law use different protocols within a country. There do exist,
for telemarketers to block or to send false caller ID.[9] however, caller ID converters that will translate from one
Individuals can bring civil suits and the Federal Commu- standard to another. Below is a list of countries and the
nications Commission (FCC) can fine companies or indi- caller ID standard used:
viduals that are illegally spoofing or blocking their caller
ID.
Some telemarketers have used caller ID itself for mar- 6.1 UK
keting, such as by using a toll-free number and register-
ing the text string “FREE MONEY” or “FREE PLANE Telephone equipment usually displays CLID information
TICKETS” as the name to be displayed on the caller ID. with no difficulty. Modems are notoriously problematic;
very few modems support the British Telecom standard
in hardware; drivers for those that do often have errors
5.2 ISPs that prevent CLID information from being recognised.[12]
Other UK telephone companies use slight variations on
Some Internet service providers (ISPs) providing dial-up the Bellcore standard, and CLID support is “hit and
[13]
access require the customer to use CNID to prevent abuse miss”.
of the account by unauthorised callers. Some systems
with dial-up access can be programmed only to accept
calls with specific caller ID strings. 7 Legal issues

5.3 Mobile providers 7.1 United States

Most mobile phone providers used the caller ID to auto- In the United States, telemarketers are required to trans-
matically connect to voice mail when a call to the voice mit caller ID.[14] This requirement went into effect on
mail number was made from the associated mobile phone January 29, 2004.[15] Courts have ruled that caller ID is
number, bypassing the need to enter a password. While admissible.[16] Providers are required by FCC rules to of-
this was convenient for many users, because of spoofing, fer “per-call” blocking of caller ID to their customers.
this practice has been replaced by more secure authenti- Legislation in the United States in 2007 would make it
cation by many carriers. illegal to “spoof” caller ID for fraudulent purposes. See
caller ID spoofing.

6 Regional differences
8 Getting around caller ID

8.1 Blocking

Blocking is the common term for preventing the display

of a calling number.
Telecommunications regulators vary in their require-
ments for the use and effectiveness of assorted technolo-
gies to prevent numbers from being displayed. Generally,
unlisted numbers are always blocked. Non-published and
regular listed numbers are not usually blocked. But there
is varying treatment for the determination of call display
blocking because of many factors. If desired, customers
should inquire carefully to make sure their number will
not be displayed. The telephone service provider may
Converter that converts from DTMF to FSK format also have vertical service codes which can be dialed to
8.2 Spoofing 5

fication restriction (CLIR). Emergency services will most

likely be able to show the restricted number using a ser-
vice called calling line identification restriction override
(CLIRO), or by using general ANI services.
These features create a cat-and-mouse game type of situ-
ation, whereby subscribers must purchase additional ser-
vices in order to cancel out other services.

8.2 Spoofing
Caller ID spoofing is the practice of causing the telephone
network to display a number on the recipient’s Caller ID
display that is not that of the actual originating station.
Many telephone services, such as ISDN PRI based PBX
installations, and voice over IP services, permit the caller
The caller ID information is masked when a SkypeOut call is
to configure customized caller ID information. In cor-
placed.
porate settings this permits the announcement of switch-
board number or customer service numbers.
configure blocking as active for all calls or on a call-by-
call basis. 8.3 Disabling
In some locations in the United States, regulations allow
(or require) blocking to be automatic and transparent to Prefixing the following numbers will disable Caller ID on
the caller. a call-by-call basis:

Where blocking is applied on a call-by-call basis (that is,

• Albania: #31# (cell phones)
at the time a call is made), subscribers can block their
caller ID by dialing a special code (a vertical service • Argentina: *31# (landlines) or #31# (most cell
code, or VSC) before making a call. In North Amer- phone companies)
ica and some other regions, the code is *67, while in
the United Kingdom and Ireland, it is 141. This special • Australia: 1831 (landline and mobile phones)
code does not block the information from companies us-
ing call capture technology. This means that equipment • Denmark: #31#
with caller ID will simply display the word “PRIVATE” • France: #31# (cell phones) or 3651 (landlines)
or “WITHHELD”. When CNID is blocked at the caller’s
request, the number is actually transmitted through the • Iceland: *31*
entire telephone network, with the “presentation with-
held” flag set; the destination CO is expected to honor • Germany: On most landlines and mobiles, *31#,
this flag, but sometimes does not—especially when the however some mobile providers use #31#.
destination phone number is served by an ISDN PRI. • Greece: *31* (landlines), #31# (cell phones).
Alternatively, in cases where caller ID is being blocked
automatically, it can only be released on a call-by-call ba- • Hong Kong: 133
sis by dialing a special code (*82 in North America; 1470 • India: *31# after network unlocked
in the UK). See “Enabling”, below.
• Pakistan: *32# PTCL
Similarly, some countries offer anonymous caller rejec-
tion, which rejects all calls when the subscriber’s name, • Israel: *43 (landlines) or #31# (most cell phone
number (or both) is blocked. Some telephone compa- companies)
nies protect their clients from receiving blocked infor-
mation by routing anonymous calls to a service (such as • Italy: *67# (landlines) or #31# (most cell phone
AT&T Privacy Manager), where the caller is required to companies)
announce himself or herself. The service then asks the
called party if they want to accept or reject the call. Other • Japan: 184
telephone companies play a recording to the caller ad- • New Zealand: 0197 (Telecom/Spark) or *67
vising them of the called party’s rejection configuration, (Vodafone)
and often offer advice (such as prefixing their dialing with
*82) on how to get their call to the intended called party. • North America: *67, 1167 (rotary phone), #31#
Blocking the number is referred to as calling line identi- (AT&T Wireless)
6 11 REFERENCES

• the Netherlands: #31# • The inverse feature, giving the number originally di-
aled, is known as direct inward dialing, direct di-
• Romania: #31#
aling inward, or Dialed Number Identification Ser-
• South Korea: *23 or *23# (most cell phone com- vice. This tells the PBX where to route an incoming
panies) call, when there are more internal lines with external
phone numbers than there are actual incoming lines
• South Africa *31* (Telkom) in a large company or other organisation.
• Sweden #31# • Not all types of caller identification use 202-type
• Switzerland:*31# or *31 xxx yyyy zzz abc (dial the modulation, nor do all systems send the informa-
number for there your CID should be only for this tion between the first and second ring, e.g., British
call dis.) Telecom sends the signal before the first ring, after
a polarity reversal in the line. (Because of this most
• United Kingdom and Ireland: 141 caller ID software is not compatible with BT even
if the modem is) As a result, not all caller ID de-
Other countries and networks vary, however on GSM mo- vices are compatible from country to country or in
bile networks, callers may dial #31#[17] before the num- the same country, even though the basic phone sys-
ber they wish to call to disable it. tem is the same. Some providers use FSK, others
use the DTMF protocol.
8.4 Enabling • This is not to be confused with Microsoft Caller-ID,
a patented e-mail authentication technology. For the
Depending on the operator and country, there are a num- history of this now-dead proposal, see MARID.
ber of prefix codes that can unblock Caller ID.
• Caller ID as now implemented is not as originally
• Australia: 1832 (landline and mobile phones) represented to the public as a Call Blocking feature.
Regardless of blocking status, your Caller ID is al-
• Czech Republic: *31* (landline) ways transmitted with each call; the actual blocking
• Denmark: *31* occurs at the destination central office, where it may
be incorrectly ignored, or which may be improperly
• Germany: *31# (Some mobile providers) delivered by ISDN PRI to the end customer.
• India: *31#
• Ireland: 142 (Landlines) 10 See also
• Japan: 186
• Smartwatch
• Hong Kong: uses 1357.
• New Zealand: 0196 (Telecom/Spark)
• North America: *82 (*UB, UnBlock), 1182 (ro-
11 References
tary phone).
[1] formerly known as Société Internationale de Télécommu-
• Switzerland: #31# nications Aéronautiques

• United Kingdom: 1470. [2] Patent #3,727,003/4-10-1973 and Patent # 3,812,296/5-

21-1974
On GSM mobile networks, callers may dial *31#[17] be- [3] Patent # 4,242,539/12-30-1980
fore the number they wish to call to enable caller ID.
[4] Patent # 4,551,581/11-5-1985 and Patent # 4,582,956/4-
15-1986; (both assigned to AT&T Bell Laboratories)
9 Notes [5] PhoneTel Patent Services :: History : Hashimoto

[6] PhoneTel Collection, 1954-1994

• Calling ID (vs. Caller ID) is the identification of
whom you are calling, or connecting to, as opposed [7] Fight heats up over patents on Caller ID. (Kazuo
to caller ID identifying who calls you. Some Centrex Hashimoto) - Communications News - HighBeam Re-
telephone systems offer this feature. Similarly, when search
one Skype user calls another Skype user, the caller
[8] “Caller ID - Consumer’s Friend or Foe? - NYTimes.com”.
can see the other party’s details and even an image
nytimes.com. 4 April 1992. Retrieved 3 February 2015.
or photograph they have chosen to represent their
identity. [9] 47 CFR 64.1601
 7

[10] “Caller ID FAQ”. ainslie.org.uk. Retrieved 3 February

2015.

[11] Telecom New Zealand TNA 102

[12] talkingcallerid.com

[13] “Caller ID FAQ”. ainslie.org.uk. Retrieved 3 February

2015.

[14] 18 FCC Rcd 14014 (FCC, July 3, 2003) at para. 173 et

seq.

[15] 47 C.F.R. § 64.1601(e).

[16] State v. Schuette, 273 Kan. 59, 44 P.3d 459 (Kansas

2002)

[17] GSM Features

12 External links
• Report and Order from the FCC on Implementing
the Telephone Consumer Protection Act of 1991,
including rules and discussion of caller ID issues.
• “Caller ID Information” at Privacy Corps

• Technical details of Caller ID

• Additional MDMF details

• Caller ID how it works

8 13 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

13 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

13.1 Text
• Caller ID Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caller%20ID?oldid=649620884 Contributors: Caltrop, Patrick, Infrogmation, Gbroiles,
Mahjongg, Pnm, Cameron Dewe, Ronz, Baylink, Radiojon, Itai, Cluth, Wanion, Owain, R3m0t, Rfc1394, Hadal, Netjeff, Xanzzibar,
Superm401, Buster2058, Dbenbenn, Smjg, DocWatson42, Abqwildcat, Rchandra, Solipsist, Tagishsimon, Gadfium, Andycjp, Bob.v.R,
Sam Hocevar, Sonett72, Philip lamb, Discospinster, Rich Farmbrough, LDBear, Guanabot, Quiensabe, Martpol, Simon South, Bobo192,
Elipongo, Kappa, Homerjay, Kjkolb, Nihil, Orangemarlin, Espoo, Guy Harris, Ynhockey, Gpvos, RainbowOfLight, Dismas, Armando,
Pol098, Tabletop, Hbdragon88, SDC, LinkTiger, Rlw, Noselasd, Elvey, Josh Parris, Leeyc0, FlaBot, Ground Zero, JdforresterBot, Jordan
Elder, Rupl, Micler, Srleffler, Mrschimpf, Slimey.limey, ShadowHntr, Gwernol, YurikBot, Phantomsteve, SpuriousQ, Shaddack, Enote,
Gcapp1959, Aryaniae, Długosz, Julien Deveraux, R.a.f, Larry laptop, Vivaldi, Voidxor, Mysid, Elkman, Ojota, Open2universe, Ledow,
Smurrayinchester, NFH, Smurfy, MacsBug, User24, SmackBot, HWSager, Demiangie, Sanjay ach, FlashSheridan, Unforgettableid,
MPD01605, Ankurjain, Jerome Charles Potts, Omniplex, Colonies Chris, WikiPedant, Dethme0w, JonHarder, Microfrost, Dantadd, Iri-
descence, Bige1977, JHunterJ, Slakr, Flaviohmg, Beetstra, SlayerK, IReceivedDeathThreats, Kvng, Teemuk, BenStrauss, Mikiemike, Cm-
drObot, Anakata, Harej bot, Lucky225, Smallpond, CMG, Khatru2, Tawkerbot4, JacquesDemien, Thijs!bot, Hoopla-pdx, N5iln, AntiVan-
dalBot, Tjmayerinsf, Camptown, Barek, Dmackeybog, NeF, RastaKins, GurchBot, Bellhead, SteveSims, Magioladitis, Hasek is the best,
BlakJakNZ, Froid, Cyktsui, Cisum.ili.dilm, Styrofoam1994, Esanchez7587, MartinBot, Glrx, Ciotog, Hopper96, Leancode, AntiSpam-
Bot, Je at uwo, White 720, TomohiroYoshida, Ss7guru, Coreyxbs, Harrisjo, TXiKiBoT, Tadasana, FranchisePlayer, NoBiggie, Everything
counts, Dorfner, RandomXYZb, BrianRecchia, Cmcnicoll, Dcarriso, Ulf Abrahamsson, Michael Frind, Kbrose, Pinball fan, HSeganfredo,
VVVBot, FabianEng, Bagatelle, Techman224, Calleridexpert, Anchor Link Bot, Mywikimoe, Poszest16, Fishnet37222, Lewis-hamilton,
Nerdygeek101, Wdwd, ClueBot, Davepusey, Drmies, Gavron, Mild Bill Hiccup, Tts7376, Thanasiskount, Arunsingh16, Namazu-tron,
Baldvinhansson, Jjtennisman, Dalionli, Darren23, DumZiBoT, XLinkBot, Dgtsyb, Good Olfactory, Osarius, Addbot, SeptemberWizard,
MrOllie, Sillyfolkboy, Netpi, Sjcramer, Legobot, PlankBot, Luckas-bot, Themfromspace, Ptbotgourou, UltraMagnus, MCCSteve, Spam-
less, Haagenti, AnomieBOT, Galoubet, Piano non troppo, LilHelpa, PabloCastellano, Jaxyl, DataWraith, Silicondope, Neuwelt, Correc-
tor63, IbraimQuixabeira, VittGam, Juliaebean, FrescoBot, Mu Mind, JMeurisse, Teuxe, LittleWink, Tinton5, Kat724, Full-date unlinking
bot, RussNobbs, Lotje, Sgt. R.K. Blue, Hexwarrior, BrightBlackHeaven, Mean as custard, Alph Bot, Dewritech, Anthony.selby, Freakgeek,
AndyTheGrump, ClueBot NG, Widr, BG19bot, Roberticus, NutwiisystemRocks, ChrisGualtieri, Arcandam, K7L, Lugia2453, SFK2, An-
thonyJ Lock, Brianbwa, Billpeppernyc, Telconerd, Wikiuser13, Jianhui67, Lagoset, Kirill2485 and Anonymous: 265

13.2 Images
• File:Ambox_globe_content.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg License:
Public domain Contributors: Own work, using File:Information icon3.svg and File:Earth clip art.svg Original artist: penubag
• File:Ambox_important.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg License: Public do-
main Contributors: Own work, based off of Image:Ambox scales.svg Original artist: Dsmurat (talk · contribs)
• File:Caller_ID_converter.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Caller_ID_converter.jpg License: CC BY-
SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Sanjay Acharya
• File:Caller_ID_receiver.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/Caller_ID_receiver.jpg License: CC BY-SA
3.0 Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia; transferred to Commons by User:Josve05a using CommonsHelper.
Original artist: Sjcramer (talk). Original uploader was Sjcramer at en.wikipedia
• File:Question_book-new.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/99/Question_book-new.svg License: Cc-by-sa-3.0
Contributors:
Created from scratch in Adobe Illustrator. Based on Image:Question book.png created by User:Equazcion Original artist:
Tkgd2007
• File:Skype-Call.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/41/Skype-Call.png License: PD Contributors:
Based on image Skype-Call.jpg, and then vectorised by GallifreyanPostman with Adobe Photoshop CS2. Will be exported to SVG with
Adobe Illustrator soon. Original artist:
Mrmiscellanious Original photo, GallifreyanPostman vectorised.
• File:Wiktionary-logo-en.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg License: Public do-
main Contributors: Vector version of Image:Wiktionary-logo-en.png. Original artist: Vectorized by Fvasconcellos (talk · contribs), based
on original logo tossed together by Brion Vibber

13.3 Content license

• Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0