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Word Formation Processes

WORD FORMATION PROCESSES

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1 Clipping
2 Blending
3 Derivation
4 Acronyms Clipping
5 Abbreviations
6 Compounding
7 Borrowing LOGO

Clipping Example

 Clipping is a type of abbreviation of  rifle is a modern clipping of a

a word in which one part is 'clipped' compound rifle gun,
off the rest.
 meaning a gun with a rifled
 The remaining word now means
barrel.
essentially the same thing as what
the whole word meant.

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Back Clipping – last part is removed

Examples:

TYPES OF Max – maximum

Bra – brassiere
CLIPPING Bros – brothers
Typo – typo graphical error
Carbs - Carbohydrates

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Fore Clipping – first part is removed Middle Clipping – the middle part is left

Examples: Examples:
Pike – turnpike Flu – Influenza
Chute – parachute Jam – pajamas
Burger – hamburger
Gator – alligator

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Blending

 Blending is one of the most beloved of

word formation processes in English.
 It is especially creative; speakers take two
Blending words and merge them
 The resulting words are called blends.

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Portmanteau Examples:

A word blending the sounds and Prosumer = produce + consumer

combining the meanings of two others.
Examples: Gasohol = gasoline + alcohol
 Motel (motor + hotel)
 Brunch (breakfast + lunch) Brunch = breakfast + lunch

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Examples

bromance (brother/romance): a close evailable (electronic/available): to be available

relationship between two men. online via an electronic method such as email.
chillax (chill/relax): calm down, rest. internet (international/network): a global system
cosplay (costume + play): dressing up in of interconnected computer networks. You can
costumes that resemble characters from popular access our proofreading service via the Internet.
culture. manwich (man/sandwich): A sandwich made
edutainment (education/entertainment): Games from any of the ingredients that are available in
or other forms of entertainment that have an the fridge.
educational aspect.

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 Derivation is the creation of words by

modification of a root without the
Derivation addition of other roots.

 Often the effect is a change in part

of speech.
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Simple Derivation

adjective-to-noun: -ness (slow → slowness)

adjective-to-verb: -ise (modern → modernise)
:
Derivation noun-to-verb: -fy (glory → glorify)
1. Simple Derivation verb-to-adjective: -able (drink → drinkable)
verb-to-noun (agent): -er (write → writer)

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Eponyms – word origins

Examples:

1.Braille
Derivation:
2.Boycott
2. Eponyms 3.Ammonia
4.Ampere
5.Arachnid
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Braille Louise Braille

It is a system of He was blinded at a very young age after he

touch reading and accidentally stabbed himself in the eye with his
writing for blind father’s awl.
persons in which Braille’s father was a leather-worker and used
dots represent the the awl to poke holes in the leather goods he
letters of the produced.
alphabet.

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Boycott Ammonia
Egyptian God, Amun

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Ammonia Ampere

volatile alkali, colorless gas with a strong

pungent smell, 1799, coined in scientific Latin The ampere (A) is the base
1782 by Swedish chemist, Torbern Bergman unit of electric current in
the International System of
It is as a name for the gas obtained from sal
Units (SI).
ammoniac, salt deposits containing ammonium
chloride found near temple of Ammon. It is named after André-
Marie Ampère, a French
mathematician and physicist,
considered the father of
electrodynamics.

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Arachnid

The word arachnid - which derives from the

Greek arachne, spider - denotes arthropods of
the class Arachnida, such as spiders, scorpions,
and ticks.
They have segmented bodies.
In mythology Arachne was a Greek maiden who
was turned into a spider after defeating Athena
in a weaving contest.

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 Acronyms are formed by taking

the initial letters of a phrase
and making a word out of it.
Acronyms

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Examples:

 The classical acronym is also A.K.A. = Also Known As

pronounced as a word. A.S.A.P. = As soon as possible
 Scuba was formed from self- Cc = Carbon Copy
contained underwater breathing a.m. = ante meridiem
apparatus. p.m. = post meridiem
PS = postscripts

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Abbreviations

 Abbreviation is the word formation process in

which a word or phrase is shortened.
 It consists of a group of letters taken from the

Abbreviations
word or phrase.
 An abbreviation is a contraction is a reduction
of size by the drawing together of the parts.
 A contraction of a word is made by omitting
certain letters and bringing together the first
and last letters or elements.
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Abbreviations

• Apr. – April Boulevard – Blvd.

• cm – centimeter(s) Management – Mgmt.
• dept. – department Commander – Comdr.
• Dr. – doctor Institute – Inst.
• Jr. – Junior Monsignor – Msgr.
• Mr. – Mister
• yd – yard(s)

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 Compounding is the process of word formation that

creates compound words.

Compounding  Compounding occurs when two or more words are

joined together to make them one word.

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Examples: (open form)

 The meaning of the compound may Post office

Real estate
be very different from the meanings
Full moon
of its components in isolation. Red wine

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Examples: (closed form) Examples: (hyphenated)

Butterfly Editor – in – chief

Keyboard Officer – in – charge
Notebook Attorney – in – law
Basketball Mother – in – law
Over – the – counter

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Borrowing

 Borrowed Words are words adopted by the

speakers of one language from a different

Borrowing
language (the source language).

 The abstract noun borrowing refers to the process of

speakers adopting words from a source language
into their native language.

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 There is no transfer from one language to

another, and no "returning" words to the source
language. Untranslatable Words
 The words are to be used by a speech
community that speaks a different language
from the one these words originated in.
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Examples: Untranslatable Words in Filipino

ARABIC CHINESE FRENCH GERMAN GREEK
Alcohol Feng sui Sabotage Poltergeist Telephone
Algebra Yin Yang Fiancé Kindergarten Mathematics
Resume Gesundheit Chaos
Village
Brunette
Restaurant
Cliché
ITALIAN JAPANESE PORTUGESE RUSSIAN SPANISH
Diva Tsunami Banana Vodka Mosquito
Scenario Karaoke Marmalade Cosmonaut Macho
Opera Guerilla
Lingua Franca
Piano
Graffiti
Pasta
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Untranslatable Words in Filipino Untranslatable Words in Filipino

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Untranslatable Words in Filipino Untranslatable Words in Filipino

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Untranslatable Words in Filipino Untranslatable Words in Filipino

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Untranslatable Words in Filipino

Tampo
Basta
Lambing
Gigil
Pikon
Torpe
Kilig
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