Decongesting the Congestion: The Influence and Impact of Traffic Management

and Enforcement on Road Discipline

A Research study presented to the faculty of the College of Criminal Justice

Education Isabela State University-Roxas campus

In partial fulfillment of requirements for the Degree Bachelor of Science in

Criminology

By:
Tagulao,John, Philippe L.
Tolato,Mon, Kenneth C.
Enriquez,,Raven D.
Tammidao, Ephraim
 Chapter I
INTRODUCTION
In this chapter, the research tells about the introduction of this research. It

contains the background of the study, problems of the study, objective of the study

and definition of key terms.

BACKGROUND OF STUDY

Urban traffic congestion remains a persistent issue globally, contributing to

longer travel times, heightened pollution, and financial setbacks. With increasing

urbanization, the urgency for effective traffic control intensifies. Effective traffic

management and law enforcement are critical in regulating road usage and

maintaining adherence to safety regulations. When well-planned traffic strategies are

paired with rigorous enforcement, they not only enhance vehicle flow but also

encourage better driver behavior. This discussion looks how traffic management and

enforcement work together to lessen congestion and promote safer driving, offering

insights valuable for city planners, policymakers, and law enforcement officials.

Traffic congestion has been increasing in much of the world, developed or not,

and everything indicates that it will continue to get worse, representing an undoubted

menace to the quality of urban life. Its main expression is a progressive reduction in

traffic speeds, resulting in increases in journey times, fuel consumption, other

operating costs and environmental pollution, as compared with an uninterrupted

traffic flow. Congestion is mainly due to the intensive use of automobiles, whose

ownership has spread massively in recent decades. Private cars have advantages in

terms of facilitating personal mobility, and they give a sensation of security and even

of heightened status, especially in developing countries.

 Traffic congestion is characterized by slower speeds, increased journey times,

and a deterioration of road safety. Afrin and Yodo (2020) highlight the pressing need

for sustainable and resilient transportation systems that can effectively address road

traffic congestion. Their survey indicates that congestion not only affects commuter

efficiency but also contributes to road discipline issues, including aggressive driving

and increased accident rates. The COVID-19 pandemic has further altered traffic

dynamics, as Yasin et al. (2021) report a global decline in road traffic collisions

during lockdowns, suggesting that reduced congestion can lead to improved road

safety. This observation underscores the complex relationship between traffic volume

and road discipline, emphasizing the need for effective traffic management solutions

to maintain discipline during fluctuating traffic conditions

Traffic congestion is not only a public health concern but also a critical

economic challenge. Hong et al. (2021) illustrate how traffic congestion creates a

feedback loop that exacerbates trade costs within the broader economic system. The

inefficiencies caused by prolonged travel times and increased fuel consumption

contribute to economic stagnation and exacerbate regional disparities.

Conversely, Allen and Arkolakis (2019) discuss how improvements in

transportation infrastructure can alleviate congestion and reduce trade costs, leading

to positive welfare effects. Their findings suggest that strategic investments in

transportation can yield significant economic benefits, highlighting the importance of

a balanced approach to traffic management and urban planning.

Traffic congestion has emerged as a significant challenge in many urban areas

worldwide, with the Philippines being no exception. As urbanization accelerates, the

complexities of traffic management become increasingly pronounced. This literature

review synthesizes various research findings related to traffic congestion, focusing on

underlying causes, impacts, and potential solutions specific to the Philippines.

Traffic congestion in the Philippines is multifaceted, with numerous

contributing factors. One of the primary causes identified is an ineffective public

transportation system, which can exacerbate traffic issues when private vehicle use

increases. This observation aligns with findings from Huu and Ngoc (2021), who

noted that inadequate transportation infrastructure leads to not only congestion but

also noise and air pollution, highlighting the environmental impacts associated with

traffic problems. Urban planning also plays a crucial role in traffic congestion. It

emphasizes that poor urban planning often results in a mismatch between land use and

transportation networks, contributing to increased travel demand and congestion. This

sentiment is echoed in the work of Leibowicz (2020), who discusses how urban land

use and transportation planning need to be strategically aligned for effective climate

change mitigation, indirectly suggesting that a lack of synchronization contributes to

traffic problems. Furthermore, as cities expand, the demand for transportation

increases disproportionately to the available infrastructure. Wei et al. (2021) illustrate

how ride-hailing services create additional traffic and competition for road space,

complicating transit planning and further aggravating congestion issues. The

increasing reliance on these services, without adequate regulation and integration.

This study explores the effects of traffic management and enforcement on road

discipline in Municipality of Roxas with an emphasis on understanding how proper

traffic regulation influences both the flow of vehicles and drivers' adherence to rules.

The findings of this research will provide valuable insights for both traffic enforcers

and local government in improving their strategies for reducing congestion and

enhancing road safety in the community.

 THEORETICAL AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORKS

The purpose of this study is to investigate the influence and impact of traffic

management and enforcement on road discipline in the Municipality of Roxas. This

framework will draw on established theories in social control, compliance, public

policy, and human behavior to understand how traffic regulation and enforcement

mechanisms affect road users’ discipline and overall traffic flow. The Theory of

Planned Behavior (TPB) can be instrumental in understanding how traffic

management and enforcement impact road discipline in the Municipality of Roxas, by

focusing on several key components. It examines how drivers' behavioral intentions,

shaped by their attitudes towards traffic rules, influence their actual adherence to

these rules. Additionally, TPB considers the role of subjective norms, or perceived

social pressures, in affecting compliance with traffic regulations. It also looks at

perceived behavioral control, assessing how drivers’ perceptions of their ability to

follow rules are influenced by traffic management and enforcement measures. This

framework helps connect the effectiveness of traffic interventions with changes in

drivers' road discipline.

Figure 1. The Theory of Planned Behavior

\
 And for the data analysis section: The study investigates respondent profiles,

such as age, gender, civil status, and educational attainment, in relation to their

perceptions of traffic management and enforcement. It also examines the factors

contributing to traffic issues and evaluates the effectiveness of programs implemented

by traffic authorities and local agencies to improve road discipline. Data were

analyzed using frequency counts, percentages, and weighted means, with Likert scale

computations for mean values.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

This research investigates how traffic management and enforcement influence

road discipline and explores potential improvements to alleviate congestion.

1. What is the current level of traffic congestion in the Municipality of Roxas?

2. How effective are the current traffic management strategies and

enforcement practices in addressing congestion and improving road conditions?

3. How does traffic enforcement influence road discipline among drivers in the

selected area?

4. How does the lack of effective traffic management influence driver

behavior and lead to violations of road discipline?

5. How do inadequate or poorly maintained road signs and infrastructure

contribute to traffic congestion?

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

This study had the following objectives:

 1. To analyze the current state of traffic congestion in the Municipality of

Roxas.

2. To evaluate the effectiveness of existing traffic management strategies and

enforcement practices.

3. To examine the relationship between traffic enforcement and road discipline

among drivers.

4.To analyze the effectiveness of current traffic management systems in

reducing road congestion and improving road discipline.

5.To examine the relationship between traffic congestion and driver behavior,

focusing on how congestion influences road discipline violations.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The study was perceived to have significance and relevance to the following:

Commuters. This study aims to reduce travel times and improve commuting

experiences by identifying strategies to alleviate congestion through better traffic

management and enforcement.

Drivers. The research will help enhance road safety and reduce traffic stress by

promoting better road discipline and more effective enforcement practices

Land transportation office (LTO). The study provides insights that can guide the

LTO in refining traffic regulations and improving road safety initiatives for drivers

and pedestrians

Department of public works and highways (DPWH). This research will help the

DPWH make informed decisions on infrastructure development and traffic

management solutions to reduce road congestion.

Local businesses and owner. The study will benefit local businesses by improving

access to their establishments and ensuring more efficient delivery of goods, leading

to reduced operational delays and costs.

Researchers. The researchers will Understand the Causes of Congestion and will

have Insight into the main factors contributing to traffic congestion in urban and rural

areas.

SCOPE AND DELIMITATION

This study is focused on the Influence and Impact of Traffic Management and

Enforcement on Road Discipline in municipality of Roxas, Isabela. The result of this

study is limited only to the data gathered form the 100 respondents of the

Municipality of Roxas, Isabela and from the commuters and drivers who will be

examined.

The respondents of the study are ten (10) law enforcement, ten (10) local

businesses, ten (10) DWH, thirty (30) commuters and forty (40) drivers a total of one

hundred (100) respondents. Each respondent are given a questionnaire to answer.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

To have a clearer understanding of the contents of the study, some key terms

are defined conceptually as follows:

Traffic. Generally refers to the movement of vehicles, pedestrians, and other

transportation modes on roads, streets, or highways. This encompasses cars, trucks,

buses, bicycles, and people walking, all interacting within a common space. Traffic is

regulated through rules and systems such as traffic lights, signs, road markings, and

speed limits to maintain safety and efficiency.

Discipline. Discipline means following rules, regulations, and behaving appropriately,

which applies to everyone on the road, such as drivers, cyclists, and pedestrians. This

includes observing speed limits, obeying traffic lights and signs, yielding when

necessary, and driving or walking safely.

Enforcement. Enforcement is the proper execution of the process of ensuring

compliance with laws, regulations, rules, standards, and social norms.

Traffic decongestion. Involves lowering the number of vehicles on roads to ease

traffic jams and enhance traffic flow. This is typically achieved through measures

such as expanding roadways, improving traffic signal management, or encouraging

alternative modes of transportation.

Traffic congestion. Traffic congestion is a condition in transport that is characterized

by slower speeds, longer trip times, and increased vehicular queueing.

Road. A road is a paved or unpaved pathway designed for the movement of vehicles,

people, or animals from one place to another. Roads facilitate transportation and

connectivity between different locations, such as cities, towns, and rural areas.

Traffic management. Traffic management is the organization, arrangement,

guidance and control of both stationary and moving traffic, including pedestrians,

bicyclists and all types of vehicles

 Chapter II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDY

The review of related literature and studies serves as a guide to thoroughly

understand the conduct of the present study.

Foreign literature

Recent studies highlight the importance of adopting a sustainable and resilient

traffic management system. Afrin and Yodo (2020) provide a comprehensive survey

of road traffic congestion measures, emphasizing the need for innovative solutions to

address the growing challenges in urban transportation. Their findings suggest that

integrating advanced technologies and data analytics can significantly enhance traffic

management frameworks. In line with this, McGinlay et al. (2020) propose a Particle

Swarm Optimization-Extreme Learning Machine (PSO-ELM) model that improves

traffic flow forecasting accuracy.

This advanced forecasting capability is essential for urban planning and

traffic management, allowing cities to better predict and alleviate congestion patterns.

The application of such models can lead to more informed decision-making and

proactive management strategies. Technological Innovations The integration of

Internet of Things (IoT) technologies in traffic management systems has shown

promising results. Jennings and Perez (2020) discuss IoT-based solutions that

dynamically control traffic flow and improve management in metropolitan areas.

These systems facilitate real-time data collection and analysis, which can optimize

traffic signals and reduce congestion effectively.

 Moreover, Qadri et al. (2020) present a state-of-the-art review of traffic signal

control methods, highlighting that advanced Traffic Management Systems (TMS) can

significantly lower travel times and enhance the overall journey experience. This

underscores the critical role of technology in modern traffic management and the

potential to improve road discipline through better enforcement of traffic rules.

Enforcement Mechanisms In addition to technological advancements, effective

enforcement of traffic regulations is vital for maintaining road discipline

Additionally, The literature indicates that new measures have been introduced

to tackle traffic management challenges (Anglemyer et al., 2020). These measures,

including automated enforcement technologies, can enhance compliance with traffic

laws, thereby reducing instances of reckless driving and congestion.

Lastly, Yasin et al. (2021) further explore the relationship between traffic

accidents and congestion, highlighting the significance of high spatio-temporal traffic

data in understanding the factors contributing to accidents. This insight is essential for

developing targeted enforcement strategies that address not only congestion but also

improve safety on the roads.

Local Literature

Publico et al.(2023) study said that Effective traffic management and

enforcement are vital in fostering a culture of responsibility on Philippine roads. The

Land Transportation and Traffic Code (RA 4136) is a key legislation that aims to

promote smooth traffic flow and safeguard the public by establishing speed limits and

penalties for non-compliance. By doing so, this law helps to instill discipline among

drivers, ultimately contributing to a safer and more orderly transportation system

dress not only congestion but also improve safety on the roads.
 Zang et al. (2023) identified patterns of traffic congestion in urban road

networks based on performance indices, indicating that poor traffic management

contributes significantly to congestion levels. In the context of the Philippines,

particularly in urban centers like Metro Manila, this congestion can exacerbate road

discipline issues, as drivers become frustrated and more likely to ignore traffic rules

(Zang et al., 2023). The chaotic environment often leads to aggressive driving

behaviors, such as lane cutting and failure to yield, which further deteriorates road

discipline.

Moreover, Rito et al. (2021) conducted a study utilizing Google Maps and

Google Street View to model traffic flow on EDSA, one of the busiest roads in the

Philippines. Their findings suggest that inconsistent traffic flow due to inadequate

management strategies leads to lawless driving behavior, as drivers exploit gaps in

traffic to maneuver aggressively. Such behaviors not only affect individual drivers but

also endanger pedestrians and other road users, highlighting a direct correlation

between traffic management inefficiencies and road discipline (Rito et al., 2021).

Additionally, Thakre et al. (2020) developed a traffic noise prediction model,

noting that increased vehicular activity and honking result in heightened noise levels,

which can influence driver behavior. In the Philippines, where traffic noise is

pervasive, this could lead to increased stress and impatience among drivers, further

compromising road discipline. The relationship between environmental factors, such

as noise, and driving behavior presents an interesting area for further exploration.

Finally, Advanced predictive modeling techniques have emerged as vital tools

for understanding and mitigating the effects of poor traffic management. Feng et al.

(2022) compared various models for predicting road traffic injuries, emphasizing the
importance of accurate traffic data in formulating effective management strategies. By

employing similar predictive analytics, traffic authorities in the Philippines could

better anticipate traffic patterns and implement measures to enhance road discipline

Foreign studies

Recent research indicates that poor traffic management is a significant

contributor to increasing congestion and inefficiencies on roadways. For instance,

Kerdraon et al. (2019) emphasize that the growing number of vehicles exacerbates

existing infrastructure challenges, leading to congestion and reduced road discipline.

The inefficiencies in conventional traffic management methods are evident,

particularly in urban areas where rapid land use changes create additional pressures on

transportation systems (Moradi et al., 2019).

Moreover, Dunker (2019) highlights that traffic incidents contribute

significantly to freeway congestion, which in turn affects operational performance. He

notes that increased queue lengths, volumes, and densities on roadways are direct

consequences of poor traffic management. Similarly, Islam (2019) provides a

comprehensive literature review on freeway traffic incidents, illustrating how these

events disrupt traffic flow and compromise road discipline.

Additionally, the ramifications of traffic congestion extend beyond mere

inconvenience; they significantly impact road users' behavior and discipline. For

example, the study by Azmat et al. (2019) underscores the potential of innovative

technologies to enhance highway operations, yet it also highlights current deficiencies

in traffic management that lead to discipline issues among drivers.

n context, these deficiencies are particularly pronounced in densely populated

cities, where the negative impact of congestion on workers' performance has been
documented (lainamngern & Sawmong, 2019). In the context of Dhaka, Bangladesh,

the research by Möllering (2019) illustrates that poor traffic management directly

correlates with reduced productivity among workers, further emphasizing the socio-

economic consequences of traffic mismanagement. This suggests that enhancing

traffic management could lead to improved road discipline and overall productivity.

Lastly, the impact of poor traffic management on road discipline is not limited

to a specific region; it is a global concern. Zhang and Zhang (2019) explore the

application of vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) in detecting road traffic

congestion, reflecting an international effort to address traffic management issues.

Their findings suggest that technological advancements can provide real-time data to

improve traffic flow and enhance road discipline.

Local Studies

Study indicates that poor road design and lack of organization among

governmental bodies contribute significantly to traffic issues. Ingabire et al. (2023)

point out that inadequate infrastructure not only hampers effective traffic flow but

also promotes chaotic driving behaviors. In the context of the Philippines, the design

flaws in road systems, coupled with insufficient inter-agency coordination, exacerbate

the traffic situation, leading to diminished road discipline among drivers.

In addition, Vijayasekhar et al. (2023) discuss the relationship between public

transport quality and road congestion in Albay, where subpar public transport options

compel more drivers to use private vehicles. This increase in the number of vehicles

on the road further complicates traffic management efforts and fosters an environment

where road discipline is frequently compromised.

 More over, studies also highlights the behavioral aspects of drivers as a critical

factor in road discipline. A study focusing on Bacolod City reveals that lack of

discipline among drivers, often accompanied by an arrogant attitude, poses significant

challenges for traffic personnel (Sirin et al., 2020). This behavioral trend not only

undermines traffic management efforts but also places additional strain on

enforcement agencies tasked with maintaining order on the roads.

This behavioral trend not only undermines traffic management efforts but also

places additional strain on enforcement agencies tasked with maintaining order on the

roads. Jaydarifard et al. (2023) further elaborate on the impact of driver fatigue in taxi

and ride-hailing services, indicating that fatigue can lead to poor decision-making and

reduced compliance with traffic regulations

Lastly, study findings indicate that poor traffic management leads to increased

traffic density and higher instances of road offenses (Humayun et al., 2022). The

failure to implement adequate traffic control measures can result in a chaotic driving

environment where drivers are more likely to engage in risky behaviors, such as

speeding or ignoring traffic signals. This chaotic environment undermines road

discipline, which is crucial for ensuring safety on the roads.

 Chapter III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter contained the research method, participants of the study, and data

gathering instrument, data gathering procedures, statistical treatment, statistical tool.

RESEARCH METHOD

The main objective of this Research was to analyze the current state of traffic

congestion in the Municipality of Roxas Isabela. With this objective in mind, the

researchers used quantitative research. The descriptive method is fact-finding with an

adequate interpretation of the questionnaires based on the present and current

phenomenon.

LOCALE OF THE STUDY

This study, titled “Decongesting the Congestion: The Influence and Impact of

Traffic Management and Enforcement on Road Discipline,” will be conducted in the

municipality of Roxas, Isabela. The study will focus on various traffic management

strategies and enforcement practices implemented in Roxas. It will assess how these

measures affect road discipline among drivers and their overall impact on reducing

traffic congestion. By examining the specific context of Roxas, the study aims to

provide insights that can contribute to more effective traffic management and

improved road discipline in similar municipalities.

 In the Municipality of Roxas there is a total of 65,839 population according to

2020 census around that population has a 26 Baranggays. Every Barangggay has a

Different kind of vehicle such as Four Wheel Cars,Tricycle, And Motorcycles. In

Anao-80, Bantug-266, Doña-90, Imbiao-130, Lanting-150, Lucban -94, Luna- 97,

Marcos- 94, Masigun-129, Matusalem-160, Muñoz East-150, Muñoz West-159,

Quiling-130, Rang-ayan-269, Rizal-180, San Antonio-144, San Jose-134, San Luis-

120, San Pedro- 210, San Placido-120, San Rafael-140, Simimbaan-109, Sinamar-

120, Sotero Nuesa -160, Villa Concepcion-150, Vira (Poblacion)-259.

DATA GATHERING INSTRUMENT

The researchers used questionnaires to gather needed information and

validated through an expert. This was constructed through reading different literature,

which served as a basis for constructing the items used to answer.

The researchers presented the questionnaire to their thesis adviser and those

people with expertise in the field for validation.

 The researchers used a Likert scale to determine the data gathered from the

respondents. Moreover, the researchers used a scale, interval, and verbal description

and computed the frequency, percentage, and weighted mean to effectively interpret

the data gathered from the respondents.

DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE

Before the gathering of data, the researchers constructed a letter signed and

approved by the Dean of the College of Criminal Justice Education.

The ten (10) law enforcement, ten (10) local businesses, ten (10) DWH, thirty

(30) commuters and forty (40) drivers a total of one hundred (100) respondents were

requested to answer the questionnaire. They were likewise pleading to provide the

data on how traffic management affect road discipline. Questionnaires will be

distributed to the respondent to determine the effect of traffic management in road

discipline in the municipality of Roxas Isabela. The data will be recorded and

analyzed. The researchers administered questionnaires in the form of a Likert scale.

Likert Scale for the Influence and Impact of Traffic Management and

Enforcement on Road Discipline

Scale Interval Verbal Description

5 4.20 - 5.00 Strongly Agree

4 3.40 - 4.19 Agree

3 2.60 - 3. 39 Neutral

2 1.80 - 2.59 Disagree

1 1.00 - 1.79 Strongly Disagree

Statistical Treatment

To have a clear and better understanding of the data, a simple statistical tool

was used in the analysis and interpretations of the said data.

The data was analyzed and interpreted using the simple statistical tool,

frequency count, percentage, and weighted mean.

1. Frequency and percentage

%=(F/N) x 100

Where: %=percent

N=total number of respondents

F= frequency

2. The weighted mean was used to determine the average of the options

provided in the various parts of the survey questionnaire. The method was used in

conjunction with the Likert scale. It will solve with a formula.

X= {fx/n

X = weighted mean

{fx = the sum of all the products of f and x the weighted

of each operation.

n = total number of respondents

 Statement 5 4 3 2 1

1. Traffic congestion is a major issue in my

city/town.

2. Traffic congestion impacts my daily commute

significantly.
3. Traffic jams occur frequently during peak hours
in my area.
4. I often have to change my route due to traffic
congestion.
5. Traffic congestion increases my travel time by
at least 30 minutes.
6. Road widening or expansion projects have
helped in decongesting traffic.
7. Public transportation improvements have
reduced traffic congestion.
8. Carpooling or ride-sharing services reduce
traffic congestion.
9. Smart traffic systems (e.g., synchronized
signals) help to reduce congestion.
10. Creating dedicated bike lanes can help reduce
traffic congestion.
11. Drivers adhering to traffic signals reduce
congestion.
12. Lane discipline (staying in the correct lane)
helps improve traffic flow.
13. Over-speeding and reckless driving contribute
to traffic congestion.
14. Strict enforcement of traffic laws reduces
traffic violations and congestion.
15. Lack of pedestrian discipline contributes to
traffic slowdowns.
16. I consistently follow traffic rules to avoid
contributing to congestion.
17. Traffic discipline is generally followed in my
community.
18. I observe that other drivers regularly ignore
traffic laws.
19. Implementing fines for traffic violations
would improve discipline on the road.
20. Educating drivers on traffic rules will help
reduce congestion.
21. I am satisfied with the current efforts to reduce
traffic congestion in my area.

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