KENYATTA UNIVERSITY

DIGITAL SCHOOL OF VIRTUAL AND OPEN LEARNING

IN COLLABORATION WITH
SCHOOL OF PURE AND APPLIED SCIENCES
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS AND ACTUARIAL SCIENCE,

SMA 230: VECTOR ANALYSIS

WRITTEN BY: Dr. Ambrose Wahome

VETTED BY: Prof. James K. Gatoto
INTRODUCTION
Welcome to this module. The module deals with Vector Analysis and its applications. This is an
interactive instructional module that uses both action and collaborative learning styles that
provide you with diverse online learning experiences and effective learning processes. The key
purpose of this module is to expose you albeit theoretically to the operations carried out on
various geometries. This should hopefully equip you with the necessary knowledge and skills
crucial in real life applications of Vector Analysis.

Topics covered include the algebra and the differential and integral calculus of vectors, Stokes‟
theorem, the divergence theorem and other integral theorems together with many applications
drawn from various fields. This module offers elementary techniques for solving vector
problems analytically for undergraduates in mathematics and engineering students.

We hope that you will find this module exciting, educative, and engaging.
 COURSE CONTENT
WEEK TOPIC
WEEK 1 VECTOR ALGEBRA
WEEK 2 DOT AND CROSS PRODUCT
WEEK 3 RECIPROCAL SETS OF VECTORS
WEEK 4 VECTOR DIFFERENTIATION
WEEK 5 PARTIAL AND DIRECTIONAL DERIVATIVES
WEEK 6 GRADIENT, DIVERGENCE AND CURL
WEEK 7 VECTOR INTEGRATION
WEEK 8 GREEN’S THEOREM
WEEK 9 STOKE’S THEOREM
WEEK 10 DIVERGENCE THEOREM
WEEK 11 REVISION
WEEK 12 & 13 EXAMINATION
OVERVIEW OF THE COURSE
Week 1: Vector Algebra
This is an introductory chapter that gives the overview of the course. The
definitions of scalar and vector quantities are given.

Week 2: Dot and Cross Product

In this lesson we study the products of vectors and their application to triple vector products.

Week 3: Reciprocal Sets of Vectors

In this lesson, we study how to get the reciprocals of a given set of vectors.

Week 4: Vector Differentiation

In this lesson we study ordinary differentiation of vector and scalar quantities and their
applications.

Week 5: Partial Differentiation

In this lesson we study partial differentiation of vector and scalar functions with two or more
variables and their applications.

Week 6: Gradient, Divergence and Curl

In this lesson we study the application of the Del operator to determine the gradient, divergence
and curl of vector and scalar functions.

Week 7: Vector Integration

In this lesson we study how to integrate vector functions.

Week 8: Green’s theorem

In this lesson we study how to verify the Green’s theorem and its applications.

Week 9: Stoke’s theorem

In this lesson we study how to verify the Stoke’s theorem and its applications.

Week 10: Divergence theorem

In this lesson we study how to verify the Divergence theorem and its applications.

Week 12 & 13: Examination

These two weeks bring together the work you have been doing to an end. This course unit will
be examined and will partially contribute to the award of the degree in the programme that you
are undertaking. We have therefore placed examinations in the last two weeks but Universities
are allowed to go with their schedules. The university examinations regulations will apply.
MODULE LEARNING OUTCOMES
By the end of this module, you will be able to:
1. Solve equations in Vector Algebra and Dot & Cross product.
2. Differentiate vector and scalar functions.
3. Integrate vector and scalar functions.
4. Apply the three vector integral functions to solve problems.

COURSE DESCRIPTION
This is a core unit meant for all students who are taking a Bachelor of Science, Bachelor of
Education and Bachelor of Economics. The rationale of offering the course is to equip students
with knowledge and skills in Vector Analysis and how they can apply these skills in solving
problems. You will therefore be required to set aside about 5 hours per lesson to complete this
course successfully.

COURSE REQUIREMENTS
This is a blended learning course that will utilize the flex model. This means that learning
materials and instructions will be given online and the lessons will be self-guided with the
lecturer being available briefly for face to face sessions and support and also on-site (online)
most of the time. Your lecturer will be meeting you face to face to introduce a lesson and put it
into perspective and you will actively participate in your search for knowledge by undertaking
several online activities. This means that some of the 39 instructional hours of the course will be
delivered face to face while other lessons will be taught online through various learner and
lecturer activities. It is important for you to note that one instructional hour is equivalent to two
online hours. Three instructional hours will be needed per week. Out of these, one will be used
for face to face contact with your lecturer (also referred as e-moderator in the online activities)
while the other two instructional hours (translating to four online hours) will be used for online
activities otherwise referred to as e-tivities in the lessons. This will add up to the 5 hours
requirement per lesson earlier mentioned. There are 27 online activities each taking at least two
hours and totaling to 54 online hours. You are advised to follow the topic flow-chart given so
that you cover at least a lesson every week.

You will be required to participate and interact online with your peers and the e-moderator who
in this case is your lecturer. Guidelines for the online activities (which we shall keep referring to
as e-tivities) will be provided whenever there is an e-tivity. Please note that since the online e-
tivities are part of the learning process, they may be graded at the discretion of your e-moderator.
Such grading will however be communicated in the e-tivity guidelines and feedback given as
soon as possible after the e-tivity. The e-tivities will include but will not be limited to online
assessment quizzes, assignments and discussions. There are also assessment questions that you
can attempt at the end of every lesson to test your understanding of the lesson. The answers to all
the assessment questions are at the end of the module after lesson 10. All the resource that have
been used in this module in form of books are available under the resources section after the
answers to the questions.

ASSESSMENT
It is important to note that the module has embedded certain learner formative assessment
feedback tools that will enable you gauge your own learning progress. The tools include online
collaborative discussions forums that focus on team learning and personal mastery and will
therefore provide you with peer feedback, lecturer assessment and self- reflection. You will also
be required to do one major assignment/project that is meant to assess the application of the
skills and knowledge gained during the course. The project score in combination with scores for
e-tivities (where graded) will account for 30% of your final examination score with the
remaining 70% coming from a face to face sit-in final written examination that will be guided by
your university examination policy and procedures.

We wish you the very best of experiences in this course.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………… 2
Overview of Course…………………………………………………………………………… 4
Module learning Outcomes…………………………………………………….……………… 5
Course Description……………………………………………………………..……………… 5
Course Requirements…………………………………………………………..….…………… 5
Course Assessment………………………………………………………………..…………… 5
Lesson 1……………………………………………………………………………………… 10
Lesson 2……………………………………………………………………………………… 13
Lesson 3……………………………………………………………………………………… 21
Lesson 4……………………………………………………………………………………… 26
Lesson 5……………………………………………………………………………………… 31
Lesson 6……………………………………………………………………………………… 38
Lesson 7……………………………………………………………………………………… 42
Lesson 8……………………………………………………………………………………… 45
Lesson 9……………………………………………………………………………………… 49
Lesson 10………………………………………………………………………………………51
Lesson 11………………………………………………………………………………………55
Lesson 12………………………………………………………………………………………59
 LESSON 1
VECTOR ALGEBRA
1.1 Introduction
In this lesson, Vector Algebra is introduced. Various operations on vectors are covered here and
are applied to solve problems.

1.2 Lesson Learning Outcomes

By the end of this lesson, you should be able to;
1.2.1 Find the magnitude of a vector, the unit vector and the resultant of a given number of
vectors.

1.2.1 Magnitude, Unit Vector and Resultant

1.2.1.1 Vector Representation
A vector quantity can be represented graphically by a line, drawn so that:
a. The length of the line denotes the magnitude of the quantity, according to
some stated vector scale.
b. The direction of the line denotes the direction in which the vector quantity
acts. An arrow head indicates the sense of the direction, e.g.
P

O
the vector ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ has an initial point O and final point P and is analytically
represented by a letter with an arrow over it, as .

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ would represent a vector quantity of the same magnitude but with opposite sense.
Two vectors and ⃗ are said to be equal if they have the same magnitude and
direction regardless of the position of their initial points.

Thus ⃗
1.2.1.2 Addition of Vectors

The sum of two vectors ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ and ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ is defined as the single or equivalent or
resultant vector ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ . C

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

A
B
1.2.1.3 Magnitude of a vector

The magnitude of a vector is shown by two vertical bars on either side of the vector. Given the
vector ̂ ̂, then the magnitude is denoted by;

|a|

And is defined as;

We use Pythagoras' theorem to calculate it:

|a| = √(x2 + y2)

Example1.1
What is the magnitude of the vector b = (6, 8)?
Solution

|b| = √( 62 + 82) = √( 36+64) = √100 = 10

1.2.1.4 Unit Vector

The unit vector ̂ of a vector is formed by taking the vector and dividing it by its magnitude:

̂
| |

1.2.1.5 Resultant vector

This is the summation of a given number of vectors, i.e. ⃗ ⃗
E-tivity – 1.2.1 Magnitude, unit vector and resultant
Numbering, pacing and sequencing Lesson 1.2.1

Title Magnitude, unit vector and resultant

Purpose To introduce you to vector algebra operations

Brief summary of overall task Watch the videos on vector algebra;

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C6EYJVBYXIo
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IGtQxDHW3k0

Spark

Individual contribution  Watch the videos on vector algebra.

 Perform vector algebra operations.

Interaction begins  Post your answers on the discussion forum 1.2.1

 Read what your colleagues have posted.
 In a sentence or two, comment on what two of
your colleagues have posted keeping etiquette in
mind
E-moderator interventions  Focused group discussion
 Providing feedback/ teaching points
 Summarising key points
 Closing the discussion
Schedule and time This discussion should be done during the 1st week of
the semester.
Next Dot and Cross Product
1.3 Assessment

Find the unit vector of ⃗ ̂ ̂ ̂

1.4 References

1.4.1 Davis, H. F. and Snider, A. D.Introduction to Vector Analysis, 7th ed. Boston: Allyn &
Bacon (1995).
1.4.2 Lewis, P. E. and Ward, J. P. Vector Analysis for Engineers and Scientists. Reading, MA:
Addison-Wesley (1989).
1.4.3 Spiegel, M. R., Vector Analysis. New York: McGraw-Hill (1989).
1.4.4 Tai, C.T.Generalized Vector and Dyadic Analysis. Oxford: Oxford University Press
(1996).
1.4.5 Wrede, R.C.Introduction to Vector and Tensor Analysis. New York: Wiley (1963).
1.4.5 https://ncert.nic.in/ncerts/l/leep210.pdf
1.4.6 https://www.lehman.edu/faculty/anchordoqui/chapter03.pdf
 LESSON 2
DOT AND CROSS PRODUCT
2.1 Introduction
The product of two vectors, which yield a scalar, is called the dot or scalar product
and the product of two vectors, which yield a vector, is called a vector or cross
product. These products are useful in discussing the properties of vectors.

2.2 Lesson Learning Outcomes

By the end of this lesson, the learner should be able to;
2.2.1 Determine the dot and cross product.
2.2.2 Determine a vector perpendicular to a plane.
2.2.3 Evaluate scalar triple and vector triple products.

2.2.1 The Dot and Cross Product

2.2.1.1 The Dot or Scalar Product

If and ⃗ are two vectors, the scalar product of and ⃗ is defined as | || ⃗ | where is
the angle between them. The scalar (dot) product is denoted by ⃗ , i.e.
⃗ | || ⃗ |
⃗
𝐵

𝜃
𝐴
The following laws are valid;
a) ⃗ ⃗
b) ⃗ ( ⃗⃗ ) ̇ ⃗ ⃗ ⃗⃗
c) (⃗ ) ( ⃗) ⃗ ( ) (⃗ ) , where is a scalar.
d) ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ⃗ ⃗ ,
̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂
e) If ⃗ ⃗ are not null vectors, then ⃗ are perpendicular.

Given ⃗⃗ ̂ ̂ ̂ and ⃗⃗ ̂ ̂ ̂ then;

⃗

2.2.1.2 The Cross or Vector poduct

Let ⃗ ̂ ̂ ̂ and ̂ ̂ ̂ . Then we define the cross product ⃗ as;
⃗ | ⃗ || | ̂
Where ̂ is a unit vector indicating the direction of ⃗ The direction of the vector ⃗ is
perpendicular to the plane of ⃗ and .
The following laws are valid;
a. ⃗ ⃗
b. ⃗ ( ⃗⃗ ) ̇ ⃗ ⃗ ⃗⃗
c. (⃗ ) ( ⃗) ⃗ ( ) (⃗ ) , where is a scalar.
d. ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ⃗ ⃗ ,
a. ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂, ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂, ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂
e. If ⃗ ⃗ are not null vectors, then ⃗ are parallel.

We evaluate ⃗ by the determinant of the matrix;

̂ ̂ ̂
⃗ | | ( )̂ ( )̂ ( )̂

Example 2.1
If ̂ ̂ ̂ and ⃗ ̂ ̂ ̂ , find ⃗

Solution
̂ ̂ ̂
⃗ | | ̂| | ̂| | ̂| | ̂ ̂ ̂

Example 2.2
Find the angle between ̂ ̂ ̂ and ⃗ ̂ ̂ ̂

Solution
⃗ | || ⃗ | (√( ) ( ) ( ) ) (√( ) ( ) ( ) )
⃗ ( ̂ ̂ ̂) ( ̂ ̂ ̂)
Therefore, and thus . Hence
E-tivity 2.2.1 – Dot and Cross Product

Numbering, pacing and sequencing Lesson 2.2.1

Title Dot and Cross Product

Purpose Evaluation of dot and cross product

Brief summary of overall task Watch the videos on dot and cross product;
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L4aZYLOXFDc
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vhLHrA0Z_QE
Spark

Individual contribution  Evaluate dot and cross products.

 Study on how to determine the projection of a
vector on another vector.
Interaction begins  Post your answers on the discussion forum 2.2.1
 Read what your colleagues have posted.
 In a sentence or two, comment on what two of
your colleagues have posted keeping etiquette in
mind
E-moderator interventions  Focused group discussion
 Providing feedback/ teaching points
 Summarising key points
 Closing the discussion
Schedule and time This discussion should be done during the 2nd week of
the semester.
Next Vector perpendicular to a plane
2.2.2 Vector Perpendicular to a Plane

The vector ⃗ is the vector perpendicular to the plane on which the vectors and ⃗ lie. That
is;

𝐴 ⃗
𝐵

⃗
𝐵

The three vectors form a right-handed system. The right hand thumb rule is applied to determine
the direction of the vector perpendicular to the plane i.e. ⃗ . To determine the unit vector ̂
perpendicular to the plane, we have;
⃗
̂ | ⃗ |

Example 2.3
Determine a unit vector perpendicular to the plane of ̂ ̂ ̂ and ⃗ ̂ ̂ ̂

Solution
⃗ is a vector perpendicular to the plane of and ⃗ .
̂ ̂ ̂
⃗ | | ̂ ̂ ̂

⃗ ̂ ̂ ̂
A unit vector perpendicular to ⃗ is ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂
| ⃗ | √( ) ( ) ( )
E-tivity 2.2.2 – Vector perpendicular to a plane

Numbering, pacing and sequencing Lesson 2.2.2

Title Vector perpendicular to a plane

Purpose Evaluation of a vector perpendicular to a plane

Brief summary of overall task Watch the videos on dot and cross product;
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L4aZYLOXFDc
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vhLHrA0Z_QE
Spark

Individual contribution  Solve problems of vectors perpendicular to

planes.

Interaction begins  Post your answers on the discussion forum 2.2.2

 Read what your colleagues have posted.
 In a sentence or two, comment on what two of
your colleagues have posted keeping etiquette in
mind
E-moderator interventions  Focused group discussion
 Providing feedback/ teaching points
 Summarising key points
 Closing the discussion
Schedule and time This discussion should be done during the 2nd week of
the semester.
Next Scalar Triple and Vector Triple Products
2.2.3 Scalar Triple and Vector Triple Products
2.2.3.1 The Scalar Triple Product

Let ⃗ ̂ ̂ ̂, ̂ ̂ ̂ and ⃗⃗ ̂ ̂ ̂ then the scalar triple product is

defined as ⃗ ( ⃗⃗ ) ( ⃗⃗ ⃗) ⃗⃗ ( ⃗ ). It can also be defined by the determinant of
a matrix;

⃗ ( ⃗⃗ ) | |

The vectors ⃗ ⃗⃗ are coplanar if ⃗ ( ⃗⃗ )

Example 2.4
Evaluate
( ̂ ̂) [( ̂ ̂ ̂) ( ̂ ̂ )]

Solution

( ̂ ̂) [( ̂ ̂ ̂) ( ̂ ̂ )] | |

2.2.3.2 The Vector Triple Product

Given the vectors ⃗ ⃗⃗ , then the vector triple product is defined as;
⃗ ( ⃗⃗ ) ( ⃗ ⃗⃗ ) (⃗ ) ⃗⃗

Example 2.5
If ̂ ̂ ̂, ⃗ ̂ ̂ ̂ and ̂ ̂ ̂ , find (⃗ )

Solution
(⃗ ) ⃗( ) ( ⃗) ⃗ ( ̂ ̂ ̂) (̂ ̂ ̂)
̂ ̂ ̂
E-tivity 2.2.3 – Scalar Triple and Vector Triple Products

Numbering, pacing and sequencing Lesson 2.2.3

Title Scalar Triple and Vector Triple Products

Purpose Evaluation of Scalar Triple and Vector Triple Products

Brief summary of overall task Watch the videos on vector products;

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iJzg7KpQBPI
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=osd64CbLcHE
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wgTCe1ACImE
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l-8hNul1iok
Spark

Individual contribution Evaluate scalar and vector triple products.

Show that vectors are coplanar using the
determinant method.
Interaction begins  Post your answers on the discussion forum 2.2.3
 Read what your colleagues have posted.
 In a sentence or two, comment on what two of
your colleagues have posted keeping etiquette in
mind
E-moderator interventions  Focused group discussion
 Providing feedback/ teaching points
 Summarising key points
 Closing the discussion
Schedule and time This discussion should be done during the 2nd week of
the semester.
Next Reciprocal Sets of Vectors

2.3 Assessment
a) Find the angle between ̂ ̂ ̂ and ⃗ ̂ ̂ ̂.
b) Find the projection of the vector ̂ ̂ ̂ on the vector ⃗ ̂ ̂ ̂.
c) Find the area of a triangle with vertices ( ) ( ) ( ).
 d) Find the constant such that the vectors ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ are
coplanar.

2.4 References
2.4.1 Davis, H. F. and Snider, A. D.Introduction to Vector Analysis, 7th ed. Boston: Allyn &
Bacon (1995).
2.4.3 Lewis, P. E. and Ward, J. P. Vector Analysis for Engineers and Scientists. Reading, MA:
Addison-Wesley (1989).
2.4.4 https://ncert.nic.in/ncerts/l/leep210.pdf
2.4.5 https://www.lehman.edu/faculty/anchordoqui/chapter03.pdf
 LESSON 3
RECIPROCAL SET OF VECTORS
3.1 Introduction
Reciprocal vectors are formed by choosing a vector perpendicular to two lattice vectors and of
length reciprocal to the third lattice vector.

3.2 Lesson Learning Outcomes

By the end of this lesson, you should be able to;
3.2.1 Evaluate the reciprocal set of vectors.

3.2.1 Evaluation of Reciprocal Set of vectors

The vector which has the same direction as that of vector but has magnitude reciprocal to that
of vector , is called the reciprocal of vector .
E-tivity 3.2.1 – Reciprocal set of vectors

Numbering, pacing and Lesson 3.2.1

sequencing
Title Reciprocal set of vectors
Purpose To evaluate reciprocal set of vectors.

Brief summary of overall task Study on reciprocal set of vectors

http://www.bhojvirtualuniversity.com/slm/bsc1_maths3.pdf
Spark

Individual contribution  Study on reciprocal set of vectors.

 Discuss on how to evaluate dot products between a
vector and its reciprocal.
Interaction begins  Post your answers on the discussion forum 3.2.1
 Read what your colleagues have posted.
 In a sentence or two, comment on what two of your
colleagues have posted keeping etiquette in mind
E-moderator interventions  Focused group discussion
 Providing feedback/ teaching points
 Summarising key points
 Closing the discussion
Schedule and time This discussion should be done during the 3rd week of the
semester.
Next Vector Differentiation

3.3 Assessment
Find a set of vectors reciprocal to the set ̂ ̂ ̂, ̂ ̂ ̂, ̂ ̂ ̂

3.4 References
3.4.1 Davis, H. F. and Snider, A. D.Introduction to Vector Analysis, 7th ed. Boston: Allyn &
Bacon (1995).
3.4.2 Lewis, P. E. and Ward, J. P. Vector Analysis for Engineers and Scientists. Reading, MA:
Addison-Wesley (1989).
3.4.3 http://www.bhojvirtualuniversity.com/slm/bsc1_maths3.pdf
 LESSON 4
ORDINARY DIFFERENTIATION OF VECTORS

4.1 Introduction
In this lesson we discuss ordinary differentiation of vectors. We show that ordinary
rules of differentiation in differential calculus are also applicable to vector calculus,
where dot and vector products retain their nature.

4.2 Lesson Learning Outcomes

By the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
4.2.1 Evaluate ordinary derivatives of vectors.
4.2.2 Determine tangent and normal vectors.
4.2.3 Determine velocity and acceleration.

4.2.1 Evaluation of Ordinary Derivatives

In vector analysis we compute derivatives of vector functions of a real variable; that is we
compute derivatives of functions of the type:
(t) = f1(t) ̂ + f2(t) ̂ + f3(t) ̂
where f1(t), f2(t), and f3(t) are real functions of the real variable t.
Let (t) be a position vector, extending from the origin to some point P, depending on the single
scalar variable t. Then (t) traces out some curve in space with increasing values of t. Consider
( ) ( )

where denotes an increment in t. The derivative of (t) with respect to t is given by

( ) ( )

The following differentiation formulae apply;

1) ( )

2) ( )

3) ( )
⃗
4) ( )
⃗
5) ( ⃗) ⃗ ( ⃗)
⃗
6) [ ( ⃗ )] ( ) ( ⃗) ( ⃗)

Higher – order derivatives can also be obtained:

( ) ( ⃗)
Example 4.1
⃗
Given ⃗ ̂ ̂ ̂ , find | |
Solution
⃗
̂ ̂ ̂
⃗
̂ ̂

⃗
| | √( ) ( ) √

Example 4.2
If ̂ ̂ ̂ and ⃗ ̂ ̂, find ( ⃗)

Solution
⃗ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂
( ⃗) ⃗ | | | |

( )̂ ( )̂
( )̂
E-tivity 4.2.1 – Ordinary Differentiation

Numbering, pacing and sequencing Lesson 4.2.1

Title Ordinary Differentiation

Purpose To find ordinary derivatives of vector functions.

Brief summary of overall task Watch the video on vector differentiation

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lln0zpfxE10
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xq72Nl8eQAQ
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1ZkMy_drQOk
Spark

Individual contribution  Watch the videos on ordinary differentiation.

Interaction begins  Post your answers on the discussion forum 4.2.1

 Read what your colleagues have posted.
 In a sentence or two, comment on what two of
your colleagues have posted keeping etiquette in
mind
E-moderator interventions  Focused group discussion
 Providing feedback/ teaching points
 Summarising key points
 Closing the discussion
Schedule and time This discussion should be done during the 4th week of
the semester.
Next Tangent and Normal Vectors
4.2.2 Tangent and Normal Vectors
In mathematics, a tangent vector is a vector that is tangent to a curve or surface at a given point.
The derivative of a vector valued function gives a new vector valued function that is tangent to
the defined curve.
Let ⃗ ( ) be a differentiable vector valued function, then the tangent vector is defined as;
⃗( ) ⃗( )

4.2.2.1 Unit Tangent and Principle Unit Normal Vectors

Let ⃗ ( ) be a tangent vector, then the unit tangent vector is defined as;

⃗( )
̂( )
| ⃗ ( )|
A normal vector is a perpendicular vector. Given a vector in the space, there are infinitely
many perpendicular vectors. Our goal is to select a special vector that is normal to the unit
tangent vector. Geometrically, for a non-straight curve, this vector is the unique vector that
points into the curve.

The unit normal is orthogonal (or normal, or perpendicular) to the unit tangent vector and hence
to the curve as well. Algebraically we can compute the vector using the following definition.

Let ⃗ ( ) be a differentiable vector valued function and let ⃗ ( ) be the tangent vector. Then
the normal vector is the derivative of the tangent vector;
⃗
⃗( )
The principal unit normal vector ̂ ( ) is then defined by;

⃗( )
̂( )
| ⃗ ( )|

4.2.2.2 Binormal Vector

The binormal vector is defined to be;
̂ ( ) ̂ ( ) ̂( )
It is the cross product of the unit tangent and unit normal vector. Thus the binormal vector is
orthogonal to both the tangent vector and the normal vector.

Example 4.3
Find the unit normal and binormal vectors for ⃗ ( ) ̂ ̂ ̂

Solution
We first obtain the tangent vector;
⃗
⃗( ) ̂ ̂ ̂
The unit tangent vector is now;
 ⃗( ) ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂
̂( )
| ⃗ ( )| √( ) ( ) ( ) √
The normal vector is;
⃗
⃗( ) ̂ ̂
The unit normal vector is;
⃗( ) ̂ ̂
̂( ) ̂ ̂
| ⃗ ( )| √( ) ( )
The binormal vector is now;
̂ ̂ ̂
̂( ) ̂( ) ̂( ) | ⁄ ⁄ ⁄ |
√ √ √

̂ ̂ ̂
√ √ √
E-tivity 4.2.2 – Tangent and Normal Vectors

Numbering, pacing and sequencing Lesson 4.2.2

Title Tangent and Normal Vectors

Purpose To determine tangent and normal lines to vector curves.

Brief summary of overall task Watch the video on vector differentiation

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lln0zpfxE10
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xq72Nl8eQAQ
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1ZkMy_drQOk
Spark

Individual contribution  Watch the videos on tangent and normal lines.

Interaction begins  Post your answers on the discussion forum 4.2.2

 Read what your colleagues have posted.
 In a sentence or two, comment on what two of
your colleagues have posted keeping etiquette in
mind
E-moderator interventions  Focused group discussion
 Providing feedback/ teaching points
 Summarising key points
 Closing the discussion
Schedule and time This discussion should be done during the 4th week of
the semester.
Next Velocity and Acceleration
4.2.3 Velocity and Acceleration
The motion of a particle is described by three vectors: position, velocity and acceleration.
The position vector goes from the origin of the reference frame to the position of the particle.
The Cartesian components of this vector are given by:

The components of the position vector are time dependent since the particle is in motion. In
order to simplify the notation we will often omit this dependence in the expressions of the
vectors.
The velocity vector is the time derivative of the position vector:

The velocity vector is always tangent to the trajectory of the particle at each point.
The acceleration vector is the time derivative of the velocity vector:

Example 4.4
A particle moves along a curve
x = 2t2
y = t2 - 4t
z = 3t - 5
where t is time. Find its velocity at time t.

Solution.
r = 2t2 i + (t2 - 4t)j + (3t - 5)k
dr/dt = 4ti + (2t - 4)j + 3k

Example 4.5

A particle moves along a curve whose parametric equations are

, where is time. Find the magnitudes of the velocity and acceleration at .

Solution
The position vector of the particle is;
̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂
Then the velocity is;
 ̂ ̂ ̂
And the acceleration is;
̂ ̂ ̂
⃗
At ̂ ̂ and ̂ ̂. Then,
Magnitude of velocity is √( ) ( ) √
Magnitude of acceleration is √( ) ( ) √
4.2.3 E-tivity – Velocity and Acceleration

Numbering, pacing and sequencing Lesson 4.2.3

Title Velocity and Acceleration

Purpose To determine the velocity and acceleration.

Brief summary of overall task Watch the video on vector differentiation

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lln0zpfxE10
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xq72Nl8eQAQ
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1ZkMy_drQOk
Spark

Individual contribution  Watch the videos on vector differentiation.

 Discuss how to determine the components of
velocity and acceleration in a given direction.
Interaction begins  Post your answers on the discussion forum 4.2.3
 Read what your colleagues have posted.
 In a sentence or two, comment on what two of
your colleagues have posted keeping etiquette in
mind
E-moderator interventions  Focused group discussion
 Providing feedback/ teaching points
 Summarising key points
 Closing the discussion
Schedule and time This discussion should be done during the 4th week of
the semester.
Next Partial Differentiation

4.3 Assessment
a) If ̂ ̂ ( ) ̂ and ⃗ ( )̂ ̂ ̂ , find ( ) at .
b) Show that ( ), where and are constant vectors, is a
solution of the differential equation
 c) Find the unit tangent vector to any point on the curve

d) Find the velocity of a particle with position vector ̂ ̂ ̂.

Describe the motion of the particle.

4.4 References
4.4.1 Davis, H. F. and Snider, A. D.Introduction to Vector Analysis, 7th ed. Boston: Allyn &
Bacon (1995).
4.4.2 Lewis, P. E. and Ward, J. P. Vector Analysis for Engineers and Scientists. Reading, MA:
Addison-Wesley (1989).
4.4.3 https://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/classes/calciii/TangentNormalVectors.aspx
4.4.4 http://www.maths.gla.ac.uk/~cc/2A/2A_notes/chap4notes_sol.pdf
 LESSON 5
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION
5.1 Introduction
In this lesson we discuss partial differentiation of vectors. We show that partial
rules of differentiation in differential calculus are also applicable to vector calculus,
where dot and vector products retain their nature.

5.2 Lesson Learning Outcomes

At the end of the lesson, you should be able to;
5.2.1 Evaluate partial derivatives of vectors.

5.2.1 Evaluation of Partial Derivatives

A partial derivative is the rate of change of a multi-variable function when we allow only one of
the variables to change. Specifically, we differentiate with respect to only one variable, regarding
all others as constants. The partial derivatives of scalar functions and vector functions with
respect to a vector variable are defined and used in dynamics of multibody systems.

If is a vector depending on more than one scalar variable, say for example, then we
write ( ). The partial derivative of with respect to is defined as;
( ) ( )

if this limit exists. Similarly;

( ) ( )

( ) ( )

Higher order derivatives can also be defined;

( ) ( ) ( )

The order of differentiation does not matter, i.e.

Rules for partial differentiation of vectors are similar to those for ordinary differentiation. Thus
we have;

1) ( )

2) ( )
⃗
3) ( )
⃗
4) ( ⃗) ⃗ ( ⃗)
⃗
5) [ ( ⃗ )] ( ) ( ⃗) ( ⃗)
Example 5.1
If ( )̂ ( )̂ ̂ , find

Solution

( ) [ ̂ ( )̂ ̂]

̂ ( )̂ ̂

Example 5.2
If ( ) and ̂ ̂ ̂ , find ( ) at the point ( )

Solution
̂ ̂ ̂

( ) ̂ ̂ ̂

( ) ( ̂ ̂ ̂) ̂ ̂ ̂

( ) ( ̂ ̂ ̂) ̂ ̂
At the point ( ) this becomes = ̂ ̂
5.2.1 E-tivity – Partial Differentiation

Numbering, pacing and sequencing Lesson 5.2.1

Title Partial Differentiation

Purpose To evaluate partial derivatives for vector functions.

Brief summary of overall task Watch the following videos;

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FE1G0louzcE
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pJ5TzU_k4SA
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ckxCV60pypQ
Spark

Individual contribution  Watch the videos and read on partial

differentiation.

Interaction begins  Post your answers on the discussion forum 5.2.1

 Read what your colleagues have posted.
 In a sentence or two, comment on what two of
your colleagues have posted keeping etiquette in
mind
E-moderator interventions  Focused group discussion
 Providing feedback/ teaching points
 Summarising key points
 Closing the discussion
Schedule and time This discussion should be done during the 5th week of
the semester.
Next Gradient, Divergence and Curl

5.3 Assessment
a) If ̂ ̂ ̂ ⃗ ̂ ̂ ̂ find ( ⃗ )at ( )
b) If are constant vectors and is a constant scalar, show that ⃗ (
) satisfies the partial differential equation
⃗ ⃗
5.4 References
5.4.1 Davis, H. F. and Snider, A. D.Introduction to Vector Analysis, 7th ed. Boston: Allyn &
Bacon (1995).
5.4.2 Lewis, P. E. and Ward, J. P. Vector Analysis for Engineers and Scientists. Reading, MA:
Addison-Wesley (1989).
5.4.3 http://www.maths.gla.ac.uk/~cc/2A/2A_notes/chap4notes_sol.pdf
 LESSON 6
GRADIENT, DIVERGENCE AND CURL
6.1 Introduction
The vector differential operator , is defined by ̂ ̂ ̂ . This vector operator
possesses properties analogous to those of ordinary vectors. It is useful in defining three
quantities which arise in practical applications and are known as the gradient, the divergence and
the curl.

6.2 Lesson Learning Outcomes

At the end of the chapter, you should be able to:-
6.2.1 Determine the gradient of scalar functions.
6.2.2 Evaluate the divergence of vector functions.
6.2.3 Evaluate the curl of vector functions.

6.2.1 The Gradient

The gradient of a given differentiable scalar function ( )denoted by or is
defined as;
( ̂ ̂ ̂) ̂ ̂ ̂

Where ̂ ̂ ̂ is known as nabla or the Del operator.

The quantity,
( ̂ ̂ ̂) ( ̂ ̂ ̂)

is known as the Laplacian operator.

6.2.1.1 The Directional Derivative

The component of in the direction of a unit vector ̂ is given by,
̂
and is known as the directional derivative of in the direction of ̂ Physically, this is the rate of
change of at ( ) in the direction ̂

6.2.1.2 Vector Normal to a Surface

The vector normal to the surface ( )is given by,

While the unit vector ̂ normal to the surface ( ) is given by,

̂
| |
Example 6.1
Find a unit vector normal to the surface at the point (2,-2, 3).

Solution
( ) ( ̂ ̂ ̂) ( ) ( )̂ ̂ ̂ = -2 ̂ +
4 ̂ + 4 ̂ at the point (2,-2, 3).
 ̂ ̂ ̂
Then a unit normal to the surface is = ̂ ̂ ̂
√( )
Example 6.2
Find the directional derivative of at (1, -2, -1) in the direction ̂ ̂ ̂

Solution
( ) ( ̂ ̂ ̂) ( ) ̂ ̂ ̂ at (1, -2, -1)
The unit vector in the direction of ̂ ̂ ̂ is,
̂ ̂ ̂
̂ ̂ ̂ ̂
√( ) ( ) ( )
Then the required directional derivative is,
̂ ( ̂ ̂ ̂) ( ̂ ̂ ̂)
Since this is positive, is increasing in this direction.

Example 6.3
Find the angle between the surfaces and at the point
(2,-1, 2).

Solution
The angle between the surfaces at the point is the angle between the normal to the surfaces at the
point.
A normal to at (2,-1, 2) is
( ) ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂
A normal to at (2,-1, 2) is
( ) ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂
( ) ( ) | || | , where is the required angle. Then
( ̂ ̂ ̂ ) ( ̂ ̂ ̂) | ̂ ̂ ̂ || ̂ ̂ ̂|
√
And , thus the angle is
√
E-tivity 6.2.1 The Gradient

Numbering, pacing and sequencing Lesson 6.2.1

Title The Gradient

Purpose To evaluate the gradient

Brief summary of overall task Watch the following videos;

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YrfeWibNGag
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xsJM6ymPtK4
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uykIBwdXtys
Spark

Individual contribution  Watch the videos and read on the gradient.

 Study on the Laplacian Operator.

Interaction begins  Post your answers on the discussion forum 6.2.1

 Read what your colleagues have posted.
 In a sentence or two, comment on what two of
your colleagues have posted keeping etiquette in
mind
E-moderator interventions  Focused group discussion
 Providing feedback/ teaching points
 Summarising key points
 Closing the discussion
Schedule and time This discussion should be done during the 6th week of
the semester.
Next The Divergence

6.2.2 The Divergence

Let ( ) ̂ ̂ ̂ be a differentiable vector field at each point ( ) in a
certain region of space. Then the divergence of denoted by or is defined by;
 ( ̂ ̂ ̂) ( ̂ ̂ ̂)

A vector function ⃗ ( )is said to be solenoidal if ⃗

Example 6.4
Calculate the divergence of the vector field G(x,y,z) = exi + ln(xy)j + exyzk.
Solution
The divergence of G(x,y,z) is given by • G(x,y,z) which is a dot product. Its components are
given
E-tivity 6.2.2 – The Divergence

Numbering, pacing and sequencing Lesson 6.2.2

Title The Divergence

Purpose To evaluate the divergence

Brief summary of overall task Watch the following videos;

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OK4w44GHJNc
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6wte_bzqa44
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PFWFDyhEH4g
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DMt9erUmiJE

Spark

Individual contribution  Watch the videos and read on the divergence.

Interaction begins  Post your answers on the discussion forum 6.2.2

 Read what your colleagues have posted.
 In a sentence or two, comment on what two of
your colleagues have posted keeping etiquette in
mind.
E-moderator interventions  Focused group discussion
 Providing feedback/ teaching points
 Summarising key points
 Closing the discussion
Schedule and time This discussion should be done during the 6th week of
the semester.
Next The Curl
6.2.3 The Curl
Let ( ) ̂ ̂ ̂ be a differentiable vector field. Then the curl of denoted by
is defined by;
̂ ̂ ̂

( ̂ ̂ ̂) ( ̂ ̂ ̂) || ||

A vector field ⃗ is said to be conservative or irrotational if ⃗

Example 6.5
Determine if the vector field = yz2 ̂ + (xz2 + 2) ̂ + (2xyz - 1) ̂ is conservative.

Solution:

Therefore the given vector field is conservative.

Example 6.6
Prove that

Solution
̂ ̂ ̂
| |
( ̂ ̂ ̂) ( ̂ ̂ ̂)
| |

( ) ̂ ( ) ̂ ( )̂
6.2.3 E-tivity – The Curl

Numbering, pacing and sequencing Lesson 6.2.3

Title The Curl

Purpose To evaluate the curl of vector valued functions

Brief summary of overall task Watch the following videos;

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DMt9erUmiJE

Spark

Individual contribution  Watch the videos and read on the curl.

 What’s the value of div curl ⃗ ? i.e. ( )?

Interaction begins  Post your answers on the discussion forum 6.2.3

 Read what your colleagues have posted.
 In a sentence or two, comment on what two of
your colleagues have posted keeping etiquette in
mind
E-moderator interventions  Focused group discussion
 Providing feedback/ teaching points
 Summarising key points
 Closing the discussion
Schedule and time This discussion should be done during the 6th week of
the semester.
Next Vector integration

6.3 Assessment

a) Given A  xyz iˆ  xy  2 yz ˆj  yz 2 kˆ and   2 x 2 y  2 xyz  3 y 2 z 2 , find at the point
2,1,2

i) Curl A
ii) Div grad 
 b) Find the directional derivative of ( ) at the point ( ) in the
direction of the vector ( ).
c) Find the gradient of the scalar field ( )
d) Given that ̂ ̂ ̂ find if | |
e) Prove that ( ) given that ̂ ̂ ̂

6.4 References
6.4.1 Davis, H. F. and Snider, A. D.Introduction to Vector Analysis, 7th ed. Boston: Allyn &
Bacon (1995).
6.4.2 Lewis, P. E. and Ward, J. P. Vector Analysis for Engineers and Scientists. Reading, MA:
Addison-Wesley (1989).
6.4.3 Spiegel, M. R., Vector Analysis. New York: McGraw-Hill (1989).
6.4.4 Tai, C.T.Generalized Vector and Dyadic Analysis. Oxford: Oxford University Press
(1996).
6.4.5 Wrede, R.C.Introduction to Vector and Tensor Analysis. New York: Wiley (1963).
6.4.6 http://www.maths.gla.ac.uk/~cc/2A/2A_notes/chap4notes_sol.pdf
6.4.7 https://www2.physics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/profiles/fender/vectorcalculus2018-
42414.pdf
 LESSON 7
VECTOR INTEGRATION
7.1 Introduction.
In this lesson, we address properties of line integrals. Double and triple integrals have to be
evaluated by expressing them as repeated integrals.

7.2 Lesson Learning Outcomes

At the end of the lesson, you should be able to;
7.2.1 Evaluate line integrals.
7.2.2 Evaluate surface integrals.
7.2.3 Evaluate volume integrals.

7.2.1 Line integrals

The integral of a single variable is the simplest example of a ‘line integral’. A line integral is just
an integral of a function along a path or curve. That is;
∮
Where
̂ ̂ ̂
Thus we have;
̂ ̂ ̂
Therefore, given that ̂ ̂ ̂

∮ ∮( ̂ ̂ ̂) ( ̂ ̂ ̂) ∮
If is the force on a particle, this line integral represents the work done. In aerodynamics and
fluid mechanics, this integral is called the circulation of
If ∮ , then is called a conservative vector field.

Example 7.1
Find the total work done in moving a particle in a force field given by ̂ ̂ ̂
along the curve from .

Solution
Total work = ∫ ∫( ̂ ̂ ̂) ( ̂ ̂ ̂)
∫
Substituting for t and applying the limits, the definite integral is now;
∫ ( )

Example 7.2
If ( )̂ ̂ ̂ , evaluate ∫ from ( ) ( ) along the
following paths :
 a)
b) The straight lines from ( ) to ( ), then to ( ), and then to ( )
c) The straight line joining ( )to ( )

Solution
∫ ∫ *(( )̂ ̂ ̂) ( ̂ ̂ ̂ )+

∫( )
a) If , points ( ) ( ) correspond to and
respectively. Then;
∫ ∫ ( ) ( )( )( ) ( )( ) ( )
∫ ( )
b) Along( ) ( ), while varies from to . Then
the integral over this part of the path is;
∫ ( ( ))
Along ( ) ( ) while varies from to . Then
the integral over this part of the path is;
∫ ( ( ) )
Along ( ) ( ) while z varies from to . Then
the integral over this part of the path is;
∫ ( ( ) ( )) ( )
Adding ∫
c) The straight line joining ( ) ( ) is given in parametric form by
. Then;
∫ ∫ ( ) ( )( )( ) ( )( ) ( ) ∫ (
)
7.2.1 E-tivity – Line integrals

Numbering, pacing and sequencing Lesson 7.2.1

Title Line Integrals

Purpose To evaluate line integrals

Brief summary of overall task Watch the following videos;

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=21z6gkvhlbQ
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RjvYKVmV2EQ
Spark

Individual contribution  Watch the videos and read on line integrals

 Determine how to evaluate a conservative vector
field.
Interaction begins  Post your answers on the discussion forum 7.2.1
 Read what your colleagues have posted.
 In a sentence or two, comment on what two of
your colleagues have posted keeping etiquette in
mind
E-moderator interventions  Focused group discussion
 Providing feedback/ teaching points
 Summarising key points
 Closing the discussion
Schedule and time This discussion should be done during the 7th week of
the semester.
Next Surface Integrals
7.2.2 Surface Integrals
To evaluate surface integrals, it is convenient to express them as double integrals taken over the
projected area of the surface In Vector Calculus, the surface integral is the generalization of
multiple integrals to integration over the surfaces. Sometimes, the surface integral can be thought
of as a double integral. For any given surface, we can integrate over the surface either in the
scalar field or the vector field. In the scalar field, the function returns the scalar value, and in the
vector field, the function returns the vector value.

Let S be a two-sided surface as shown in Fig. 7.1. Let one side of S be considered arbitrarily as
the positive side. A unit normal ̂ to any point of the positive side of S is called a positive or
outward drawn unit normal.
𝑛̂
z

𝑝̂
O y
R
x
Figure 7.1
Associate with the differential of surface area dS a vector whose direction is that of ̂. Then
̂ . The integral;
∬ ∬ ̂
is an example of a surface integral called the flux of over .
is the projection of the surface on the – plane and is the projection of
̂ is the unit normal vector drawn outward from the surface element while ̂ is the unit vector
perpendicular to the area element
The equations to determine ̂ and are given by;
̂
| | |̂ ̂| |̂ ̂|

Example 7.3
Evaluate ∬ ̂ where ̂ ̂ ̂ and S is that part of the plane
which is located in the first octant.
 Solution
𝑘̂
z 𝑛̂

dS
y

S
dxdy
R

is the projection of the surface on the plane,

 ̂  ̂ | ̂ ̂|
S R
To obtain ̂;
̂ ̂ ̂
̂ ̂ ̂ ̂
| | √

Thus ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ( ̂ ̂ ̂) ̂

and so | ̂ ̂| |̂ ̂| ⁄

Also ̂ ( ̂ ̂ ̂) ( ̂ ̂ ̂)
(7.1)
From the equation , we find that

Substituting for in equation (7.1) we find ̂

Then;
 ̂ =  ̂ | ̂ ̂|  ( )  ( )
S R R R

To evaluate this integral we consider the xy - plane;

Consider the equation of the plane . In the – plane, and the

equation reduces to
 y

𝑥
𝑦
𝑅

(6, 0)

y=0 x

We consider the vertical strip moving in the direction of the x-axis and the square inside the strip
moving in the direction of the y-axis. Thus we integrate with respect to from to
and with respect to from to . In this manner, the region is completely
covered. The integral becomes;

∫ ∫ ( ) ∫( )
7.2.2 E-tivity – Surface integrals

Numbering, pacing and sequencing Lesson 7.2.2

Title Surface Integrals

Purpose To evaluate surface integrals

Brief summary of overall task Watch the following videos;

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=21z6gkvhlbQ
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RjvYKVmV2EQ
Spark

Individual contribution  Watch the videos and read on surface integrals.

 Determine how to obtain a unit vector normal to
a surface.
Interaction begins  Post your answers on the discussion forum 7.2.2
 Read what your colleagues have posted.
 In a sentence or two, comment on what two of
your colleagues have posted keeping etiquette in
mind
E-moderator interventions  Focused group discussion
 Providing feedback/ teaching points
 Summarising key points
 Closing the discussion
Schedule and time This discussion should be done during the 7th week of
the semester.
Next Volume Integrals
7.2.3 Volume Integrals

A volume integral refers to an integral over a 3-dimensional domain, that is, it is a special case
of multiple integrals evaluated as a triple integral. Volume integrals are especially important
in physics for many applications, for example, to calculate flux densities.
Consider a closed surface in space enclosing a volume V. Then;
∭ and ∭ re examples of volume integrals. The volume element is

Example 7.4
Evaluate ∭ over the unit cube where is the vector
function is ̂ ( )̂ ̂

Solution
( ) ( ) ( )

∭ ∫ ∫ ∫( ) ∫ ∫( ) ∫

Example 7.5
For ̂ ̂ evaluate V ( ) where is the volume under the plane
(and above ) for

Solution
̂ ̂ ̂
|| || ̂

So
V ( ) ∫ ∫ ∫ ( ̂)

∫ ∫[ ] ̂

∫ ∫( ) ̂

∫* + ̂ ∫ ( ) ̂ ̂
E-tivity 7.2.3 – Volume Integrals

Numbering, pacing and sequencing Lesson 7.2.3

Title Volume Integrals

Purpose To evaluate volume integrals

Brief summary of overall task Watch the following videos;

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=21z6gkvhlbQ
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RjvYKVmV2EQ
Spark

Individual contribution  Watch the videos and read on volume integrals.

Interaction begins  Post your answers on the discussion forum 7.2.3

 Read what your colleagues have posted.
 In a sentence or two, comment on what two of
your colleagues have posted keeping etiquette in
mind
E-moderator interventions  Focused group discussion
 Providing feedback/ teaching points
 Summarising key points
 Closing the discussion
Schedule and time This discussion should be done during the 7th week of
the semester.
Next Green’s Theorem

7.3 Assessment

a) Find the work done in moving a particle in the force field F  3x 2iˆ  2 xz  y  ˆj  zkˆ
along the space curve x  2t 2 , y  t , z  4t 2  t from t  0 to t  1 .
 b) Evaluate  ̂ over the entire surface of the region bounded by the cylinder
S
if ̂ ( )̂ ̂
c) Evaluate V given and is the closed region bounded by the planes

7.4 References
7.4.1 Davis, H. F. and Snider, A. D. Introduction to Vector Analysis, 7th ed. Boston: Allyn &
Bacon (1995).
7.4.2 Lewis, P. E. and Ward, J. P. Vector Analysis for Engineers and Scientists. Reading, MA:
Addison-Wesley (1989).
7.4.3 Spiegel, M. R., Vector Analysis. New York: McGraw-Hill (1989).
7.4.4 Tai, C.T.Generalized Vector and Dyadic Analysis. Oxford: Oxford University Press
(1996).
7.4.5 Wrede, R.C.Introduction to Vector and Tensor Analysis. New York: Wiley (1963).
7.4.6 http://phyweb.physics.nus.edu.sg/~phylimhs/LineSurfVolInt2.pdf
7.4.7 https://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/classes/calciii/tripleintegrals.aspx
7.4.8 https://nucinkis-
lab.cc.ic.ac.uk/HELM/workbooks/workbook_29/29_2_surface_vol_vec_ints.pdf