1051ATUT3

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TUTORIAL 3 AQUEOUS REACTIONS AND EQUILIBRIUM
4: Reactions in Aqueous Solution
Electrolytes
1. Although pure water is a poor conductor of electricity we are cautioned

not to operate electrical appliances near water. Why?
2. Write equations to show how each of the following behaves in an aqueous

solution:
(a) Acetone, CH3COCH3, a nonelectrolyte
(b) Hypochlorous acid, HClO, a weak electrolyte
(c) Sodium carbonate, Na2CO3, a strong electrolyte
Acids and bases
3. Classify each of the following as a strong/weak acid or base:

(a) H2CO3, (b) Ca(OH)2, (c) HBr (d) HC7H5O2
4. (a) Write the balanced molecular and net ionic equations for each of the
following acid-base reactions:
(i) Aqueous calcium hydroxide solution reacts with nitric acid.
(ii) Aqueous acetic acid is neutralized by aqueous potassium
hydroxide.
(iii) Solid magesium carbonate reacts with aqueous hydrochloric acid
to give aqueous magnesium chloride.
(b) Identify the spectator ions in each of the above processes.
Concentration of solutions
5. You have carefully made up a 500 ml standard solution of 0.100 M sodium

chloride. Unfortunately you then spill 10 ml of the solution. What is the
concentration of the remaining solution? Is concentration an intensive or
extensive property?
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6. Calculate the mass of sodium hydroxide required to produce 100.0 cm3 of a

2.500 mol dm3 solution. Ans: 10.00 g
7. Describe how you would prepare 0.250 dm3 of a 0.100 mol dm3 sulphuric
acid solution, if you have a 1.20 mol dm3 sulphuric acid solution.
Titrations
8. When 45.53 cm3 of a 0.1000 mol dm3 sodium carbonate solution reacted
with hydrochloric acid, 25.00 cm3 of the acid were required for complete
reaction. Calculate:
(a) the amount (moles) of sodium carbonate that reacted.
(b) the amount of HCl present in 25.00 cm3 hydrochloric acid.
(c) the concentration in mol dm3 (molarity) of the hydrochloric acid.
Ans: (a) 4.553 x 103 mol
(b) 9.106 x 103 mol
(c) 0.3642 mol dm3
9. Calculate the volume of 0.2000 mol dm3 sodium hydroxide solution required
to titrate to the equivalence point with 30.00 cm3 of a 0.1600 mol dm3
sulphuric acid solution. (The equivalence point in a titration is the exact
volume at which the added solute reacts completely with the solute in the
solution.) Ans: 48.00 cm3
10. The active ingredient in a commercial antacid is the salt, NaAl(OH)2CO3,

which reacts with stomach acid according to the equation (unbalanced):
NaAl(OH)2CO3 + HCl  NaCl + AlCl3 + H2O + CO2
Balance the equation and calculate the mass of this salt which would react
completely with 2.00 dm3 of 0.120 mol dm3 hydrochloric acid.
Ans: 8.64 g
15: Chemical Equilibrium

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The concept of equilibrium and equilibrium constant expressions
11. Explain what is incorrect about the following statements
(a) At equilibrium no more reactants are transformed into products.

(b) At equilibrium the rate constant for the forward reaction equals that of
the reverse reaction.
(c) At equilibrium there are equal amounts of reactants and products.
12. Write the expressions for Kc and Kp for the following reactions. In each case
indicate whether the reaction is homogeneous or heterogeneous.
(a) N2(g) + O2(g) ⇌ 2NO(g)

(b) Ti(s) + 2Cl2(g) ⇌ TiCl4(l)
(c) 2C2H4(g) + 2H2O(g) ⇌ 2C2H6(g) + O2(g)
(d) FeO(s) + H2(g) ⇌ Fe(s) + H2O(g)
(e) 4HCl(g) + O2(g) ⇌ 2H2O(l) + 2Cl2(g)
13. Which of the following reactions lies to the right, favouring the formation of
products, and which lies to the left, favouring formation of reactants?
(a) 2NO(g) + O2(g) ⇌ 2NO2(g); Kc = 5.0 x 1012

(b) 2HBr(g) ⇌ H2(g) + Br2(g); Kc = 5.8 x 10−18
14. Consider the following equilibrium, for which Kp = 0.0752 at 480oC:
2Cl2(g) + 2H2O(g) ⇌ 4HCl(g) + O2(g)
(a) What is the value of Kp for the reaction:

4HCl(g) + O2(g) ⇌ 2Cl2 + 2H2O(g)?
(b) What is the value of Kp for the reaction:
Cl2(g) + H2O(g) ⇌ 2HCl(g) + O2(g)?
Calculating equilibrium constants
15. Methanol, CH3OH, is produced commercially by the catalyzed reaction of

carbon monoxide and hydrogen: CO(g) + 2H2(g) ⇌ CH3OH(g). An
equilibrium mixture in a 2.00 L vessel is found to contain 0.0406 mol CH 3OH,
0.170 mol CO and 0.302 mol H2 at 500 K. Calculate Kc at this temperature.
Ans: 10.5
16. A mixture of 1.374 g of H2 and 70.31 g of Br2 is heated in a 2.00 L vessel at

700 K. These substances react as follows:
H2(g) + Br2(g) ⇌ 2HBr(g)

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at equilibrium the vessel is found to contain 0.566 g of H2.

(a) Calculate the equilibrium concentrations of H2, Br2 and HBr.
(b) Calculate Kc.
Ans: Kc = 58 to 61, depending on rounding off
Applications of the equilibrium constant
17. (a) How is a reaction quotient used to determine whether a system is at

equilibrium?
(b) If Q > K, how must the reaction proceed to reach equilibrium?
(c) At the start of a certain reaction, only reactants are present; no products
have been formed. What is the value of Q at this point in the reaction?
18. For the equilibrium Br2(g) + Cl2(g) ⇌ 2BrCl(g)
at 400 K, Kc = 7.0. If 0.30 mol of Br2 and 0.30 mol Cl2 are introduced into
a 1.0 L container at 400 K, what will be the equilibrium concentration of BrCl?
Ans: 0.34 M
Le Chatelier’s Principle
19. For the following reaction, ∆H = 2816 kJ
6CO2(g) + 6H2O(l) ⇌ C6H12O6(s) + 6O2(g)
How is the equilibrium yield of C6H12O6 affected by
(a) increasing PCO 2 ;

(b) increasing temperature;
(c) removing CO2;
(d) decreasing the total pressure by increasing the volume of the container;
(e) removing part of the C6H12O6;
(f) adding a catalyst?
20. For a certain gas-phase reaction the fraction of products in an equilibrium

mixture is increased by increasing the temperature and increasing the volume
of the reaction vessel.
(a) What can you conclude about the reaction from the influence of
temperature on the equilibrium?
(b) What can you conclude from the influence of increasing the volume?

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3/1

TUTORIAL 3 AQUEOUS REACTIONS AND EQUILIBRIUM

4: Reactions in Aqueous Solution

1. Although pure water is a poor conductor of electricity we are cautioned

2. Write equations to show how each of the following behaves in an aqueous

Acids and bases

3. Classify each of the following as a strong/weak acid or base:

(b) Identify the spectator ions in each of the above processes.

5. You have carefully made up a 500 ml standard solution of 0.100 M sodium

6. Calculate the mass of sodium hydroxide required to produce 100.0 cm3 of a

10. The active ingredient in a commercial antacid is the salt, NaAl(OH)2CO3,

15: Chemical Equilibrium

The concept of equilibrium and equilibrium constant expressions

11. Explain what is incorrect about the following statements

(a) At equilibrium no more reactants are transformed into products.

(a) N2(g) + O2(g) ⇌ 2NO(g)

(a) 2NO(g) + O2(g) ⇌ 2NO2(g); Kc = 5.0 x 1012

14. Consider the following equilibrium, for which Kp = 0.0752 at 480oC:

2Cl2(g) + 2H2O(g) ⇌ 4HCl(g) + O2(g)

(a) What is the value of Kp for the reaction:

Calculating equilibrium constants

15. Methanol, CH3OH, is produced commercially by the catalyzed reaction of

16. A mixture of 1.374 g of H2 and 70.31 g of Br2 is heated in a 2.00 L vessel at

H2(g) + Br2(g) ⇌ 2HBr(g)

at equilibrium the vessel is found to contain 0.566 g of H2.

Ans: Kc = 58 to 61, depending on rounding off

Applications of the equilibrium constant

17. (a) How is a reaction quotient used to determine whether a system is at

18. For the equilibrium Br2(g) + Cl2(g) ⇌ 2BrCl(g)

19. For the following reaction, ∆H = 2816 kJ

6CO2(g) + 6H2O(l) ⇌ C6H12O6(s) + 6O2(g)

How is the equilibrium yield of C6H12O6 affected by

(a) increasing PCO 2 ;

20. For a certain gas-phase reaction the fraction of products in an equilibrium

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