Easy Notes 0n Physics –IX

Farooq Iqbal SST, F.G.SirSyed Model P/S RWP Cantt.)

Q/A unit no.5 (Pressure and Deformation)

Q.1- Define elasticity and elastic limit. Show that a force may produce change in size and
shape of solids.

Ans. Elasticity: The property of a body to restore its original size and shape as the deforming
force ceases to act is called elasticity.

Elastic limit: The limit in which a maximum stress applied on a body with in which body
recovers its original shape after the stress is removed is called elastic limit.

Force change the shape of solids: When we apply a force to stretch or compress a spring.
Force changes its shape but when we remove force spring retain its shape. Similarly when we
apply force to hit the tennis ball with racket, shape of ball is distorted due to force applied.

Q.2 What is Hook’s law? Illustrate its applications. Also, define and calculate spring constant.

Ans. Hook’s law: statement:within elastic limit the extension or compression x is directly
proportional to the restoring force. FAROOQ IQBAL SST F.G.SirSyed
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Mathematically, Fres ∝ - x or Fres = - kx here k is called spring constant.
𝐹
Spring constant: it is the ration of restoring force and extension. i.e k = its unit is N/m
𝑥

Applications of Hook’s law: 1. Balance wheel of the mechanical watches: it is timekeeping

device used in watches. It is wheighted wheel that rotates back and forth,being returned
towards its center position by a spiral torsion spring. Combination mass of balance and
elasticity of spring keep the time between each oscillation constant.

2. Spring Scale: this device is used to weigh item or object by connecting them to a hook. Since
by hook’s law the force and extension is directly related to the extension. Spring balance
converts this extension to measuring weight using gauge.

3. Galvanometer: it is device used for detecting current or voltage. It not only use hair spring to
restoring the pointer but also make deflection proportional to the force according to Hook’s
law.
Q.3 Draw and explain force extension graph for elastic solids.

Ans. A graph of stretching force and extension is a straight line through the origin. Hook’s law is
obeyed upto the limit of proportionality. Beyond this point graph is no longer directly
proportional and the begins to curve as shown in fig.

Q.4 Define and explain pressure. What is effect of area on pressure acting on surface?

Ans. Pressure: Force per unit area is called pressure. FAROOQ IQBAL
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Mathematically P = unit is Pascal or N/m2
𝐴

Explaination: The pressure increases when force on specific area is increased. a balloon burst
easily when pricked with a pin due to the small area of the pin which creates enough pressure,
but balloon not easily burst when sqeezed by our hand due to large area of hand exert small
pressure.

Q.5 Explain the term atmospheric pressure along with its units. How atmospheric pressure is
measured by liquid barometer? Explain its construction and application.

Ans. Atmospheric pressure: The earth is surrounded by a cover of air called atmosphere.
The pressure exerted by atmosphere is called atmospheric pressure. Atmospheric pressure at
sea level is 101,300 Pa. unit is pascal. 1atm = 1.013 x 105 Pa. another unit some time used is
bar. 1 bar = 1 x 105 Pa. torr is another unit which is equal to mmHg. 1atm = 760 torr

Measurement of atmospheric pressure: a liquaid barometer is used to measure atmospheric

pressure using principle of hydrostatics. In a mercury barometer a tube filled with mercury is
inverted into a container of mercury. The height of mercury column in the tube represents the
atmospheric pressure.

Application of atmospheric pressure: 1.Drawing by Straw: The drinking through straw is

possible by lowering the pressure in the mouth below atmospheric pressure. The action of
sucking lower the pressure in a liquid and thus atmospheric pressure push the liquid up to the
straw into the mouth.

2. Drawing liquid by syringe: when piston of the syringe is drawn back upward, this decreases
the pressure within the cylinder and the outer atmospheric pressure push the liquid into the
syringe.
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Q.6 Explain with examples how atmospheric pressure varies with altitude? What kind of
weather change is indicated by variation in the atmospheric pressure?

Ans. Atmospheric pressure with altitude: Atmospheric pressure decreases as we go up due to

decrease in gravity because air molecules have weight and as air becomes thinner as go away
from earth’s center the gravitational force decreases and gravitational acceleration also
decreases so that atmospheric pressure decreases.

Atmospheric Pressure and Weather: A sudden fall in atmospheric pressure in any locality
followed by a storm,rain and typhoon occur in few hours time. A sudden increase in
atmospheric pressure means that it will soon be followed by a decrease in the atmospheric
pressure indicating poor weather ahead. Usually atmospheric pressure varies from high
pressure of 1040 mbar to as low as 950 mbar. The unit for pressure used in weather maps is
the millibar (mbar) 1mbar = 100 Pa

Q.7 Show that liquid in a container exerts pressure equal to P = 𝝆gh. What is effect of depth
on pressure of liquid?

Ans.Liquid Pressure: Liquid exerts pressure. The pressure of liquid is due to its weight and it
increases with depth of liquid.

Consider a surface of area A in a liquid at a depth h as shown in figure. The force acting on this
𝑚
surface will be the weight of liquid above this surface. F = w = mg density of liquid is 𝜌 =
𝑣
or m = 𝜌v we know that V = Ah so m = 𝜌Ah and now force F = 𝜌Ahg since pressure is
𝐹 𝜌𝐴ℎ𝑔
P= putting the value of force P = FAROOQ IQBAL
𝐴 𝐴
SST F.G.SirSyed P/S
Or P = 𝜌gh RWP. 0334-5044822

Q.8 State Pascal’s law. Describe working principle of hydraulic lift using pascal’s law. What do
you mean by force multiplier?

Ans. Pascal’s law: External Pressure applied to an enclosed fluid is transmitted unchanged to
every point within the fluid.

Hydraulic Lift: Hydraulic lift works on pascal’s principle. Two cylinder with piston are connected
with a tube filled with fluid. One piston is small area A1 on which force is to be applied and the
other piston is large Area A2. Suppose we push down piston of area A1 with force F1 then
𝐹1 𝐹2
pressure exerted will be P1 = similarly pressure on second piston will be P2 =
𝐴1 𝐴2
 𝐹1 𝐹2 𝐹1
According to Pascal’s Principle P1 = P2 putting values we get = or F2 = xA2
𝐴1 𝐴2 𝐴1
𝐴2 𝐴2
or F2 = xF1 This equation depending upon the ratio as A2 is greater than A1 so with a
𝐴1 𝐴1
small force on A1 we can lift up a heavy load on piston A2 . so it works as force multiplier.

Short Response Questions:

Q.1 While walking on a trampoline. Do you feel more pressure when you stand still or jump
up and down? Why does pressure change with movement?

Ans. You feel more pressure when you jump up and down because when you jump, your
weight is distributed unevenly, causing an increase in force exerted on the trampoline's
surface.

Q.2. How does the shape of a thumb pin help it penetrate surfaces easily?

Ans. The thumb pin has a sharp point that concentrates force over a small area, increasing
pressure and allowing it to penetrate surfaces easily.

Q.3. If you blow up a balloon and then tie it closed, why does it stay inflated even though you
stop blowing? How does pressure play a role here?

Ans.The air pressure inside the balloon is higher than the atmospheric pressure outside, which
prevents the air from escaping and keeps the balloon inflated.

Q.4. Why an inner airtight layer of a space suit is designed to maintain a constant pressure
around the astronaut?

Ans.The inner airtight layer of a space suit maintains constant pressure to protect the
astronaut from the vacuum of space, ensuring that their body functions normally.

Q.5. If a liquid has density twice the density of mercury, what will be the height of the liquid
column in the barometer?

Ans.If the liquid has twice the density of mercury, the height of the liquid column in the
barometer would be half that of mercury’s column for the same atmospheric pressure.

Q.6. Why wouldn't we be able to sip water with a straw on the moon?

Ans. On the moon, there is no atmospheric pressure to push the liquid up the straw, so sipping
water would not work as it does on Earth.
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Q.7 How are we able to break a metal wire by bending it repeatedly?

Ans. when a metal wire is bent repeatedly, it experiences stress and strain at the bend points
which causes weakening the wire until it eventually breaks.

Q.8 A spring having spring constant k when loaded with mass m is cut into two equal parts.
One of the part is loaded with same mass m again. What will be its spring constant now?

Ans. As spring constant is inversely proportional to the spring length. If length is halved then
spring constant will be double. i.e 2k

Q.9 why do static fluids always exert a force perpendicular to the surface?

Ans. Because pressure in a fluid at rest is distributed uniformly in all directions which is creating
a perpendicular force at all points.

Q.10 How can a small car lifter lifts load heavier than itself?

Ans. it is possible due to hydraulic system which based on Pascal’s law. By applying a small
force on small piston can lift a heavy load on large piston. On this principle car lifter lifts heavy
load than itself.
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Q. Can we use hydrometer to measure the density of milk?

Ans.,Lactometer is used to measure the density of milk. Lactometer is also a type of

hydrometer. Hydrometers are calibrated for different uses.

Q. What is hydrometer? How does hydrometer work?

Ans. Hydrometer: it is a glass tube with a scale marked on its stem and heavy weight in the
bottom. It is partially immersed in a liquid, the density of which is to be measured.

Q. Define the term pressure.

Ans. Pressure: The force acting normally per unit area on the surface of a body is called
𝐹
pressure. P = pressure is a scalar quantity. SI unit is Nm-2 also called Pascal (Pa).
𝐴
Q. Why a blunt knife cannot cut meat easily?

Ans. As blunt knife have large area and offer less pressure on surface while sharp knife have
small area and more pressure. FAROOQ IQBAL SST
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Q. Why it is difficult to cook food at high altitude? 0334-5044822

Ans. As atmospheric pressure decreases which decreases boiling point of water. To

compensate for the lower boiling point of water, the cooking time must be increased. Turning
up heat the heat will not help cook food.
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Q. Write differences b/w Manometer and Barometer. F.G.SirSyed P/S RWP.
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Ans. Difference b/w Manometer and Barometer:

Manometer Barometer
It is used to measure the pressure of fluids It is used to measure atmospheric pressure.
It comes in different forms It comes in only one basic design for all types.
These are filled with mercury as well as can be In all its cases these are only filled with
filled with any other light liquid. mercury or any heavy liquid.
Extra Questions:

Q.. Show that atmosphere exerts pressure.

Ans. Experiment: Take some water in a tin can and place it over a flame. When water boil
remove it from flame and close it with lid. Now can is cooled by tape water, steam condenses
and the can will sqeeze due to lowers the pressure inside and higher the atmospheric pressure
outside. The can collapse from all directions. This shows that atmosphere exerts pressure.

Q. It is easy to remove air from a balloon but it is very difficult to remove air from a glass
bottle. Why?

Ans. Because in a balloon pressure of air inside is greater than atmospheric pressure that’s why
it is to escape out air from balloon. But in case of glass bottle inside air pressur and out side
atmospheric pressure are equal that’s why it is difficult to remove air.

Q. what is a barometer?

Ans. Barometer: An instrument that is used to measure atmospheric pressure is called

barometer. One simple type is mercury barometer. It consist of 1m long glass tube. At see level
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the height of mercury column found to be 76 cm where atmospheric pressure is nearly 101,300
Pa.

Q. Why water is not suitable to be used in a barometer?

Ans. Mercury is 13.6 times denser than water. Atmospheric pressure can hold a vertical column
of water about 13.6 times greater height than mercury column. Therefore height of vertical
column for water would be 10.34 m. Thus a glass tube more than 10 m is required to make
water barometer. FAROOQ IQBAL
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Q. What makes a sucker pressed on a smooth wall sticks to it?
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Ans. When sucker is pressed on a smooth wall the air inside escape out and decreases the
internal air pressure than the outer atmospheric pressure. This outer pressure forced the
sucker to stick.

Q.- what changes are expected in weather if the barometer reading shows a sudden
increase?
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Q.- State Archimedes principle.

Ans. Archimedes principle: when an object is totally or partially immersed in a liquid, an

upthrust acts on it equal to the weight of the liquid it displaces. FAROOQ IQBAL
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Q.- What is upthrust? RWP. 0334-5044822

Ans. Upthrust: An upward force acting on the body when it is immersed in a liquid, is called
upthrust or buoyant force. This force keeps ships to float. FAROOQ IQBAL SST
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Q.- what is principle of floatation? SCHOOL RWP.

Ans. Principle of floatation: A floating object displaces a fluid having weight equal to the
weight of the object.

Q.- Explain how a submarine moves up the water surface and down into water?

Ans. Submarine works on the principle of floatation. It floats over water when weight of water
equal to its volume is greater than its weight. It has a system of tanks, when these tanks filled
with water its weight becomes greater than the upthrust and dives into the water. To come up
on the water the tanks are emptied from seawater.

Q.- why does a piece of stone sink in water but a ship with a huge weight floats?

Ans. Due to large volume (less density) ship displaces more water and more upthrust acts on it
and floats while due to small volume (more density) stone displaces less water and less
upthrust acts on it and so it sinks.

Q. Take a rubber band. Construct a balance of your own using a rubber band. Check its
accuracy by weighing various objects.

Ans. Take a rubber band hang it, attach pointer to its lower end with scale in front of pointer.
Different known weights are suspended one by one with lower end and note the readings. It is
called calibration of scale. This makes a balance for weight measurement.

Q.- when an inflated balloon is heated it bursts why?

Ans. When balloon heated the motion of molecules increases which causes to increase
pressure inside the balloon and balloon burst due to this increasing pressure.

Q.- write any three applications of Pascal’ law?

Ans. 1. cotton and clothes are pressed to form their bundles.

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2. At service stations cars are lifted by hydraulic press. SST
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3. Brakes of vehicles works on the principle of hydraulic press.

Q. Define stress. Also give its formula and unit.

FAROOQ IQBAL
Ans. Stress: The force acting per unit area of a body is called stress. SST F.G.SirSyed P/S
RWP. 0334-5044822
𝐹
Formula, stress = SI unit is Nm-2
𝐴

Q.- Define strain and tensile strain.

Ans. Strain: A comparison of change caused by the stress with the original length, volume or
shape is called strain.

Tensile Strain: If stress produces change in the length of an object then the strain is called
tensile strain.
 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
Tensile strain = strain has no unit. FAROOQ IQBAL
FAROOQ IQBALSST
𝑂𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
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Q.Why do solids have fixed shape and volume? RWP. 0334-5044822

Ans. Because solids molecules are held close together by strong forces of attraction. They can
vibrate but don’t move from place to place.

Q.- under what condition an object floats in water.

Ans. If the upthrust force acting on the object is greater than the weight of object then the
object floats in water.i.e- F > W
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Q. what are elastic materials? Give some examples. F.G.QUAID-I-AZAM
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Ans. An object is said to be elastic if it restore its original shape after the deforming force
ceases to act. Examples . plastic , rubber, iron spring, nylon etc.
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Q.- How does vacuum cleaner work? F.G.SirSyed P/S RWP. 0334-5044822

Ans. The fan in a vacuum lowers air pressure in its bucket. The atmospheric air rushes into it
carrying dust and dirt with it. Dust and dirt are blocked by the filter while air escapes out.

Numerical problems

.1 Data 2. Data: D = 30 cm
K = 8000 N/m R = D/2 = 30/2 = 15 cm = 0.15m
F = 500N F1 = 250 N ,d = 15 cm , r = 7.5 cm = 0.075 m
X=? F2 = ?
Solution: we know that x =
𝐹 Solution:A= 𝜋 R2=3.14 x .15 x 0.15 = 0.7065 m2
𝑘
500 a = 𝜋 r2 = 3.14 x .075 x .075 = 0.01766 m2
x= = 0.0625 m
8000 From pascal,s law
or x = 6.25 cm 𝐹2
=
𝐹1
𝐴 𝑎
𝐹1
FAROOQ IQBAL SST F.G.SirSyed P/S F2 = xA
𝑎
RWP. 0334-5044822 250
F2 = x 0.7065 = 10000 N
0.01766

3. Data 4. Data: h = 70cm = 0.7m, 𝜌 = 1000 kgm-3

m = 1000 kg , F2 = mg = 1000 x 9.8 = 9800 P=?
F1 = 50 N r= 20cm = 0.2 m R ? Solution : P = 𝜌gh
Solution: From pascal,s law P = 1000 x 9.8 x0.7 ( g= 9.8ms-2)
𝐹2
=
𝐹1 P = 6860 Pa or 6.86 kPa
𝐴 𝑎
𝐹2
or R2 = x r2
9800
𝐹1 FAROOQ IQBAL SST F.G.SirSyed P/S
R2 = x (0.2)2 = 7.84 m2 RWP. 0334-5044822
50
Or R = 2.8 m or 280 cm

5 Data
A = 20 cm2 = 2 x 10-3 m2
P = 4500 Pa F = ?
Solution: we know that
𝐹
P= or F = P x A
𝐴
F = 4500 x 2 x 10-3
F=9N

***Best luck***
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