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10.02.2005

1 INTEGRAL AS THE AREA

The definite integral has a lot of applications such as : the area of region bounded by any
curves or graphs, the volume of revolution, the arclength of a curve, the mean value of any
function, the center of mass, the displacement, the calculation of the work, …etc.
Most of these applications are directly related with mathematics or physics. In this chapter
we will learn the applications which are related with mathematics.

Theorem
Let f : [a, b] → R be a continuous, positively y
f(x)
defined function ( f(x) ≥ 0) then the area of the
region between y = f(x) and x-axis on the
interval [a, b] is
A
b x
a b
A = ∫ f ( x) dx .
a

Conclusion
1. If f(x) ≤ 0 then the area of the region between y

y = f(x) and x-axis on the interval [a; b] will be a b

x
b b
A = ∫ − f ( x) dx = – ∫ f ( x) dx.
a a
A
f(x)

More Generally
Let y = f(x) be any continuous function on the interval [a, b] then the area between
y = f(x) and x-axis is;
b
A = ∫| f ( x)| dx.
a

2. In the figure the total area of the region will be y

c d b
f(x)
Area=A+B+C = ∫ f ( x) dx − ∫ f ( x) dx + ∫ f ( x) dx.
a c d A
C
x
a c B d b

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n
3. The area between y = f(x), y-axis and the lines y = m and y = n is A = ∫ f ( y) dy.
m

Important Note y
f(x)
a. The definite integral of f(x) on [a, b] is
b
A
∫ f ( x) dx = A – B.
a a b
x
B
b. The area between f(x) and x-axis on [a, b] is
Area = A + B.

4. The Area Between Two Curves

a. y y y
g(x)
f(x) f(x)
A
f(x)
A
x
g(x) a b
x
x g(x) a b
a b

Let f(x) and g(x) be two curves then the area between f(x) and g(x) on the interval
b

[a, b] is A = ∫ [ f ( x) − g( x)] dx.

a

b. y
g(x)

B C
A f(x)

x
a b c d

The area between f(x) and g(x) is

b c d
A + B + C = ∫ ( f ( x) − g( x) ) dx + ∫ (g( x) − f ( x ) ) dx + ∫ (f (x ) − g(x ) ) dx.
a b c

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EXAMPLE 1 Find the area of the region bounded by y = x – 1, x-axis, x = 2 and x = 4 lines.

y
4
x2 4 y=x–1
Solution A = ∫ ( x − 1) dx = − x|
2 2 2

= (8 – 4) – (2 – 2)
=4

x
–1 2 4

EXAMPLE 2 Find the area bounded by f(x) = –3x + 1, x-axis, x = 1 and x = 3 lines.

3
3 x2 3 y
Solution A = ∫ −( −3x +1) dx = − x|
1 2 1

1
27 3 1 3
=( − 3) − ( − 1) x
1
2 2 3
21 1
= −
2 2
=10 y = –3x + 1

EXAMPLE 3 What is the area of the region between f(x) = 1 – x2 and x-axis.

Solution f(x) = 1 – x2 = 0 ⇒ x = ± 1. y
1 3
x 1
A = ∫ (1 − x2 ) dx = x − | 1
−1 3 −1
–1 A 1
1 1 x
= (1 − ) − ( −1 + )
3 3
4
= y = 1 – x2
3

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EXAMPLE 4 What is the area of the region between the graph y = 2 – 3x + x2 and x-axis.
y
Solution 2 – 3x + x2 = 0 ⇒ x1 = 1, x2 = 2 y = 2 – 3x + x2

2
3 x 2 x3 2
A = ∫ −(2 − 3x + x2 ) dx = −2 x +
2
−
3
| 2
1 1

8 3 1
= (– 4+6 – ) – ( –2+ – )
3 2 3 x
1 A 2
1
= .
6

EXAMPLE 5 Find the area of the region bounded by y2 – 1 = x and y-axis.

y
Solution y2 – 1 = 0 ⇒ y = ± 1
y2 – 1 = x
1 3
y 1
1
A = ∫ −( y2 − 1) dy = −( + y) |
−1 3 −1
A
1 1 x
= −( − 1)+( − +1) –1
3 3
–1
4
= .
3

EXAMPLE 6 Find the area between the graphs of y = x2 + 1 and y = 5.

Note
In these type of questions (the limits are not given) we must find the limits firstly. To find
the limits we will solve the equations simultaneously (say y1 = y2). These common solutions
will be the limits. After that we will decide which function is upper and which one is lower
(or just use absolute value). Then we can calculate the area by using definite integral.
y
Solution y1 = x2 + 1 y = x2 + 1

y2 = 5 5 y=5
y1 = y2 ⇒ x2 + 1 = 5 ⇒ x = ± 2
A
2 2
x3 2
A = ∫ (5 − ( x2 +1)) dx = ∫ (4 − x2 ) dx = 4 x − |
−2 −2 3 −2
1
x
8 8 32 –2 2
= (8 − ) − ( −8+ ) = .
3 3 3

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EXAMPLE 7 Find the area of the region bounded by y = x2 + 2 and y = x + 4.

y
Solution y1 = y2 ⇒ x2 + 2 = x + 4 y = x2 + 4
y=x+4
x2 – x – 2 = 0
4
x1 = 2 and x2 = –1 y = x2 + 2
A
2 2
2
A = ∫ ⎡⎣( x + 4) − ( x2 + 2) ⎤⎦ dx = ∫ ( −x2 + x+ 2) dx
−1 −1 x
3 2
–4 –1 2
x x 8 2 1 1
=− + + 2 x | = ( − + 2+ 4) −( + −2)
3 2 −1 3 3 2
9
=
2

EXAMPLE 8 Find the area of the region bounded by f(x) = x2 – x and g(x) = 3x – x2.

Solution f(x) = g(x) y

x2 – x = 3x – x2 f(x) = x2 – x
2x2 – 4x = 0
x1 = 0, x2 = 2.
2 2 A
A = ∫ ((3x − x2 ) − ( x2 − x) ) dx = ∫ ( −2 x 2 + 4 x) dx 2 3
x
0 0

3
2x 162 8 g(x) = 3x – x2
=− + 2 x2 | = − +8 − 0 = .
3 0 3 3

EXAMPLE 9 Find the area between the graphs of y = x3, y = 0, x = –2 and x = 1.

Solution The graph is intersecting x-axis at the point x = 0. y

So some parts in the domain is under x-axis and y = x3
some of them is below x-axis. So we will divide the
region into two parts. –2
x
0 1 1
x4 0 x4 1
A = ∫ − x3 dx + ∫ x3 dx = − |+ |
−2 0 4 −2 4 0
1 17
= 0 − ( −4)+ −0= .
4 4

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EXAMPLE 10 Find the area of the region bounded by y = x3, x = 0, y = –2 and y = 2.

Solution y = x3 ⇒ x = 3 3 2. y
y = x3
4
2 2 1 2
3y 3 2 33 2 y=2
A = ∫ 3 y dy = ∫ y 3 dy = |=
0 0 4 0 2
x
4
0 3
3y 3 2
3 0
B= ∫
−2
3 y dy = − |=
4 −2 2 –2
y = –2

33 2 33 2
Total Area = A + B = + = 3 3 2.
2 2

Note
These two areas are symmetric. So if we multiply A by 2 it will give us the total area.

EXAMPLE 11 What is the area of the region bounded by y = x2 + 3x, x-axis and x = 3 line?

Solution 0 3
y
A = ∫ −( x2 + 3x) dx + ∫ ( x2 + 3x) dx y = x2 + 3x
−3 0

3 2 0 3
x 3x x 3x2 3
=− − |+ + |
3 2 −3 3 2 0
27 27 B
= 0 − (9 − )+9+ −0 x
2 2 –3 A 3
= 27

EXAMPLE 12 What is the area of the region between y = cos x and x-axis on the interval [0, 2π].

Solution In the figure the area of all these 4 parts are equal. y
So we can get the answer as follows:
π
2 π y = cos x
2
TotalArea = 4 ⋅ ∫ cos x dx = 4 ⋅sin x |
0 0
A D
p
π 3p
x
= 4sin − 4sin0 p 2p
2 2 B C 2

=4

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EXAMPLE 13 What is the area of the region bounded by the graphs of the functions y = x3 and y = x.

y
Solution Firstly we will find the intersection points.
y=x
y = x3
y1 = y2
x3 = x; x3 – x = 0; x (x – 1)(x + 1 ) = 0
The intersection points are; –1, 0, 1.
–1
x
0 1 1
A = ∫ ( x − x) dx + ∫ ( x − x ) dx
3 3

−1 0

4
⎛x x ⎞ ⎛ x2 x4 1 ⎞ 1
2 0
=⎜ − | ⎟+ ⎜ − |⎟ = .
⎝ 4 2 −1 ⎠ ⎝ 2 4 0⎠ 2

Check Yourself 1
1. Find the area of the region bounded by y = x2 + 1 and y = 3x – 1.
2. Find the area between the graph of y = x2 – 4 and x-axis.
3. What is the area of the region bounded by y = 3x2 + 1 and y = 4.
4. Find the area of the region bounded by y = 2x2 + 3x and y = –x2 – 3x + 24.
5. Find the area of the region bounded by y = 2x2 – 4x + 5, x-axis, x = 2 and x = 3 lines.
6. What is the area of the region bounded by y = 3x + 5, x-axis, x = 1 and x = 4 lines.
7. Find the area of the region bounded by the graphs of y = 5x + 1, y-axis, y = 2 and y = 3 lines.
8. Find the area of the region bounded by the graph of y2 = x + 9 and y-axis.
9. What is the area of the region bounded by the graphs of y = –6x2 – 4x – 29 and y = 5 - x3.
10.What is the area of the region bounded by y = 2x, x = 1, x = –1 and y = 0 lines.

Answers
1 32 23 75 3 3
1. 2. 3. 4 4. 108 5. 6. 7. 8. 36 9. 128 10.
6 3 3 2 10 2 ln 2

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EXERCISES 3 .1
1. Find the area of the region bounded by y = 4 – x2 11. Find the area of the region bounded by y = 2x +
and x-axis. 1, x = 0, y = 1 and y = 3.

2. Find the area of the region bounded by the line 12. Find the area of the region bounded by the graphs
y = 3 + x and both of x and y axes. of y = 3x – 1, y-axis, y = 0 and y = 2 lines.

3. Find the area of the region between y = 2x – 1 13. Find the area of the region bounded by the graphs
and x-axis on the interval [0, 3]. of y = ñx, y-axis, y = 1 and y = 3 lines.

4. Find the area of the region bounded by y = 1 – 3x 14. Find the area between x = y2 – 4 and y-axis.
and x-axis on the interval [2, 5].

15. Find the area of the region bounded by

5. Find the area of the region bounded by y = x2 + 5 x = y2 – 3y + 2 and y-axis.
and x-axis on the interval [0, 3].

16. Find the area of the region bounded by y = x2 and

6. Find the area of the region bounded by ›
y = 1 on the interval [–2, 1].
2
y = x – 3x – 4 and x-axis on the interval [-1, 7].

17. Find the area of the region bounded by the graphs

7. Find the area of the region between the graphs of y = 2x2 – 3x + 1 and y = 3 on the interval
y = x – 1, y = 0, x = 1 and x = 3. [2, 3].

8. Find the area of the region bounded by the graphs 18. Find the area of the region between y = x3 + 1
3
of y = x – 1, y = 0, x = 1 and x = 2. ›
and y = 5 on the interval [0, 2].

9. Find the area of the region bounded by the graphs 19. Find the area of the region bounded by the graphs
of y = 3 – x2, y = 0, x = 0 and x = 2. ›
of y = 1 + 3x, y = 8, x = 2 and x = 3.

10. Find the area of the region between the graphs of 20. Find the area of the region bounded by y = 2x – 5,
› 2
y = –2, x = 1 and x = 3.
y = x + 3x – 1, y = 0, x = –3 and x = 0.

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21. Find the area of the region bounded by the curves 31. Find the area of the region bounded by the curves
2 2
y = x – 1 and y = 1 – x . f(x) = 3 – x2 and g(x) = 2.

22. Find the area of the region bounded by the curves

›
y = 2x2 – 3x + 5 and y = 10 – x – x2. 32. Find the area of the region bounded by the curves
y = x2 and x = y2.

23. Find the area of the region bounded by the curves

f(x) = x3 and g(x) = ñx.
33. Find the area of the region bounded by the curves
›
x = y2 and y = x – 3.

24. Find the area of the region bounded by the curves

y = 4 – x2 and y = x2 + 2.

34. Find the area of the region bounded by y = cos x

and y = sin x on the interval [0, π]
25. Find the area of the region bounded by the curves
y = 2x2 – 3x + 1 and y = –8x + 4.

35. Find the area of the region bounded by the graphs

26. Find the area of the region bounded by the curves › π
of y = sin3x, y = 2cos x, x = 0 and x = .
y = x2 – 1 and y = 3x +3. 2

27. Find the area of the region bounded by the curves

36. Find the area of the region bounded by the graphs
y = 4 – x2 and y = 2x + 1. π
of y = sin x and y = 3cos 2x on [0, ].
3

28. Find the area of the region bounded by the curves

y = x3 – 2x2 and y = 3x.
37. Find the area of the region bounded by the graphs
›
5π 7 π
of y = cos 2x and y = 2sin x on [ , ].
3 4
29. Find the area of the region bounded by the curves
›
y = x3 + x2 + 2x and y = 7x2 – 9x + 6.

38. Find the area of the region bounded by the graphs

30. Find the area of the region bounded by the curves cos x sin x π π
of y = and y = on [ , ].
f(x) = x2 and g(x) = 4. 3 3 3 2

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39. Find the area of the region bounded by the graphs 46. If the area of the region bounded by y = ax2 (a > 0),
π
of y = 2sin x and y = 3cos x on [0, ]. x-axis and the line x = 3 is 18 cm2. What is the
6
value of a.

40. Find the area of the region bounded by y = sin x

and x-axis on [0, 2π].
1
47. Find the area of the region bounded by y = ,
x
x-axis, x = 1 and x = e3.

41. Find the area of the region between y = 5 ⋅ cos4x

π
and x-axis on [0, ].
4

48. Find the area of the region bounded by y = lnx,

x-axis, x = e and x = e2.

42. Find the area of the region bounded by y = 3 ⋅ sin

π
x, x-axis, x = 0 and x = .
3

49. In the figure the graph of the function f(x) is

1 5

43. What is the area of the region between the

given. ∫
−2
f ( x) dx = –5 and ∫ f ( x) dx = 5. Find the
−3
›
tangent line of the f(x) = ln x at the point x = e, total area of the shaded region.
y
the function f(x) = lnx and x-axis.

–3 –2 1 5
x

44. What is the area of the region bounded by the

graphs of y = x2, y = 3x2 and y = 4x.

50. In the figure the graph of y

45. In the figure the shaded y f(x) is given.
area is 12 cm2 and 7
1 2 7
2 If ∫ f ( x) dx = –3 and x
∫ f ( x) dx = 0. 2
x
1

the area B is 8 cm2 then

B
−2 –2
2 7
What is ∫ f ( x) dx.
0
f(x) what is ∫| f ( x)| dx?
1

Applications of the Definite Integral 91