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1 EVALUATING THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL

A. DEFINITON THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL
Definition
Let f(x) be a continuous function defined on the interval [a, b]. The area between the graph
of f(x) and x-axis is called the definite integral of f(x) from a to b.

y
In the figure the given area is the integral of f(x) on
y = f(x)
the interval [a, b].
b
We can write this expression as A = ∫ f ( x) dx.
a A

x
upper limit a b

∫ f ( x) dx
a
integrand
lower limit

y
Note
If the graph is under x-axis then its integral will be a b
x
negative.
A
The area is a positive value so in the figure
b
A = – ∫ f ( x) dx.
a

Note
If some parts of the graph is under x-axis and the y

other parts are above the x-axis then the integral will
be algebraic sum of the areas.
In the figure all of the areas A, B, C are positive A bC
numbers. a b
x
b B
So, ∫ f ( x) dx = A – B + C
a

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Note
In the linear functions we can use geometric methods to calculate the area under a curve.

EXAMPLE 1 Find the area of region between the graph of y = 3x and x-axis on the interval [0, 4].

y
4
1
Solution The shaded area is = A = ∫ 3x dx = ⋅ 4 ⋅ 12 = 24 12
0 2
unit square.

x
0 4

EXAMPLE 2 In the following figure the area of parts A, B and C y

are given as A = 7, B = 9 and C = 8. Find the area
of the shaded region and evaluate the integral on the
interval [a, b]. C
A
x
a B b
Solution Total Area = A + B + C = 7 + 9 + 8 = 24
The integral on [a, b] = A – B + C = 7 - 9 + 8 = 6

B. THE FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF CALCULUS

Let f(x) be a function such that f : [a, b] → R. If F′(x) = f(x) and then

b b
.
∫sin
a
f ( x) dx =
x=
2tF( x)+ c| =1F–( bt ) − F( a)
, sin x =
a
2
and dx =
1+ t 2 1+ t 2

Note b
In this part we wrote: ∫ f ( x) dx = F( x)+ c .
a
But for definite integral we don't need to write “+c” because by the fundamental theorem of
b
calculus we have: ∫ f ( x) dx = ( F( b)+ c) − ( F( a)+ c) = F(b) + c – F(a) – c = F(b) – F(a).
a

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1
EXAMPLE 3 ∫ x dx = ?
0

1
x2 1 12 02 1
Solution ∫ x dx =
0
|= –
2 0 2 2
= .
2

5
EXAMPLE 4 ∫x
3
2
dx = ?

5
x3 5 53 33 125 − 27 98
∫ x dx =
2
Solution |= – = = .
3
3 3 3 3 3 3

π
EXAMPLE 5 ∫ sin x dx = ?
0

π π
Solution ∫ sin x dx = − cos x| = ( −cos π ) −( −cos0) = ( −( −1)) −( −1) =1+1= 2.
0 0

1
EXAMPLE 6 ∫e
0
3x
dx = ?

1
1 1 e 3 e0 e 3 − 1
∫e
3x
Solution dx = e 3 x | = − =
0
3 0 3 3 3

Check Yourself 1
Evaluate the following definite integrals:
5 π e e
1
∫ x dx ∫ cos x dx ∫ e dx ∫x
3
a. b. c. 2x
d. dx
1 0 0 1

Answers
2e
a. 156 b. 0 c. e − 1 d. 1
2

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C. THE PROPERTIES OF THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL

Let f: [a, b] → R and g: [a, b] → R be two integrable functions.
a
1. ∫ f ( x) dx = 0
a
a
Proof ∫ f ( x) dx = F( a) − F( a) = 0.
a

b a
2. ∫
a
f ( x) dx = − ∫ f ( x) dx
b

b a
Proof
∫
a
f ( x) dx = F( b) − F( a) = −( F( a) − F( b)) = −∫ f ( x) dx.
b

b b
3. ∫ c ⋅ f ( x) dx = c ⋅ ∫ f (x) dx
a a
b b b
Proof c ⋅ ∫ f ( x) dx = c ⋅ ( f (b ) − f (a ) )= c ⋅ f ( b ) − c ⋅ f (a ) = c ⋅F( x)| = ∫ c ⋅ f ( x ) dx.
a a a

b b b
4. ∫ [ f ( x) ± g( x)] dx = ∫ f (x) dx ± ∫ g(x ) dx
a a a

b b
Proof
∫ f ( x) dx ± ∫ g( x) dx =[F(b) – F(a)] ±[G( b) – G( a)]
a a
= [ F( b) ± G( b)] – [ F( a) ±G( a)]

= [ F ± G]( b) – [ F ± G]( a)
b
= ∫ [ f ( x) ± g( x)] dx.
a

c b c
5. Let, a ≤ b ≤ c then ∫
a
f ( x) dx = ∫ f ( x) dx + ∫ f ( x) dx
a b

c
Proof
∫ f ( x) dx = F( c) – F( a) = F( c) – F( a)+ F( b) – F( b)
a
= [ F( b) – F( a)]+[ F( c) – F( b)]

b c
= ∫ f ( x) dx + ∫ f ( x) dx
a b

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b b
6. f(x) ≥ g(x), ∀x ∈ [a, b] then ∫ f ( x) dx ≥ ∫ g( x) dx
a a

Proof If f(x) ≥ g(x) then f(x) – g(x) ≥ 0.

Let's say h(x) = f(x) – g(x) so, h(x) ≥ 0 for every x on [a, b]
b
We know that ∫ h( x) dx is the area between the graph of h(x) and x-axis.
a
b
If h(x) ≥ 0 then ∫ h( x) dx ≥ 0.
a

b b
7. ∫ f ( x) dx ≤
a
∫ a
f ( x) dx

b
Proof We know ∫a f ( x) dx is the area between the graph of f(x) and x-axis on the interval [a; b].
So we have two conditions:
a. f(x) ≤ 0, ∀x ∈ [a; b] or f(x) ≥ 0, ∀x ∈ [a; b].

y y

a b
x

A A

x
a b

b b b
In the first figure A = ∫a f ( x) dx or ∫
a
f ( x) dx = – A and | – A|=| A|= ∫
a
f( x) dx
b b
In the second figure A = ∫ f ( x) dx = ∫ f ( x) dx.
a a

b. If f(x) ≤ 0 for x ∈ [a; c] and f(x) ≥ 0 for x ∈ [c; b] y

b
where c ∈ [a; b] then ∫
a
f ( x) dx = A2 – A1 and
A2
b a
∫ f ( x) dx = A2 – A1 but x
a c b
b A1
∫a
f ( x) dx =| A2 |+| A1 | and

A2 – A1 ≤ A2 + A1 by triangle inequality.
b b
So,
∫a
f ( x) dx ≤ ∫ f ( x) dx.
a

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7
3
EXAMPLE ∫ 3
x dx = ?

Solution a 3
We know ∫a
f ( x) dx = 0 then ∫
3
x dx = 0 .

EXAMPLE 8 ∫
4

4
5x2 sin3 4 x dx

Solution 4
By the same rule in example 7 we can say ∫
4
5x2 sin3 4 x dx = 0.

9
3
EXAMPLE ∫ 1
(2 x2 + 3x − 4) dx = ?

Solution 3 3 3 3 x3 3 x2 3 3

∫ 1
(2 x2 + 3x − 4) dx = 2 ⋅ ∫ x2 dx + 3 ⋅ ∫ x dx − 4 ⋅ ∫ dx = 2 ⋅(
1 1 1 3 1
|)+ 3 ⋅( |) −4 ⋅( x|)
2 1 1

1 9 1 52 64
= 2 ⋅ (9 − )+ 3 ⋅ ( − ) − 4 ⋅(3 − 1) = +12 − 8 =
3 2 2 3 3

10 x2 − 5x +1
e
EXAMPLE ∫ 1
(
x
) dx = ?

Solution e x2 − 5x + 1 e 1 e e e1 x2 e e e

∫ 1
(
x
) dx = ∫ ( x − 5+ ) dx = ∫ x dx − 5 ⋅ ∫ dx + ∫
1 x 1 1 1 x
dx = | − 5x| + ln x|
2 1 1 1

e2 1 e2 − 10e +11
=( − ) − 5 ⋅ ( e − 1)+(ln e − ln1) =
2 2 2

1
EXAMPLE 11 ∫e
0
3 x +1
dx = ?

Solution
1
e3 x+1 1 e4 − e
∫e
3 x +1
dx = |= .
0 3 0 3

π
EXAMPLE 12 2

∫ (sin x + cos x) dx = ?
0

π
Solution 2 π
2 π π
∫ (sin x + cos x) dx = −cos x + sin x | = ( −cos
0 0 2
+ sin ) – ( −cos0 °+ sin0 °)
2
= (–0+1 ) – (–1+0) = 2

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1
EXAMPLE 13 ∫
0
3x +1 dx = ?
In definite integral we
can write the boundaries
by two ways. First find
Solution 1 Let u = 3x + 1 and du = 3 dx then integrate given expression.
the boundaries of u and
The lower bound is 3 ⋅ 0 + 1 = 1 then use it in the answer.
Second integrate the
The upper bound is 3 ⋅ 1 + 1 = 4 function and write the
3 3 3 3 initial boundaries.
1
14 1 u 2 4 2u 2 4 2 ⋅ 4 2
2 ⋅1 2

∫
0
3x +1 dx = ∫ u du =
31 3 3 1
|=
9 1
|=
9
−
9
2
16 − 2 14
= = .
9 9
1
2 3 1 2 2 16 − 2 14
Solution 2 ∫
0
3x +1 dx = (3 x +1) 2 | = ⋅ 4 3 / 2 − ⋅13 / 2 =
9 0 9 9 9
= .
9

e
EXAMPLE 14 ∫ x ln x
1
dx = ?

1 x2
Solution Let u = ln x and v′ = x then u′ = and v = .
x 2
e
x2 e
1 x2 x2 x2 e e2 e2 1 1
∫ x ln x dx =
1 2
ln x – ∫ ⋅
1 x 2
dx =
2
ln x –
4 1
|= ( ln e − ) −( ln1 − )
2 4 2 4

e2 e2 1 e2 +1
= − + =
2 4 4 4

3
EXAMPLE 15 ∫x
−1
x+ 4
2
+ 2x
dx = ?

3 3
Solution x+ 4 x+ 4
∫x
−1
2
+ 2x
dx = ∫
−1 x( x + 2)
dx

x+ 4 A B ( A + B)x + 2 A
= + = ; A + B = 1 and 2 A = 4.
x( x + 2) x x + 2 x( x + 2)

So A = 2 and B = –1.
3
x+4 3
2 3
1 3 x2 3
∫ 2
−1 x + 2 x
dx = ∫
−1 x
dx − ∫
−1 x + 2
dx = 2 ln| x | – ln| x + 2| |
−1
= ln |
x + 2 −1
9 9
= ln – ln1= ln .
5 5

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Check Yourself 2
Evaluate the following definite integrals.
2 4 e
x3 + 4x2 +5 x − 1
a. ∫x
5
⋅ cos 4 x dx b. ∫ ( x3 + 4 x2 − 3x − 2) dx c. ∫1 dx
2 1 x
3 π 4
x−3
d.
∫ ( x + x − 2) dx
2 e. ∫ (2 cos x − sin 2 x) dx
π
f.
∫ 2x 2
+x
dx
−2 2 1

2
3 e
ln(ln x)
g. ∫
−1
2 x + 3 dx h. ∫
1
x
dx

Answers
477 3
25 7 ln 3 26
a. 0 b. c. e + 2 e2 +5 e − 25 d. e. –1 f. − 6 ln 2 g. h. ln4 – 2
4 3 3 6 2 3

D. LEIBNIZ RULE
x
f : [a; b] → R is a continuous function and F( x) = ∫ f (t ) dt then,
a
d ⎛x ⎞
F ′( x) = ⎜ ∫ f ( t) dt ⎟ = f ( x).
dx ⎝ a ⎠
Applications:
v( x )
1. F( x) =
∫ f ( t) dt then F ′( x) = f (v( x) ) ⋅ v ′( x).
a
v( x )
2. F( x) = ∫ f (t ) dt then F ′( x) = f (v( x) ) ⋅ v ′( x) − f (u(x )) ⋅ u ′(x ).
u( x )

16
x
EXAMPLE If, F( x) = ∫ cos t 2 dt. then find F ′( π ).
1 2
v( x )

Solution We know, when F( x) = ∫a

f ( t) dt then F′(x) = f(v(x)) ⋅ v′(x).

x
If, F( x) = cos t 2 dt and f(t) = cos t2, then F′(x) = cos x2 ⋅ (x)′ = cos x2.
∫ 1
π π 2 π 2
So, F ′( ) = cos( ) = cos = .
2 2 4 2

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17
x2
EXAMPLE If F( x) = ∫ ( t 2 − 4t +1) dt then evaluate F′(2).
x

v( x )

Solution We know, F( x) = ∫
u( x )
f (t ) dt then F ′( x) = F( v( x)) ⋅ v ′( x) – f ( u( x)) ⋅ u (′ x).

x2
So, if we have F( x) = ∫ ( t 2 − 4t +1) dt then
x

F′(x) = f(x2) ⋅ (x2)′ – f(x) ⋅ (x)′ where f(t) = t2 – 4t + 1

F′(x) = (x4 – 4x2 +1 ) ⋅ (2x) – (x2 – 4x + 1 ) ⋅ 1
F′(2) = (24 – 4 ⋅ 22 + 1) ⋅ (2 ⋅ 2) – ( 22 – 4 ⋅ 2 + 1)
= (16 – 16 + 1 ) ⋅ 4 – ( 4 – 8 + 1 )
=4+3
= 7.

E. THE MEAN VALUE THEOREM (MVT)

Let f: [a, b] → R be a continuous function then there exist at least one real number
c ∈ [a, b] such that
b

2t ∫a fx( x=) 1dx– t2 and dx =.

sin x = f ( c2),=sin 2
1+ t b − a1+ t

In the given formula f(c) is called the mean value of f(x) on the interval [a, b].

EXAMPLE 18 Find the mean value of f(x) = x2 – 4x on the interval [0, 4].

Solution Let, f(c) is the mean value of f(x) in [0, 4] then by Mean Value Theorem we have;
4
x3 x2 4 64 64
∫(x
2
− 4x)dx (
− 4 )| −
f ( c) = 0
= 3 2 0= 3 2 = − 64 = − 8 .
4−0 4 4 24 3

Note
1. All continuous functions have integrals on a closed interval [a, b].
2. A function with countable number of points of discontinuity has an integral on the closed
interval [a, b]. If the points c1, c2, …, cn ∈ [a, b] are points of discontinuity of f(x) then;
b c1 c2 b

∫ f ( x) dx = ∫ f ( x) dx + ∫ f ( x) dx +...+ ∫ f ( x) dx.
a a c1 cn

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Check Yourself 3
x
π
1. If F( x) = ∫ sin t 3 dt then find F ′( 3 ).
2
3
x3
2. If F( x) = ∫ ( t 2 + 4t − 1) dt then find F′(3).
x2

x3 + 2 x2 +1
3. Find the mean value of f ( x) = on the interval [1, 3].
x2
Answers
3 13
1. 2. 21876 3.
2 3

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EXERCISES 2 .1
4
1. Evaluate the area between the graph of f(x) = x 1
e. ∫ (3x4 + 4x2 + + x ) dx
and x-axis on the interval [0, 3]. 1
x
π

2. Find the integral of the function f(x) = 3x – 2 on f. ∫ (sin 3x+ 4cos 2 x) dx

0
[0, 4] and find the area between the graph of f(x)
e
and x-axis on the same interval. x3 + x +1
g. ∫1 x dx
3. In the figure A = 5,
y
B = 4 and C = 7. f(x)

Find the area of the 5 3

6. If ∫ f ( x) dx = 7 then evaluate ∫ f ( x) dx.
shaded region and A
C
3 5
x
evaluate the integral a B b

of f(x) on the interval

5 5
[a, b]. 7. If ∫ f ( x) dx = 5 and
1
∫ f ( x) dx = 8
3
evalute
4. Evaluate the following integrals. 3
3 5
∫ f ( x) dx.
a. ∫ x dx b. ∫ 3x dx
2
1
2 1
4 e
ln x
c. ∫ x dx d. ∫
3
dx x
dF
0 1
x 8. a. If F( x) = ∫ cos t dt then find .
ln 2 π 1
dx
e. ∫ e x dx f. ∫ cos x dx 1
dF
0 0 b. If F( x) = ∫ ( t 2 + 2t) dt then find .
4 a dx
1 1
g. ∫ ( x + ) dx h. ∫ ( ax2 + a2 x ) dx x

1 x 0 x2
dF
7 c. Let F( x) = ∫ sin t dt then find .
dx
i. ∫
0
x + 9 dx 0

x3
dF
d. Let F( x) = ∫ ( x + 4) then find .
dx
5. Evaluate the following integrals. x

2
a. ∫ (5x2 + 4x + cos x + e ln 4 ) dx
2 9. Find the mean value of the following functions in
1
given intervals.
b. ∫4
sin(ln(cos x)
dx
1
a. f(x) = x + 1 on [0, 5]
4
c. ∫ 3x
2
dx b. f(x) = x3 + 1 on [–1, 2]
3
x2 + 2 x + 4
4 c. f ( x) = on [–3, 3]
x
d. ∫ (5x
3
+ 4 x2 + 3x − 5) dx
−3 d. f(x) = sinx on [0, 2π]

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