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Els G1

a module in earth and life science

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15 views4 pages

Els G1

a module in earth and life science

Uploaded by

Sayeeh Maruhom
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Earth and Life

Science
Quarter 2 – Module 6:
Organ Systems of
Representative Animals
What is It

The human body and even the simplest animal is made up of


several organ systems that work as one unit. The major organ
systems of the body work together, either directly or indirectly, to keep the body
functioning normally. The body is a chemical and physical machine. As such, it is
subject to certain laws. These are sometimes called natural laws. Each part of the
body is engineered to do a particular function necessary for everyday living.

The Animal Organ Systems


1. Digestive System

Animal nutrition is the process of taking in, taking apart and taking up the
nutrients from the food source. Food processing has four main stages: Ingestion,
Digestion, Absorption, and Elimination or Egestion.
In animals with complete digestive system, where the entrance and exit of food
and waste are different, they have different kind of mechanisms of ingestion
depending on their evolutionary adaptation to their food.
In other animals like cnidarians (jellyfish, anemone, coral) where the entrance
and exit of food and waste is the same, the region where this occurs is called the
gastrovascular cavity.

2. Respiratory System

The respiratory system facilitates breathing. In the alveoli tissue of the lungs,
the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide molecules between the air and the
bloodstream occurs by passive transport, so that the oxygen is taken in and carbon
dioxide and water are removed. Gas exchange is very important to animals, as they
require oxygen in the production of higher amount of energy compared to process of
production of energy without oxygen.
Air as a respiratory medium- As air is lighter and has more oxygen content compared
to the same volume of water, ventilation is not much of a problem of terrestrial
organisms.
The tracheal system of insects- It has a branched network of tracheal tube which
responds to the problem of decreased surface area in the respiratory structure.
The tracheal system opens externally through the side of the insect through a
structure called a spiracle. Air enters and exit through the spiracles. As the
respiratory system of insects are independent from their circulatory system, gases
are directly exchanged through tracheoles which have extensions that are directly
connected to the cells. Air sacs act like aspirator which takes in and push out air out
of the body of the insects.
The mammalian respiratory system- Compared to insects, mammals and other
organisms have respiratory system that work together with their circulatory system.
Gases are transported via bloodstream and are exchanged via diffusion.
3. Circulatory System

There are different ways in which animals transport substances across their
body. In animals with closed circulatory system, the circulatory fluid does not go out
of the vessel. Exchange occurs through diffusion via thinner vessels called capillaries
across the interstitial fluid.
Different animals, have adapted different mechanisms in transport such as in
fishes where a single circulation is enough. Compared to cnidarians, the
gastrovascular cavity of flatworms have extensions in order to reach areas of the body
far from the axis. Without these extensions of the gastrovascular cavity, diffusion
might not be enough in the transport of substances.
Amphibian double circulation differs from mammalian, crocodilian and avian
as blood is mixed. The presence of one ventricle does not prevent the mixing of blood,
unlike in the four-chambered heart of a mammal, crocodilian and an avian where the
ventricle is divided into two. Mixing of blood does not have major implication on
amphibians as:
1) They have low metabolic rate, thus, less need for energy.
2) They have the ability to respire through their skin, thus not needing to
fully oxygenate the blood through the lungs.

4. Urinary System

In order to remove wastes, animals have the excretory system, which enables
it to remove excess salt or water in the body. Waste removal follows the following
processes, 1.) Filtration- the mass movement of water and solutes from plasma to the
renal tubule that occurs in the renal corpuscles. 2.) Reabsorption- the movement of
water and solutes from tubule back into the plasma. 3.) Secretion- the continuous
secretion of additional substances into the tubular fluid, and 4.) Excretion- it is what
goes to the urine.
Organisms have different wastes in the form of nitrogenous wastes which they
need to excrete. Different organisms have different excretory systems, such as the
protonephridia of flatworms where a network of dead-end tubules lacking internal
openings, metanephridia of annelids which consist of ciliated funnel opening into the
body cavity connected to a duct which may be variously glandularised, folded or
expanded and which typically opens to the organisms exterior, malpighian tubules
of insects, any of the excretory organs that lie in the abdominal body cavity and empty
into the junction between midgut and hindgut and the nephrons of humans and
mammals which actually removing waste and excess substances from the blood
through urination.

5. Immune System

The immune system is a complex network of cells and protein that defends the
body against infection. It defends the internal environment from invading
microorganisms and viruses, as well as cancerous cell growth. The immune system
provides cells that aid in protection of the body from disease via antigen/antibody
response. A variety of general responses are also part of this system.

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