Solutions Manual for

ssm
Understanding Digital
mtt
Signal Processing
Third Edition
bb99
Richard G. Lyons
Antoine Trux
88@

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ggm
maa
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CHAPTER 1 PROBLEMS

Solution: 1.1
The solution is:

100
π ≈ 4 ⋅ ∑ ( −1) ⋅ 1 .
n
2n + 1
n =0

Solution: 1.2
There are many correct solutions to this problem. An example of a continuous
time-domain signal that has a finite number of amplitude values is a
squarewave, such as the x1(t) shown in Figure S1–2(a). Signal x1(t) has only two
possible amplitude values. Of course, any bi-level pulsed signal, like the x2(t)
shown in Figure S1–2(b) is also a correct solution to this problem. Figure S1–
2(c) shows a continuous signal having only three possible amplitude values.

Solution:
Three possible solutions:
x1(t)
1 ...
(a)
0
0 t

x2(t)
1 ...
(b)
0
0 t

x3(t)
2
(c) 1 ...
0
0 t

Figure S1–2

Solution: 1.3
The code: PI = 2*asin(1.0) correctly defines π
under the assumption that the arcsin's angle argument, "(1.0)",
is measured in radians.

Solution: 1.4

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From one of the Laws of Exponents, we can

write:
ssm
xp p–q
xq = x .
Solve the problem by setting q = p, giving us
xp
mtt
p–p 0
xp = 1 = x = x .

Solution: 1.5
The cosine sequences are as follows:
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(a) x1(n) = cos(2πfonts) = cos[2π(fs/2)nts] = cos[2π(fs/2)n(1/fs)] = cos(πn).

(b) x2(n) = cos(2πfonts) = cos[2π(fs/4)nts] = cos[2π(fs/4)n(1/fs)] = cos(πn/2).

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(c) x3(n) = cos(2πfonts) = cos(2π0nts) = 1.

Solution: 1.6
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Solution:
x1(n)
1 ...
ggm
1 3 5
(a) 0
0 2 4 6 n
–1
maa

x2(n)
1 ...
2 6
(b) 0
0 1 3 4 5 n
–1

x3(n)
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1 ...
(c) 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 n

Figure S1–6
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Solution: 1.7
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 Solution:
x1(n)
1 ...
1 3 5
(a) 0
0 2 4 6 n
–1

x2(n)
1 ...
3
(b) 0
0 1 2 4 5 6 n
–1

x3(n)
1 ...
(c) 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 n

Figure S1–7

(d) Sampled versions of sinewaves, whose frequencies are fs/2

and 0 Hz result in sequences where each time sample is zero.

Solution: 1.8
The desired xshift(n) = x(n+1) sequence is shown in Figure S1–8(b).

Solution:
x(n)
1 ...
2 6
(a) 0
0 1 3 4 5 7 n
–1

xshift(n) = x(n+1)
1 ...
1 5
(b) 0
0 2 3 4 6 7 n
–1

Figure S1–8

Solution: 1.9
In our text, we represent a sinusoidal sequence using the form

m(n) = sin(2πfonts)

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 where fo is the sinusoid's frequency measured in Hz. Setting that expression
equal to the problem's m(n) expression, we can write:
ssm
m(n) = sin(2πfonts) = sin(0.8πn).

Setting the above angle arguments equal to each other, we write:

mtt
2πfonts = 0.8πn.

Recalling the definition that ts = 1/fs, solving the above expression for the
frequency fo, we have our solution of:
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0.8πn 0.8
fo = = ⋅ f s = 0.4 ⋅ 2500 = 1000 Hz.
2πnts 2

Solution: 1.10
With N = 6 and n = 9, the computation needed to compute y(9) is
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5
y(9) = ∑ x(9–p) = x(9) + x(8) + x(7) + x(6) + x(5) + x(4).
p=0
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Solution: 1.11
(a) The block diagram implementing
ggm
n

y(n) =
∑
k=n–4
1
5 x(k)
maa

is shown in Figure S1–11(a).

(b) The impulse response of a five-point moving averager is shown in Figure

S1–11(b).

Solution:
x(n) x(n–1) x(n–2) x(n–3) x(n–4)
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Delay Delay Delay Delay

(a) 1/5 1/5 1/5 1/5 1/5

y(n)

y(n)
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0.2 ...
(b)
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 n
m

Figure S1–11

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 (c) Implementing Eq. (P1–1) is preferred over implementing Eq. (P1–2)
because Eq. (P1–1) requires fewer multiplications (lower
computational workload) to compute each y(n) output sample.

Solution: 1.12
On the musical scale, the dimension of the x-axis is time, and the dimension of
the y-axis is frequency.

Solution: 1.13
Using the trigonometric identity:
cos(α+β) + cos(α–β) = 2cos(α)cos(β) (1.13–1)
and the problem's original
x(n) = cos(2πfonts + φ) + cos(2πfonts)
expression, we can write two simultaneous equations as
α + β = 2πfonts + φ (1.13–2)
and
α – β = 2πfonts. (1.13–3)
Solving Eqs. (1.13–2) and (1.13–3) for α and β yields
α = 2πfonts + φ/2, and β = φ/2.
Substituting α and β into Eq. (1.13–1) we write
cos(2πfonts + φ) + cos(2πfonts)

= 2cos(2πfonts + φ/2)cos(φ/2). (1.13–4)

Given Eq. (1.13–4), the solution to this problem is

x(n) = 2cos(2πfonts + φ/2)cos(φ/2).

Solution: 1.14
The x = α and y = sin(α) curves are shown in Figure S1–14. There we see that
over the range of roughly α = –0.1π to α = 0.1π the statement "For small α,
sin(α) = α" statement is valid.
 Solution:
2
ssm
π/2
x=α
1
y = sin(α)
0.5
mtt
0
–0.5
–1
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–π/2

–0.5π –0.3π –0.1π 0 0.1π 0.3π 0.5π

α

Figure S1–14
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Solution: 1.15
The solutions are:
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(a) sin(2πfot + α) = cos(2πfot + α – π/2).

(b) cos(2πfot + α) = sin(2πfot + α + π/2).

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Solution: 1.16
First we determine how many discrete samples are required to represent a single
cycle of the analog sinewave. That number of samples per analog signal cycle is
maa

found using

fs in samples/sec
samples/cycle = analog sinewave frequency in cycles/sec

100x106 samples/sec
= 25x106 cycles/sec = 4 samples/cycle
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as shown in Figure S1–16.

x(n)
1 ...
3 7
0
0 1 2 4 5 6 n
–1
oom

Figure S1–16

The problem solution is the number of sampled-sinewave cycles that can be

m

stored in a 4x106-sample memory, or

 4x106 samples
stored sinewave cycles = 4 samples/cycle = 106 cycles.

Solution: 1.17
The proportionality characteristic of a linear system, in the text's Eq. (1–14),
states that if input sequence x(n) yields output y(n),
results in
x(n) y(n),
then a scaled input sequence cx(n), where c is some constant scalar value, yields
a scaled output cy(n),
results in
cx(n) cy(n).
(a) For system ya(n) = x(n–1)/6, the answer is Yes.
For example, if we consider a new x'(n) = 2x(n) input, then the new ya'(n)
output sequence is
ya'(n) = x'(n–1)/6 = 2x(n–1)/6 = 2ya(n).

(b) For system yb(n) = 3 + x(n), the answer is No.

For example, if we consider a new x'(n) = 2x(n) input, then the new yb'(n)
output sequence is
yb'(n) = 3 + x'(n) = 3 + 2x(n) ≠ 2yb(n) = 6 + 2x(n).

(c) For system yc(n) = sin[x(n)], the answer is No.

For example, if we consider a new x'(n) = 2x(n) input, then the new yc'(n)
output sequence is
yc'(n) = sin[2x(n)] ≠ 2yc(n) = 2sin[x(n)].

Solution: 1.18
Decimation is not time-invariant.
An example of this, where yshift(m) ≠ y(m+1), is as follows:
 Solution:
x(n)
ssm
1 ...
2 6
(a) 0
0 1 3 4 5 7 n
–1
mtt
Decimated output sequence y(m) = x(2n)
1 ...
(b) 0 1 3 5 7
0 2 4 6 m
–1
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Shifted time sequence xshift(n) = x(n+1)
1 ...
1 5
(c) 0
0 2 3 4 6 7 n
–1
88@
Decimated time sequence yshift(m) = xshift(2n) = y(m+1)
1 ...
@
(d) 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 m

Figure S1–18
ggm
Solution: 1.19
We prove the two networks in Figure S1–19 exhibit the commutative property
of linear time-invariant systems as follows:
For the network in Figure S1–19(a) we write output y1(n) as
maa

y1(n) = Ax(n) + By1(n–1).

Regarding the network in Figure S1–19(b) we write output y2(n) as

⎡ B ⎤
y2 (n) = A ⎢ x(n) + y2 (n − 1) ⎥ = Ax(n) + By2 (n − 1)
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⎣ A ⎦

which is identical in form to the above y1(n) expression, which is what we set
out to prove.

x(n) y1(n) x(n) y2(n)/A y2(n)

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Delay Delay
A A
y1(n–1) y2(n–1)/A
m

B B
(a) (b)
 Figure S1–19

Solution: 1.20
The block diagram solutions to these problems are shown in Figure S1–20.

Solution:
4th-order comb filter
x(n) x(n–1) x(n–2) x(n–3) x(n–4)
Delay Delay Delay Delay

Notice the
(a)
minus sign
–
yC(n)

Integrator Leaky integrator yLI(n)

x(n) yI(n) x(n)

Delay Delay
A
yI(n–1) yLI(n–1)

(b) (c)
(1-A)

Differentiator (several equivalent versions)

x(n) x(n)
Delay Delay Delay Delay

0.5 –0.5 + –
yD(n)
yD(n)
(d) 0.5

x(n) + yD(n)
x(n)
Delay Delay
Delay –
0.5 + – 0.5
yD(n) Delay

Figure S1–20

Solution: 1.21
The impulse response solutions to these problems are shown in Figure S1–21.

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 Solution:
y(n) 4th-order comb filter
ssm
1
...
(a) 4
0
0 1 2 3 5 6 7 8 9 n
mtt
–1

y(n) Integrator
1
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(b) ...
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 n

y(n)
0.5 Leaky integrator
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(c) 0.0312
0.25
0.0625
0.125 0.0156 ...
0
@
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 n

y(n)
Differentiator
0.5
ggm
...
(d) 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 n
maa

–0.5

Figure S1–21

Solution: 1.22
The step response solutions to this problem are shown in Figure S1–22.
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 Solution:
y(n) 4th-order comb filter
1
...
(a)
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 n

y(n) Integrator
9
7
(b) 5 ...
3
1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 n

y(n) Leaky integrator

1.0
0.875
(c)
0.75
...
0.5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 n

y(n) Differentiator
0.5
(d) ...
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 n

Figure S1–22

Solution: 1.23
(a) The original s(t) and the negative of the fundamental frequency
[(4A/π)sin(2πfot)] are shown in Figure S3–23(a). Adding those two
waveforms results in the interesting waveform in Figure S3–23(b) that is the
solution to this problem.

s(t) –4Asin(2πfot)/π

A
... ...
(a)
t=0 t (Time)
 Solution:
[s(t) – 4Asin(2πfot)/π]
ssm
A
... ...
(b)
t (Time)
mtt
–A

Figure S1–23

(b) The operating frequency range of an amplifier needed to exactly double the
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ideal s(t) squarewave's peak-peak amplitude would be infinitely wide!

Solution: 1.24
Step 5 is the illegal step because it is an incomplete square root operation.
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The square root of q2 is equal to ±q. So following Step 4, Step 5 should have
been:

±(4 – 9/2) = ±(5 – 9/2), or

@
±(0.5) = ±(–0.5).
ggm
maa
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