EE1702 Power System Operation and Control Department of EEE 2024-2025

UNIT – I PRELIMINARIES ON POWER SYSTEM OPERATION AND CONTROL

PART – A (C402.1)
1) Give the formula for finding plant capacity factor and plant use factor. BL1
2) Define load factor. BL1
3) Define diversity factor. (Apr 2019) BL1

4) What is the necessity for voltage regulation? BL2

5) Give some reasons for limits on frequency. (Nov 2020) BL2
6) What is meant by spinning reserve? (Nov 2018) (Nov 2021) BL1
7) What are the effects of load dependency on voltage and frequency? (Nov 2020) BL2
(Nov 2022)(Nov 2023)
8) Define Unit commitment. BL1
9) Define Economic Load Dispatch Problem. BL1

10) What is the function of speed governor? (Nov 2020) BL2

11) What are the functions of Automatic Load Frequency Control or ALFC? BL1
12) Write the different types of voltage control. BL1

13) What is meant by EDC? BL1

14) What is meant by primary Voltage control? BL1
15) What is meant by secondary control? BL1
16) What is meant by system level control in power system operation? BL1
17) State the difference between P–F and Q–V control. (Nov 2020) BL4
18) What is maximum demand? BL1
19) Define utilization factor. BL1
20) What is the need for load forecasting in a power system? (Nov 2021) BL2
21) What is the function of AVR? BL2
22) What you mean by demand factor? BL1

23) Classify the System Load. (Nov 2021) BL4

24) What are the advantages of computer control in power system? What are the BL2
types of computer control? (May 2015)

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25) A 100MW generator has a regulation parameter R of four percent (or 0.04pu). BL4
By how much will the turbine power increase if the frequency drops by 0.1Hz with
the reference unchanged?
26) What is the difference between load curve and load duration curve? (Nov BL4
2019)
27) What are brownouts? (May 2017) BL1

28) Write the implication of high diversity factor and list any two methods BL3
employed to increase the diversity factor. (May 2018)
29) State the factors affecting the load forecasting. (May 2018) (Nov 2023) BL2
30) Explain briefly daily load curve and monthly load curve (Apr 2019) BL2
31) Define per unit droop. (Nov 2022) BL1

32) What is the need of parallel operation of alternators? BL2

33) What are the conditions for parallel operation of generators? (Apr 2019, Nov BL1
2019)
(Apr 2024)
34) Why the system frequency is not allowed to deviate from a chosen constant BL2
value?(Nov 2022)
35) A generating station has a max demand of 40 MW and an average load of 28.5 BL3
MW. Find the load factor. (Apr 2023)
PART – B (C402.1)
1) Explain the following terms, BL4
i) Load factor ii) Demand factor iii) Diversity factor iv) Plant Operating factor
v)Utilization factor (Nov 2021)
2) Explain clearly about load forecasting and its significance in power system planning. BL4
3) Draw the automatic load frequency and voltage regulator control loops. (Nov 2021) BL3
4) Explanation of each block (or) explain about Pf and QV Control loops (Nov 2020) BL3
5) Explain in detail about plant level and system level control. (Nov 2018) (Apr 2024) BL3
6) Explain an overview of power system operation and control and the role of computer BL3
in the implementation with the help of block diagram.
7) Compare various stochastic methods of load forecasting. BL4
8) Give a detailed account of online techniques for non–stationary load prediction. BL3

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 EE1702 Power System Operation and Control Department of EEE 2024-2025
9) A generating station has the following daily load cycles. (Nov 2020) BL5
Time (Hrs) 0–6 6–10 10–12 12–16 16–20 20–24
Load (MW) 20 25 30 25 35 20
Draw the load curves and find: i) Maximum demand ii) Units generated per day iii)
Average load iv) Load factor. Draw the load curve. (Nov 2018)(Nov 2019)(Nov 2023)
(Apr 2024)
10) A power supply is having the following loads: BL5
Type of Maximum Diversity factor of Demand
load demand group factor
Domestic 10,000 1.2 0.8
Commercial 30,000 1.3 0.9
Industrial 50,000 1.35 0.95
If the overall system diversity factor is 1.5, determine: i) The maximum demand
ii) Connected load of each type. (Nov 2023)
11) Explain the following terms, i) Unit commitment ii) Load forecasting BL4
12) Explain the following terms, a) Load curves b) Load duration curve c) Installed BL4
reserves d) spinning reserves e) Maximum demand. (Nov 2021)
13) A power station has to meet the following demand BL5
Group A : 200kW between 8 A.M and 6 P.M,
Group B : 100 kW between 6 A.M and 10 A.M
Group C: 50 kW between 6 A.M and 10 A.M,
Group D : 100 kW between 10 A.Mand 6 P.M and then between 6 P.M and 6 A.M.
Plot the daily load curve and determine (i) diversity factor (ii) units generated per day
(iii) load factor.
14) A power station has to meet the following demand BL5
Group A : 50kW between 10 A.M and 6 P.M
Group B : 30 kW between 6 P.M and 10 P.M
Group C : 20 kW between 4P.M and 10 A.M , Plot the daily load curve and determine
(i) diversity factor (ii) units generated per day (iii) load factor.
15) A power system has a maximum demand of 25000kW, load factor of 60%, plant BL5
capacity factor of 50% and a plant use factor of 72%.
Find (i) Daily energy produced
(ii) Reserve capacity of the plant
(iii) Maximum energy that could be produced daily if the plant, operating in

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 EE1702 Power System Operation and Control Department of EEE 2024-2025
accordance with operating schedule, is fully loaded when in operation.

16) A generating station has the following daily loads: BL5

Time (Hrs) 0–6 6–8 8–12 12–14 14–18 18–20 20–24
Load (kW) 4500 3500 7500 2000 8000 2500 5000
Sketch the load duration curve and determine the load factor and plant capacity
factor, if the capacity of the plant is 12 MW.
(i) Peak demand of a generating station is 90 MW. The load factor and the
plant capacity factor are 0.6 and 0.5 respectively. Determine daily energy produced,
installed capacity, reserve capacity and utilization factor
17) (i) What is the significance of load factor and diversity factor? (6) BL5
(ii) A power plant supplies the following loads with maximum demand as below
Type of load Individual Maximum Demand (MW)
Industries 100
Domestics 15
Commercial 12
Agriculture 20
The maximum demand on the power station is 110 MW. The total units generated in
the year is 322 X 106 kWh. Determine the load factor and Diversity factor. (May 2018)
(i) Compare load curve and load duration curve. Kindly check the numbering
(ii) Demonstrate the basic approach of quadratic curve fitting technique of load
forecasting with a suitable example. (May 2018) (Apr 2019)
18) The quality of Electric fuel used in a utility is given. Predict the load forecast byyear BL5
2030. Follow Exponential curve fitting techniques. (Apr 2019) (Nov 2023)

Year 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020

Fuel Quantity 90 95 110 135 150

19) Discuss the overview of system operation and control. (Nov 2018) BL3

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 EE1702 Power System Operation and Control Department of EEE 2024-2025
20) Draw the schematic diagram of the speed governing system and also obtain the block BL3
diagram model of the single area system. ( May 2018) (Nov 2022) (Nov 2023)
Part- C (C402.1)

1) A power system has a maximum demand of 30000kW, load factor of 65%, plant BL6
capacity factor of 55% and a plant use factor of 75%.
Find (i) Daily energy produced (ii)Reserve capacity of the plant (iii) Maximum energy
that could be produced daily if the plant, operating in accordance with operating
schedule, is fully loaded when in operation.
2) Two generators rated 400 MW and 700 MW are operating in parallel. The droop BL5
characteristics of their governors are 4% and 5% respectively from no load to full load.
Assuming that the generators are operating at 50 Hz at no load, how would a load of
900 MW is shared between them? What will be the system frequency at this load?
Assume free governor operation. Determine the full load speed for each machine.
(Apr 2024)
3) Two generators rated 200 MW and 400 MW are operating in parallel. The droop BL6
characteristics of their governors are 4% and 5% respectively from no load to full
load. Assuming that the generators are operating at 50 Hz at no load, how would a load
of 600 MW be shared between them? What will be the system frequency at this load?
Assume free governor operation. Also find the load sharing if both governors have a
drop of 4%. Determine the full load speed of the machine (Nov 2018)(Nov 2023)
4) A generating station has the following daily load cycles. BL5

Draw the load curve and find i) Maximum demand ii) Units generated per day iii)
Average load iv) Load factor. (Nov 2021)
5) Two 50 Hz power stations are connected by means of inter connected cable sothat BL5
the station in parallel. The following are the data pertaining to the system.

Station Full load Capacity Speed Regulation Station load

A 10 MW 2.5% 7 MW
B 2 MW 4% 2 MW
Determine the load shared by each generator for a total load of 7 MW

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 EE1702 Power System Operation and Control Department of EEE 2024-2025
UNIT – II REAL POWER – FREQUENCY CONTROL
PART–A (C402.2)
1) Explain the term ‘Control Area’ (Nov 2018)(Apr 2024) BL2
2) What is the use of secondary loop? (Nov 2018) BL2
3) Compare the function of speed governor and speed changer BL4

4) What is area frequency response coefficient with respect to load frequency BL2
control?
5) Why an integral control is added to Speed Governor System? (Nov 2023) BL2
6) Define the term damping factor BL2
7) How the single area controlled system is protected? BL3

8) What is meant by tie–line bias control? (May 2016, Nov 2019) (Nov 2020) BL2

9) What are the parts of speed governing system? (May 2018) BL1
10) Specify the use of static and dynamic response of the ALFC loop (Nov 2021) BL2
11) What is the need for very large mechanical forces in speed – governing system? BL2
12) Specify the disadvantages of ALFC loop? BL2
13) Why the frequency is maintained same throughout the grid? BL2
14) Draw the speed – droop characteristics of generators BL1
15) Draw the transfer function model of the single area uncontrolled system. (Nov BL1
2023)
16) Define inertia constant. BL1
17) What is area control error? (May 2016) (Nov 2022) BL1
18) Why is demand affecting the frequency of the grid? BL2
19) What you mean by steady state instability? BL2

20) What are the assumptions made in dynamic response of uncontrolled case. BL2
21) State the control objective of two area load frequency control. (Apr 2023) BL2

22) Brief the application of secondary ALFC loop in power system networks. (Nov BL2
2020)

23) Explain the interaction of AVR loop with ALFC BL2

24) Distinguish between primary and secondary loops in load frequency control. (May BL4
2018)

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25) Find the open loop gain of an automatic voltage regulator loop if the static error BL1
does not exceed 2%.
26) State the different types of ALFC for interconnected systems.. BL1
28) Define speed droop. (Nov 2021) BL1
PART – B (C402.2)
1) Explain how load is shared among the generators connected in parallel by deriving BL3
necessary equations. (May 2018)
2) Derive the necessary equations to close the primary ALFC loop and also explain it BL3
advantages and drawbacks.
3) What you mean by Tie–Line bias control, explain how it is used to control the power BL3
in multi–area system. (Nov 2022)
4) Explain the static and dynamic characteristics of the primary ALFC loop. (Nov 2020) BL4
(Nov 2021)
5) What is the function of secondary ALFC loop; explain its operation with necessary BL4
equations.
6) Obtain the block diagram model of the two area system and explain the salient features BL3
of static and dynamic conditions (Nov 2021)(Nov 2023)
7) i) Determine the steady state frequency in Hz for an isolated control area having the BL5
following data. Total rated area capacity, Pr = 300 Mw, frequency, f = 50Hz, inertia
constant, H=5s, Regulation, R=0.05 p.u, turbine time constant= 0.5 sec, governor time
constant = 0.2 sec, load change=60 Mw. The load varies by 0.8 percent for a 1 percent
in frequency.ii)Obtain the model of LFC of the single area system.(Apr 2019)
8) A power system has a total of 1250 MW at 50 Hz. The load varies 1.5 % for every 1 BL5
% change in frequency. Find the steady state frequency deviation when a50 MW load
is suddenly tripped, if (i) there is no speed control; (ii) The system has 250 MW of
spinning reserve evenly spread among 500 MW of generating capacity with 5 %
regulation based on this capacity. Assume that the effect of governor dead bands is
such that only 80 % of the governor respond to the reduction in system load.
9) Explain the load frequency control of a single area system. (Apr 2019) (Apr 2024) BL4
10) Describe in detail the single area ALFC for uncontrolled and controlled cases. BL4
(Nov 2018)
11) Derive the state variable model of single area LFC. (Apr 2024) BL3
Part-C (C402.2)

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 EE1702 Power System Operation and Control Department of EEE 2024-2025
1). A single area consists of two generating units with the following characteristics. BL6
Unit Rating Speed regulation in p.u
1 700 MVA 7%
2 500 MVA 4%
The units are operating in parallel, sharing 1000 MW at the nominal frequency. Unit 1
supplies 600 MW and unit 2 supplies 400 MW at 50 Hz. The load is increased by 100
MW. Assume there is no frequency dependent load. Find the steady state frequency
deviation and the new generation on each unit. (Nov 2022)
2). A two area system connected by a tie line has the following parameters with base BL6
MVA for each area with the frequency of 50 Hz and synchronizing power coefficient
T12 =2 p.u. A load change of 400 MW occurs in area 1. Determine the steady state
frequency deviation and the change in tie line flow. (Nov 2019) (Nov 2020)
Area 1 2
Turbine output power 2000 MVA 1000 MVA
Inertia constant 3% 4%
Generator gain constant 50 Hz/pu MW 40 %
Governor time constant 0.3 0.2
Turbine time constant 0.6 0.4

3). A two area system has two identical areas with parameters and operating conditions BL6
Rated capacity of the area = 1500 MW Normal operating load = 750MW Nominal
frequency = 50HZ Inertia constant of the area = 5s Speed regulation = 3% Damping
co–efficient = 1% Governor time constant = 0.06s Turbine time constant = 0.25s A
load increase M1 is equal to 30MW occurs in area1. Determine change in frequency and
compare the change in frequency obtained in single area. (May 2017)
4). A sub–grid has total rated capacity 2500MW. It encounters a load increase of 50 MW BL5
if the normal operating load is 1000MW. Assume inertia constant (H) to be 5sec and
regulation of the generators in the system as 2 Hz/p.u MW. Find (i) ALFC loop
parameters (ii) Static frequency drop, (iii) Transient response of the ALFC loop.
Assume load frequency dependency to be linear. (May 2015)
5). The two system connected by a tie line describe the following characteristics: BL5
Area 1 Area 2
R=0.01 p.u R=0.02 p.u

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 EE1702 Power System Operation and Control Department of EEE 2024-2025
D=0.8 p.u D=1.0 p.u
Base MVA = 500 Base MVA = 500
A load change of 100 MW (0.2 p.u) occurs in area 1. What is the new steady state
frequency what is the change in tie flow? Assume both area were at nominal frequency
(60 Hz). (May 2018)
UNIT – III REACTIVE POWER – VOLTAGE CONTROL
Part – A (C402.3)
1) What is known as brushless excitation? BL1
2) What are the sources of reactive power? How it is controlled? (Apr 2019) (Nov BL2
2023)

3) What are the points to be considered in static performance of AVR loop? BL2
4) When is feedback stability compensation used in the Automatic Voltage BL2
Regulator Loop? (Nov 2021)

5) Give the characteristics of line compensators. BL2

6) What is known as line compensation? BL2
7) List the various compensating devices. BL2
8) What is known as bank of capacitors? How it is adjusted? BL2
9) What are the disadvantages of switched capacitors when they are employed for BL2
compensation?
10) Mention the purposes of series compensation (Dec 2016) BL2
11) What are the effects of capacitor in series compensation circuit? BL2
12) What is synchronous condenser? BL2

13) Write about static VAR compensator (SVC).(May 2016) (Nov 2021) BL2
14) What is saturated reactor? BL2
15) List the advantages of series compensation. (Nov 2020) BL1
16) Write the applications of synchronous condenser. BL1
17) What is tap changing transformers and write the types of tap changing BL2
transformers.
18) What is the use of off–load tap changer and TUCL? (Apr 2019) BL2
19) What is the drawback of series capacitors? (Nov 2020) BL2

20) State the advantages of switched capacitors in voltage control. (Nov 2018) BL1

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21) What is booster transformer? (Nov 2020) BL1
22) Show that the shunt compensation improves critical voltage as well as power BL4
factor. (Nov 2020)
23) Distinguish between rotor angle stability and short term voltage stability. BL2
24) What is SVC? BL1
25) Give the different types of excitation systems (Nov 2019) BL1
26) How the voltage stability is maintained using SVC in power system? BL2
27) List some application of STATCOM (May 2014) (Nov 2023) BL2

28) State the main objective of reactive power and voltage control in power systems BL2
(May 2018)
29) Outline the role of Synchronous generators adopted for generation and absorption BL2
of reactive power. (May 2018)
30) What are the different types of static VAR compensators (SVC)?(Nov 2018) BL1

31) What is the condition to determine K value of AVR loop? (Nov 2022) BL2
32) Draw the V–I Characteristics of SVC (Nov 2019) BL1

33) What are the functions of Automatic Voltage Regulator? (Apr 2024) BL2
34) What are the uses of SVC? BL2
PART – B (C402.3)
1) Draw the diagram for a typical excitation system and develop the transfer BL3
function model of the Excitation system explain the operation of static exciter system.
or Explain with neat block diagram the excitation system and it modelling with relevant
transfer functions. (Nov 2019) (Nov 2023) (Apr 2024)
2) How will you maintain the voltage by using tap changing transformer (Nov 2018) BL3
(Apr 2024)
3) What is the impact of following devices in voltage profile, BL4
(a) Synchronous condenser (b) Shunt Capacitor.
4) Explain the static and dynamic response characteristics of the AVR loop.(Nov 2022) BL3
5) Write short notes on the following, i) stability compensation ii) effects of generator BL3
loading. (Apr 2024)
6) Write short notes on the following, i) Series capacitors ii) On line tap changing BL4
transformer iii) Thyristor switched capacitors – Thyristor controlled reactors.
7) Explain the different methods of voltage control. (Apr 2019) (Nov 2021) (Nov 2023) BL3

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8) Derive the relation between voltage and real and reactive powers on a transmission line. BL3
Explain the voltage profile variation in a line as reactive power varies.
9) Discuss the effect on transformer tap changing on voltage stability. BL4
10) Explain the role of SVC in enhancement of stability under sudden load changes inthe BL4
system.
11) Explain with neat sketch the operating principle and V I Characteristics of a BL3
static synchronous compensator with a neat sketch. (Apr 2024)
12) Explain different types of static VAR compensators with a phasor diagram. Mention BL4
its advantages and disadvantages (Nov 2021)
13) The load at the receiving end of a three phase overhead line is 25 MW at 0.8 power BL6
factor lagging at a line voltage 0f 33 kV. The line has a resistance 5 ohm per phase and
an inductance reactance at 20 ohm per phase. Calculate the sending end voltage. A
synchronous compensator is connected at the receiving end and the voltage at both end
of the line is maintained at 33 KV. Calculate the MVAR of the compensator,
transmission losses and efficiency with and without compensator and the maximum
load that can be transmitted with the compensator.
14) Discuss the events which affect the speed and probability of voltage collapse in power BL4
system operation strategy. (May 2018)
15) Explain with neat diagram and VI characteristics, the basic operation of TCR and TSC BL4
and SVC types. (May 2018) (Nov 2019)
16) What are the functions of excitation systems? Explain each type briefly. (Apr 2019) BL4
17) Describe in detail various reactive power compensation techniques used in system BL3
level Voltage control.(May 2017)
18) Explain Voltage control by using DVR – Dynamic Voltage Restorer. BL3
Part-C (C402.3)
1). A 415 kV line is fed through a 132/415 kV transformer from a constant 132 kV supply. BL5
At the load end of the line, the voltage is reduced by another transformer of ratio
415/132 kV. The total impedance of line is (40 + j80) Ω. Both the transformers are
equipped with tap changing, the product of the two off-nominal setting is unity. If the
load on the system is 200 MW at 0.8 p.f lagging. Calculate the setting of the tap
changers required to maintain the voltage at 132 kV. (Nov 2022)
2). A transmission link figure (a) connects an infinite busbar supply of 400 kV to a load BL5
busbar supplying 1000 MW, 400 MVAr. The link consists of lines of effective

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 EE1702 Power System Operation and Control Department of EEE 2024-2025
impedance (7+j70)Ω feeding the load busbar via a transformer with a maximum
tap ratio of 0.9 : 1. Connected to the load busbar is a compensator.
If the maximum overall voltage drop is to be 10 % with the transformer taps fully
utilised, Calculate the reactive power requirement from the compensator.
(Note: Refer voltage and line Z to load side of transformer in Figure (Nov 2019)

3). Two sub–station are connected by two lines in parallel with negligible impedance, but BL5
each containing a tap–changing transformer of reactance 0.22pu on the basis of its
rating of 200 MVA. Find the net absorption of reactive power of the transformer taps
are set to 1:1.08, and 1:0.95 respectively. Assume pu voltages to be equal at the two
ends. (Nov 2020)
4). Find the rating of synchronous compensator connected to the tertiary winding of a BL5
66KV star connected, 33KV star connected, 11KV delta connected three winding
transformer to supply a load of 60MW at 0.8p.f.lagging at 33KV across the secondary.
Equivalent primary and tertiary winding reactance are 18ohm and 0.12 ohm
respectively. While the secondary winding reactance is negligible. Assume that V1 is
66kv and maximum off nominal setting between transformer primary and secondary is
1:1.1. (Nov 2020)
UNIT – IV ECONOMIC OPERATION OF POWER SYSTEMS
PART – A (C402.4)
1) What is optimal dispatch? BL2
2) Define unit commitment. BL1
3) What are the constraints in UC problem (Dec 2014 & May 2017) (Nov 2019) BL2
4) Define minimum – up time constraint BL1
5) Define minimum– down time constraint BL1
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6) Define cold (cooling) and hot start (banking) (Nov 2020) BL2
7) Explain the term must run and crew constraints.(Nov 2018) BL2

8) What are the three different methods for solving Unit commitment Problem? BL1
(Apr 2019)

9) What is the advantage of dynamic Programming (DP) in unit commitment? BL2

10) What is the necessary condition for minimum operating cost? (May 2018) BL2
11) What are the different methods used for solving Economic dispatch BL2
12) Define incremental fuel rate BL2
13) Draw the input vs output curve for thermal units and hydro units BL1
14) Draw the incremental heat characteristics of thermal units and incremental BL1
water rates curve hydro units. (Dec 2014 & Dec2015)(Apr 2024)
15) Explain base point and participation factor. (Nov 2023) BL1
16) What are the limitations for conventional methods? BL2
17) Why cost function always approximated to quadratic function. BL2
18) Write the coordination equation with losses (Dec 2016) BL1
19) What is the disadvantage or point of consideration of B coefficient? (Nov 2020) BL1
20) Why the DP techniques in scheduling of power generation system are developed? BL1
21) What is Kuhn – Tucker condition? BL2
22) What you mean by dynamic economic dispatch problem. BL2
23) What is the significance of having spinning reserve in power system? BL2
24) How can the economic dispatch controller be added as the tertiary loop of the LFC BL1
control? (Nov 2023)
25) What is hydro thermal coordination? BL2
26) Give the formula for penalty factor BL1
27) What is meant by Priority list method? (May 2016) BL1
28) Define Incremental Transmission Loss (ITL) (May 2016) BL2
29) Define incremental cost in power dispatch? (Dec 2016 & May 2017) BL2

30) Compare unit commitment and economic dispatch problems. (May 2018) (Nov BL2
2018) (Apr 2024)
31) What is a blackout? (Apr 2019) BL2

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32) State the assumptions made in Economic Dispatch Problem. (Nov 2019) BL2

33) What is long term hydrothermal scheduling?. BL2

34) What is short term hydrothermal scheduling? BL2
35) Draw the incremental cost curve of thermal unit. (Nov 2021) BL2
36) What are the assumptions involved in dynamic programming method? (Nov 2022) BL2
37) Mention the equality and inequality constraints considered in the formulation of BL3
optimum dispatch problem. (Nov 2022)
PART – B (C402.4)
1) i) Formulate the unit commitment problem and also explain all its constraints. BL6
(Apr 2024)
ii) State the unit commitment problem. With the help of flowchart, explain forward
dynamic programming solution method of unit commitment problem. (Nov 2019)
2) Obtain an optimum economic schedule of a three generators for a total load of 925MW. BL5
The details of fuel cost functions are given below.
F1 = 580+5.2P1+0.00453P12, 250<P1<450 F2 = 640+4.5P2+ 0.0056P22, 200<P2<350
F3 = 820+5.8P3+0.0079P32, 125<P1<225 (Nov 2018)
3) Derive Coordination equation for the ED problem with and without losses and also BL3
write the algorithm to solve the problem. (Nov 2021) (Nov 2022)
4) Derive the necessary equation to find the optimal dispatch without losses byusing BL3
analytical method and gradient method
5) Obtain the priority list of unit commitment using full load average productioncost BL5
for the given data Heat rate for unit 1 H1 = 510+7.2P1+0.0014P12,
Heat rate for unit 2 H2 =310+7.85P2+ 0.00194P22
Heat rate for unit 3 H3 = 78+7.97P3+0.00482P32 (Nov 2022)
UNIT MIN (MW) MAX (MW) COST
1 150 600 1.1
2 100 400 1.0
3 50 200 1.2
6) What is priority list of unit commitment? Explain it with an example. (Or) Determine BL3
the simple shut–down algorithm used in priority list scheme.( May 2018)
7) Explain the different types hydro thermal scheduling problems with a neatsketch. BL3
8) Explain the Lamda iteration method for finding the solution of economic dispatch BL3

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including transmission losses with a neat flowchart. (Nov 2021) (Apr 2024)
9) Determine priority list using full load average production cost for the data given. BL6
(Nov 2023)
Loading limits Fuel cost coefficients cost
Unit.No
Min Max ai bi ci
1 100 400 0.006 7 600 1.1
2 50 300 0.01 8 400 1.2
3 150 500 0.008 6 500 1.0

UNIT MIN(MW) MAX (MW) COST

1 150 600 1.1
2 100 400 1.0
3 50 200 1.2
10) i) Create a unit commitment using the priority list method for the following BL5
three units. The fuel cost equations are as follows.
Unit 1 : F1(P1) = 561+7.92P1+0.001562P12 150≤P1≤600
Unit 2 : F2(P2) = 310+7.85P2+0.00194 P22 100≤P2≤400
Unit 3 : F3(P3) = 93.6 + 9.56 P3+0.005784 P32 50≤P3≤200
ii) Explain forward dynamic programming approach for solving unit commitment
problem with a neat flow–chart. (Nov 2018)
11) (i) The fuel cost functions for the three thermal plants in Rs/h are given by BL5
F1=0.004P12+5.3P1+500Rs/hr, F2=0.006P22+5.5P2+400 Rs/hr,
F3=0.006P32+5.5P3+400 Rs/hr, Where P1, P2, P3 and P are in MW. The total load is
800 MW. Find the optimal dispatch and the total cost in Rs/hr (May 2017)
12) The cost characteristics of two units in a plant areC1= 0.4 P12 + 160 P1 + K1 Rs./h BL5
C2= 0.45 P12 + 120 P1 + K2 Rs./h Where P1 and P2 are power output in MW. Find the
optimum load allocation between the two units, when the total load is 162.5 MW.
What will be the daily loss if the units are loaded equally? (May 2018)
13) The following are data for three units in a power plant: Unit 1 : Max. Load = 600 BL5
MW, the cost function is C1 = 561+7.92P1 + 0.001562P12 Rs/h
Unit 2 : Max. Load = 400 MW,the cost function is C2 = 310+7.85P2 + 0.00194P22
Rs/h
Unit 3 : Max. Load = 200 MW,the cost function is C3 = 936+9.564P3 + 0.005784P32

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Rs/h Obtain the priority list for the Unit Commitment problem. (May 2018)
14) A two bus system as shown in Fig. If 100 MW is transmitted from plant 1 to the load, BL5
a transmission loss of 10 MW is incurred. Find the required generation for each plant
and power received by load when the system incremental cost is 25 MW– hr. The cost
equation of the two plants is given below.
F1 = 0.01 P12+16 P1 + 180 Rs/hr, F22= 0.02 P22 +160P22+16 Rs/hr (May 2016).

15) The fuel inputs per hour of plants 1 and 2 are given below as BL5
F1= 0.2 P12+40P1+120 Rs/hr F2 = 0.25P22+30P2+150 Rs/hr
Determine the economic operating schedule and the corresponding cost of generation.
The maximum and minimum loading on each unit is 100 MW and 25 MW. Assume
that the transmission losses are ignored and the demand is 180 MW. Also determine
the saving obtained if the load is equally shared by both the units. (Apr 2019)
16) Determine priority list using fullload average production cost for the data given BL3
(Nov 2021)

17) A plant has two generators supplying the plant bus and neither is to operate below 20 BL3
MW or above 135 AM Incremental costs with PG 1 and PG2 in MW are
dF1/dPg1 = 0.14 PG1 +21 Rs / .MWhr
dF2/dPg2 = 0.225 PG2
+ 16.5 Rs / MWhr G2
For economic dispatch, find the plant A when the demand equals (a) 45 MW; (b)
125MW; (c) 250 MW.
Part-C (C402.4)
1) A power plant has three units with the following cost characteristics: BL5
C1 = 0.05 PG12 + 23.5 PG1 +700 Rs/hr

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 EE1702 Power System Operation and Control Department of EEE 2024-2025
C2 = 0.2 PG22 + 20 PG2 + 850 Rs/hr
C3 = 0.09 PG32 + 18 PG3 + 960 Rs/hr
Where PGi ‘s are in MW. Maximum and minimum loading allowable on each unit are
150 MW and 40 MW. Find the optimal scheduling for a load of 275 MW. (Nov 2022)
2) The fuel cost functions for the three thermal plants in Rs/hr are given by BL5
F1=0.004P1 2+5.3P1+500, F2=0.006P22+5.5P2+400, F3=0.009 P32+5.8P3+200, Where
P1, P2 and P3 are in MW. The total load is 800 MW. Find the optimal dispatch and the
total cost in Rs/hr. (Nov 2021)
3) a) A power plant has two units with the following cost characteristics: BL5
C1 = 0.6 P12+ 200 P1 + 2000 Rs / hour C2 = 1.2 P22 + 150 P2 + 2500 Rs / hour
where P1 and P2 are the generating powers in MW.
b)The daily load cycle is as follows: 6:00 A.M. to 6:00 P.M. 150 MW
6:00 P.M. to 6:00 A.M. 50 MW. The cost of taking either unit off the line and returning
to service after 12 hours is Rs 5000. Considering 24 hour period from 6:00 A.M. one
morning to 6:00 A.M. the next morning. i) Compute the economic schedule for the peak
load and off peak load conditions, ii) Calculate the optimum operating cost per day.
(Nov 2020)
4) Determine the economic operation point for the three thermal units delivering a total BL5
load of 600MW without considering generator limit as well as with considering
generator limit. Given : Unit 1: maximum output = 600MW, minimum output =
150MW. The fuel cost function is F1(P1) = 550+7.7 P1+0.00165 P12Rs/hr
Unit 2: coal fired: maximum output = 500MW, minimum output = 125MW .
The fuel cost function is F2(P2) = 300+7.88 P2+0.002 P22 Rs/hr
Unit 3: coal fired: maximum output = 600MW, minimum output = 150MW The fuel
cost function F3(P3) =80+7.99 P3+0.005 P32 Rs/hr
5) Find the economic generation schedule for given three generation units for the BL5
demand of 850 MW.
Cost functions are given as
C1 = 561+7.92P1+0.001562P12,
C2 =310+7.85P2+ 0.00194P22
C3 = 78+7.97P3+0.00482P32

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 EE1702 Power System Operation and Control Department of EEE 2024-2025

6) Obtain an optimum economic schedule using priority list method of a three BL5
generators for a total load of 900MW. The details of fuel cost functions are given
below.
F1 = 392.7+5.544P1+0.001093P12,150<P1<600
F2 =217+5.495P2+ 0.001358P22 ,100<P2<400
F3 = 65.5+6.695P3+0.004049P32,50<P1<200
UNIT – V COMPUTER CONTROL OF POWER SYSTEMS
PART – A (C402.5)
1) List some important control system functions. (Dec 2015) BL1
2) What is meant by SCADA? (Apr 2019) BL2
3) Write the non–critical functions of SCADA system. (Nov 2021) BL2

4) What is DAC? BL1

5) What is the use of computerization in distribution network? BL2

6) What is the function of Data Acquisition System (DAS)? BL2

7) What are the uses of distribution automation through SCADA systems? BL1
8) Write about man–machine interface. BL1
9) What are the advantages of computer control? BL1

10) Give the three major functions of system security. BL2

11) What are the processes involved in contingency analysis? BL2

12) Mention the four operating states of power system. BL1
13) What is post contingency? BL2
14) How bad data are detected and identified during the state estimation process in BL2
a power system?
15) What is called SCOPF? BL2
16) Define data logger. BL2
17) What is the function of RTU? BL2
18) What are the different states of power system? (Dec 2015) BL2

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19) What are the two algorithm used in state estimation procedure? BL2
20) What are the functions of energy control centre and write the various levels? BL2
(May 2019, Nov 2023)
21) Distinguish between reliability and security of a power system. BL2
22) What are the various functions of security monitoring functions? BL2

23) What is meant by power system security? (Dec 2014) BL2

24) What is the role or applications of SCADA in power system? (Dec 2014) BL2
(Nov 2023)
25) Define State Estimation (May 2016) (Apr 2019) BL2
26) What are the responsibilities of regional load dispatch centres? (Nov 2022) BL2
27) What are the functions of SCADA? (Dec 2016) BL1

28) List out the conditions for normal operation of a power systems.(Nov 2021) BL1

29) List the basic function of EMS. (May 2018) (Apr 2024) BL1
30) Draw the state transition diagram. (Nov 2020) BL1
31) State the weighted least square criterion. (Nov 2018) (Nov 2022) BL1
32) What is the importance of state estimation in power system? (Apr 2024)
PART – B (C402.5)
1) Explain the operation of Energy Control Centre. (Or) Construct with neat schematic BL3
diagram, the information flow between various function in an operational energy
control centre computer system (or) Explain the role of energy control centre in the
modern power systems with a net block diagram (Nov 2019) (Nov 2022)
2) Draw the block diagram to show the hardware configuration of a SCADA for a power BL3
system operation and explain the application of SCADA in monitoring and control of
power system. (Nov 2020)(Nov 2021)(Nov 2023)(Apr 2024)
3) Draw and explain the various states and their transition. (or) Discuss with neat state BL4
transition diagram outlining the various operating state transitions and control strategies
in power system. (Nov 2021) (Nov 2022)(Nov 2023)(Apr 2024)
4) How computer is used effectively in power system control. BL3
5) Explain state estimation in power systems BL3
6) Explain security monitoring and control. BL3
7) How bad data are treated in power systems. BL3
8) How network topology is determined in power systems for state estimation. BL3

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 EE1702 Power System Operation and Control Department of EEE 2024-2025
9) What is EMS? What are its major functions in power system and control. (Apr2019) BL4
10) What is normal operating state of power system? Describe in detail the various states BL3
that a power system takes, with their operating conditions. (Nov 2020)
11) Explain the sensitivity factors involved in contingency analysis. Explain about line BL3
outage sensitivity factor and generation outage sensitivity factor.
Part-C (C402.5)
1) What is state estimation with respect to power system? Explain briefly the method of BL5
maximum likelihood weighted least square approximation.
2) Assess the role of the substation control functions arranged through SCADA systems. BL5

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