0% found this document useful (0 votes)
22 views87 pages

Solution Dassehra HomeWork JEE Advanced Part 1

Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
22 views87 pages

Solution Dassehra HomeWork JEE Advanced Part 1

Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 87

CHAPTER

1 KINEMATICS

1. (a) Given: x = 4 cos 6t →


r = 4 cos 6t i$ + 6 sin 6t $j
x
or cos 6t = …(1) →
4 v = − 24 sin 6ti$ + 36 cos 6t $j
y = 6 sin 6t anditsaccelerationwouldbe
y →
or sin 6t = …(2) → dv
6
a = = – 144 cos 6t i$ – 216 sin 6t $j
Squaring and adding (1) and (2), we get : dt
x2 y2 →
+ =1 or a = – 36 (4 cos 6t i$ + 6 sin 6t $j )
16 36
→ →
This is the desired equation of the path of the or a = – 36 r
particlewhichisanellipse.
(b) The position vector and velocity of particle →
i. e. a isdirectedtowardsorigin.
atanytime t areasfollows:
→ 2. Initially net force is 2mg (downwards) or
r = xi$ + yj$ = 4 cos 6t i$ + 6 sin 6t $j …(3) resistiveforceatspeed u is mg.
→ dx dy $ so Fr ∝ v 2 (Fr = resistiveforce)
v = i$ + j
dt dt or Fr = kv 2
…(1)
= – 24 sin 6t i$ + 36 cos 6t $j …(4)
then mg = ku 2
(at v = u, Fr = mg )
at t = π/ 12 or 6t = π/ 2. mg
→ → or k=
r = 6 $j and v = – 24 i$ u2

→ → hence from equation (1) we get


i.e. anglebetween r and v is90°.  mg 
Fr =  2  v 2
(c) Path of the particle is an ellipse with its u 
centre atorigin. nowwhenthespeedis v
Radius vector and velocity of particle at any dv
time t are: m⋅ = – (weight + Fr )
Y dt
dv  mg 
or m = – mg + 2 v 2 …(2)
dt  u 
t=t
dv  g   v2 
→ or = –  g + 2 ⋅ v 2 = – g 1 + 2 
r
X dt  u   u 
dv t 0 dv
or = dt ∫ dt = – ∫
 v 2 0 u  v2 
– g 1 + 2  g 1 + 2 
 u   u 
134 ProblemsinPhysics
solvingthis,weget v = 6 × 10 – 0.3(10)2 = 30 m/s
πu
t = and s = 3 (10)2 – 01
. (10)3 = 200 m
4g
The remaining distance (400 – 200) m or
equation(2)canalsobewrittenas
200 m is covered at a constant speed of 30 m/s.
 dv   mg 
m v  = – mg + 2 ⋅ v 2 Hencetimetaken,
 ds   u  200
t= = 6.67 s
v dv 30
or = ds
 v2  ∴ totaltimetaken = (10 + 6.67) = 16.67 s
– g 1 + 2 
 u  4. Electrostaticforce ( Fe) ontheparticleis
s 0 v dv Fe = qE = q (E 0 – αx )
or ∫ 0 ds = – ∫ u  v2 
g 1 + 2  dv
or m ⋅ v ⋅ = q (E 0 – αx )
 u  dx
solvingthis,weget or ∫ mv dv = q ∫ (E 0 – αx ) dx
2
u 1 1
s= ln ( 2) or mv 2 = q (E 0x – αx 2) + C
2g 2 2
3. Acceleration-time graph of the car for t ≤ 10 s Here C isconstantofintegration.
willbeasshowninfigure. at x = 0, v = 0 ∴ C=0
Accelerationattime
2
t is,
a (m/s ) Wetherefore,get
2qx  1 
v2 =  E 0 – αx 
6 m  2 
Velocity of particle becomes zero at x = 0 and
2E 0
x=
t(s) α
10
2E 0
Therefore,thedesireddistanceis
a = (6 – 0.6t) m/s2 α
dv →
or = (6 – 0.6t) 2E 0 Fe
dt The acceleration of the particle at x = is
α m
or dv = (6 – 0.6t) dt →
v t
qE
or
or ∫ 0 dv = ∫ 0 (6 – 0.6t) dt m
→ q  2E 0  $
or v = (6t – 0.3t 2) …(1) ∴ a =
qE 0 $
E0 – α  i =– i
ds m α  m
or = (6t – 0.3t 2)
dt Here minus sign denotes that it is
s t instantaneously towards negative x-direction.
∫ 0 ds = ∫ 0 (6t – 0.3t ) dt
2
or
The particle continues to move back and
s = 3t 2 – 01
. t3 2E 0
or …(2) forth between x = 0 and x = .
α
fromequations(1)and(2) The mean position of the particle is
at t = 10 s →
x = E 0 / α (where Fe = 0)
Solutions 135
v
5. Let s 0 be the total displacement of the particle
till it stops in time t 0 . Then average velocity vm
s
<v> = 0 …(1)
t0
Giventhat F = – kv n t

 dv 
or m v ⋅  = – kv n t1 t2
 ds  Maximumretardationcanbe g.
k Let t1 is the time of acceleration and t2 the time
or 1– n
v dv = – ⋅ ds
m ofretardation.Then:
0 1– n k s0 vm vm
= (n – 1)g i.e. t1 =
or ∫ v 0 v dv = – m ∫ 0 ds t1 (n – 1) g
v 0 = initialvelocityofparticle vm vm
=g i.e. t2 =
mv 02 – n t2 g
or s0 = …(2)
k (2 – n) Now area under v – t graph gives, the
Wecanalsowrite displacement.Hence
1
 dv  v m (t1 + t2) = h
m ⋅   = – kv n 2
 dt 
k Substitutingvaluesof t1 and t2 weget
or v – ndv = – dt
2  1 1
(n – 1) g + g  = 2h
m vm
0 –n k t0  
or ∫ v 0v ⋅ dv = – m ∫ 0 dt 2
vm  n 
or   = 2h
mv10 – n g  n – 1
or t0 = …(3)
k (1 – n)  n – 1
or 2
vm = 2gh   …(1)
Fromequations(1),(2)and(3),  n 
1 – n Totaltime t = t1 + t2
<v> =   v0
 2 – n vm v v  n 
or t= + m = m  
Given;
v
<v> = 0 (n – 1) g g g  n – 1
3
Substituting the value of v m from equation (1),
1–n 1
or = weget
2–n 3
n 2gh (n – 1) 2nh
1 t= ⇒t =
or n= g (n – 1) n ( n – 1) g
2
7. Velocity-time graph of the particle is as shown
6. Weightofthelift = Mg newton
below:
v
Maximumtension = nMg newton D
∴ Netforceonlift = nMg – Mg = (n – 1) Mg C y [Let CE = y
B y y
∴ Maximumacceleration d E d F
then DF = 2y]
(n – 1) Mg A
= = (n – 1) g
M
Let the maximum velocity be v m . Figure shows
M N P
velocity-timegraph t1 t2 t3
t
136 ProblemsinPhysics
Area under v – t graph gives the displacement. therefore, kinetic energy-time graph is a
hence parabolapassingthroughorigin.
s 2 – s1 = area BCNM At B t1 = 4 s
1
= y. d + area BENM …(1) ∴ K = (100)(4)2 = 1600 J
2
v 
s 3 – s 2 = area CDPN B to C velocity = –  – gt = – 20 + 10t
2 
1
= yd + yd + area EFPN …(2) (v = 40 m/s)
2
(1)—(2)gives: speed =| velocity| = 20 – 10t
2s 2 – s1 – s 3 = – y. d At C :velocityorspeed = 0 ∴ t2 = 2s
1 1
or y ⋅ d = s1 + s 3 – 2s 2 kineticenergy, K = mv 2 = (2)(20 – 10t)2
2 2
s1 + s 3 – 2 s1s 3
or y= (s 2 = s1 s 3 ) = (20 – 10t)2
d
y ( s1 – s 3 )
2 C to D velocity=speed = gt = 10t ; t3 = 2 s
or = = slope of line AD
d d2 1
kineticenergy = mv 2
= acceleration 2
1
∴ accelerationofparticle = (2)(10 t)2 = 100 t 2
2
( s1 − s 3 )2
= Proved At D : speed = velocity = (10) (2) = 20 m/s
d2
andkineticenergy K = (100) (2)2 = 400 J.
8. Let t1 be the time of first collision. Applying
Thecorrespondinggraphsareasfollows:
1
h = g t 2,weget
2 Velocity (m/s) Speed(m/s)
u=0 A
40 40
+ve
C 20 20
C
80 m t1
t2 t3 4
v 6 8 Time 4 6 8 Time

2 –20 (s) (s)
B D
B
v v

2 Kinetic energy (J)
1
80 = g t12 ∴ t1 = 4 s 1600
2
400
A to B velocity=speed = g t = 10 t
hence velocity-time and speed time graphs are 4 6 8 Time
straight lines passing through origin with slope (s)
g = 10 m/s2.
At B t1 = 4 s 9. Weknowthat
∴ velocity=speed = (10) (4) m/s= 40 m/s v⋅
dv
= a or v ⋅ dv = ads
kineticenergy, ds
v
1 1
K = mv 2 = (2)(g t)2 = 100 t 2 or ∫ 0 v ⋅ dv = ∫ ads
2 2
Solutions 137
v2 →
or = areaunder a-s graph |v A| = 60 sin 45° + 200 sin α
2
or v= 2(area under a − s graph) = 237.87 km/hr
AB 100
1 1
area = (2)(2) + 6 × 2 + (2 + 4)(2) ∴ t AB = = hr = 0.42 hr
→ 237.87
2 2
|v A|
1
+ × 2× 4 B to A
2
N
= 2 + 12 + 6 + 4 = 24 m /s2 2
B is the origin in this case
∴ v = 2 × 24 = 4 3 m/s
10. A to B →
→ α υω = 60 km/hr
N vAω = 200 km/hr E

vAω = 200 km/hr B 45°
B

vA
A
α
→ →
E
Similarly, components of v Aω and vω
A 45° → perpendicularto BA shouldbezero.Forthis
vω = 60 km/hr
α = 77.7 °
Nowresultantvelocityofaircraftalong BA is

|v A| = 200 sin α – 60 sin 45° = 153 km/hr

AB = 100 km BA 100
∴ tBA = = hr
→ → 153
vw = 60 km/hr= velocityofwind |v A|
→ or tBA = 0.65 hr
v Aw = 200 km/hr= velocity of aircraft with ∴ Totaltimeofflight = t AB + tBA
respecttowind
→ → → = (0.42 + 0.65) hr
v A = vw + v Aw = velocity of aircraft with respect = 1.07 hr
toground = 64.2 min

Let v Aw makes an angle α with the 11. Let v br be the velocity of boatman with respect
perpendicular to AB (shown as dotted line in to river or velocity of boatman in still water and
figure). v r therivervelocity.Velocityofraftisalso vr .
→ Assuming river to be at rest or raft to be at rest.
Aircraft has to reach from A to B, hence v A
The boatman will move with v br both during its

should be along AB or components of v Aw and downstreamandupstreammotion.Therefore
→ Time of upstream motion = time of down-
vw perpendicular to AB should be zero. streammotion = 1 hr.
Therefore, ∴ Total time of motion of raft = 2 hrs. In this 2
hrs, the raft moves 6 km. Hence the raft
200 cos α = 60 cos 45° or α = 77.7 °
velocity or river velocity is 3 km/hr. This can be
and resultant velocity of aircraft along AB shownonnextpage:
wouldbe
138 ProblemsinPhysics
Boatman → →
1 hour a A = – g $j , a B = – g $j
1 hour u AX = 60 cos 30° = 30 3 m/s
Raft u AY = 60 sin 30° = 30 m/s
Assuming river to be at rest u BX = – 50 cos α and u BY = 50 sin α
Relative acceleration between the two is zero
Boatman vr + vbr 1 hour → →
(a A = a B ). Hence the relative motion between
vr vbr – vr
Raft thetwoisuniform.
6 km →
Condition of collision is that u AB should be
Actual motion of boatman and raft

Alternate Solution—This problem can be along AB or u BA should be along BA. This is
solvedgraphicallyasfollows:
v
possible only when u AY = u BY i.e. component
vbr + vr
A1 of relative velocity along y-axis should be zero.
(t + 1)
1 A2
t(hr) or 30 = 50 sin α
vbr – vr
or α = sin –1(3/ 5)
t

v–t graph of boatman
Now |u AB | = u AX – u BX
v
= (30 3 + 50 cos α) m/s
vr
A3  4
t(hr) =  30 3 + 50 ×  = (30 3 + 40) m/s
 5
(t + 1) 100 100
∴ t= = = 1.09 s
v–t graph of raft
→ 30 3 + 40
|u AB|
Displacement of boatman = Displacement of raft
therefore the particles collide after a
∴ A1 – A2 = A3 time t = 1.09 s
∴ (v br + v r )(1) – (v br – v r ) (t) = (v r )(t + 1) Distance of point P from A where collision
Thisgives t = 1 hour takesplaceis
Nowdisplacementofraft i.e. A3 is6km 1 22
S = (u AX t)2 + (u AY t − gt )
Hence (t + 1) v r = 6 or 2v r = 6 2
or v r = 3 km/hr (30 3 × 1.09)2 + (30 × 1.09 −
1
× 10
12. Taking x and y directionsasshowninfigure: = 2
Y × 1.09 × 1.09)2
or S = 62.64m
13. Point P is the point of intersection of two curves
Y
x2 = 4ay

X v
P
θ
A → B X
uAB
Solutions 139
x2 = (2)(10)(400) + (5)(400)2
x 2 = 4 ay or y = ...(1)
4a
or v = 898.8 m/s
gx 2
and y = x tan θ – (1 + tan 2 θ) ...(2) or v ≈ 0.9 km/s
2v 2
15. There is no loss of mechanical energy when the
(equationofprojectile)
string hits the nail C, because the sudden
equating(1)and(2),weget change in tension is perpendicular to the
x2 gx 2 direction of motion of the particle and
= x tan θ – (1 + tan 2 θ)
4a 2v 2 therefore,has noeffectonitsspeed.
1 g 
x 2 + 2 (1 + tan 2 θ) = x tan θ v D
 4 a 2v 
v
soeither x = 0 or R v

4av 2
tan θ O B R
x = C C B
v 2
+ 2ag + 2ag tan θ 2
v D
dy 2R
14. (a) vy = = 2gy …(1)
dt T + mg
u
dx A
vx = = ay …(2) C B
dt
X Let v betheminimumvelocityatpoint D.
y Applying conservation of mechanical energy
H = 400 m

vx
betweenpoints A and D
vy 1
mg (3R) = m (u 2 – v 2)
Y 2
or v 2 = u 2 − 6gR …(1)
Dividing(1)by(2),weget
ApplyingNewton’slawradiallyatpoint D
dy 2gy 2
= = mv m 2
dx ay y T + mg = = (u 2 – 6gR)
R R
(g = 10 m/s2 and a = 5 s –1 ) m 2
or T = (u – 7 gR)
or y ⋅ dy = 2 dx R
400 m x Now T≥0 or u 2 ≥ 7 gR
or ∫0 y dy = 2 ∫ dx
0
or umin = 7gR
2 3/ 2 400 m
or (y )0 = 2x 16. Let R be the radius of the circle, u be its velocity
3 u
1 at bottommost point and at topmost point.
or x = (400)3/ 2 2
3 Then C
8 2 u/2
or x = × 103 m u
  = u – 2g (2R)
2
3 v
 2
or x = 2.67 km
3 2 B
(b) Speed of particle when it strikes the ground or 4 gR = u
4
willbe
3 u2
v = v x2 + v y2 = (2gy) + (a 2y 2) or R= A
u
16 g
140 ProblemsinPhysics
If v isitsvelocityatpoint B,then (b) For average speed let us put, v = 0, which
 3 u2 gives,
v 2 = u 2 – 2gR = u 2 – 2g  .  t = 0 and t = 3 sec
 16 g 
3 5
5
v = u2
2 ∫ 0 vdt + ∫ 3 vdt
∴ Averagespeed =
8 5
Atpoint B itstangentialaccelerationis Substitutingthevaluesandsolvingweget,
at = g (downwards) Averagespeed = 2.63 m / s
andradialacceleration, 19. After time ‘ t’ position of different particles will
5 2 beasunder:
u A'
v2 10
ar = = 8 2 = g (towards centre) Let AB = BC = d
R 3 u 3
16 g vt B'
y
Hencetotalaccelerationwillbe C
2 A B
 10 109 x 1 at2
a= a t2 + a r2 = g 1 +   = g 2
 3 3 d
C'
 109  d–x
= (10)   ≈ 34.8 m/s
2

 3  Fromthreesimilartriangles,
qE 1 2
17. (i) g ′ = g + at
vt y
m = 2 =
d+x d−x x
10–6 × 106
= 9.8 + = 109.8 m/s2 Solvingthesethreeequations,wehave,
0.01
v 1
l 1 y = t − at 2
∴ T = 2π = 2π = 0.6 s 2 4
g′ 109.8
1
Comparingwith s = ut + at 2 weget,
(ii) vmin = 5g ′ l 2
= 5 × 109.8 × 1 = 23.43 m/s u=
v 1
and acceleration = − a
2 2
(iii) Tmin = 0 attopmostpoint
Thus point B should move up with initial
and Tmax = 6mg ′ atbottommostpoint velocity v/2 and downward acceleration of a/2.
= 6 × 0.01 × 109.8 = 6.59 N →
5
20. At the given instant component of v BA along BA

18. (a) Averagevelocity =


∫ 0 v . dt is u − v cos θ. This is basically the rate by which
5 distance ‘ r ’ between A and B is decreasing.
∫ 0 dt Thus,
dr
5 (u − v cos θ) = − …(1)
∫ 0 (3t − t ) dt
2
dt
=
5 q
3 1 A v
(25) − (125)
= 2 3 u
5
B
= 0.833 m /s
Solutions 141
Further,
Component of relative velocity Q
dθ perpendicular to AB
=
dt distance AB 600 m/s
H
dθ v sin θ
or = …(2)
dt r θ = 60°
Dividing(1)by(2),wehave d
dr r (u − v cos θ) 1
− = 600 × − 250
dθ v sin θ 2
∴ t= = 5s
dr (u − v cos θ) 10
∴ − = dθ
r v sin θ 1
H = (u sin θ) t − gt 2
r dr θ  u − v cos θ  2
or ∫d − r
= ∫ π / 2  v sin θ 
 . dθ
= 600 ×
3 1
× 5 − × 10 × 25
2 2
Solving this equation we get the desired relation.
H = 1500 3 − 125
21. In the time when the boat moves from O to P,
the displacement perpendicular to OP will zero. ⇒ H = 2473 m
Let the time taken by the boat to move from O π
to P = t. 23. For θ = 30° = radian
P(x, y) 6
π
v = 0.5 t ⇒ t = 1.023 s
2
y 6
b
r = 3 – 0.4 (1.023)2 = 2.58 m
u O a x dr d
Resultant of u and v should be along OP. = (3 – 0.4 t 2) = – 0.8 t
dt dt
Therefore, their components perpendicular to dr
OP shouldcanceleachother.Hence, or = – (0.8) (1.023) = – 0.818 m/s
dt
u sin α = v sin β
(at t = 1.023 s)
u u y
∴ sin β = sin α = ⋅ dθ
v v x + y2
2 =t (θ = 0.5 t 2)
dt
u  dθ
∴ β = sin −1  ⋅
y
 or = 1.023 rad/s (at t = 1.023 s)
dt
 v x 2 + y 2 
Nowtwocomponentsofvelocityof B at
OP
Further, t= θ = π/ 6 or t = 1.023 s are
v cos β − u cos α
dr
  vr = = – 0.818 m/s
y dt
Here, α = sin −1  
 x 2 + y2   dθ 
  and v θ = r   = (2.58) (1.023) = 2.64 m/s
 dt 
u 
and β = sin −1  v sin α ∴ Resultantvelocityof B is

22. Ifitisbeinghitthen A
v
1
d = v ot + at 2 = (u cos θ) t α
B
2 vθ = 2.64 m/s
vr
u cos θ − v o |vr| = 0.818m/s
or t=
a/2
30°
O
142 ProblemsinPhysics

v = v r2 + v θ2 = (–0.818)2 + (2.64)2 Substitutingthevalueweget


 d 2y  (15)(–10) + (–5)2 + (2.88)2 
v = 2.76 m/s  2 =–  
 dt   26 
vθ 2.64
tan α = = = 3.23
vr 0.818 = 4.5 cm/s 2

or α = 72.8° This is also the acceleration of A and B


(upwards).
Therefore, velocity of collar B at the given
25. Rod AB is lying along x-axis and rod CD
. m/s at an angle α = 72.8° with
instant is 276
alongline x = y.
OA inthedirectionshowninfigure.
24. Point B moves with the same velocity and Y
accelerationas A.
B D D′
Y
v
A′ N
M B′
A 45° 45° O′

X
A 45° P B
O
Q
30°
v

X C
Assuming the cam to be at rest and the point A
C′
of the rod follower to slide up the circular path →
with the x-component of velocity – 5 cm/s and Velocity of rod AB is v = vj$ i.e. it is moving
x-component of acceleration – 10 cm/s2, the along positive y-direction. Similarly velocity of
equationofthepath,thenbeing v $ v $
rod CD is i – j . i. e. it is moving in the
x 2 + y 2 = (30)2 2 2
direction shown in figure with speed v. After
Differentiatingitwithrespecttotime t
time t,
 dx   dy 
x ⋅  +y  =0 …(1) OQ = vt
 dt   dt 
∴ OP = OQ sec 45° = 2 vt
Here x = 30 sin 30° = 15 cm
similarly OM = vt
and y = 30 cos 30° = 26 cm
and ON = OM sec 45° = 2 vt
Fromequation(1)
dy x dx hence
=– ⋅
dt y dt
OO′ = (OP )2 + (ON)2 + 2(OP )(ON) cos 45°
dy  15 
or = –  (–5) = 2.88 cm/s  1 
dt  26  = 2v 2t 2 + 2v 2t 2 + 2( 2vt)( 2vt)  
 2
Whichmustbevelocityof A and B (upwards)
Differentiating (1) with respect to time t once OO′ = vt 4 + 2 2
again,weget
∴ velocityofpointofintersectionis
 d 2x   dx  2  d 2y   dy  2
x ⋅ 2 +  +y 2 +  =0 OO′
 dt   dt   dt   dt  vo = = v 4 + 2 2 = 2.61 v
t
  d 2x   dx  2  dy  2  at bisector of ON and OP or at an angle of
 d 2y  x  +   +  
∴  2  = –   dt 2   dt   dt  22.5°withpositive x-axis.
 dt   
 y 
Solutions 143
→ position or mean position. therefore, we may
∴ v o = v o cos 22.5° i$ + v o sin 22.5° $j write
→ t = t1 + t2 where t1 = nT/ 4
or v o = v ( 2.41 i$ + $j)
here n = 0, 1, 2, 3K
26. Acceleratingforce T
F1 ∝ t or F1 = t and t2 < or t2 = (t – nT/ 4)
4
andretardingforce nowtwocasesarise:
F2 ∝ x or F2 = x Case 1 : When n is even–Say n = 0, 2, 4K
constant of proportionality being 1 in both the In this case, particle will be in its extreme
cases.
position in time t1. Hence distance travelled in
hence Fnet = F1 – F2 = t – x time t wouldbe
or a=t– x …(1) (mass = 1 kg) s = s1 + s 2 where s1 = nA
differentiating equation (1) w.r.t. time, we get and s 2 = distance travelled in time t2 from
da dx extremeposition.
=1–
dt dt = A – A cos ωt2
d 2v  nπ 
or =1–v …(2) = A – A cos ωt – 
dt 2  2
Now,letusassume 2π 
 nT
V =1–v …(3)  t2 = t – and T = 
 4 ω
d 2v d 2V nπ 
or – = 
dt 2
dt 2 ∴ s = n A + A – A cos ωt – 
 2
∴ Equation(2)canbewrittenas
  nπ  
d 2V = A n + 1 – cos ωt – 
=– V …(4)   2  
dt 2
Case 2 : When n is odd –Say n = 1, 3, 5....
comparing this with standard equation of
d 2V In this case, particle will be in its mean position
S.H.M. i.e. 2 = – ω 2V intime t1.Hence
dt
∴ V will oscillate simple harmonically with s = s1 + s 2
angularfrequency ω = 1 rad/s where s1 = nA and s 2 = distance travelled in
also at time t = 0, v = 0, hence V =1 time t2 frommeanposition.
[fromequation(3)] nπ 

∴ V = cos t or 1 – v = cos t = A sin ωt2 = A sin ωt – 
 2
dx
or v = 1 – cos t or = 1 – cos t  nπ 
dt ∴ s = n A + A sin ωt – 
x t
 2
or ∫ 0 dx = ∫ 0 (1 – cos t) dt   nπ  
or s = A n + sin ωt – 
or x = t – sin t   2  
27. The given equation i.e. x = A cos ωt is an   nπ  
Hence s = A n + 1 – cos ωt – 
equation of SHM. Let T be the time period of   2  
SHM. Then distance travelled by the particle is
‘ A’ during the time T/ 4 starting from extreme when n iseven
144 ProblemsinPhysics
  nπ   particle moving on the circle x 2 + y 2 = 1
and s = A n + sin ωt – 
  2   with constant speed v is parallel to the line
x + y = 0. This is its centripetal
when n isodd.
acceleration which acts towards centre.
→ →
Velocityofparticleat M and N is
28. (i) v A = ui$ and v B = u $j
→ v $ v $
Let at any time t, coordinates of point A and B vM = – i – j
be ( X , 0) and (0, Y ) respectively. 2 2
Y → v $ v $
and vN = i + j
2 2
B → → →  v  v $
C v MA = v M – v A =  – – u i$ – j
 2  2
X
A → → → v $  v 
Thencoordinatesofpoint C (x , y) willbe and v MB = v M – v B = – i + – – u $j
2  2 
X dx 1 dX u
x= or = or v x = → →
2 dt 2 dt 2 Wecanshowthat |v MA| =|v MB|
Y dy 1 dY u
and y = or = or v y = Similarlywecanprovethat
2 dt 2 dt 2 → →
Hencevelocityof C wouldbe |v NA| =|v NB|
→ u u u
v C = i$ + $j (iii) Magnitude of velocity of C is .
2 2 2
∴ Velocityof C withrespectto A is Therefore, the maximum value of relative
→ → → u u velocity of P with respect to C will be
v CA = v C – v A = – i$ + $j …(1) u
2 2 v+ , when P and C are moving in
→ 2
u
or |v CA| = opposite direction. But this value is given
2 tobeequalto u.Hence
Velocityof C withrespectto B willbe u  1 
→ u v+ = u or v = u 1 – 
v CB = i$ – $j
u
…(2) 2  2
2 2 →
From(1)and(2)weseethat 29. (a) Let v br be the velocity of boatman relative
→ → → →
v CA = – v CB to river, v r the velocity of river and v b is the
(ii) At points M and N, acceleration of the absolutevelocityofboatman.Then
y Y
j
vr N
M
O X W E i
A
v vbr
x
45° v S
N a
x+y=0
→ → →
v b = v br + v r
Solutions 145
→ → →
Given; |v br| = v and | v r| = u and v R shouldbezero.Hence

Now u = vy =
dy v
= x (a – x ) 2 …(1) v cos α = v R
dt a  3–1 
or (2v 0) cos α = v 0 1 + y
dx w
and v = vx = =v …(2)  
dt
3–1
Dividing(1)by(2),weget 1+ y
or cos α = w
dy x (a – x ) x (a – x )
= 2
or dy = dx 2
dx a a2 Therefore,resultantvelocityalong AB is
y x x (a – x )
or ∫ 0 dy = ∫ 0 a 2 dx v y = v sin α
dy
or = (2v 0) sin α
x2 x3 dt
or y= – …(3)
2a 3 a 2
(2v 0) 4w 2 – {w + ( 3 – 1)y} 2
Thisisthedesiredequationoftrajectory. =
2w
(b) Timetakentocrosstheriveris v0
a a = 4w – {w + ( 3 – 1)y} 2
2
t = = w
vx v w dy v t
(c) When the boatman reaches the opposite
or ∫0 4w – {w + ( 3 – 1)y}
2 2
= 0 ∫ dt
w 0
side, x = a or v y = 0 (fromequation1)
Hence resultant velocity of boatman is v solvingthis,weget
along positive x-axis or due east. wπ
t =
(d) Fromequation(3) 6 ( 3 – 1) v 0
a2 a3 a forintegration,apply
y= – =
2a 3a 2 6 dx x
at x = a (atoppositebank) ∫ a −x
2 2
= sin −1  
 a
Hencedisplacementofboatmanwillbe
(b) When the boatman reaches the opposite
→ → a bank:
s = x i$ + y $j or s = a i$ + $j
6 y = w or v R = 3 v 0 or v cos α = v R
→  3–1  Hence, (2v 0) cos α = 3 v0
30. (a)Given |v R| = v 0 1 + y
 w  3
or cos α = or α = 30°
→ 2
and | v | = 2v 0 Henceresultantvelocitywillbe
B
v y = v sin α = (2v 0) sin 30°
v
Y or vy = v0
w α vR

y
X 31. Let – v B makes an angle θ with the line CD (a
lineperpendiculartoAB).
A → → →
v AB or v A – v B is along AB i.e. components of
Resultant velocity of boatman should be along
→ →
AB or perpendicular to AB components of v v AB perpendicular to AB or along CD is zero.
146 ProblemsinPhysics
Hence v cos α = 2v cos θ u 2 sin 2 θ
or h= …(1)
or cos α = 2 cos θ …(1) 2g cos α
Intriangle OAB Atpoint B
sin α sin (180° – θ) (i) v x = 0 = u x + a x t = (u cos θ) – (g sin α) t
=
r 2r u cos θ

or t=
vA = v g sin α
C α
1
A (ii) s y = – h = u y t + ay t 2
2
2r α θ 1
–θ

h = – (u Y t + a Y t 2) .
90 o

D or
→ CD AB 2
θ –vB = 2v
O r B  u cos θ
or h = – u sin θ ⋅
 g sin α

 u cos θ  
2
1
– g cos α    …(2)
2  g sin α  

sin θ equating (1) and (2), we get the desired result


or sin α = …(2) i. e.,
2
tan θ = ( 2 – 1) cot α
Squaringandadding(1)and(2)weget
1 33. Let a be the side of hexagon and the particle is
1 = 4 cos2 θ + sin 2 θ projected from origin O with an initial velocity u
4
at an angle θ with horizontal as shown in figure.
or 4 = 16 cos2 θ + (1 – cos2 θ)
OJ = R (rangeoftheprojectile)
1 Y
or 15 cos2 θ = 3 or cos θ =
5
2 C D
or cos α = [fromEq.(1)]
5 u
B E
or cot α = 2 or α = cot ( 2) –1

32. u x = u cos θ, u y = u sin θ θ 60° A F


X
a x = – g sin α, a y = – g cos α O G H J
Y

3a
BG = EH = a sin 60° =
A °
2
h 90 R – a – 2a cos 60°
OG =
h 2
B

u
θ R – 2a
α =
O
2
Atpoint A: s y = h and v y = 0 thereforecoordinatesof B and C wouldbe
hence v y2 = u y2 + 2a y s y  R – 2a 3a  R – a 
B≡ , , C≡ , 3a
 2 2   2 
or 0 = (u sin θ)2 – 2g cos α ⋅ h
Solutions 147
equation of projectile in terms of R can be β π
α1 = +
writtenas 2 4
 x β π 
y = x 1 –  tan θ …(1) 2u sin  + – β
 R 2 4 
∴ T1 =
Satisfying co-ordinates of B and C with g cos β
equation(1)wecanfindthat  π β
2u sin  – 
3  4 2
cos θ = = …(4)
31 g cos β
vmax u 1 31 Similarly, time period of particle projected
Now, = = =
vmin u cos θ cos θ 3 downtheplaneis
2u sin (α 2 + β)
34. (a)Themaximumrangeuptheplaneis T2 =
g cos β
u2
R1 = …(1) where α 2 = angle of initial velocity with
g (1 + sin β)
horizontal.
where u = initialspeedofparticleand Formaximumrange
β = angleofinclinationofplane. π β
Similarly the maximum range down the plane α2 = –
4 2
is
π β 
u2 2u sin  – + β
R2 = …(2) 4 2 
g (1 – sin β) Hence T2 =
g cos β
andmaximumrangeongroundis
 π β
u2 2u sin  + 
R= …(3)  4 2
g T2 = …(5)
g cos β
Giventhat Giventhat,
R1 + R2 = 2 (R + R) = 4 R T2 – T1 = 2 second
u2 u2 4u 2 2u
or + = or [sin (π/ 4 + β/ 2)
g (1 + sin β) g (1 – sin β) g g cos β
1 1 – sin (π/ 4 – β/ 2)] = 2
or + =4
1 + sin β 1 – sin β π
Substituting β = 45° or
2 1 4
or =4 or =2
1 – sin 2 β cos2 β Weget
1 g cos (π/ 4)
or cos β = ∴ β = 45 ° u=
2  3π π
 sin – sin 
(b) Time period of particle projected up the  8 8
planeis or u = 12.8 m/s
2u sin (α1 – β)
T1 = 35. (a) Since the resultant velocity is always
g cos β perpendicular to the line joining boat and
where α1 = angle of initial velocity with R, the boat is moving in a circle of radius
horizontal 2ω andcentreat R.
Formaximumrange (b) Drifting = Qs = 4ω 2 − ω 2 = 3ω.
148 ProblemsinPhysics
R x2
x− =h − x
w 2w 10
x2
or − 2x + h = 0 …(3)
S 10
Q
Thisisintheform,
ax 2 + bx + c = 0
P Body just touches the roof only when there is
(c) Suppose at any arbitrary time, the boat is only one point of intersection and this is
atpoint B. possible only when equation (3) has only one
root.
R
60°
∴ b2 − 4 ac = 0
4h
q
S or 4− =0
10
Q v
q
vr
∴ h = 10 m
q
v 37. Let us take the origin as shown in figure. Mid
B
point of CD is the origin O. Since the path is
parabolic,lettheequationbe,
P

v r = 2v cos θ
dθ v r v cos θ C D
= = O y
dt 2ω ω
ω
or sec θ dθ = dt
v B E
t ω 60°
∴ ∫ 0 dt = v ∫ 0 sec θ . dθ
ω ° I
∴ t = [ln (sec θ + tan θ)]60
0
G A F H
v
x
1.317ω
or t=
v y = m (x + b)
2
…(1)
36. Equation of trajectory of the body as a Here m and b are unknowns. From geometry
projectileis, wecanseethat
y = x tan 45° −
10
x2  a  3a 
D ≡  0,  and E≡ , a
2 × (10) cos2 45°
2
 2  2 
x2
or y=x− …(1) These co-ordinates should satisfy equation (1).
10 Sowecanfind,
Equation of the inclined roof as a straight line is, 3a a
m= and b=
y = − (tan 45° ) x + h 2 2 3
or y=h − x …(2) ∴ Equationofparabolashouldbe
Solving (1) and (2) for the point of intersection, 3a  a 
weget: y2 = x +  …(2)
2  2 3
Solutions 149
Now if R be the range (= GH ), the co-ordinates ∴ v0 = 26 ms−1
 R  R
of H =  OI ,  or  3a,  will satisfy the and θ = tan −1 5 with x-axis.
 2  2
R 40. Iftheymeetadistance ‘ x ’ from ‘ C’,wehave
above equation. Putting x = 3a and y = in
2 (2v 0 sin θ) t = x …(1)
aboveequationweget, and (4 d − x ) = v 0t …(2)
R = 7a 4d
or t=
v 0 (1 + 2 sin θ)
38. Equationofball,
from(1)and(2)
y N
VIII th Alsowehave,
P VIIth 1 2
VIth d tan θ + (2v 0 cos θ) t − gt = 0
V th 2
IVth Substitutingvalueof ‘ t’,weget
IIIrd
53° 8d cos θ 8gd 2
M IInd x d tan θ + = 2
O Ist (110, 0) 1 + 2 sin θ v 0 (1 + 2 sin θ)2
Ground
level 110 m 8gd
or v 02 =
gx 2 (1 + 2 sin θ) [8 cos θt
y = x tan θ −
2u cos2 θ
2 + tan θ (1 + 2 sin θ)]

Substitutingthevalues, 8gd
⇒ v0 =
y = 1.33x − 0.0113x 2 …(1) (1 + 2 sin θ) [8 cos θt
+ tan θ (1 + 2 sin θ)]
Slope of line MN is 1 and it passes through
point (110 m, 0). Hence the equation of this 41. Let the projectile strikes the circular path at
linecanbewrittenas, (x , y) and ‘ A’ to be taken as origin. From the
figure co-ordinates of the centre of the circular
y = x − 110 …(2)
path is (300, 150). Then the equation of the
Point of intersection of two curves is say P. circularpathis
Solving (1) and (2) we get positive value of y Y
equalto4.5m. D C

i. e., y P = 4.5 68 m/s 150 m


Height of one step is 1 m. Hence, the ball will P
collide somewhere between y = 4 m and (x, y)
A 30°
y = 5 m.Whichcomesouttobe6thstep.
123 X
39. v 0 cos θ × t = 2 …(1) 300 m

v 0 sin θ × t −
1 2 1 2
gt + gt = 10 (x − 300)2 + (y − 150)2 = (150)2 …(1)
2 2 andtheequationofthetrajectoryis
⇒ v 0 sin θ × t = 10 …(2) 1 gx 2
y = x tan 30° −
Fromequation(1)and(2) 2 (68)2 cos2 30°
v 0 cos θ = 1
x 2x 2 g
v 0 sin θ = 5 y= − …(2)
3 9248
tan θ = 5 FromEqs.(1)and(2)weget
150 ProblemsinPhysics
x = 373 m; y ≈ 18.75 m  N 
∴ 1 division on vernier scale =   a units
Note: Had there been no solution, the projectile would
 N + 1
notstrikethecircularpart. = a ′ (say)
42. Young’smodulusofelasticityisgivenby, Leastcount = 1 mainscaledivision
stress F / A FL FL − 1 vernierscaledivision
Y= = = =
strain l /L lA  πd 2   N  a
l  = a − a′ = a −   a=
 4   N + 1 N+1

Substitutingthevalues,weget 45. (a) Let A standsfortrolleyand B forball.


50 × 1.1 × 4 v BAx = x -componentof B relativeto A
Y=
(1.25 × 10−3) × π × (5.0 × 10−4 )2 and v BAy = y-component of B relative to A
= 2.24 × 10 11
N/m 2 →
Relative velocity of B with respect to A(v BA)
∆Y ∆l ∆l ∆d should be along OA for the ball to hit the
Now, = + +2
Y L l d →
trolley. Hence v BA will make an angle of
 0.1   0.001  0.001
=  +  + 2  45°withpositive x-axis.
 110  0.125  0.05 
or θ = 45 °
= 0.0489
v BAy
∆Y = (0.0489)Y (b) tan θ = = tan 45°
v BAx
= (0.0489) × (2.24 × 1011) N/m 2
v BAy
= 1.09 × 1010 N/m 2 or =1
v BAx
43. Leastcountofscrewgauge or v BAy = v BAx …(1)
1 mm
= = 0.01 mm Further v BAx = v Bx − v Ax
100
or v BAx = v Bx − 0
Diameterofwire
or v BAx = v Bx …(2)
= (1 + 47 × 0.01) mm = 1.47 mm
Also v BAy = v By − v Ay
 d
Curvedsurfacearea(incm 2
) = (2π)   (L) v BAy = v By − ( 3 − 1) …(3)
 2
v By
S = πdL tan φ =
v Bx
= (π) (1.47 × 10−1) (5.6) cm 2
or v By = v Bx tan φ …(4)
= 2.5848 cm 2
FromEqs.(1),(2),(3)and(4)weget
Roundingofftotwosignificantdigits
( 3 − 1)
S = 2.6 cm 2 or v Bx = …(5)
tan φ − 1
44. ( N + 1) divisionsonthevernierscale
( 3 − 1)
and v By = ⋅ tan φ …(6)
= N divisionsonmainscale tan φ − 1
∴ 1divisiononvernierscale 4θ 4
N φ= = (45° ) = 60°
= divisionsonmainscale 3 3
N+1 speedofballwithrespecttosurface
Eachdivisiononthemainscaleisof a units.
Solutions 151

v B = v Bx
2
+ v By
2 Substituting t = 1s in (1) and (2), we get
u sin θ = 6.25 m/s or u y = 6.25 m/s
3 −1
= 1 + tan 2 φ and u cos θ = 375
. m /s or u x = 375
. m /s
tan φ − 1

3 −1 therefore, u = u x i$ + u y $j
= sec φ
tan φ − 1 →
or u = (3.75 i$ + 6.25 $j) m/s
substituting φ = 60°,weget
Most of the problems of projectile motion are
3 −1
vB = sec 60° easily solved by breaking the motion of the
tan 60° − 1 particle in two suitable mutually perpendicular
3 −1 directions, say x and y. Find u x , u y , a x and a y
= ⋅2 andthenapply
3 −1
v x = u x + a x t;
v B = 2 m/s
1
s y = u y t + a y t 2 etc.
46. Let ‘t’ be the time after which the stone hits the 2
object and θ be the angle which the velocity k
→ 47. (a) Given F (x ) = –
vector u makes with horizontal. According to 2x 2
question,wehavefollowingthreeconditions here k and x 2 are always positive hence F is
(i)Verticaldisplacementofstoneis1.25m always negative (whether x is positive or
1 negative)
∴ 1.25 = (u sin θ)t − gt 2
2 B F(x) A
where g = 10 m/s 2
x=0 x = 0.5 m x = 1.0 m
v=v t=0
or (u sin θ) t = 1.25 + 5t 2 …(1) v=0
(ii) Horizontal displacement of stone = 3 + F (x )
a(x ) =
displacementofobject A m
1 substitutingthevalues,wehave
∴ (u cos θ) t = 3 + at 2 where a = 1.5 m/s2
2 –k 10–2 1
a= =– =–
or (u cos θ) t = 3 + 075
. t 2
…(2) 2mx 2
2 × 10 –2
×x 2
2x 2
(iii) Horizontal component of velocity (of stone) dv 1 1 dx
or v ⋅ =– or vdv = –
= vertical component (because velocity dx 2x 2 2 x2
vector is inclined at 45° with horizontal) v 1 x = 0. 5 dx
∴ (u cos θ) = gt − (u sin θ) …(3)
or ∫ 0 vdv = – 2 ∫ x = 1. 0 x2
(The right hand side is written gt − u sin θ v2 1  1 
x = 0. 5

because the stone is in its downward motion. or =   …(1)


2 2  x  x = 1. 0
Therefore, gt > u sin θ. In upward motion
u sin θ > gt). Multiplying equation (3) with t, we  1 1
or v2 =  –
canwrite  0.5 1.0
(u cos θ) t + (u sin θ) t = 10t 2 …(4) or v 2 = 1.0 or v = ± 1.0 m/s
Now (4)–(2)–(1) gives [Equation (4) minus (2) so v = –1.0 m/s (because velocity is
minus(1)]
along negative X-direction)
4.25t 2 − 4.25 = 0 or t = 1 s
152 ProblemsinPhysics
(b) To find velocity of particle at x = x
equation(1)canbewrittenas Q
u
x =x α
v2 1  1 
=  
2 2  x  x = 1. 0 P R

g cos θ
1 1  1– x
or v2 =  – =
 x 1.0 x
(c)
 dx  1– x The only difference is that g will be replaced by
or v = – =
 dt  x g cos θ
u 2 sin 2α
x ∴ PQ = range (R) =
or ∫ 1– x
dx = – ∫ dt g cos θ
u 2 sin 2α
0. 25 x t PQ =
or ∫1 1– x
dx = – ∫ dt
0 g cos θ
(b) Horizontal displacement of particle with
solvingthis,weget t = 1.48 s
respect to ground is zero. This implies that
Note: Forintegrationmakethesubstitution x = sin2 θ initial velocity of particle with respect to
ground is in vertical direction or there is no
48. (a) Accelerations of particle and box are horizontal component of the absolute
showninfigures(a)and(b). velocityoftheparticle.
i
j Velocity of particle with respect to box
(figured)
u sin (α+θ)
j u
g sin θ
α
i θ
g cos θ
u cos (α+θ)
θ

θ
(a)
(d)

= u cos (α + θ) i$ + u sin (α + θ) $j
velocityofbox = – v cos θ i$ – v sin θ $j
g sin θ
Here v is the velocity of the box down the plane
(figuree).Then
θ velocityofparticlewithrespecttoground
= {u cos (α + θ) – v cos θ} i$
(b)
+ {u sin (α + θ) – v sin θ} $j
Accelerationofparticlewithrespecttobox
= acceleration of particle – acceleration of block
= (g sin θ i$ + g cos θ $j ) – (g sin θ) i$ v cos θ
θ
= g cos θ $j v
v sin θ
Now motion of particle with respect to box will θ
beaprojectileasshowninfigure(c).
(e)
Solutions 153
Now as we said earlier that horizontal conservationofenergy,wehave
component of absolute velocity should be zero. 2
0 = v 0 – 2gL
Therefore, 2
v0 (2.5)2
u cos (α + θ) – v cos θ = 0 ∴ L= = = 0.32 m
2g 2(9.8)
u cos (α + θ)
or v = (downtheplane) Hence length of the string is 0.32 m.
cos θ
49. (i) Let i$, $j and k$ be the unit vectors along x , y 50. u = 5 3 m /s
and z directionsrespectively.Given
 1
→ ∴ u cos 60° = (5 3)   m/s
v cart = 4 i$ m/s  2
→ = 2.5 3 m/s
∴ v stone, cart = (6 sin 30° ) $j + (6 cos 30° ) k$
 3
= (3 $j + 3 3 k$) m/s and u sin 60° = (5 3)   m/s = 7.5 m/s
 2
→ → →
v stone = v stone, cart + v cart Y
u 2

= (4 i$ + 3 $j + 3 3k$) m/s 60o u


Q
This is the absolute velocity of stone (with
1 h
respect to ground). At highest point of its 10m x P
trajectory, the vertical component of its y=10 – h
velocity (v z ) will become zero, whereas the x X
O
and y components will remain unchanged.
Therefore, velocity of stone at highest point will Since the horizontal displacement of both the
be shots are equal, the second should be fired
→ early because its horizontal component of
v = (4 i$ + 3 $j ) m/s
velocity u cos 60° or 2.5 3 m/s is less than the
or speedathighestpoint, other’swhichis u or 5 3 m/s.
→ Now let first shot takes t1 time to reach the point
v = | v | = (4)2 + (3)2 m/s = 5 m/s
P andthesecondshottakestime t2. Then
Now applying law of conservation of linear x = (u cos 60° ). t2 = u. t1
momentum. Let v 0 be the velocity of combined
or x = 2.5 3. t2 = 5 3 t1 …(1)
massaftercollision.Then
mv = (2 m ) v 0 or t2 = 2t1 …(2)
1 1

v 5
v0 = = m/s = 2.5 m/s and h = (u sin 60° ) t2 − gt22  = gt12
2 2  2  2
∴ Speed of combined mass just after or h=
1 2 1
gt2 − (u sin 60° ) t2 = gt12
collision is 2.5 m/s. 2 2
(ii) Tension in the string becomes zero at Taking g = 10 m/s2
horizontal position. It implies that velocity
of combined T=0 h = 5t22 − 7.5 t2 = 5t12 …(3)
v=0
mass also Substituting t2 = 2t1 inequation(3),weget
becomes zero L 5(2t1)2 − 7.5(2t1) = 5t12
in horizontal
2
position. 2m v0 = 2.5 m/s or 15t1 = 15 t1 ⇒ t1 = 0 and 1s
Applying
154 ProblemsinPhysics
Hence t1 = 1s and t2 = 2t1 = 2s 5 m/s
C vAx = – 10 m/s
∴ x = 5 3 t1 = 5 3 m 60° vAy = 0
5√3 m/s vCx = 5 m/s
(Fromequation1) 10m/s vCy = 5√3 m/s
2
and h = 5t1 = 5(1) = 5 m 2 A 10m/s

(Fromequation3)
∴ y = 10 − h = (10 − 5) = 5 m
Hence (ii)Timeofcollision,
(a)Timeintervalbetweenthefirings AC
t= →
= t2 − t1 = (2 − 1) s | v CA|
∆t = 1 s →
(b) Coordinatesofpoint | v CA| = (v CAx )2 + (v CAy )2
P = (x , y) = (5 3 m, 5 m) = { 5 − (−10)} 2 + { 5 3 − 0} 2
2
51. (i) Acceleration of A and C both is 9.8 m/s
= 10 3 m/s
downwards. Therefore, relative acceler-
aton between them is zero i.e. the relative CA = (10)2 + (10 3)2 = 20 m
motion between them will be uniform. 20 2
Now assuming A to be at rest, the ∴ t= = s
10 3 3
condition of collision will be that
→ → → Horizontal (or x) component of momentum of
v CA = v C − v A = relative velocity of C
A, i.e., p Ax = mv Ax = − 10 m. Similarly, x
w.r.t. A, shouldbealong CA componentofmomentumof C i.e.
(vCA)x C pCx = (2m)v Cx
–v
A

=v
C (vCA)y 10 m = (2m)(5) = + 10 m
v CA
A
est) Since p Ax + pCx = 0
(R E
C
d vcx
30 m
20m

A vAx
B D
P 2s
X t =—
√3

Y
B F D
(v CA)yCE 10
∴ = =
(v CA)x AE d d1 d2

v Cy − v Ay 10
or = i.e. x-component of momentum of combined
v Cx − v Ax d mass after collision will also be zero, i.e. the
5 3 − 0 10 combined mass will have the momentum or
or = velocityinverticalor y-directiononly.
5 − (−10) d
Hence the combined mass will fall at point F
∴ d = 10 3 m ≈ 17.32 m justbelowthepointofcollision P.
Solutions 155
Here d1 =|(v Ax )| t (4 M )v 2
Hence 4 Mg cos 60° =
2 l
= (10) = 11.55 m
3 g 50
or v2 = l=
∴ d 2 = (d − d1) 2 3
= (17.32 − 11.55) m = 577 10
. m (as l = m and g = 10 m/s2) …(2)
3
d 2 shouldalsobeequalto
 2 Also v 2 = V 2 – 2gh
|v Cx| t = (5)   = 577
. m
 3 3 
or v 2 = V 2 – 2g  l 
2 
Therefore, position where the objects hit
the ground from B is d1 i.e. 11.55 m and  10
or v 2 = V 2 – 3 (10)  
from D is d 2 or 5.77 m.  3
52. (a) At the highest point, velocity of bullet is or v 2 = V 2 – 100 …(3)
50 cos θ. So by conservation of linear
Solving(1),(2)and(3)weget
momentum
v cos θ = 0.86 or θ ≈ 30 °
B
Range 1  u 2 sin 2θ 
Y
60° 4 Mg
h = l (1 + cos 60°)
(b) x = =  
2 2 g 
120° 3
=—
2 l
50 × 50 × 3
=
50 m/s 2 × 10 × 2
V
A = 108.25 m
y
θ u 2 sin 2 θ
O x
X y=H =
2g
M (50 cos θ) = 4 MV 50 × 50 × 1
=
 50 2 × 10 × 4
∴ V =   cos θ …(1)
 4
= 31.25 m
Atpoint B, T = 0 but v ≠ 0 Hence the desired coordinates are
(108.25 m, 31.25 m)
CHAPTER

2 LAWS OF MOTION

53. (a) Let a1 and a 2 be the accelerations of the in figure. Similarly,


two men in upward direction, and T the acceleration of block
tensionintherope.Then 4 and pulley P3 P1
x
T – Mg = Ma1 …(1) relative to pulley P2 is
y and acceleration of 1
and T – (M + m)g = (M + m)a 2 …(2)
block 2 and block 3
Subtracting(2)from(1)weget P2
x
relative to pulley P3 is
 M  mg +ve
or a2 =   a1 – a 2 < a1 z.
 M + m M +m Then 4 y
hence the lighter man will reach the absolute acceleration y P3
pulley first. of1is a1 = x
(b) The lighter man ascends a distance h in absolute acceleration
time t withacceleration a1.Hence of2is a 2 = y + z – x
z 2 3 z
1 absolute acceleration
h = a1t 2 …(3) of3is
2
Let s be the distance travelled by the heavier a3 = – z + y – x
maninthistime t,then andabsoluteaccele-rationof4is
1 t2  M mg  a4 = – x – y
s= a 2t 2 = a1 –
2 2  M + m M + m  Nowgiventhat
t2   2h   a 21 = a 2 – a1 = – 1 m/s2
s= M  t 2  – mg 
2 (M + m)   or y + z – 2x = – 1 …(1)

=
1
[2Mh – mgt 2] a 31 = a 3 – a1 = – 5 m/s 2

2 (M + m)
or y – z – 2x = – 5 …(2)
The distance of the second man from the pulley a 34 = a 3 – a 4 = 0
=h – s
or 2y – z = 0 …(3)
1
=h– [2Mh – mgt 2] Solvingthesethreeequationswefind
2 (M + m)
x = 2 m /s2, y = 1 m /s2
1  mgt 2 
= Mh + mh – Mh + 
(M + m) 2  and z = 2 m /s2

m  gt 2  or a1 = 2 m/s 2 (upwards)
=  + h a 2 = 1 m/s 2 (upwards)
( M + m)  2 
54. Let acceleration of block 1 and pulley P2 a 3 = – 3 m/s 2 (downwards)

relative to ground is x in the directions shown a 4 = – 3 m/s 2


(downwards)
Solutions 157
55. Free body diagram of pulley A is shown in 56.
figure(a)
T1 T2 y xA xD aE = aB
A D 2 xC
A x xE 1
C

1000 x 10 = 10,000 N E
(a)
F
T3 T4 B
60°
L1 = x A + x E + (x E – x D ) + C1 …(1)
Fx
Here L1 = lengthofstring1
Fy and C1 = lengthofstring1overpulleys.
T2 Differentiating equation (1) twice with respect
T3 totime,weget
(b) (c)
0 = a A + 2a E – a D …(2)
Let r A = radiusofpulley A
Similarly
Equilibrium of moments about centre of pulley
gives L2 = 2x D + x C + C 2
T1r A – T2 r A = 0 or 0 = 2a D + a C …(3)
or T1 = T2 …(1) Multiplying equation (2) by 2 and then adding
withequation(3),weget
Σ Fy = 0
4 a E + 2a A + a C = 0
Hence T1 + T2 = 10, 000 N …(2)
but aE = aB
Solving(1)and(2),weget
Hence 2a A + 4a B + a C = 0
T1 = T2 = 5000 N …(3)
Free body diagram of pulley B is shown in 57. Inthefigurewecanseethat
figure(b) x y
Inthesimilarmannerwecanfindthat
T F
T3 = T4 = 2 = 2500 N …(4) A B
2
Free body diagram of pulley C is shown in
figure(c).
4 x + 3y = constant
Momentequilibriumrequiresthat
Differentiatingthiswithrespecttotime,
F = T3 = 2500 N
wehave
Now Fx = F cos 60° = 1250 N dx dy
4 +3 =0
and Fy = T3 – F sin 60° dt dt
3  dx   dy 
= 2500 – 2500 = 335 N or 4   = – 3 
2  dt   dt 
∴ magnitude of total force on the bearing of Here negative sign implies that as x decreases y
pulley C is Fx2 + Fy2 or 1294 N. increases.
158 ProblemsinPhysics
Hence 4v A = 3v B  1
or h = R  cos θ –  …(1)
3  2
or v A = vB …(1)
4 Velocityofbeadinthispositionwouldbe
3  1
= (2) m/s = 1.5 m/s v 2 = 2gh = 2gR  cos θ –  …(2)
4  2
Hence v BA = v B – v A
mv 2
= (2.0 – 1.5) m/s = 0.5 m/s Further F + N – mg cos θ =
R
(towardsright) mg  1
∴ + N – mg cos θ = 2mg  cos θ – 
Differentiating(1)withrespecttotime,weget 2  2
3  3
a A = a B =   (3) m/s2 = 2.25 m/s2  1
4  4 N = 3 mg  cos θ – 
 2
Hence a BA = a B – a A
Tangentialaccelerationofthebeadwillbe
= (3.0 – 2.25) m/s2 mg sin θ
at = = g sin θ
or a BA = 0.75 m/s 2 (towardsright) m
3g
Velocityofpoint C : At θ = 60° , N = 0 and a t =
2
vA
3 mg
Q
andat θ = 0°, N = and a t = 0
2
A C B
Hence N and a t varieswith θ as:

N at

v Q = v B = 2 m /s (towardsright) 3mg √3 g
— —
2 2
Letvelocityof C is v C (towardsright)
Then 2v A – v C = v Q
θ θ
or 2(1.5) – v C = 2 60° 0° 60° 0°

Hence v C = 1 m/s (towardsright)


59. Let R betheradiusofthedisc.
58. Extensioninthespring, When F is maximum, frictional force at A and
3R R 1 1
x=R– = = constant B are N A and N B .
4 4 2 2
60° F
θ 1N
F —
N h 3R 2 A

θ 2 O R √3
R+ —
NA 2
mg sin θ mg mg cos θ 60°
30

A NB
°

W
Hencespringforce, 1N B

 2mg   R  mg
B
2
F = kx =    = 1
µ=—
 R   4 2 2
Weight W = 50 x 10 = 500 N
Free body diagram of the bead at angle θ is
showninfigure. Taking moments about axes through A, B and
O (whicharenotcollinear)wehave
Here h = R (cos θ – cos 60° )
Solutions 159
Σ MA = 0 and 2T2 = T1
 3R  1 or T 2 = 5t …(2)
or F   + N B R – N B R
 2 2 Block A startsmovingupat
500 3 T1 = m Ag
– R = 0 …(1)
2 or 10t = 10 or t = 1 s
Σ MB = 0 Block B startsmovingupat
 3 R T 2 = mB g
or F R + R  + 500 – N AR
 2 2 or 5t = 20 or t = 4s
1 andblock C startsmovingupat
– N AR = 0 …(2)
2 T 2 = mC g
ΣM O = 0 or 5t = 10 or t= 2s
1 1 Accelerationofblock C atanytime t ≥ 2 s is
or FR – N AR – N B R = 0 …(3)
2 2 T – mC g
ac = 2 = (5t – 10)
Fromequation(1) 1
N B = 500 3 – 3F or
dv c
= (5t – 10)
dt
Fromequation(2)
vc t
3 N A = 500 + F ( 3 + 2) or ∫0 dv c = ∫ (5t – 10) dt
2

andfromequation(3) t
 5t 2 
2F = N A + N B or vC =  – 10t
1  2 2
Hence 2F = (500 + 2F + 3F )
3 or v C = 2.5t 2 – 10t + 10 …(3)
+ 500 3 – 3F Substitutingv C = 2.5 m/s in the above equation
 11 + 20 3  (3)
or F=  500 weget t = 3 s.
 83 
For time t ≥ 1 s velocity of block A can be found
or F = 275 N asfollows:
T − m Ag
60. Let T1 and T2 be the tensions in the strings as aA = 1 = (10t − 10)
showninfigure.Then mA
2T1 = F or 2T1 = 20 t dv A
or = (10t − 10)
or T1 = 10 t …(1) dt
F = 20 t or dv A = (10t − 10) dt
velocityattime t = 3 s willbe
vA 3
∫0 dv A = ∫ 1 (10t − 10) dt
T1 T1
or v A = [5t 2 − 10t]13 or v A = 20 m/s
Velocity of block B at time t = 3 s is zero
T2 T2 because it starts moving up at t = 4 s. Hence
relative velocity between blocks B and A
A B C
atthedesiredinstantis20m/s.
160 ProblemsinPhysics
61. Maximumvelocityofbelt 62. When there is no tendency to slip, no
= (1.3)(2) m/s = 2.6 m/s. frictionalforceacts.Hence
The velocity-time graph of the belt till it comes m (28)2
N sin θ = …(1)
torestisshowninfigure. 200
v (m/s) and N cos θ = mg …(2)
dividing(1)by(2),weget
2.6
tan θ = 0.4 …(3)

N
t (s)
1.3 m(28)2 θ

t0 200

Totaldisplacementofbeltis2.2m.
mg
Hence area under velocity-time graph should
θ
be2.2m
1
or (t0)(2.6) = 2.2 At speed 35 m/s, car has a tendency to slip up
2
the track. Hence frictional force will act down
or t0 = 1.692 s
theplane.
Hencethetimeofretardationwillbe Therefore,
t = t0 – 1.3 = 1.692 – 1.3 m(35)2
N ′ sin θ + µN ′ cos θ = …(4)
t = 0.392 s 200
andretardationofbelt, and N ′ cos θ – µN ′ sin θ = mg …(5)
2.6
a2 = m/s2 = 6.63 m/s2 N′
0.392
2
m(35)
Now during acceleration, there will be no —
200 θ
relative motion between the block and the belt
µN′
because
mg
µ s g = (0.35) × 10 m/s2 θ

= 3.5 m/s2 > 2.0 m/s2


But during retardation, there will be relative solving(3),(4)and(5),weget
motionbetweenthetwo,because µ = 0.18
µ s g = 3.5 m/s < 6.63 m/s
2 2 63. Force diagram on right hand side and on left
handsideatallinstantsissame.
Hence relative acceleration between the two T T
willbe
a r = (6.63 – µ k g ) m/s2
a r = (6.63 – 2.5) m/s2 = 4.13 m/s2 (a0 – a) a
8 kg
Hence relative displacement between the two 10 kg
is
a
1 1 2 kg
s = a r t 2 = (4.13)(0.392)2
2 2
s = 0.317 m
(2 + 8)g 10 g
Solutions 161
Hence, centre of mass of both sides will move forblock B :
withsameacceleration. mB g − T = mB (3a)
8(a 0 − a) − 2a 10a 50 − T = 15a
∴ = or …(4)
10 10
SolvingEqs.(3)and(4),weget
Solvingthisequationweget 10
2 a= m / s2
a = a0 11
5 10
Here a 0 = acceleration of monkey w.r. to string Therefore acceleration of A is m / s2
11
= 2 m / s2. 30
upwards and that of B is m / s2 downwards.
11
∴ Acceleration of monkey with respect to
65. 2a 2 = 3a1
ground
ConsideringblockI
= (a 0 − a) = 0.6a 0 = 1.2 m / s2
F − 3T − f = 20a1 …(1)
2s 2× 2
∴ t= = = 1.82 s a2 a1
1.2 1.2 T
F = 40t
64. (a) From constraint relations we can show T
20 kg 20 kg
that, T
II I
| a A| = |2a B|
So, let acceleration of B is a downwards, then m= 0.4 m= 0.4
accelerationof A willbe 2a upwards.
ConsiderblockII
Writingequationsofmotion,
forblock A : 2T − f = 20a 2 = 30a1 …(2)
T − m Ag = m A(2a) SolvingEqs.(1)and(2)
or T − 100 = 20a …(1) f 
F − 3  + 15a1 − f = 20a1
forblock B : 2 
mB g − 2T = mB (a) 5
F = 65a1 + f …(3)
∴ 50 − 2T = 5a …(2) 2
SolvingEqs.(1)and(2),weget Whenmotionstarts
10 µmg
a=− m / s2 t= = 8 N and a1 > 0
3 40
20 Solvingweget,
∴ Acceleration of A is m / s2 downwards
3 1
F = 20 N ⇒ t = sec
10 2
andthatof B is m / s2 upwards.
3 1
(b) From constraint relations we can show that, Motionofblockswillbeginat t= sec
2
| a B| = |3a A| At t = 1 sec, F = 40 N
So, let a A is a upwards, then a B will be 3a FromEqs.(3),weget
downwards.
Writingequationsofmotion, 40 = 65a1 + 20
forblock A : 20 4
a1 = = m / s2
3T − m Ag = m A(a) 65 13
3 6
or 3T − 100 = 10a …(3) a 2 = a1 = m / s2
2 13
162 ProblemsinPhysics
66. Firstwhenthebowlisnotrotating Rg
v2 =
µ
q Rg
R 2ω 2 =
N
f
µ
mv2 g
ω2 =
R R µR
q
mg cos q
mg sin q mg g
ω=
µR
f = mg sin θ
N = mg cos θ 10
=
f = µN 0.5 × 5 × 10−2
µmg cos θ = mg sin θ 102
= = 20 rad/s
tan θ = µ 5
θ = tan −1 µ 67. At the highest point of the bridge the equation
ofmotionofthecaris
Theheightuptowhichinsectwillreach
v2
= R(1 − cos θ) mg − N = m
ρ
 1 
= 5 1 −  where N is the normal force acting on the car
 1 + µ 2 
 (and the negative of the required answer),
v = 20 m / s−1 and ρ is the radius of curvature of
 1 
= 5 1 −  cm = 0.53 cm the bridge there. The most difficult part of the
 1.25 
problemistofindthisradiusofcurvature.
Now, the bowl start rotating with angular If we could find a motion with this trajectory for
velocity ω. which the normal acceleration is well known,
mv 2 the radius of curvature could be easily
N − mg cos θ = sin θ calculated. For a parabolic trajectory the flight
R′
of a projectile offers the required analogue. Let
mv 2
f + cos θ = mg sin θ the projectile have an initial velocity of v 0
R′ makinganangle α withthehorizontal.
mv 2 The range (d = 100 m) and height (h = 5 m) of
N = mg cos θ + sin θ
R′ the projectile can be expressed using the initial
data,
mv 2
µN + cos θ = mg sin θ 2v 02 sin α cos α
R′ d=
g
 mv 2  mv 2
µ mg cos θ + sin θ + cos θ v 02 sin 2 α
 R′  R′ and h=
2g
= mg sin θ
h 4h
Now, when the angular displacement of the The quotient gives tan α = (so α ≈ 11.3°),
d d
insect will be 90° then it will just come out from and the horizontal component of the initial
the bowl put θ = 90° and R ′ = R in above velocity is
equation
g
mv 2 v x = v 0 cos α = d = 50 ms−1
µ = mg 8h
R
Solutions 163
Now, the radius of curvature at the highest
pointcanbecalculatedas
kx Ncos 60°
v x2 N
ρ= = 250 m Nsin 60° mg
g Nsin 60°
N
So,thenormalforceatthehighestpointis Ncos 60° 60°
 v2 
N = m  g −  = 8.40 kN Equilibriumofspheregives
 ρ
mg = N cos 60° …(2)
68. In the critical case; the sphere will just touch the
Note: Normal reaction between ground and sphere will
horizontalsurfaceasshowninfigure
bezeroincriticalcase.

Dividing(1)by(2)weget
kx
K tan 60° = …(3)
O mg
60°
60° A B Substitutingthevaluesof k and x weget
 1 
D E C F R 1 + 
 mg   3
or 3 = η 
R  R  mg
Inthefigure
BC = OC – OB 3
or η=
1
R 1+
= R – R cos 60° = R – 3
2
R or η = 1.098
BC =
2 So, minimum value of η is 1.098
3 (ii) Considering equilibrium of (wedge +
AB = R sin 60° = R
2 sphere)
AD BC R N′ = k x
DE = AD cot 60° = = =
3 3 2 3
∴ EC = DC – DE = AB – DE
3R R R kx
= – = N′
2 2 3 3
R  1 
∴ FE = FC + EC = R + = R 1 + 
3  3
∴ Compressioninthespring where N′ = normal reaction between the
sphereandtherightwall
 1 
x = FE = R 1 +  = mg tan 60° (fromequation3)
 3
or N′ = 3 mg
Now drawing free body diagram of wedge and
sphere in equilibrium we get (only those forces 69. Let acceleration of block A down the
are shown which are important for calculation) slope is a (absolute) and acceleration of
N = normal reaction between wedge and sphere block B relativetoblock A is a r .
Equilibriumofwedgegives Free body diagram of A with respect to ground
kx = N sin 60 ° …(1) isasshowninfigure(a).
164 ProblemsinPhysics
y
Fromconstraintequationwecanshowthat
a x a = ar …(1)
N1 Free body diagram of A with respect to ground
is as shown in figure (a) (only those forces,
whichareparalleltoplanehavebeenshown).
125 + N – T = 25a …(2)
30°
30 °
a
30° T
N2 22 x 10 = 220 N

(a) °
30
g sin N N
25 125
Note that block A is shown by a dot just for =
betterunderstandingofforcediagram.
Here N1 = normal reaction between block A 30°
andwedge. (a)
and N 2 = normal reaction between blocks A
and B. Here N is the normal reaction between the
Σ Fx = 22a blocks.
Free body diagram of block B with respect to
∴ 220 sin 30 + N 2 sin 60° = 22a
°
block A isshowninfigure(b)
or 110 + 0.87 N 2 = 22 a …(1)
y
Free body diagram of B with respect to A is T ar 5 a
showninfigure(b). N +1
x
y N2
Pseudo force
= 10a °
x 30
g sin N
60° 15 = 75
15 g cos 30°
30°

= 130 N
o
10 x 10 = 100 N 30

Pseudo force = 15a (up the plane)


30°
(b)
(b) Σ Fx = 0
Σ Fy = 0 ∴ 75 = N + 15a …(3)
∴ N 2 + 10a sin 60° = 100 cos 30° Σ Fy = 15a r
or N 2 + 87
. a = 87 (2) ∴ T – 130 = 15a r …(4)
Σ Fx = 10 a r Solvingequations(1),(2),(3)and(4),weget
∴ 10a cos 60° + 100 sin 30° = 10 a r a = a r = 1.272 m/s2
or 5a + 50 = 10a r
and T = 149 N
or a − 2a r = − 10 ...(3)
Absolute acceleration of block B would be the
Solvingequations(1),(2)and(3),weget resultantof a and a r asshowninfigure (c).
a = 6.28 m/s 2 (downthewedge) ∴ aB = a 2 + a r2 = 2 (1.272) m/s2 = 1.8 m/s2
and a r = 8.14 m/s 2
and α = 45° or a B will make an angle of 15°
70. Let a be the absolute acceleration of block A withhorizontal.
down the plane and ar the relative acceleration
ofblock B withrespecttoblock A.
Solutions 165
N2
ar
a2
aB
α a1 30o a2
a
mBg = 60 N
(b)

60 – N 2 = 6a 2 …(2)
(c) Also a 2 = a1 sin 30°
Hence or a 2 = 0.5a1 …(3)
Accelerationof A = a = 1.272 m/s 2 solvingequations(1),(2)and(3),weget
(downtheplane) a1 = 6.36 m/s2
aB The vertical component of acceleration of B
15 o relative to A is zero. There is only horizontal
Horizontal
component of relative acceleration between
(d) the two which is equal to a1 cos 30° or 5.5 m/s2
Hence, acceleration of A is 6.36 m/s 2
Accelerationof B = a B = 1.8 m/s 2
o (down the plane) and acceleration of B
(at15 withhorizontal) relative to A is 5.5 m/s 2 in horizontal
andTensioninthestring, T = 149 N direction (towards right)
72. (a)Sincethecylinderisnotslidingdown,
71. Let acceleration of A is a1 (down the plane) and
totalfrictionalforce = netdownward force
accelerationof B is a 2 (verticallydownwards)
Free body diagram of A relative to ground is orfrictionalforce F actingononeside
showninfigure(a). mg sin 30° (10) (9.8) (1/ 2)
= =
y 2 2
a1 x F = 24.5 N
N1 (b) By symmetry, normal reactions on both
A sideswillbeequal.Hence
5N
o =7 √2 N
3 0
g sin N N
mA mAg cos 30°
N2 = 130 N
30°
mg cos 30°
(a)

N1 = normalreactionbetweenblock A and 2 N = mg cos 30°


wedge
(10) (9.8) ( 3/ 2)
N 2 = normalreactionbetween A and B or N=
2
Σ Fx = 15a1
N = 60 N
∴ 75 + N 2 sin 30° = 15a1
Therefore, total maximum frictional force that
or 75 + 0.5 N 2 = 15a1 …(1) canbeobtainedis
Note that block A has been shown as a dot ( • ) fmax = 2 µN = (2) (0.5) (60) = 60 N
justforbetterunderstandingofforcediagram. Netdownwardforceis mg sin 30° or 49 N
Free body diagram of B relative to ground is Hence, P = 60 + 49
showninfigure(b).
P = 109 N
166 ProblemsinPhysics
73. (a) Maximum force of friction between A and 1 2
Substitutingin s = at
B is 2
fmax = µ (m) g  7l 
2 
∴ maximumaccelerationofblock B canbe 2s  2
weget t = =
f µmg µg a AB 20 µ − 5 µ 2
amax = max = = g
4m 4m 4 4 (9 µ + 4)
Mg
Further amax = 28 (9 µ + 4) l
m + 4m + M t =
( 20 µ − 5 µ 2 ) g
µg Mg
So = 74. During the motion of the particle over the
4 5m + M
wedge, let Fmax be the maximum horizontal
 5µ  thrust exerted by the particle on the wedge.
or M = m
4 − µ Then
 5µ  F
M is  µ min = max …(1)
So,minimumvalueof m N2
4 − µ
 5µ  Here N 2 is the normal force between wedge
(b)When M = 2  m and horizontal plane at that instant. Fmax and
4 − µ N 2 canbecalculatedasfollows:
 10 µm θ
or M =  R
4 − µ h
θ
accelerationof A wouldbe:
 10 µmg  M v
  − µmg
Mg − fmax  4 −µ 
aA = =
M +m  10 µm 
  +m
4 −µ
 10 µ − µ (4 − µ ) Atangle θ
= g
 10 µ + 4 − µ  h = R sin θ
(R = radiusofcircularplane)
µ 2 + 6µ 
⇒ aA =   g From conservation of mechanical energy,
 9µ + 4 
velocityofparticleatthisinstant
andaccelerationof B wouldbe: v 2 = 2gh = 2gR sin θ
µg
aB = Let N1 be the normal reaction between particle
4 andwedgeatthisinstant.
20 µ − 5 µ 2
∴ a AB = a A − a B = g N1
4 (9 µ + 4)
Now A topples from B when half of its length is
outside B i. e.,inthepositionshownbelow θ v
l/2
mg

Then
mv 2
N1 – mg sin θ =
l 7l R
s = 3l + =
2 2
Solutions 167

or N1 – mg sin θ =
m (2gR sin θ) or θ = 32.3°
R 3 sin (64.6 ° )
∴ µ max = = 0.474
or N1 = 3 mg sin θ …(1) 4 + 6 sin 2 (32.3 ° )
Horizontal force exerted by the particle on the (fromequation4)
wedgeatthisinstantis
75. Beforethefirstcollisionoccurs
retardationof A, a A = µ 1g
andretardationof B, a B = µ 2g
N1cos θ
Since µ 2 > µ 1, therefore, a B > a A or B will
θ retard more rapidly. Relative initial velocity
between the two is zero, but relative
N1
N1 sin θ acceleration of A with respect to B is a B – a A or
N2 (µ 2 – µ 1) g. Till first collision relative
displacement of A is L – l . So, if T1 is the time of
Mg
firstcollision,then
F = N1 cos θ = (3 mg sin θ)(cos θ) 1
3 (L – l ) = (µ 2 – µ 1) gT12
or F = mg (2 sin θ cos θ) 2
2
2 (L – l )
3 or T1 = …(1)
or F = mg sin 2θ …(2) (µ 2 – µ 1) g
2
and N 2 = Mg + N1 sin θ …(3) Velocitiesof A and B justbeforecollisionare
underlimitingconditions: v1 = v 0 – µ 1gT1 and v 2 = v 0 – µ 2gT1
F = µ N2 Since µ 2 > µ 1,
3 Hence v 2 < v1
mg sin 2θ
F 2
or µ = = Since the collision is elastic and both have
N 2 Mg + 3mg sin 2 θ equalmasses,theyexchangetheirvelocities.
(fromequations1,2and3) By repeating the same procedure, we can show
that the period of next collision T2 is equal to T1
Substituting
and so on. Hence the time between subsequent
m = 2Kg and M = 4Kg collision T is a constant and is given by
3 sin 2θ
µ= …(4) 2 ( L – l)
4 + 6 sin 2 θ T =
(µ 2 – µ 1 ) g

For µ tobemaximum =0 76. Consider the point mass moving in the x-y

plane around an ellipse with semi-major axes a
(4 + 6 sin 2 θ) (6 cos 2θ) and b accordingtotheequations.
− (3 sin 2θ) (12 sin θ cos θ) x = a cos ωt and y = b sin ωt
or =0
(4 + 6 sin 2 θ)2 At t = 0, the mass is moving at the end of the
or 12 cos 2θ + 9 cos 2θ − 9 cos2 2θ majoraxiswith
− 9 + 9 cos2 2θ = 0 velocity v = bω
or 21 cos 2θ = 9 and acceleration A = aω 2
9 Ontheotherendtheaccelerationis,
or cos 2θ =
21 v2
or 2θ = 64.6° A=
R
168 ProblemsinPhysics
b2 mv 2
So,theradiusofcurvatureis R= . N=
a 2r
Similarly we find the radius of curvature at the Forceoffriction,
a2
endoftheminoraxestobe . µmv 2
b f = µN =
2r
mv 2
Using F = , with the given data we obtain, ∴ Tangentialretardationofparticle,
R
b2 a2 f µv 2
= 1.25 m and = 10 m andhence, a= =
a b m/ 2 r
2a = 10 m and 2b = 5 m Substituting µ = 0.5 and r = 1 m
v2
77. Fortheparticle,tangentialretardation a=
2
a = µg = 5 m / s2
dv v 2
Fordiscangularacceleration Now, − =
dt 2
 m
µ   gr − 2∫
v t

α=
 2 ∴
10 m / s
v −2dv = ∫0 dt
1
mr 2 1 1 
2 ∴ 2 −  = t
 v 10
µg
or α= = 5 rad / s2 10
r or v= …(1)
1 + 5t
Let after time t, relative motion between
particleanddiscisstopped,then Forthedisc,angularacceleration,
v = rω f .r 2f
α= =
1 mr
or (u − at) = r (αt) mr 2

u 2
∴ t=  µmv 2   1 
a + rα = 2   
Substitutingthevaluesweget,  2r   mr 
t = 1 sec Substitutingthevaluesweget
From t = 0 to t = 1 sec particle has rotated an v2
α=
angle, 2
 1 2
ut − at  Substituting values of v from equation (1), we
s  2 
θ1 = = have
r r 50
α=
Substitutingthevaluesweget (1 + 5t)2
θ1 = 7.5 rad dω 50
From t = 1 sec to t = 2 sec or =
dt (1 + 5t)2
θ 2 = (ω) t ω t 50dt
= (5 × 1) × 1 = 5 rad ∴ ∫0 dω = ∫0 (1 + 5t)2
∴ θ Total = θ1 + θ 2 = 12.5 rad
 5t 
78. If after time ‘ t’ velocity of particle is v and N is ∴ ω = 10   …(2)
the normal reaction between the particle and  1 + 5t 
thewall.Then, Relativemotionwillstopwhen,
Solutions 169
v = rω ⇒ x = 8.5 × 10−3 m
From(1)and(2)with r = 1 m Energystoredinthespring
5t 1 1 1
= = kx 2 = × 1800 × (8.5 × 10−3)2
1 + 5t 1 + 5t 2 2
or t =
1
sec = 0.065 J
5
80. Accelerationof A downtheplane,
79. T − mB a − µmB g cos θ − mB g sin θ = 0
a A = g sin 45° − µ A g cos 45°
T = mB (a + µg cos θ + g sin θ)  1   1 
= (10)   − (0.2) (10)  
 2  2
B A = 4 2 m/s2
C
g/2 m/s2 Similarlyaccelerationof B downtheplane,
a B = g sin 45° − µ B g cos 45°
 1   1 
= 10   − (0.3) (10)  
30°  2  2
= 3.5 2 m/s2
T
T
The front face of A and B will come in a line
m Ba B f when,
s A = sB + 2
A
mBg sin q f 1 1
or a At 2 = a B t 2 + 2
m Ag 2 2
1 1
g  or × 4 2 × t 2 = × 3.5 2 × t 2 + 2
T = mB  + µg cos θ + g sin θ 2 2
2 
Solvingthisequationweget
1 3 1
= mB g  + 0.2 × +  t = 2 second
2 2 2
Further,
 3  10 + 3  1 1
= mB g 1 +  = mB g   …(1) s A = a At 2 = × 4 2 × (2)2 = 8 2 m
 10   10  2 2
T = m Ag cos θ − µN where N = m Aa Hence, both the blocks will come in a line after
T = m Ag cos θ − µm Aa A has travelled a distance 8 2 m down the
plane.
= m A (g cos θ − µa)
81. Given m1 = 20 kg, m2 = 5 kg, M = 50 kg,
g 3 g
= mA  − 0.2 ×  …(2) µ = 0.3 and g = 10 m/s2
 2 2 T N1
 10 + 3  g T
mB g   = m A ( 3 − 0.2)
 10  2 F
T
mB = 0.65m A = 1.30 kg Mg
T
g
T = kx = m A ( 3 − 0.2)
2 N
170 ProblemsinPhysics
a
(a) Free body diagram of mass M is given
below T a
m1
m2 T
(b) Themaximumvalueof f1 is f1 f2

( f1)max = (0.3)(20)(10) = 60 N f1 = 30 N f2 = 15 N
Themaximumvalueof f 2 is f1 = 30 N a

( f 2)max = (0.3)(5)(10) = 15 N
Forces on m1 and m2 in horizontal direction are
asfollows M F

T
m1
m2 T Solving these three equations, we get
f1 f2
F = 60 N
Nowthereareonlytwopossibilities:
3
(1) either both m1 and m2 will remain T = 18 N and a = m/s 2
stationary(w.r.t.ground)or 5
(2) both m1 and m2 willmove(w.r.t.ground) (1) Friction always opposes the relative
Firstcaseispossiblewhen motionbetweentwosurfacesincontact.
T ≤ ( f1) max or T ≤ 60 N (2) Whenever there is relative motion between
and T ≤ ( f 2) max or T ≤ 15 N two surfaces in contact, always maximum
friction (kinetic) acts, but if there is no
These conditions will be satisfied when
relative motion, then frictional force (f)
T ≤ 15 N
may be less than its limiting value also. So,
say T = 14 N then f1 = f 2 = T = 14 N don’tapplymaximumforce.
Therefore, the condition f1 = 2 f 2 will not be 82. Given m1 = 10 kg, m2 = 5 kg, ω = 10 rad/s
satisfied. Thus m1 and m2 both can’t remain
stationary.
In the second case, when m1 and m2 both move
ω
f 2 = ( f 2)max = 15 N m1 m2
∴ f1 = 2 f 2 = 30 N r1 O r2
Now since f1 < ( f1)max , there is no relative r
motion between m1 and M i.e., all the masses
movewithsameacceleration, say‘a’.
∴ f 2 = 15 N r = 0.3 m , r1 = 0124
. m
and f1 = 30 N ∴ r2 = r − r1 = 0176
. m …(1)

Free body diagrams showing the forces which Masses m1 and m2 are at rest with respect to
are responsible for motion of the masses and rotating table. Let f be the friction between
equations ofmotionareasfollows: mass m1 andtable.
Free body diagrams of m1 and m2 with respect
For m 1 30 − T = 20 a …(1)
to table (non intertial frame of reference are
For m 2 T − 15 = 5 a …(2) showninfigures).
For M F − 30 = 50 a …(3)
Solutions 171
m2 m1
T f T i.e., mass m2 should be placed at 0.2 m
and m1 at 0.1 from the centre O.
F 2 = m 2r 2ω 2 F 1 = m 1 r1ω 2
(Pseudo force) (Pseudo force) 83. (i) CP = CO = Radiusofcircle(R)

Equilibrium of m2 gives ∴ ∠ CPO = ∠PΟC = 60°


T = m2 r2 ω 2
...(1) ∴ ∠OCP isalso 60°

Since m2 r2 ω 2 < m1 r1 ω 2 (m2 r2 < m1 r1)


Therefore, m1 r1 ω > T 2

and friction on m1 will be inwards (towards


C
centre)
Equilibriumof m1 gives— 60o P
f + T = m1 r1 ω 2
…(2) O

From(1)and(2),weget
(a)
f = m1 r1 ω 2 − m2 r2 ω 2 …(3)
= (m1 r1 − m2 r2) ω 2 Therefore, ∆ OCP isanequilateraltriangle.
Hence OP = R
= (10 × 0124
. − 5 × 0176
. ) (10)2 newton Naturallengthofspringis 3R/ 4.
f = 36 N ∴ Extensioninthespring,
3R R
Therefore, frictional force on m1 is 36N x=R– =
4 4
(inwards).
(ii)From equation(3) ⇒ Springforce,
f = (m1 r1 − m2 r2) ω 2  mg   R  mg
F = kx =    =
 R   4 4
Masses will start slipping when this force is
greaterthan fmax or The free body diagram of the ring is shown in
figure(b).
(m1 r1 − m2 r2) ω > fmax > µ m1g
2

∴ Minimumvalueof ω is
µm1 g
ωmin =
m1 r1 − m2 r2
C
0.5 × 10 × 9.8 N
= P
10 × 0124
. − 5 × 0176
. F
O mg
ωmin = 11.67 rad/s
(iii) From equation (3), frictional force f = 0 (b)
when m1 r1 = m2 r2 mg
Here F = kx =
r1 m2 5 1 4
or = = =
r2 m1 10 2 and N = Normalreaction.
and r = r1 + r2 = 0.3 m (ii) Tangential acceleration, a T : The ring
∴ r1 = 01
. m and r2 = 0.2 m will move towards the x-axis just after the
release.Sonetforcealong x-axis
172 ProblemsinPhysics
ω
Fx = F sin 60°+ mg sin 60°
 mg  3  3
=  + mg  
 4  2  2
5 3 R θ N
Fx = mg θ
R–h
8 r
Therefore,tangentialaccelerationofthering.
h
Fx 5 3
aT = ax = = g mg
m 8
5 3
aT = g
8
rω 2
Normal reaction N : Net force along y-axis tan θ =
g
ontheringjustafterthe releasewillbezero.
r rω 2
or =
R−h g
g
or ω2 = …(3)
y
R− h
60° N Thisisthedesiredrelationbetween ω and h.
60° Fromequation(3)wehave
F
60° g
h=R− 2
x
mg ω
(c)
Fornon-zerovalueof h
Fy = 0 g
R > 2 or ω > g/R
∴ N + F cos 60° = mg cos 60° ω
∴ N = mg cos 60° – F cos 60° Therefore,minimumvalueof ω shouldbe
mg mg  1  mg mg
= –   = − ω min = g/R =
9.8
2 4  2 2 8 01
.
rad/s
3 mg
N = or ω min = 9.89 rad/s
8
(ii) Equation(3)canbewrittenas
84. Given R = 01. m , m = 10−2 kg
h = R − g/ ω 2
(i) Free body diagram of particle is ground
frame of reference is shown in figure. Hence If R and ω areknownprecisely,then
r ∆g
tan θ = ∆h = − 2 or ∆g = ω 2 ∆h
R−h ω
N cos θ = mg …(1) (Neglectingthenegativesign)
and N sin θ = mr ω 2
…(2) (∆g )min = (ωmin )2 ⋅ ∆h = (9.89)2 × 10–4 m/s2
Dividing(2)by(1),weobtain (∆g )min = 9.78 × 10 –3 m/s 2
CHAPTER

3 WORK, POWER AND ENERGY

85. (a)Compressionofthespringinposition C 87. (a)Wecanseethat ∠ ACB = 90°


x = CB = Rθ = 0.3 θ (R = 0.3 m ) From constraint relations we can understand
heightdifferencebetween C and D is: thatspeedsofboththeparticleswillbesame.
h = R (1 + cos θ) = 0.3 (1 + cos θ)
Fromconservationofmechanicalenergy 2m
C C
1 2 B
kx = mgh r r
2 45° 45°
m A′
1 B′
or (40) (0.3 θ)2 = (0.2) (10) (0.3) (1 + cos θ) A
2 (a) (b)
1
or θ 2 = (1 + cos θ) From conservation of mechanical energy.
3 (Referfigures a and b)
or 3θ 2 = 1 + cos θ Decrease in potential energy of mass 2m =
increaseinpotentialenergyofmass
(b) For the above angle, velocity of collar is
m + increaseinkineticenergiesofboth.
zero at point D. Height difference between
Hence
A and D is
1
h = R = 0.3 m 2mg (h B ) = mg (h A) + (3m)(v 2)
2
∴ velocityofcollaratpoint A willbe:
3
v= 2gh = 2 (10) (0.3) or 2g (h B ) = g (h A) + v 2 …(1)
2
v = 2.45 m/s Here h B = r cos 45° = 0707 . r
86. Kinetic plus potential energy is the total h A = r (1 – cos 45° ) = 0.293 r
mechanicalenergy. Substitutingthevalueswehave
∴ Rateofdissipationof(kineticenergy (2)(0707
. ) gr = 0.293gr + 1.5v 2
+potentialenergy)
or v = 0.864 gr
= – [rateofworkdonebyfriction]
(b)Atanyangle θ
= – [– f ⋅ v] = fv
Here f = frictionalforce = µmg cos α
and v = velocityofbodyattime t = at
where a = g sin α – µg cos α B
θ
∴ v = (g sin α – µg cos α) t θ
hB
B′
∴ Thedesiredrate
= µmg cos α (g sin α – µg cos α) t hA
A′
= µmg cos α (sin α – µ cos α) t
2 A
h B = r sin θ
174 ProblemsinPhysics
and h A = r (1 – cos θ) Weget
Henceequation(1)canbewrittenas— g (3R)2
– 2R = 3R tan 0° –
3
2gr sin θ = gr (1 – cos θ) + v 2 2(u – 4 gR) cos2 00
2

2
9gR 2
2 or 2R =
orv = gr (2 sin θ + cos θ – 1) = k (say)…(2)
2
2(u 2 – 4 gR)
3
For v tobemaximum or 4u 2 – 16gR = 9gR
dk 25
= 0 or 2 cos θ – sin θ = 0 or u2 = gR
dθ 4
tan θ = 2 5
or or u = gR (u > 5gR )
2
2
∴ vmax = gr (2 sin θ + cos θ – 1) (ii) Minimum value of v to maintain contact at
3
C is gR. Hence substituting v = gR in
2 equation(2)weget
5 sin θ =
5 gx 2
2
1 – 2R = x tan 0° –
cos θ =
5 2(gR) cos2 00
θ
1 or 4 gR 2 = g x 2 or x = 2R
Substitutingthevaluesof θ weget Henceminimumvalueof x is
vmax = 0.908 gr x min = 2R
(c) At θ = θmax , velocity of both the particles 89. Fromconstraintrelationswecanshowthat:
will become zero for a moment. Hence 3 v A = 2v B or v B = 1.5 v A
substituting v 2 = 0 inequation(2)weget 2 2
or v A = v B and s A = s B
2 sin θ + cos θ – 1 = 0 3 3
Solvingthisequationweget Now as the block B moves 1 m vertically
θmax = 126.9 ° 2
downwards, block A will move m along the
3
88. (i)Let v bethevelocityatthehighestpoint. 2
planeor sin 30° verticallyupwards.
Then v 2 = u 2 – 2gh 3
or v 2 = u 2 – 4 gR ...(1) Fromconservationofmechanicalenergy.
Decrease in potential energy of block B =
After point C path of the ball becomes increase in potential energy of block A +
projectile with initial velocity in horizontal increase in kinetic energies of both the blocks.
direction.Hencesubstitutingin Hence
C
2  1 2
v (8) (g ) (1) = (10) (g )  sin 30° + (8) (v B )
3  2
h = 2R
1
u + (10) (v A)2
2
B
A  2 1
3R or 8 × 10 = (10) (10)  × 
 3 2
gx 2
y = x tan θ – ...(2) +
1 1
(8) (1.5 v A)2 + (10) v A
2
2v cos2 θ
2
2 2
Solutions 175
or v A = 1.825 m/s v12 cos 2 α1 – 2 gh
α 2 = cos −1
and v B = 2.74 m/s v12 – 2 gh
90. Fromconservationofmechanicalenergy, The disc can not overcome the hill if radical of
Decrease in gravitational potential energy of equation(3)isnegativeor
rope = increaseinkineticenergyofrope. v1 cos α1 < 2 gh
h=0 h=0
92. Let v 0 be the speed of the object at point
y A. Between A and B path of the object is
aparabola,where
v=0
P
v0
v B A
αα
H

or U i – U t = K. E. (U = potentialenergy)
 L   y
∴ −(λL) (g )   – – (λy) (g )  
 4   2
AB = Range
 L − y  2v 02 sin α cos α
− (λ ) (L − y) (g )  y + 
 4   or 2R sin α =
g
1  L − y 2 gR
= λ  v . So v 02 = …(1)
2  2  cos α
Solvingthisweget Applying conservation of mechanical energy at
 L − y/ 2 P and A weget
v = 2 gy   1
 L− y  mgH = mgR(1 + cos α) + mv 02
2
91. This problem can not be solved by the use of
H v2
the fundamental equation of dynamics since or = 1 + cos α + 0
the force F acting on the disc in the region R 2 gR
x 1 < x < x 2 is not specified. Only we know v 02 1
about this force is that it is perpendicular to but = (fromequation1)
gR cos α
Y-axis.
Fromconservationofenergyweget H 1
∴ = 1 + cos α + =k (say)
R 2 cos α
v 22 = v12 – 2gh …(1) or 2 cos2 α – 2 (k – 1) cos α + 1 = 0
2 2 2
v 2x + v 2y = v1x + v1y – 2gh
2 1
or …(2) or cos2 α − (k − 1) cos α + =0
2
Since the force of field is perpendicular to 1
y-axis it does not affect the v y projection of the or cos α = (k – 1 ± (k – 1)2 – 2)
2
velocity. Hence v 2y = v1y . Therefore equation
(2)canberewrittenas now (k – 1)2 – 2 ≥ 0 or k – 1 ≥ 2
v 22x = v12x – 2gh or k ≥ (1 + 2) …(2)
or v 2 cos α 2 = v12 cos2 α1 – 2gh …(3) Ontheotherhand,
cos α ≤ 1
Solvingequation(1)and(3)weget
176 ProblemsinPhysics
1 2
i.e., [(k – 1) + (k – 1)2 – 2] ≤ 1 1 2 1 v  1
2 kx + (6m)  0  = mv 02
2 2  6  4
or (k − 1) + (k − 1)2 − 2 ≤ 2 Calculating x,weget,
or (k − 1) − 2 ≤ 2 − (k − 1)
2
x =
m
v0
3k
or (k − 1)2 − 2 ≤ [2 − (k − 1)]2
1
or 4k ≤ 10 94. Initialkineticenergy = × 2 × 102 = 100 J
2
or k ≤ 2.5 …(3) FinalKE = 50 J
Hencefrom(2)and(3)wehave 1
∴ mv 2 = 50 J
1+ 2 ≤ k ≤ 2.5 2
 H 100
or (1 + 2)R ≤ H ≤ 2.5 R  as k =  ∴ v= = 5 2 m/s
 R 2
or 2.414R ≤ H ≤ 2.5 R When the spring is being compressed, the
equation of motion of spring mass system can
Forthelimitingvaluesofcosineswehave
bewrittenas
k =1+ 2 or k − 1 = 2
k
x = A sin ωt where ω =
2 m
or cos α1 = i.e., α1 = 45°
2 dx
∴ = Aω cos ωt
and k = 2.5 or k − 1 = 1.5 dt
(1.5 ± 0.5) ⇒ v = v 0 cos ωt
cos α 2 =
2 ⇒ 5 2 = 10 cos ωt
cos α 2 = 0.5, cos α 3 = 1 π
or α 2 = 60° and α 3 = 0° ⇒ ωt =
4
Hence 45 ° ≤ α ≤ 60 ° π π m
⇒ t= =
93. (a) When the spring undergoes maximum 4ω 4 k
compression, the relative velocity between π 2
the block and the car becomes zero. This = = 0.124 sec
4 80
means that the entire system moves with
the same velocity v. As all forces are 95. (a) Let at angular deflection θ and let velocity
internalforces,momentumisconserved be v, fromworkenergytheorem
(4m + 2m) v = mv 0
v
or v = 0 q
6
(b) The kinetic energy of the pair of blocks just v
afterthecollision l sin q
2
1 v  1
= (2m)  0  = mv 02 l (1– cos q) F = mg
2  2 4
Mechanical energy of the system is conserved
mg
during compression of the spring and
subsequent motion of the system. If x be the changeinkineticenergy
maximumcompressioninthespring,then = workdonebyallforces
Solutions 177
1
mv 2 = − mgl (1 − cos θ) + Fl sin θ  d
97. (a) h =  R +  (1 − cos θ)
2  2
= mgl [−1 + cos θ + sin θ] velocityofballatangle θ is
Maximumangulardeflection  d
v = 2gh = 2  R +  (1 − cos θ) g …(1)
v = 0 ⇒ θ = 90°  2
(b) Tensionatangulardeflection θ
mv 2
T − mg (cos θ + sin θ) = h
l
⇒ T = mg cos θ + mg sin θ θ
θ v
+ 2mg (−1 + cos θ + sin θ) mg
= 3mg cos θ + 3mg sin θ − 2mg
  π 
= mg 3 2 sin θ +  − 2
  4  
π
T ismaximumat θ =
4
Let N be the total normal reaction (away from
Tmax = mg [3 2 − 2] centre)at angle θ.Then
96. When the bobs collide at the topmost point, the mv 2
necessary condition that both of them fall mg cos θ − N =
 d
vertically down after collision, are both should R + 
 2
have the same velocity in the horizontal
direction and the vertical component of substitutingvalueof v 2 fromEq.(1)weget
velocityfor ‘ Q’ shouldbezero.
mg cos θ − N = 2mg (1 − cos θ)
So, if Q is projected with velocity ‘ v 0’ at an
angle ‘ θ’ withthehorizontal,thenwehave ∴ N = mg (3 cos θ − 2)
v 0 cos θ = gl …(1) (b) The ball will lose contact with the inner
and also that it hits ‘ P ’ at the highest point of its spherewhen
trajectory. N=0
v o2 sin 2 θ or 3 cos θ − 2 = 0
So, = 2l
2g  2
or θ = cos−1  
or v o2 sin 2 θ = 4 gl  3
or v o sin θ = 2 gl …(2) After this it makes contact with outer sphere
and normal reaction starts acting towards the
Dividing(2)by(1),weget
 2
tan θ = 2 ⇒ θ = tan −1(2) …(3) centre.Thusfor θ ≤ cos−1   :
 3
and on squaring and adding (1) and (2) we get,
NB = 0
v o2 = 5gl or v o = 5gl
and N A = mg (3 cos θ − 2)
Thedistancefrom ‘ P ’ isprojectedis  2
andfor θ ≥ cos−1  
Range v o2 sin θ cos θ  3
d= =
2 g
NA = 0
v tan θ
2
2v o2
= o 2 = = 2l and N B = mg (2 − 3 cos θ)
g sec θ g (1 + 4)
178 ProblemsinPhysics
Thecorrespondinggraphsareasfollows: = u 2 − 2gL (1 + sin θ) …(2)
NA 1
(iii) QD = (Range)
2
mg
 L v 2 sin 2 (90° – θ)
or  L cos θ –  =
 8 2g
cos θ  1  v 2 sin 2θ
–1 2/3 +1 or L  cos θ –  = …(3)
 8 g
NB
Equation(3)canbewrittenas
1  v 2 
5mg

 cos θ −  =   sin θ cos θ
 8  gL
2mg
fromequation (1),substitutingvalueof
cos θ
–1 2/3 +1  v2 
  = sin θ
98. Let the string slacks at point Q as shown in  gL
figure. From P to Q path is circular and beyond
weget
Q, path is parabolic. At point C, velocity of
 1
 cos θ −  = sin θ. cos θ = (1 − cos θ) cos θ
particlebecomeshorizontal,therefore, 2 2
 8
C
1
v
or cos θ −
= cos θ − cos3 θ
θ 8
90° – θ
D Q 1 1
θ ∴ cos3 θ = or cos θ = or θ = 60°
L sin θ 8 2
mg
O θ
∴ Fromequation(1),
h = L + L sin θ

L 3
8 v 2 = gL sin θ = gL sin 60° or v 2 = gL
L 2
Substitutingthisvalueof v 2 inequation(2)
P u u 2 = v 2 + 2 gL (1 + sin θ)
L cos θ 3  3
L cos θ – L/8 = gL + 2gL 1 + 
2  2
QD = halfoftherangeoftheprojectile. 3 3  3 3
Nowwehavefollowingequations: = gL + 2gL = gL  2 + 
(i) TQ = 0
2  2 

mv 2  3 3
Therefore, mg sin θ = …(1) u = gL 2 +  ≈ 2.14 gL
L  2 
(ii) v 2 = u 2 − 2gh
CENTRY OF MASS,
CHAPTER

4 CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM,
COLLISION, IMPULSE

99. Let x be the displacement of the platform


Therefore,thesituationisas follows
towardsright.Then—
Let M bethemassofsecondinsect.
displacementofplatform = x (towardsright) For the straw not to topple the centre of mass
displacementofmanwithrespecttoground
a a/2
= x0 – x (towardsleft)
and displacement of woman with respect to
ground = x + 6 – x 0 (towardsright)
Net force on the system in horizontal direction
Woman Man

Before

0.75a
0.2a
0.3a
2m M
m/2
6–x0 0.45a 0.55a
x0

x 6m
After
is zero. Hence COM will remain stationary, or
(mass of platform) (displacement of platform)
(of straw + two insects) should lie inside the
+ (mass of woman) (displacement of woman)
tableor
=(massofman)(displacementofman)
 m
or 20 (x ) + 50 (x + 6 – x 0) = 60 (x 0 – x ) 2m(0.55a) =  M +  (0.2 a)
 2
11x 0 – 30
or x = or M =5m
13
100. Let x be the displacement of straw when the 101. Here the system ‘cannon + shell’ is non-
first insect reaches the opposite end. Hence closed.
3  → →
displacement of insect would be  a – x  . pf = p
2  α

For center of mass to remain stationary we v
have—
m 3  → →
2m(x ) =  a – x  or x = 0.3a p1 = m v
2 2  α
180 ProblemsinPhysics
During the time interval ∆t, the change in Adding(3),(4)and(5)Weget
momentumofthissystemis  1 1
→ → → → → v 3 – v 0 = mv r  +
∆ p = p f – pi = p – m v M + 3m M + 2m
1 
+
M + m 
This change is caused by two external forces

the reaction force N (which is perpendicular  1 1
→ or v 3 = v 0 + mv r  +
to the inclined plane) and gravity m g . M + 3m M + 2m
Therefore,wecanwrite 1 
+
→ → → → M + m 
p – m v = N ⋅ ∆t + m g ∆ t
substitutingthevalues,weget
or change in momentum perpendicular to
planewillbe  1 1
v 3 = 25 + (75)(5)  +
→ → → 1000 + 225 1000 + 150
| p|sin α = | N| ∆ t – |m g ∆ t|cos α
1 
→ +
→ | p| → 1000 + 75
or | N| = sin α + | m g|cos α
∆t or v 3 ≈ 25.981 m/s
102. (i) M = massofcar = 1000 kg (ii) If all the three men jumped off together
m = massofeachman = 75 kg and let v be the velocity of car after all
v 0 = initialspeedofcar = 25 m/s threehavejumpedoff.Then
v r = speedofmenrelativetocar = 5 m /s (M + 3 m) v 0 = Mv + (3m) (v – v r )
v1 = speed of car after one man has jumped off 3mv r
or (v – v 0) =
Initialmomentumofthecarandthemen (M + 3m)
= (M + 3m) v 0 …(1) 3 mv r
or v = v0 +
Velocity of man relative to ground will be (M + 3m)
(v1 – v r )
∴ Momentum of car and two men + the substitutingthevalues
momentumofthemanwhojumpedoff (3)(75)(5)
v = 25 +
= (M + 2m) v1 + m (v1 – v r ) …(2) 1000 + 225
Equating (1) and (2) from conservation of or v ≈ 25.918 m/s
linearmomentumwehave
Note: It is to be noted that although. v3 ≈ v but actually
(M + 3m) v 0 = (M + 2m) v1 + m (v1 – v r ) v3 > v because
mv r
or v1 – v 0 = …(3)  1 1
M + 3m v 3 = v 0 + mv r  +
 M + 3m M + 2m
Similarly if v 2 be the velocity of the car after
the second man jumped off and v 3 the velocity 1 
+
afterthethirdmanjumpedoff,then M + m 
mv r 
v 2 – v1 = …(4) while v = v 0 + mv r 
1
+
1
M + 2m + +
 M 3m M 3m
mv r
and v3 – v2 = …(5) 1  3 mv r
M +m + = v0 +

M + 3m  M + 3m
Solutions 181
i.e. v3 > v 106. Let v1 = velocity of solid sphere towards right
But if m is small in comparison with M, v 3 ≈ v. aftercollisionand
103. At maximum angle (of string with vertical) v 2 = velocityofhemispheretowardsright.
horizontal velocity (v) of ring and particle will
beequal.
v1
Fromconservationoflinearmomentum,
θ
(m + 3m) v = mv 0 R
R
v
∴ v= 0
4 v2

Now increase in potential energy of particle ApplyingCOMalonghorizontal


= decreaseinkineticenergyofsystem ⇒ 2Mv 0 = 2Mv1 + Mv 2
1 ⇒ 2v 0 = 2v1 + v 2
or 3mgl (1 − cos θmax ) = mv 02
2 ⇒ v 2 = 2 (v 0 − v1) …(1)
2
1 v  Applying e alongcommonnormal
− (4m)  0 
2  4 (v cos θ − v1 cos θ)
∴ e= 2
Solvingthisequationweget, v 0 cos θ
 v2  ∴ ev 0 = v 2 − v1 …(2)
θmax = cos−1 1 − 0 
 8gl  Fromequations(1)and(2)
(2 − e) v 0 2v
104. Fromconservationofmomentum, v1 = and v 2 = (1 + e) 0
3 3
3v = (1 × 3)2 + (2 × 2)2 = 5 kg - m / s 107. On impact all the balls have the same
 5 component velocity parallel to the short side
∴ v=  m/s
 3 of the table. In rebounding from the short sides
2
the value of this component velocity does not
1 1 1  5 alter, and therefore, since the tables are of
∆ KE = ×1× 9+ × 2× 4 − × 3×  
2 2 2  3 equal width, all three balls will reach the
= 4.33 J
105. (a) Impulsereceivedby m :
→ → →
J = m (v f − v i)
= m (−2i$ + $j − 3i$ − 2 $j ) = m (− 5i$ − $j )
andimpulsereceivedby M:

= − J = m (5i$ + $j ) opposite side of the table at the same moment
(b) Mv = m (5i$ + $j ) (regardless of whether they have first struck
the short sides or not). In rebounding from the
m $ $ 1 $ $
or v= (5i + j ) = (5i + j ) long side opposite, the component velocity
M 13 under consideration changes sign, but
(c) e = (Relativevelocityofseparation/ remains constant in size; all the balls therefore
Relative velocity of approach) in the return to the side from which they started at
→ thesamemoment.
directionof − J.
108. All the bodies of the system are initially at rest.
= 11/17 The rope tension is the same both as on the
left and the right hand side, at every instant
182 ProblemsinPhysics
and consequently the 2u sin 45° 2v sin 60°
or =
momenta of the g g
counter-balancing mass
→ v sin 45° 2
or = =
( p1 ) and the ladder with u sin 60° 3
→ v2 2

the man ( p 2) are equal at ∆r or 2
=
M u 3
any moment of time. i.e., m (man)
→ → R A RB
(ii) + =a (R=Range)
p1 = p2 M–m 2 2
→ → → or R A + R B = 2a
or M v1 = m v + (M – m) v 2 …(1)
u 2 sin 90° v 2 sin 120°
→ → → or + = 2a
Here v1 , v and v 2 are the velocities of the g g
mass, the man and the ladder respectively. 3 2
or u2 + v = 2ag
Wealsohave 2
→ →
v 2 = – v1 3  2 2
…(2) or u2 +  u  = 2ag
→ → → 2 3 
and v = v2 + v ′ …(3)  1 
or u 2 1 +  = 2ag
→  3
Where v′ is the man’s velocity relative to the
ladder. simplifyingthisweget
Fromequation(1),(2)and(3)weobtain. u 2 = ag(3 – 3)
→  m →
(iii) At the highest point they collide as follows :
v1 =   v′ …(4)
 2M  after collision, the horizontal component of
On the other hand, the momentum of the
1 2
centre ofmassis u cos 45o v cos 60o
→ → → →
p = p1 + p2 = 2 p1 velocity of 1 becomes zero as it is given that it
falls vertically, and let the horizontal
→ →
or 2M v C = 2M ⋅ v1 component of velocity of 2 becomes v 0
(towardsright)as
→ →  m → v0
or v C = v1 =   v′ 1 2
 2M 
andfinallythedesireddisplacementis then from conservation of linear momentum :
→ → mv 0 = mu cos 45° – mv cos 60°
m → m →
∆ rC = ∫ v c ⋅ dt =
2M ∫
v ′ ⋅ dt = ∆ r u v  u 2 
2M or v0 = – = − u …(1)
or displacement of centre of mass of 2 2  2 2 3 
→ m →
systemis ∆rC = ∆r  2 
2M v = u
 3 
109. (i) Both the particles collide at their highest
point. also relative velocity of separation = e (relative
T A TB velocityofapproach)
Hence = or T A = TB
2 2 or v 0 = e (u cos 45° + v cos 60° )
(T = timeofflight)
Solutions 183
 u 2  111. Let v 0 be the velocity with which it strikes the
or v0 = e  + ⋅ u …(2)
 2 2 3  plane.

equating(1)and(2),weget a x = g sin α, a y = – g cos α


 1 Component of velocity along the plane is
1 2 2
– = e +  v 0 sin α and component perpendicular to
2 2 3  2 2 3 plane is v 0 cos α. Collision is elastic hence
or (2 3 – 2) = e (2 3 + 2) v 0 sin α remains unchanged while v 0 cos α
reversesitsdirection.
simplifying thisweget
3 –1
e=
3 +1 A
v0 sin α
110. When the ball strikes the wall, its vertical α
component v y remains unchanged while its v0 cos α y
horizontal component u cos θ becomes α
eu cos θ in opposite direction. Now since v y x
remains unchanged during collision, its time When it strikes at B, its component
offlight T willalsoremainunchanged. perpendicular to plane i.e., v 0 cos α and
y
y
vy vy hence the time of flight T for each collision
remains unchanged while component parallel
u cos θ A
toplanebecomes
u A e u cos θ v0 cos α
θ α v0
O a O a A
v0 sin α
Hence T = tOA + t AO
2u sin θ a a
or = + B
g u cos θ eu cos θ v0 cos α α
multiplyingtheequationby u cos θ getwe
2u 2 sin θ cos θ  1 v 0 sin α + (g sin α) T {v x = u x + a x t}
= a 1 +  2v 0 cos α 2v 0
g  e here T = =
g cos α g
(4 ag ) (sin 2θ)  1
or = a 1 +  1
g  e and R1 = AB = s x = u x T + ax T 2
2
u = 2 ag (given) 2
2v 0 1  2v 
1 = (v 0 sin α) + (g sin α)  0 
or 4 sin 2 θ = 1 + g 2  g 
e
1 R1 = (4 v 02 sin α)/g
or e=
4 sin 2θ – 1 nexttime
Now e ≤ 1.Hence 4 sin 2θ – 1 ≥ 1 R2 = s x = {v 0 sin α + g sin α ⋅ T }T
1 1
or sin 2θ ≥ + (g sin α)T 2
2 2
or 2θ ≥ 30 ° or θ ≥ 15° substitutingthevalues—
184 ProblemsinPhysics
 2v   2v  cos θ
R2 = v 0 sin α + g sin α ⋅ 0   0  or 1+ e=
 g  g  2 tan α sin θ
2 1
1  2v  or 1+ e= cot α cot θ
+ (g sin α)  0  2
2  g 
1
= (8 v 02 sin α)/g or e= cot α cot θ – 1
2
Similarlywecanshowthat 113. (a) By symmetry we can say that they will
R3 = (12v 02 sin α)/g collideat x = 50 m.
or R1 : R2 : R3 = 1 : 2 : 3 u P

Note: In each collision, velocity of component y


30°
perpendicular to plane i.e., v0 cos α hence the A B
2v 0 C
time of flight, T = remain unchanged while x = 50 m
g
component parallel to plane and hence range on Vertical component of velocity and hence
planegoesonincreasing.
timeofflightdoesnotchangeincollision.
112. Let v bethevelocityofprojection. Hence T A = t AC + tCA
a x = – g sin α, a y = – g cos α 2u sin 30° 50 50
or = +
y
x
g u cos 30° eu cos 30°
Given g = 10 m/s2, e = 07
.
0
=
vx substitutingthevaluesweget
u = 37.5 m/s
v
gx 2
θ (b) y = x tan 30° –
α 2u cos2 30°
2

x = 50m, u = 37.5 m/s


Timeofflightuptheplaneis
substitutingthevaluesweget y = 17 m
2v sin θ
T = Hence coordinates of point P w.r.t. A are
g cos α (50m, 17m).
Here v sin θ is component of velocity 114. u
perpendicular to the plane which will become θ = 45°
A α
ev sin θ after first impact, e 2v sin θ after
v1
second impact and so on. Hence time of flight 2.4 m Y
willalsobe T , eT , e 2T etc.
1.2 m
Component of velocity along the plane X
becomes zero (v x = 0) at the time of second B

collision or after time T + eT or (1 + e)T . x1 x2

Henceapplying x3

vx = u x + ax t Component of velocity parallel to vertical wall


m
0 = v cos θ – (g sin α)(1 + e)T 30 sin 45° or 15 2 after striking at A
s
2v sin θ
or 0 = v cos θ – (g sin α)(1 + e) remains unchanged, while component
g cos α
Solutions 185

perpendicular to wall 30 cos 45° or 15 2


m mu cos θ = MV – mv …(1)
s Applyinglawofrestitution,weget
becomes e1 15 2 m/s or 7.5 2m/s (e1 = 0.5).
relative velocity of separation
Hence after striking at A the horizontal e=
relative velocity of approach
component of velocity is 7.5 2 m/s and
vertical component is 15 2 m/s (vertically eu cos θ = V + v …(2)
downwards). Let t be the time of journey solving(1)and(2)weget
between A and B.Then (1 + e) mu cos θ
1 V =
2.4 = (15 2)t + 5t 2 (h = ut + gt 2) M + m
2
From(1)and(2)wealsofind
solvingthisweget— φ
(eM – m)u cos θ θ
t = 011
. s = t AB v=
(M + m)
∴ x 1 = (7.5 2)(011
. )
u sin θ (M + m) tan θ
Hence tan φ = =
or x 1 = 117
. m v (eM – m)
x and y components of velocity after colliding
But the paths of A and B before and after
at B wouldbe
impactareatrightangles,therefore,
v x = (7.5) ( 2) m/s = 10.6 m/s
cot φ = tan θ
and v y = e 2(15 2 + gt) (eM – m)
Hence = tan θ
= 0.3 (15 2 + 10 × 011
. ) = 67
. m /s (M + m) tan θ

Nowballwillbeatheight1.2mwhen eM – m
or tan θ =
1 M +m
1.2 = v y t – g t 2 or 1.2 = 67
. t – 5t 2
2 eM – m
or θ = tan –1
or t = 0.213 s and1.127s M + m
Hence x 2 = v x (0.213)
116. Let v1 be the velocity of gun just after the shell
= (10.6)(0.213) = 2.26 m
is fired. The horizontal velocity of shell with
and x 3 = (10.6)(1127
. ) = 11.95 m  u 
respect to ground is  – v1 . Hence from
Hence x will have two values (x 1 + x 2) and  2 
(x 1 + x 3) conservation of linear momentum in
or x = 117
. + 2.26 = 3.43 m horizontaldirection.Wehave
and x = 117
. + 11.95 = 1312
. m  u 
Mv1 = m  – v1
or x = 3.43 m and13.12m  2 
115. Applying conservation of linear momentum in mu
or v1 = …(1)
x-directionweget 2(M + m)
y
u sin θ During collision vertical component of velocity
v (unchanged)
x (v y ) of shell or the time of flight of the shell
remainsunchanged.Hence
m M J m M J m M u
θ V 2
2v y 2 = 2u
u sin θ

θ
u T = = …(2)
u cos θ g g g
Before impact At impact After impact
186 ProblemsinPhysics
Horizontal component of velocity of shell 1 4
K. E. = (2m) v 2′ 2
= mv 2
 u  2 9
before collision will be  – v1 and after
 2  Let x bethecompressioninthespringthen
 u  1 4  8m  v
collision v + e  – v1 + v which can be k x 2 = mv 2 or x= ⋅
 2  2 9  k  3
obtainedbyapplying—
relative velocity of separation = e (relative Theconditionfortopplingtheblock A isthat
velocityofapproach) x≥d d

Hence 8 m v0
so ⋅ =d A
L L + v1T k 3
T = + B
 u   u  k
 – v1 v + e  – v1 + v or v0 = 3d
 2   2  8m
Substitutingthevaluesweget v0
(b) When v = ,thenamplitude
2u L 2
=
g u mu 8 m v0
– A=x= ⋅
2 2 (M + m) k 6
mu 2u Substitutingthevalueof v 0 weget
L+
2(M + m) g A=
d
+
 u mu  2
v + e – + v
 2 2(M + m)  118. The external impulse applied to C causes both
strings to jerk exerting internal impulses J1 and
Solvingthisequationweget J 2.
e ≈ 0.5 J u
C
v1
117. (a) In case of a head on elastic collision J1 C
J1
between two particles of masses m1 and
u2 45°
m2 moving with velocities v1 and v 2 we 45° u1
applyfollowingtwoequations A J2 J2 B A B
 m – m2   2m2  (a) (b)
v ′1 =  1  v1 +   v 2 …(1)
 m1 + m2   m1 + m2  Figure (a) shows the impulses on different
 m – m1   2m1  particles and figure (b) shows the initial
and v ′ 2 =  2  v2 +   v1 …(2) velocitycomponentsofeachparticle.
 m1 + m2   m1 + m2 
Fromconstraintrelationobviously.
Here v′1 and v′ 2 are the velocities of particles u 2 = u1 …(1)
after collision. Equations (1) and (2) are
derived from law of conservation of linear Using impulse = change in momentum we
momentum and law of conservation of kinetic have
energies.Here Forparticle A
m1 = m, m2 = 2 m, v 2 = 0 and v1 = v J 2 = mu 2 …(2)
Hencesubstitutingthesevaluesweget Forparticle B
 2m  2 J1 cos 45° – J 2 = mu1 …(3)
v′2 =   v= v J1 sin 45° = mv1 …(4)
 m + 2m  3
Forparticle C
∴ Kineticenergyofblock B aftercollisionis
Solutions 187
J – J1 = mu …(5) v = 2gh v = 2gh

Also the velocities of B and C along BC are


equal i.e.,
v1 cos 45° + u1 cos 45° = u …(6)
v = 2gh v = 2gh
Solvingtheseequationsweget
2J 3J 2 2J
u1 = u 2 = , u= and v1 =
7m 7m 7m At the time of collision Just after collision
2J l
Hence, the initial speed of A = t= …(1)
7m 2 2gh
3J
theinitialspeedof C = At the time of collision of two balls relative
7m velocityofapproach = 2 2gh
and initialspeedof Hence relative velocity of separation will also
10 J be 2 2gh (collision is elastic). Hence the
B= u12 + v12 =
7m stringbecomestightafterthesametime
l
119. Inthefigureitisclearthat— t=
2 2gh
l
Hencethetotaltimewillbe 2t or
2 gh
−1  0.5
J J 121. (a)Inthefigure β = sin   = 24.62°
v  1.2 
v1
J →
v1 An impulse J acts on the sphere in the
direction of A ′ O due to which velocity
Just when the string jerks Just after string jerks
component of sphere parallel to OA′ becomes
zero. v
v= 2gh …(1) v0
0

β
Usingimpulse=changeinmomentum
A′ ← A′
Formass 2m J
m β
J = 2mv1 …(2) 1.
2

Formass m v0
J = mv – mv1 …(3) A O
0.5 m
Solvingequations(1),(2)and(3)weget O
2 gh Applyingimpulse
v1 =
3 = changeinlinearmomentum
120. Just after collision velocities of both the balls J = mv 0 cos β
J 3
will be 2gh in opposite directions. Relative or v0 = =
m cos β 2 cos 24.62°
acceleration between the two balls is zero and
relative velocity of approach is 2 2gh. Hence v 0 = 1.65 m/s
theywillcollideafteratime (b) Velocity component of sphere
perpendicular to OA′ will remain
188 ProblemsinPhysics
vn
unchanged i.e. velocity of sphere after the
cord becomes taut is v 0 sin β or 0.687
C1
m/s.Thereforelossofenergyis–
θ
1
∆ E = m(v i2 – v 2f ) θ
2
1
= (2)[(1.65)2 – (0.687)2] v
C2
2 vt
or ∆ E = 2.25 J
Just after collision
122. Ball A is free to move in a plane (after
collision). So its velocity can be resolved in (ii) Linear momentum along horizontal will
two mutually perpendicular directions. Let us remainunchanged.Hence,
resolve it along common tangent and mv − mv t cos 30° − mv n sin 30° = 0
common normal directions. Let v t and v n be 3v t v n
the corresponding components in these two or v− − =0 …(2)
2 2
directions. Ball B is attached to a vertical
string. So, just after collision its velocity will be (iii) e = 1.Hence,
horizontal.Letitbe v. relativespeedofseparation
= relativespeedofapproachincommon
normaldirection.
P C1 ∴ v n + v sin θ = v 0 cos θ
v 3v 0
or vn + = (as θ = 30°)…(3)
θ 2 2
C2 SolvingEqs.(1),(2)and(3),weget
v = 0.693v 0, v n = 0.52v 0 and v t = 0.5v 0

C1C 2 = 2r (r = radiusofball) ∴ v B ′ = 0.693v 0 (horizontally)
PC1 = r →
or v A ′ = v n2 + v t2 = 0.721v 0
∴ ∠PC 2C1 = θ = 30°
v 
(i) Velocity component along tangent α = tan −1  n  = 46.1°
directionremainsunchanged.Hence,  vt 
v 0 sin θ = v t vn

v
or vt = 0 (as θ = 30°)…(1)
2
A α

C1 vt

θ →
Hence, v A ′ makes an angle of (46.1° − 30° ) or
θ
16.1°withhorizontalasshown

C2 vA = 0.721v0
A v0
16.1°

Just before collision


Solutions 189
123. Let v r be the velocity of block m relative to the Ft = – qv or ma = – qv
bigger block M at highest point as shown and  dv 
or mv   = – qv
v the velocity of block M. Then absolute  dx 
velocity of block m will be v r – v. Applying
Fromconservationoflinearmomentum
conservation of linear momentum in horizontal
direction, we have mv = m0 v 0
 dv 
v
D
vr Hence m0 v 0   = – qv
 dx 
C dv
or m0 v 0 = – q dx
v
B E A vf dv L
or m0 v 0 ∫v 0 v
= – q ∫ dx
0
mv 0 = Mv – m (v r – v)
Solvingthisweget
or (1)(20) = (2)v – (1)(v r – v) – qL
or 10 v – v r = 10 …(1) v f = v 0e
m0 v 0

From conservation of mechanical energy we get


(b) From conservation of linear momentum
1 2 1 1
mv 0 = mg (2R) + Mv 2 + m(v r – v)2 mass of the car and its load at that instant
2 2 2 willbe
1 1 qL
or (1)(20) = (1)(10)(2) + (2)v 2
2
m0 v 0
2 2 or m0 e m0 v0

1 vf
+ (1)(v r – v)2
2 125. Initial momentum of the
particleis v
or (v r – v) + 2v = 360
2 2
…(2)
pi = m0 gT +ve
Solving(1)and(2)weget m0et /T
v r = 7.5 m/s Mass of the particle at
timetis m = m0e t / T F = m0get/T
1
Nowfrom h = gt 2 weget Therefore force acting on
2
theparticleattime t is
2h
tDE = t = (h = 2R) F = − mg = − m0e t / T g
g
Impulse=changeinmomentum.
2× 2 F . dt = dP
t= = 0.632 s or
10 Let t0 be the time when the particle is at
Hence BE = (v r )t = 7.5 × 0.632 m highestpoint.Then
t0
or BE = 4.74 m final

124. (a) Let v be the velocity of the car when it has


∫ F . dt = ∫ initial dp
0
cleared x-distance as shown in figure and to

∫ (− m0ge ) dt = p final − pinitial


t/ T
let m be the mass of it (including the load) or
at this instant. Then thrust force on it (due 0
to change in mass) will be qv in backward or − m0gT (e t0 / T − 1) = 0 − m0gT
direction.Hence
or e t0 /T
=2
or t 0 = T ln( 2)
v Mass of the particle at highest point is
m0 et0 / T or 2m0 as et0 / T = 2.
x
190 ProblemsinPhysics
126. Let v be the velocity of the rain drop at time t ∴ f = µg (M 0 – mnt)
and m themassofdrop.Then Therefore, net force on cannon at time t is
m = (m0 + µt) m Fnet = Ft – f (backwards)
Fext =
d (mv) +ve  dv 
or M   = (mnu) – (µMg )
dt v
 dt 
Hereexternalforceis mg. dt
or dv = (mnu) – (µg )dt
d M
Hence (mg ) = (mv)
dt v t dt t

d
or ∫ 0 dv = (mnu) ∫ 0 M 0 – mnt – (µg )∫ 0 dt
or (m0 + µt)g = (mv)
dt  1  t
or v = (mnu)  –  [ln (M 0 – mnt)] 0 – µgt
or (m0 + µt)g dt = d (mv)  mn 
or ∫ m0 + µt)g dt = ∫ d (mv)
(
or
 M – mnt 
v = – u ln  0  – µgt
 µt   M0 
or m0 +  ⋅ gt = mv + C1
 2 M
or v = – u ln   – µgt (M 0 – mnt = M )
at t = 0, v = 0 ∴ C1 = 0  M 0
 µt  ds M 
or m0 +  gt = mv = (m0 + µt) or v = u ln  0  – µgt
 2 dt  M
 µt  128. (a) The co-ordinates of centre of mass (point
1 +  3x
s t  2m0  C)ofthemovingpartis .
∴ ∫ ds = ∫ gt dt 4
0 0  µt  C
1 + 
 m0 
x=0 x 3x x x = 1m x = 2m
g t 2 m0t m2  µt   2 2
or s=  + – 20 ln 1 +  3x
2 2 µ µ  m0   ∴ Xc =
4
Note: The above integration can be done by taking the d 3 dx 3
µ ∴ vc = (X c ) = = m/s
substitution x = 1 + t. dt 4 dt 4
m0 dx
(as = 1 m / s)
127. Let n be the frequency with which bullets are dt
fired and m the mass of each bullet. The loss of (b) Linearmomentumofmovingpointis,
massperunittimeis P = mv
 dM  where v = 1 m/s and m is increasing uniformly
–  = Mn
 dt  withtime.
u relative = u (given) Thenetforceonthemovingpartisthus,
dP dm dv
Therefore,thrustforceonthecannonis F= = v+ m
 dM  dt dt dt
Ft = u rel.  –   dm 
 dt  or F=  (1) + 0
 dt 
or Ft = mnu (backwards)
andfrictionalforceonitis dm
Here can be found with the help of
f = µMg (forwards) dt
Here M istheinstantaneousmassofcannon. followingargument.
Attime t The moving end of the carpet starts from the
origin and the whole carpet will be moving
M = (M 0 – mnt)
Solutions 191
when it reaches x = 2 m. This will happen Eliminating t, we get the equation of trajectory
after2seconds.Hence, oftheparticleas
dm 1 2
= kg / s x x2
dt 2 y= 5  = …(1)
 10 20
1
∴ Fmin (neglecting all dissipative forces) = N Theequationoftheframecanbewrittenas
2
x 2 + y 2 = 21; x ≥ 0; y ≥ 0 …(2)
129. ByCOM
(m + 1) u = 1 × 10 ⇒ u = 5 ms−1 Solving Eqs. (1) and (2), we get the
co-ordinate of the point where the particle
So, the combined body will move up the strikestheframe.
plane and after a certain time it will come back y 2 + 20y − 21 = 0
to its initial position with velocity 5 ms−1 and
or y 2 + 21y − y − 21 = 0
time t′ = 2 sec.
Now, M is jerked into motion, thread becomes or y(y + 21) − (y + 21) = 0
taut, a sharp impulse is exerted by thread to M or (y − 1) (y + 21) = 0
andcombinedbody. Hence, y=1 [y ≠ − 21, as y ≥ 0]
Letimpulseis I and x = 20
So, Mv 0 = I …(1) The particle will strike the frame at B whose
(m + 1) v 0 = (m + 1) u − I …(2) co-ordinateisgivenas x = 20, y = 1 m.
⇒ v 0 = 2 ms−1 The y-component of the velocity of the
Now, M will move with retardation. Let particlejustbeforeitstrikestheframeat B is
retardationis ‘ b’. u y = 2 × g × y = 2 × 10 × 1
2

So, T − (m + 1) g . sin 30° = (m + 1) b or uy = 20 = 2 5 m/s


Mg − T = Mb
x-componentis u x = u = 10 m/s.
⇒ b = 4 ms2
Resultantvelocityis
∴ Maximumheightascendedby M,
102 + (2 5)2 = 120 m/s
02 = 22 − 2⋅4 s
The resultant makes an angle θ with the
4 1
∴ s= = m horizontal,where
8 2
2 5 1
Timetakentoreachthatheight tan θ = = = 0.446 or θ ≈ 24 °
0 = 2 − 4t 10 5
ux
θ
t = 0.5 sec
∴ totaltime = 2 + 0.5 = 2.5 sec
130. Consider the reference axes as shown in figure.
A u uy
x
The line AB, which is normal to the surface at
B B makes an angle α with the horizontal where
1
tan α = = 0.223
20
y
or α ≈ 13°
The co-ordinates of the particle as function of The resultant velocity vector makes an angle
timeisgivenas: of θ − α = 11° withthenormal ( AB).
x = ut = 10t Since, the particle rebounds elastically, it will
1 return back with the same speed making an
and y = gt 2 = 5t 2
2 angleof 11° ontheothersideofline AB.
192 ProblemsinPhysics
After collision the velocity vector of the particle y
will make an angle of (2α − θ) = 2° with the v2 θ
horizontal,asshowninfigure.
A
X v2

–α
) v
v
Bα X x
2° t=0
θ R

Y →  v v 
or vp =  −v 2 sin 2 t i$ + v 2 cos 2 t $j 
Horizontal component of velocity after collision  R R 
is →
v x = 120 cos 2° = 10.84 m/s and v m = v1 $j
∴ linear momentum of particle w.r.t. man as a
Verticalcomponentis
functionoftimeis
v y = − 120 sin 2° = − 0.38 m/s → → →
Lpm = m(v p − v m )
Negative sign indicates that velocity is in
negative Y direction(upwards).  v   v  $j 
= m  −v 2 sin 2 t i$ + v 2 cos 2 t − v1 
Time, the particle will take to cover a   R   R  
horizontaldistanceof4.48m(seefigure)is
A 132. (i) x 1 = v 0t − A(1 − cos ωt)
x
m1x 1 + m2x 2
v x cm = = v 0t
m2 + m2

m1
∴ x 2 = v 0t + A(1 − cos ωt)
m2
3.59 m
d 2x 1
(ii) a1 = = − ω 2 A cos ωt
y 4.48 m dt 2
The separation x 2 − x 1 between the two
4.48 blocks will be equal to l 0 when a1 = 0 or
t= = 0.41 sec
10.84 cos ωt = 0
In this time the distance covered along Y-axis is m
x 2 − x 1 = 1 A(1 − cos ωt) + A(1 − cos ωt)
m2
1
y = − 0.38 × 0.41 + × 10 × (0.41)2 = 0.68 m m 
2 or l 0 =  1 + 1 A (cos ωt = 0)
 m2 
whichislessthan3.59m.
Hence, the particle will not collide with the Thustherelationbetween l 0 and A is,
frameagain. m 
l 0 =  1 + 1 A
131. Angular speed of particle about centre of the  m2 
thecircle,
133. (i) 100 m/s velocity of the cannon ball is
v v
ω = 2 , θ = ωt = 2 t relativetoground.
R R [Unless and until it is mentioned in the
→ question, the velocity is always relative to
vp = (−v 2 sin θ i$ + v 2 cos θtj$)
ground]
Solutions 193
The second cannon ball is fired when the first
C cannon ball strikes the carriage i.e. after 12
second. In these 12 seconds the car will move
v1=5√3 m/s forward a distance of 12v1 or 60 3 m. This
120m
ball will strike the carriage only when the
carriage also covers the same distance of
A 60 3 m in next 12 seconds. This is possible
Horizontalcomponentofitsvelocity, onlywhenresistiveforcesarezerobecause
u x = u cos 30° uy velocity of car (v1) = velocity of carriage after
u = 100 m/s firstcollision (v 2) = 5 3 m/s.
3
or u x = (100) m/s Henceatthetimeofsecondcollision:
2 30o
ux 1 kg 10 kg
= 50 3 m/s 5 √3 m/s
andverticalcomponentofitsvelocity, uX = 50 √3 m/s
u y = u sin 30°
1 Before collision
or u y = 100 m/s = 50 m/s
2 11 kg
v
Vertical displacement of the ball when it strikes
thecarriageis–120mor
1
s y = u y t + ay t 2
2 After collision
Y (vertical) Horizontal component of velocity of cannon
ball = 50 3 m/s and horizontal velocity of
carriage+firstcannonball = 5 3 m/s.
X (horizontal)
Let v be the desired velocity of carriage after
ax = 0 and
ay = – g = – 10 m/s2 secondcollision.
Then conservation of linear momentum in
 1 horizontaldirectiongives
⇒ –120 = (50t) +   (–10) t 2
 2
11v = (1)(50 3) + (10)(5 3) = 100 3
⇒ t 2 – 10t – 24 = 0 100 3
∴ v= m/s or v ≈ = 15.75 m/s
⇒ t = 12 s or–2s 11
Ignoringthenegativetime,wehave In this particular problem, values are so
t 0 = 12 s adjusted that even if we take the velocity of
cannon ball with respect to car, we get the
(ii) When it strikes the carriage, its horizontal same results of both the parts, although the
component of velocity is still 50 3 m/s. It methodwillbewrong.
sticks to the carriage. Let v 2 be the velocity 134. Let v1 = velocity of block 2 kg just before
of (carriage + cannon ball) system after collision(uptheplane)
collision. Then applying conservation of
v 2 = velocity of block 2 kg just after
linearmomentuminhorizontaldirection
collision.(downtheplane)
(mass of ball) (horizontal component of its and v 3 = velocity of block M just after collision.
velocitybeforecollision) (uptheplane)
=(massofball+carriage) (v 2) Applying work energy theorem (change in
∴ (1 kg)(50 3 m/s) = (10 kg) (v 2) kinetic energy = work done by all the forces) at
different stages as shown in figures (a), (b) and (c):
∴ v 2 = 5 3 m /s
194 ProblemsinPhysics
Figure (a) : Figure(c):
v1
∆KE = Wfriction + Wgravity
1
m
/s M [0 − v 32] = −(0.5) (µ ) (M ) g cos θ − Mgh 2
0 6m h1 2
2kg 1
θ
or − v 32 = − µ g cos θ − 2gh 2
θ or v 32 = (0.25) (10) (0.99) + 2 (10) (0.025)
h1 = 6 sin θ = 6 (0.05) or v 32 = 2.975 ∴ v 3 ≈ 172
. m/s
= 0.3m
(a) Now (i)Coefficientofrestitution
∆KE = Wfriction + Wgravity relative velocity of separation
=
1 2  relative velocity of approach
 2 m {v1 − (10) } = − 6µ mg cos θ − mgh1
2

v 2 + v 3 5 + 172
. 672
.
= = =
(m = 2 kg) v1 8 8
or v12 − 100 = – 2 [6µg cos θ + gh1] or e ≈ 0.84
cos θ = 1 − sin θ = 1 − (0.05) ≈ 0.99
2 2 (ii) Applying conservation of linear
momentumbeforeandaftercollision.
∴ v12 = 100 − 2 [(6)(0.25)(10)0.99 + (10)(0.3)]
2v1 = Mv 3 − 2v 2
or v1 ≈ 8 m/s 2 (v1 + v 2) 2 (8 + 5) 26
M = = =
Figure (b) : v3 172
. 172
.

6m v
M ≈ 15.12 kg
2
Hence,themassofblockMis15.12kg
/s A
1m
135. (i) Massofwater=(Volume)(density)

(b) A/100
v

∆KE = Wfriction + Wgravity


1 F
m [(1)2 − (v 22)] = − 6 µ mg cos θ + mgh1
2
∴ 1 − v 22 = 2 [− 6 µ g cos θ + gh1] ∴ m0 = ( AH ) ρ
= 2 [− (6) (0.25)(10)(0.99) + (10)(0.3)] = − 237 m
. ∴ H = 0 …(1)

∴ v 22 = 24.7 or v 2 ≈ 5 m/s
2m0 g
Velocityofefflux, v = 2gH =
v=0 Aρ

0.5 Thrust force on the container due to draining


v3 outofliquidfromthebottomisgivenby,
h2
M θ F = (density of liquid) (area of hole) (velocity
ofefflux) 2
θ
 2m g 
∴ F = ρ( A/ 100)v 2 = ρ( A/ 100)  0 
h2 = 0.5 sin θ = (0.5) (0.05)  Aρ 
= 0.025
(c)
Solutions 195
m0 g large sphere in final position. Then
F=
50 x-coordinateofCOMfindwillbe
∴ Accelerationofthecontainer, (4 M )(x ) + M (x – 5R)
xf = = (x – R) …(2)
a = F/m0 = g/ 50 4M + M
a = g/ 50 Equating(1)and(2),wehave
(ii) Velocity of efflux when 75% liquid has x = L + 2R
beendrainedout i.e. heightofliquid, Therefore, coordinates of large sphere, when
the smaller sphere reaches the other extreme
position,are ( L + 2R, 0)
137. Given m0 = 10–2 kg : A = 10–4 m 2,
v 0 = 103 m/s
h=
H and ρdust = ρ = 10–3 kg/m 3
4 v
m = m0 + massofdustcollectedsofar
= m0 Axρdust
H m0
h= = v0 v
4 4 Aρ
A m0 x m x
 m 
∴ v= 2gh = 2g  0  x=0 x
 4 Aρ
At t = 0 At t = t
m0 g or m = m0 + Axρ
or v =
2 Aρ Thelinearmomentumat t = 0 is
136. Since all the surfaces are smooth, no external p0 = m0v 0
force is acting on the system in horizontal andmomentumat t = t is
direction. Therefore, the centre of mass of the pt = mv = (m0 + Axρ)v
system in horizontal direction will remain
stationary. From law of conservation of linear momentum.
C1 C2 = 5R (in both cases) P0 = Pt
Y
Y ∴ m0v 0 = (m0 + Axρ) v
dx
or m0 v 0 = (m0 + Axρ)
dt
6R 6R
C1 C2 C2 C1 or (m0 + Axρ) dx = m0v 0 dt
X X x 150
(L,0) R
∫0 (m0 + Axρ) dx = m0v 0 ∫0
R (x,0)
or dt
x
C2 = (L+5R,0) C2 = (x – 5R,0)  x 2
m0x + Aρ  = [m0 v 0 t] 0
150
or
Initial Final  2 0
Initial x-coordinateofCOMwillbegivenby x2
m x + m2x 2 Hence m0x + Aρ = 150 m0 v 0
xi = 1 1 2
m1 + m2
Solving this quadratic equation and
(4 M )(L) + M (L + 5R) substituting the values of m0, A, ρ and v 0, we
= = (L + R) …(1)
4M + M getpositivevalueof x as 105 m.Therefore
Let (x , 0) be the coordinates of the centre of x = 10 5 m
CHAPTER

5 ROTATION

138. (i)Angularvelocityoftheringis B
Y
4m

Let OA = x
135°
A θ
O
v C x
θ
P B x 4
X =
O vt A π   3π 
sin  – θ sin  
4   4
v
ω= , θ = ωt, OA = vt π  1  3π 
or sin  – θ = sin x
R 4  4  4 
PB = R sin θ = R sin ωt
Differentiatingwithrespecttotimeweget
and AB = AC – BC = R – R cos ωt
 π   dθ  1 3π  dx
= R (1 – cos ωt) –  cos  – θ  =  sin  …(1)
  4   dt  4 4  dt
Hence position vector of point P at any time t
wouldbe The velocity of A is towards left in which
→ direction, x isincreasing.Hencewecantake
rP = x $i + y $j = (OA – PB) $i + AB $j dx π
= 4 m/s and θ =
dt 6
= (vt – R sin ωt) $i + R (1 – cos ωt) $j(v = Rω)
→ substituting these values in equation (1) we
rP = R (ωt – sin ωt) i$ + R (1 – cos ωt) $j get
→  π  dθ  1  3π  
→ dr – cos   ⋅ =  sin    4
p  12 dt  4  4 
(ii) v p = = Rω (1 – cos ωt) i$
dt dθ
or = – 0732
. rad/s
+ Rω sin ωt $j dt
→ or ω = – 0.732 rad/s
→ dv
p
(iii) a p = = Rω 2 ( sin ωt i$ + cos ωt $j) Here negative sign implies that θ decreases as t
dt increases.
3π Again differentiating equation (1) with respect
139. ∠ AOB = 135° = rad
4 totime,weget
 3π   π   π  d θ 
2
π    dθ 
2
∠ OBA = π – θ +  =  – θ rad θ θ
 4  4   – cos  –  2 – sin  –   
 4  dt   4    dt 
Bysinetheorem
1  3π   d x
2
=  sin    2
4  4   dt
Solutions 197
141. P
substituting the values
π dθ
θ= , = – 0732
.
6 dt C1 1
2 (D+
2 d )
d x 1 (D-d)
and = – 5 m /s2 2
dt 2 α
C2
intheaboveequation.Weget
d 2θ
= 0.771 rad/s 2 N1
dt 2
140. Since there is no slipping, static friction will act. µN1 C2
Normal reaction at bottom will be zero.
Cylinder will rotate about point of contact M w
90°–α
as shown in figure. Drawing free body
µN2 N2
diagramofcylinder
P sin30°
Fromtheabovetwofiguresitisclearthat
P cos30° A  D – d
sin α =  
 D + d
2 dD
C and cos α = 1 – sin 2 α =
0.3 m D+d
µ sN W
N Let N1 be the normal reaction between the
B
two cylinders and N 2 the normal reaction
0.025m

M between smaller cylinder and the horizontal


D plane.
The larger cylinder can be pulled over the
W = weightofcylinder
smaller one provided the latter neither rolls
= 25 g = 250 N norslides.
AB = AD – BD = (0.3 – 0.025) There will be no rolling provided the sum of
= 0.275 m themomentsoftheforcesabout C 2 iszero.
∴ µN1d = µN 2d
MB = (MC) – (CB)2 2
or N1 = N 2 …(1)
= (015
. )2 – (015
. – 0.025)2 There will be no sliding provided the sum of
the resolved parts of the forces in horizontal
= 0.08 m
directioniszero.
Cylinderwillrotateabout M
∴ µN 2 + µN1 cos (90° – α) = N1 cos α
when anticlockwise torque > clockwise torque
or µN1 + µN1 sin α = N1 cos α
or (P cos 30° ) (0.275) + (P sin 30° ) (0.08)
( N 2 = N1)
> (W )(0.08)
or µ (1 + sin α) = cos α
or 0.28P > (250) (0.08)
 D – d  2 Dd
or P > 71.4 N or µ 1 + =
 D + d D + d
Therefore,minimumvalueof P is 71.4 N
198 ProblemsinPhysics
→ →
d
or 2µD = 2 Dd or µ = Therefore a 0 and ( a c / 0)t are equal and
D
oppositeasshowninfigure(b).
Hencethenecessaryconditionisthat → v2 v2
d Therefore | a C| = rω 2 = r 20 = 0
µ≥ r r
D
143. (a) The sphere has no linear velocity when it
v0 a
142. (i) ω = and α = 0 (in case of pure starts rolling i.e., it has only angular
r r velocity say ω when pure rolling starts
rolling) → suchthat
The acceleration of A can be (a A/O)t
v
writtenas: ωr = v1 or ω = 1
→ r
→ → → a0 90°
a A = a o + a A/ O θ
Angular momentum about the bottommost
point will remain conserved because
→ →
Here a A/ O = acceleration of (a A/O)n summation of torque of all the forces including
A withrespectto O. (a) friction is zero about bottommost point. Hence
→ → → → Li = L f (L =angular mometum)
or a A = a O + ( a A/ O)n + ( a A/ O) t 2 v
or mrv 0 = Iω = (mr 2) 1
→ 5 r
Here | ao | = ao 2
⇒ v 0 = v1
→ v 
2 5
|( a A/ 0 )n| = r0 ω 2 = r0  0 
 r  (b) Frictional force acting on the sphere is
µ k mg till sliding is present. Hence
→  a o retardationofthesphereis
t = r0 α = r0 
and |( a A/ 0)| 
r  µ mg
a= k = µk g
→ m
Here ( a A/ 0)n will be along AO and Now linear velocity of the sphere has reduced
→ tozerofrominitialvalue v 0.Hence
( a A/ 0)t willbeperpendicularto OA
→ → → 0 = v 0 – at1
Hence a o , (a A/ o)n and (a A/ o)t are in the v 2v1
or t1 = 0 =
directionsshowninfigure(a). a 5µ k g


2 (c)From v 2 = u 2 – 2as
r v2
→  a 0 cos θ + 0 2 0 
 r  Wehave 0 = v 02 – 2(µ k g )s
∴ | a A| =
 r a 
2 v 02 2 v12
+  a 0 sin θ + 0 0  or s= =
 r  2µ k g 25 µ k g

→ → → 144. Writingtheequations:
(ii) a C = a o + a c/ o → )t
(a
O
C/O

Here
→ → → )t
37° a1
aO (a
( a C / o) n = rω in the
2 C/O
C F1
(b) P
directionof CO and a2
mg a2
→ → F2 F2
(a C / o)t = rα = a o oppositeto a o F1 mg
a1
Solutions 199
velocity
For rod 1:
l
mg sin 37 ° + F1l sin 37 ° − F2l cos 37 °
2 v0
ml 2 3
= α1 …(1)
3
Forrod2:
mg − F1 = ma1 …(2) 2v0 time
3µg
F2 = ma 2 …(3)
l ml 2 µmgR 2µg
F1 = α2 …(4) α= =
2 12 1 2 R
mR
2
At point P, acceleration of both rods should be
v 0 2µg v
same. ∴ − t2 = 0 ⇒ t2 = 0
R R 2µg
∴ lα1 cos 37 ° = a 2 …(5)
l t1 > t2 soitwouldnotreturn.
and lα1 sin 37 ° = a1 − α 2 …(6)
2 Forrolling, v t = ωR
We have six unknown, F1, F2, α1, α 2, a1 and  v 2µg 
v 0 − µgt =  − 0 + t R
a 2.  R R 
Solvingthesesixequationsweget, 2v 0
∴ t=
g 3µg
α1 = 0.423
l 2v 0 v 0
∴ v t = v 0 − µgt = v 0 − µg =
→ 3µg 3
145. vA = 2v 0i$
147. Instantaneous axis of rotation passes

vB = v 0i$ − v 0 $j through P.
From conservation of mechanical energy,
→ → → → →
∴ v AB = v A − v B = v 0 i$ + v 0 $j decrease in gravitational potential energy =
y

∴ |v AB| = 2v 0 ω
P
A
tan θ = 1 ⇒ θ = 45°
withthepositive x-axis.
146. f = µmg
C
t1 = time when linear velocity is zero, if possible.
θ
x
B

increase in rotational kinetic energy about


instantaneousaxisofrotation.Hence,
L 1
f mg (1 − sin θ) = I P ω 2 …(1)
2 2
v 0 − µgt1 = 0 Here, I P = I C + m(PC)2
v 2
∴ t1 = 0 mL2  L mL2
µg = +m  =
12  2 3
t2 = time when angular velocity becomes zero
200 ProblemsinPhysics
Substitutinginequation(1),weget, perpendicular to the lamina and passing
3g through C.
ω= (1 − sin θ) Y
L A
ω
 1  l
dω d 2θ  
Further = 2 = 3g 
dt dt 2 (1 − sin θ) 
 L  b θ
X
C
 −3g cos θ  dθ
 ⋅
 L  dt
B
dθ 3g
But =ω = (1 − sin θ) …(2)
dt L Mb2 Ml 2
Ix = , Iy = ,
dθ 2
3g 12 12
∴ =− cos θ …(3)
dt 2
2L M 2
Hence Iz = Ix + Iy = (l + b2)
x-coordinateofcentreoftherod, 12
L Mb2
x c = cos θ Lx = I x ω x = ω cos θ
2 12
Differentiatingtwicew.r.t.time,weget Ml 2
Ly = I yω y = ω sin θ
2 12
d 2x c L  dθ 
=− cos θ   and Lz = I zω z = 0 (ω z = 0)
dt 2 2  dt 
∴ Totalangularmomentumofthelaminais
L  d 2θ 
− sin θ  2  …(4) →
2  dt  L = L $i + L $j + L k$
x y z

The bar leaves the contact with vertical wall → Mω


when normal reaction (horizontal) between L = ( b 2 cos θ i$ + l 2 sin θ $j)
12
wall and bar is zero or force in x-direction of
thebariszero. This is the angular momentum of the lamina
about C.
∴ ax = 0
→ →
2
d xc Notethat L isnotalong ω
or =0 …(5)
dt 2 →
Component of L along axis of rotation :
Fromequation(2)to(5)weget, →
2 The component of L along axis of rotation or
sin θ = →
3
3
along ω is
At this instant the lower → →
2
end has moved a distance L .ω M 2
givenby, θ L ACB = = (b cos θ $i + l 2 sin θ $j)
ω 12
5 (ω cos θ $i + ω sin θ $j)
d = L cos θ = L 5
3 Mω 2
= (b cos2 θ + l 2 sin 2 θ)
148. X and Y are two mutually perpendicular axes 12
lying on the plane of lamina and passing
L ACB = (I x cos2 θ + I y sin 2 θ) ω = I ACB ω
through centre of mass C and z be the axis
(I ACB = I x cos2 θ + I y sin 2 θ)
Solutions 201
149. Drawing free body diagram of rod 150. (i) Applying the conservation of mechanical
immediatelyafterthestringbreaks. energy between the vertical position (1)
B and the horizontal position (2)
L
(KE + PE)1 = (KE + PE)2
L 1
C 0 + mg = I Aω 2
x 2 2
T L
L 1  mL2  2 3g
mg or mg =  ω or ω=
30° 2 2 3  L
y
A
Considering the free body diagram of the bar
Let a x and a y be the linear accelerations of atthisinstant.
COM and α the angular acceleration of the rod
VelocityofCOMofbaratthisinstantis
aboutCOMasshownbelow.
L/2
A
ω, α
α vc = ω L
2
ax
L 3gL
vc = ω =
2 2
ay Let α be the angular acceleration of bar about
A atthisinstant.Then
Then Σ Fx = 0
L
∴ ax = 0 …(1) τA
mg
α= = 2=3g
Σ Fy mg – T 2
ay = = …(2) IA mL 2L
m m 3
τ TL cos 30° 3 3T
α= = = …(3) Now N x = centripetalforceofCOM
I m (2L)2 2mL
mv c2 3 mg
12 or Nx = =
L/ 2 2
Now just after the string breaks, acceleration
of point A in vertical direction should be zero. and mg – N y = ma y …(1)
B x

y Nx A C B

C
Ny mg

30°
L
30° a y = acceleration of COM in y-direction = α
A 2
L 
or N y = mg – m  α
ay 2 
i.e., a y = Lα cos 30° …(4) = mg –
3mg mg
= …(2)
Solvingequations(1),(2),(3)and(4)weget 4 4

2mg 3 3 g Therefore,resultantreactionatsupport A is
T = and α =
11 11 L N= N x2 + N y2
202 ProblemsinPhysics

 3mg 
2
 mg  37
2 Similarly applying conservation of angular
N=   +  = mg momentumaboutCOMwehave
 2   4  4
(mv 0)(PC) = Iω
Ny
tan α = N Ny  Ml 2 
Nx = + M (0.35 – 0.30)2 + m(PC)2 ω
 12 
mg / 4 1
= =
3 mg / 2 6 α or (0.3)(24)(0.45 – 0.35)
(0.6)(0.6)2
 1 Nx = + (0.6) (0.05)2
or α = tan –1  
 6  12

37 + 0.3 (0.45 – 0.35)2] ω


Therefore, reaction at pivot is mg
4 i.e., ω = 32 rad/s …(2)
 1
at an angle α = tan –1   with horizontal. Rod will become horizontal for the first time
6 when
(ii) After the bar is released from the support
θ = ωt = π / 2
only one force 'mg' acts on its COM. The
π π
angular acceleration thus vanishes and or t= = ≈ 0.05 s
the angular velocity becomes constant. 2ω 2 × 32
Hence Horizontal displacement of COM in this time is
ω (t) = 3 g/L and v c(t) =
3 gL
+ gt x = v t = (8)(0.05) = 0.4 m
2 or x = 40 cm
151. The centre of mass C of the combined
VerticaldisplacementofCOMis
system is located at a distance d from
1 1
thelowerend B oftherodsuchthat y = gt 2 = (10)(0.05)2 = 0.0125 m
0.6 × 30 + 0.3 × 45 2 2
BC = d = = 35 cm or y = 1.25 cm
0.6 + 0.3
Initially COM was at a height of 35 cm from
Let v be the linear velocity (in horizontal
the table. So after t = 0.05 s it will be at a
direction) of COM and ω the angular velocity
height of (35 – 1.25) = 3375
. cm from the
about COM immediately after collision. From
table.
conservationoflinearmomentum
So co-ordinates of COM will be (40.0
A
cm, 33.75 cm) with respect to the edge
of the table.
P 152. (a)Maximumfrictionalforcecanbe
v fmax = µmg
C ω
where m = massofblock
d
Therefore, maximum acceleration of block
B canbe
f
amax = max
m
µmg
mv 0 = (M + m) v = = µg
m fmax
mv 0 (0.3) (24)
or v= = = 8 m /s …(1) = (0.5) (9.8) = 4.9 m/s 2
M + m 0.6 + 0.3
Solutions 203
If acceleration of car, exceeds this value 153. Drawing free body diagrams of all the
slipping will start between the block and the three(block,plankandmass)
car. a T
(b) In the critical case when the block is about T
Mg
a
to topple about A, normal reaction will
N
passthrough A. f
N mg
a
f

G Sincewearetakingthelimitingcase.
Therefore,
mg
A f = frictional f = maximum friction between the block and
force theplank.
f = ma …(1) or f = µN = µMg = µ (4) g
N = mg …(2) f = 4 µg …(1)
The block topples when torque of f about Nowwritingequationsofmotionforallthree
G > torqueof N about G. mg – T = ma (m = 1 kg)
Takingthelimitingvalue
or g–T =a (2)
τ f = τN T – f = Ma (M = 4 kg)
or ( f )(h) = ( N)(b) or T – 4µg = 4 a …(3)
or (ma)(h) = (mg )(b) f = Ma or f = 4 a or 4µg = 4 a
 b  0.6 a = µg
or a =   g =   (9.8) or (4)
h  0.9
Solving equations (2), (3) and (4) for µ, we get
= 6.53 m/s 2 1
µ=
So, if the acceleration of car exceeds this 9
value,theblockwilltoppleabout A. 1
Therefore, minimum value of µ should be or
(c) The maximum acceleration/retardation at 9
which the block is not disturbed, is the 1
µ≥
smaller of the two values, obtained above 9
i.e., 4.9 m/s2 (b) At the time of toppling, normal reaction N
Hence the maximum retardation can be will pass through the front edge as shown
4.9 m/s2 below
N
km
u = 72 = 20 m/s
hr
T
Soapplying
v = u – 2as
2 2
(v = 0) h
Mg
u2 f P
s= (a = 4.9 m/s2)
2a b/2
(20)2
= So, torque of T about P ≤ torque of Mg about
(2)(4.9)
P
or s = 40.82 m
204 ProblemsinPhysics
 b or f1 – f 2 – 100 = 20a 0 …(2)
or T ⋅ h ≤ (Mg )  
 2 τ ( f1 + f 2)R ( f1 + f 2)(01.)
α= = =
 Mg   b I 1 2 1
or T≤   m2R (20)(01. )2
 2  h 2 2
or α = f1 + f 2 …(3)
From equations (2), (3) and (4) we can find
that Asthereisnoslippingatcontacts.Therefore,
8 a 0 = Rα
T = g
9 or a 0 = 01
. α …(4)
8  Mg   b and a 0 + Rα = a or 2a 0 = a
Therefore, g≤  
9  2  h or 2a 0 = 1
or
b

16
(M = 4 kg) or a 0 = 0.5 m/s2 …(5)
h 9M
Solvingtheaboveequationsweget
 b 4
or  ≥ F = 821.84 N
h 9
155. Let a = the linear acceleration of the
b
Therefore, minimum value of so that systemdowntheplane.
h
4 a
the block does not topple is. α = angularaccelerationofeach body =
9 R
154. By symmetry frictional force will be F = forceintheframe
same for both the rollers. Let f1 and f 2 f1 = frictional force between sphere and plane
be the frictional forces between beam f 2 = frictionalforcebetweencylinderand
and rollers and between rolleres and plane
plane. Drawing free body diagram of W = mg = 200 N = weightofeachbody
F
I1 = momentofinertiaofsphereabout centre
2 30°
/s f1 a0 2
=
1m = mR 2 = 8R 2 (m = 20 kg)
a α 5
1
m

0° m2 I 2 = moment of inertia of cylinder about centre


3
sin 1
m 2
g
f2 = mR 2 = 10R 2 (m = 20 kg)
2f1 2
30° 30°
Free body diagrams of sphere and cylinder
Beam Roller
a
beamandanyoneoftheroller. F
Let α be the angular acceleration of roller
about its COM and a 0 its linear acceleration up f2 f1
theplane. 30° 30°
For beam :
F cos 30° – 2 f1 – m1g sin 30° = m1a N2 N1 F
W W
(a = 1 m/s2)
Cylinder Sphere
or 0.87 F – 2 f1 = 600 …(1)
areshownbelow
For roller :
For sphere :
f1 – f 2 – m2g sin 30° = m2a 0
τ1 = I1α
Solutions 205
 a 1 2 1  2 2
or f1R = (8R 2)(α) = (8R 2)   = 8aR or s= at =   t
 R 2 2  3
or f1 = 8a …(1) or 4 = t 2/ 3 (s = 4 m)
W sin 30° – F – f1 = ma or t = 12 = 2 3 s
or 100 – F – f1 = 20a …(2) The linear velocity of the cylinder relative to
Forcylinder: truckis
 a  2 4
τ 2 = I 2α or f 2R = (10R 2)   v r = at =   2 3 = m /s (leftwards)
 R  3 3
or f 2 = 10a (3) In the same time, truck has acquired a forward
W sin 30° + F – f 2 = ma velocity.
or 100 + F – f 2 = 20a …(4) v T = a 0t = (1) 2 3 = 2 3 m/s (rightwards)
Solvingequations(1),(2),(3)and(4)weget Hence at the moment cylinder leaves the
F = 3.45 N truck,itismovingwithalinearvelocity
4 2
156. Acceleration of truck a 0 = 1 m /s 2 v = vr – vT = –2 3=– m /s
3 3
(towardsright)
2
Let a be the linear acceleration of centre of or v= m /s (rightwards)
mass of cylinder (towards left) with respect to 3
truck and α be its angular acceleration anditsangularvelocityis
(anticlockwise)aboutits centre ofmass. v 4 8
Drawing free body diagram of cylinder with ω= r = = rad/s (anticlockwise)
R 3 × 0.5 3
respecttotruck.
Once the cylinder leaves the truck, there is no
Pseudo force a
m a0 external torque on it about centre of mass axis
of rotation. Hence its angular velocity and
α
linear horizontal velocity do not change.
f (friction) Therefore, when it touches the ground, it does
notperformpurerolling.
ma 0 – f = ma
f
∴ a = a0 – …(1) 2
m v= m/s
3
τ fR 2f ω
α= = = …(2)
I 1 mR 2 mR f = fmax = µmg
2
8
Since cylinder rolls without slipping on the ω= rad/s
truck,we have 3
a = Rα …(3) Frictionactsbackward.
Linearretardation
Solvingequations(1),(2)and(3)weget
f
2 2 2 a′ = = µg = (0.40 (10) = 4 m/s2
a = a 0 = (1) = m/s2 m
3 3 3
andangularretardation
with above acceleration, cylinder covers a
distance s = 4 m on the truck in time t given τ µ mg R 2µg 2 × 4
α′ = = = = = 16 rad/s2
by I 1 2 R 0.5
mR
2
206 ProblemsinPhysics
Linear velocity becomes zero in time t1 given by: Thelawofrestitutionnowgives
2 aω
v 1
t1 = = 3 = s C G B
a′ 4 2 3
and angular velocity becomes zero in time t2 u1 (u1 + 2 a ω)
a 2a
givenby:
8
Relative velocity of separation at point of
ω 1 impact = e (relativevelocityofapproach)
t2 = = 3 = s
α ′ 16 2 3
or u 2 − (u1 − aω) = e (u + u)
Since t1 = t2 But e = 1.Hence
i.e., linear velocity and angular velocity 2u = u 2 – u1 + aω …(4)
become zero simultaneously. Hence the
1 Solvingequations(1),(2),(3)and(4)weget
cylinderstopsintime t = s. 3 29 12 u
2 3 u1 = u, u 2 = u, and ω =
Distance (d) moved by cylinder during this 19 19 19 a
timeis: Therefore,
2 29
 2 (a)thespeedoftheparticleis u
  19
v2  3 1
d= = = m (downwards)
2a ′ 2 (4) 6 12 u
(b)theangularspeedoftherodis
157. Immediately after impact, let the speed of rod 19 a
be u1, the speed of the particle be u2 (both 27
downwards) and the angular velocity of the (c)thespeedof B is u1 + 2aω = u
19
rodaboutG,the centre ofmassis ω.
(downwards)
← ←
← J = impulse = F.∆t 158. The initial direction of motion of P is not in the
J
G G +ve direction of impulse. Because the direction of
ω impulse is not known. We use two unknown

J components J1 and J2, and an unknown
u1
a u2 initialspeed u forpoint P.
Using impulse = change in linear momentum Forthemotionofthe centre ofmass:
√3 u – aω
for therod J = – 3mu1 – (–3mu) u 2
J2
= 3m(u − u1) …(1)
for theparticle 60°
P P
C J ω C 1 u
– J = – mu 2 – (mu) 1
2
or J = m (u + u 2) …(2)
mu
Using, angular impulse = change in angular J1 = m (u cos 60° ) = …(1)
momentumofrod 2
1 J 2 = m (u sin 60° – aω)
J ⋅ a = IG ω = (3 m)(4 a)2 ⋅ ω
12  3u 
=m – aω  …(2)
= 4ma 2ω …(3)  2 
In order to use the law of restitution. We need Fortheinitialrotation
the speed of point C, which is u1 – aω
J 2a = I Cω = ma 2ω …(3)
(downwards)
Solutions 207
2
Also given 1 8 2  1 mv 
or  Ma  ⋅   = Mg ( 2 – 1) a
J12 + J 22 = ( 7 m v)2 …(4) 2 3   2 Ma 
Solvingequation(1),(2),(3)and(4)weget  8 2
 I D = Ma 
u = 4v  3 
2
Therefore,thespeedof P is 4v. 1  m 2
or   v = ag ( 2 – 1)
159. Let ω be the angular velocity of cube just after 3 M
collision about an axis passing through D. 1
M
From conservation of angular momentum or v = [ 3 ag ( 2 – 1)]2
aboutanaxispassingthrough D m
2r
m v
B C B C 160. OC = , OP = r
π
4a

ω
3
Hence CP = (OC)2 + (OP )2
A D A D
or CP = 1185
. r
 4 a
mv   = I D ⋅ ω If there is no slipping, then instantaneous axis
 3
ofrotationpassesthrough P.
Here I D = I com + mr 2
where r = perpendicular distance of axis of
rotation passing through D from centre of C
mass(com)ofthecube = 2 a
O IP = 2mr2
N
4mva   4 a 2 + 4 a 2   mg θ
or = M   + M (2a 2) ω
3   12  
f = µsN P
4mva 8 α
or = Ma 2 ⋅ ω
3 3 Angularaccelerationofringabout P is:
1 mv τ p (mg )(CO)
or ω= …(1) α= =
2 Ma Ip (2mr 2)
The cube will topple if its COM is just able to
(mg )  
2r
reach in a vertical height h 2 as shown in figure
 π g
(b). = = …(1)
(2mr 2) πr
h1 = a and h 2 = 2a
Accelerationof centre ofmass
COM a = (CP )(α)
COM
h2  g   1185
. 
h1 = (1185
. r)   =   g …(2)
 πr   π 
ω ω=0
Fig. (a) Fig. (b)

Hence, applying conservation of mechanical x


C
energy ax θ O
1 90°
I Dω 2 = Mg (h 2 – h1) a θ y
2 ay

P
208 ProblemsinPhysics
FromNewton’slaw g →
or → and vertical component of a B is
Σ Fy = ma y 8
or mg − N = m a y 2g g
sin 45° or ↓
or mg − N = m a sin θ 8 8
 1185   2r   1  AC r/ 4 1
or mg − N = m 
. (c) tan θ = = =
 g    AP r 4
 π   π   1185
. r
or θ = 14 °
2
= mg = 0.2 mg
π2 r2
and PC = r 2 + = 1.03 r
or N = mg − 0.2 mg 16
or N = 0.8 mg …(3) Accelerationof centre ofmass C is
Σ Fx = ma x a C = (PC)α C
θ
or µ s N = (m) (a cos θ)  g g →
= (1.03 r )   = aC
 1185
. g  r   
8 r 7 .767
or µ s (0.8 mg ) = (m)    
 π   1185. r →
Horizontalcomponentof a C is
or µ s = 0.398
g
Therefore, minimum value of static a x = a C cos θ = cos 14 ° = 0125
. g→
(7.767)
friction is 0.398.
161. Hoop rolls without sliding. Therefore, ∴ f = ( 4m) a x = 0.5 mg →
instantaneous axis of rotation passes through →
thebottommostpoint. Similarlyverticalcomponentof a C is
3r/4 g
r/4
M
X a y = a C sin θ = sin 14 ° = 0.03g ↓
7.767
C B
A θ
45°
Y Now 4 mg – N = (4m)a y
3mg ←
ac
θ aB
N= normal Hence N = 4mg – 4ma y
N mg reaction
N = 4m (g – a y )
α P f = frictional force N = 4m (g – 0.03g )
C is the centre of mass of the hoop and the N = 3.88 mg ↑
clamp 162. Let acceleration of A is a (down the plane),
r 3r linear acceleration of B relative to A is a r and
where AC = and CB =
4 4 its angular acceleration is α. N is the normal
τP mgr g reaction between A and B and f the frictional
(a) α = = or α = forcebetweenthem.
IP 6mr + 2mr
2 2
8r
Free body diagram of A is shown in figure (a).
(Ip = I hoop + I block )
g
Hence the angular acceleration of hoop is
8r A a
f
 g 2g
(b) a B = (PB)α = ( 2r )   =
 8r  8
30°
→ 2g
∴ Horizontal component of a B is cos 45° mAg + N= 18 + N
8
(a)
Solutions 209
(18 + N) sin 30° – f cos 30° = m Aa v0
Y
or 0.5 N – 0.87 f + 9 = 1.8a …(1)
v1 X
Free body diagram of cylinder relative to A is
showninfigure(b). v2
mBa = 2.7 a N
(Pseudo force)
y From conservation of linear momentum in
60° α horizontaldirection
ar mv1 = Mv 2 …(1)
x
f Linear impulse on the ball in vertical direction
ar = change in linear momentum in vertical
mBg= 27 newton direction.( J = Ndt)
(b)
Hence J = 2mv 0 …(2)
Σ Fx = mB a r Linear impulse on the ball in horizontal
∴ . a sin 60° – f = mB a r
27 direction = change in linear momentum in
or 2.34 a – f = 27
. ar …(2) horizontaldirection.
Σ Fy = 0 ∴ µ J = mv1 …(3)
∴ N + 27
. a cos 60° = 27 Angular impulse on the ball about COM =
changeinangularmomentumaboutCOM.
or N + 1.35a = 27 …(3)
2
τ f ⋅r 2f ∴ µ J ⋅ r = Iω 0 = mr 2 ⋅ ω 0 …(4)
α= = = 5
I 1
mB r 2 mB r Solving equations (1), (2), (3) and (4), we get
2
2 m 2 
substitutingthevaluesof mB and r,weget v1 = rω 0 and v 2 =  rω 0
5 M 5 
α = 975
. f …(4)
for nosliding a r = rα Now actual path of the ball is a projectile
whosetimeofflightwillbe
or a r = 0.076 α …(5)
2v y 2v 0
Solving equations (1), (2), (3), (4) and (5), we get T = =
g g
(a) Acceleration ofthewedge
Relative velocity of ball with respect to plank
a = 7.1 m/s 2
inhorizontaldirectionis
(b) Angularaccelerationofthecylinder  M + m 2  M + m
v r = v1 + v 2 =  v =   rω
α = 53.9 rad/s 2  M  1 5 M  0
163. The forces during impact are shown in the Therefore,thedesireddistanceis
figure: s = v rT
N
4  M + m v 0 rω 0
or s=  
5 M  g
µN µN
1
164. r = m = 0.5 m . P and M are the centres of
2
massofthetwoparts A and B.
Let the horizontal velocities of the ball and the  1
plank be v1 and v 2 in opposite directions as 2 
2r  2
showninfigure: MO = PO = = = 0.32 m
π π
210 ProblemsinPhysics

X
P Y
O O
MC C
θ θ θ
os θ
ac
a a sin θ
Q Q
α
30°
30o
Now (m A + mB ) a y = Σ Fy
(m A + mB ) a sin θ = 60 cos 30 ° – N
Let C be the centre of mass of the whole ring.
or N = 60 cos 30° – (m A + mB ) a sin θ
MP = 2 (0.32) = 0.64 m
= (60) (0.86) – (2 + 4) (3.5) sin 11.9 °
 1
Then MC =   (0.64) = 0.213 m Hencenormalreactionis
 3
N = 47.27 N
∴ CO = 0.32 – 0.213 = 0107
. m
(c) (m A + mB ) a x = Σ Fx
∴ QC = (OQ)2 + (CO)2 = (0.5)2 + (0107
. )2
⇒ (m A + mB )a cos θ = 60 sin 30 ° – f
QC = 0.511 m or f = 60 sin 30 ° − (m A + mB )a cos θ
Forcediagramsisshownasbelow: = (60)(0.5) – (2 + 4)(3.5) cos 11.9 °
∴ frictionalforce
O f = 9.45 N
C
N
θθ
165. (a) Net torque about point of contact of the
F1 f QO 0.5
cos θ = leftspoolshouldbezero.Therefore,
30 °

=
F2 Q CQ 0.511
W T (2R + R) = (m1g sin α) (2R)
α ∴ θ = 11.9o 2
30o Weight = 60 N
or T = m1 g sin α
3
W = 60 N (b) Consideringequilibriumofblock A
F1 = 60 sin30°
F2 = 60 cos 30° T
A
(a)Theringwillrotateaboutpoint Q.
Fmax
τ
angular acceleration, α = Q
IQ Maximumvalueoffriction ≥ T
(60 sin 30° )(QO) + (60 cos 30° )(CO) or fmax ≥ T
or α =
(2m A + 2mB ) r 2 2
or µm Ag ≥ m1g sin α
(60) (0.5) (0.5) + (60) (0.86) (0107
. ) 3
= 2 m1
 1
2
or µ≥ sin α
(2 × 4 + 2 × 2)   3 mA
 2
2 m1
or α = 6.84 rad/s 2
∴ minimum value of µ is sin α
3 mA
(b) Accelerationof centre ofmass, C is:
a = (QC) (α) in the direction shown in figure (c) Equilibriumofblock A gives
i.e., perpendicularto QC 2
f = T = m1g sin α
= (0.511) (6.84) m/s2 = 3.5 m/s 2 3
Solutions 211
Nowconsideringequilibriumofblock B of the cart a 2. As the balls are rolling without
2 slipping,wehave
kx = f = m1g sin α
3 Rα 2 = a 2 − a1
2 m1 g sin α and Rα 2 = rα1
Hence x =
3k andbecause R = 2r
a 2 − a1
B F = kx α1 = 2α 2 =
r
α1
f a1
N1
(d) Net torque about point of contact of the α2 mg
φ N2
rightspoolshouldbezero.Hence N2 φ
T ′ (2R – R) = (m2g sin α)(2R)
α1 N 1
or T ′ = 2m2g sin α
But T ′ = kx or T 8 mg
2 N
Hence m1g sin α = 2 m2g sin α α2
Ffr Ffr
3 F

m1
or =3 N
m2 The moment of inertia of the smaller ball is
2
166. Angularmomentumaboutend A mr 2, while that of the larger one with the
5
3L 9P0
Iω 0 = P0 ⇒ ω0 = same density is
2
× 8m × (2r )2 =
64
mr 2.
4 4mL 5 5
with this angular velocity rod will strike nail Using the notation of the figure, we can write
andmoveback. thefollowingdynamicalequationsofmotion:
Timetakentoreach N, F − F fr = Ma 2
π 2πmL 8mg + N1 − N = 0,
t1 = = …(1)
2ω 0 9P0 F fr − N 2 = 8ma1
Let ω ′ is the new angular velocity after the mg − N1 = 0, N 2 = ma1
collisionwithnail. 2
π 8πmL 2πmL 2πmL N1r cos φ − N 2r sin φ = mr 2α1
t2 = = − = …(2) 5
2ω ′ 27 P0 9P0 27 P0
2rF fr + 2rN 2r sin φ − 2rN1r cos φ
27 P0 64
⇒ ω′ = = mr 2 α 2
4mL 5
Letimpulseofnailbe P ′ then From these equations we can express the
L force F as
P ′ = I (ω ′ + ω 0)
4  7  cos φ
F =  9m + M  g ≈ 79 N
(Again apply conservation of angular  2  1 + sin φ
momentum)
The acceleration of the balls relative to the cart
⇒ P ′ = 12P0 is
167. Let the angular acceleration of the smaller ball 5 cos φ
∆a = a 2 − a1 = g
be α1, that of the larger one α 2, their common 2 (1 + sin φ)
horizontal acceleration a1 and the acceleration
212 ProblemsinPhysics
At the time t when the balls fall from the cart,  l   3F 
the distance they have moved relative to the a x = rα =    
 3   4ml 
L
cartis .Astheirinitialvelocitiesarezero, F
2 or ax =
L 4m
t= = 0.55 s Now let Fx be the force applied by the hinge
∆a
along x-axis.Then:
Note: It is interesting that this stunt can also be
performed with the smaller ball in the horizontal
Fx + F = (3m) a x
position, φ = 0. In this situation the frictional  F 
or Fx + F = (3m)  
force between the balls balances the entire  4m 
weight of the smaller ball. What is more, it is
even possible for φ to be negative, if the 3
or Fx + F = F
coefficient of friction between the balls is 4
sufficientlylarge!
F
or Fx = −
168. (a) The distance of centre of mass (COM) of 4
thesystemaboutpoint A willbe: Further if Fy be the force applied by the hinge
l along y-axis.Then:
r=
3 Fy = centripetalforce
Therefore the magnitude of horizontal force or Fy = 3 ml ω 2
exertedbythehingeonthebodyis
F = centripetalforce 169. Let r be the perpendicular distance of COM of
laminar sheet from the line AB and ω the
or F = (3m) rω 2
angular velocity of the sheet just after colliding
 l  with rubber obstacle for the first time.
or F = (3m)   ω 2
 3 Obviously the linear velocity of COM before
and after collision will be vi = (r) (1 rad/s) = r
or F = 3 ml ω 2 → →
and v f = rω. vi and v f will be in opposite
(b) Angular acceleration of system about
point A is directions.
A Now Linear impulse on COM = Change in
ω, α y linearmomentumofCOM
x or 6 = m (v f + v i) = 30 (r + rω)
1
l l 3l or r (1 + ω) = …(1)
2 5
Similarly angular impulse about AB = change
COM
inangularmomentumabout AB
F
Angular impulse = Linear impulse ×
perpendiculardistanceofimpulsefrom AB
B l C
 3  Hence 6 (0.5 m ) = I AB (ω + 1)
(F )  l [Initialangularvelocity = 1 rad/s]
τA  2 
α= = or 3 = [I COM + Mr 2] (1 + ω)
IA 2ml 2
3F or 3 = [1.2 + 30 r 2] (1 + ω) …(2)
=
4ml Solving(1)and(2)for r, weget
NowaccelerationofCOMalong x-axisis r = 0.4 m and r = 01
. m
Solutions 213
But at r = 0.4 m, ω comes out to be negative m 1
=
(– 0.5 rad/s) which is not acceptable. M 4
Therefore, mv 0 6mv 0
(a) r = distanceofCOMfrom AB = 0.1 m v= and ω =
M ML
(b) Substituting r = 01 . m in equation (1), we
(b) Point P willbeatrestif xω = v
get ω = 1 rad/s i. e. the angular velocity
v mv 0 /M A
with which sheet comes back after the first or x = =
impactis 1 rad/s. ω 6 mv 0 /ML L
(c) Since the sheet returns with same angular 2
or x = L/ 6
velocity of 1 rad/s, the sheet will never COM ω
L L 2 v
cometorest. ∴ AP = + = L x
170. (a) Let just after collision velocity of COM of 2 6 3
P
rod is v and angular velocity about COM πL
(c)Aftertime t =
is ω.Thenapplyingfollowingthreelaws: 3v 0
(i) External force on the system (rod + mass) anglerotatedbyrod,
inhorizontalplanealong x-axisiszero. 6mv 0 πL  m
m v0 m θ = ωt = . = 2π  
ML 3v 0 M
L m 1 π
2 Q = ∴θ=
COM COM v x M 4 2
ω
L Therefore,situationwillbeasshownbelow:
2 A

Before collision After collision

∴ Applying conservation of linear momentum ω v


v A
in x-direction, P ω
mv 0 = Mv ...(1) P

(ii) Net torque on the system about COM of


rodiszero. ∴ Resultantvelocityofpoint P willbe
∴ Applying conservation of angular →
momentumaboutCOMofrod, |v p| = 2v xω = v
√2 v

weget  m
= 2   v0
 L L ML2 M
mv 0   = I ω or mv 0 = .ω
 2 2 12 P v
2 v
MLω = v0 = 0
or mv 0 = …(2) 4 2 2
6 → v
(iii) Since the collision is elastic, kinetic energy or |v p| = 0
isalsoconserved. 2 2
1 2 1 1 1. In a complex type of motion of a rigid
∴ mv 0 = Mv 2 + Iω 2 body, we need to find two things (a)
2 2 2
velocity of centre of mass (b) angular
2 ML2 2
or mv 0 = Mv 2 + ω …(3) velocity about centre of mass. Because by
12 knowing these two quantities we can
From equations (1), (2) and (3), we get the describe the motion of any point on the
followingresults rigidbody.For example:
214 ProblemsinPhysics

P v a1 = accelerationofplank
r 90° vP a 2 = acceleration of centre of mass of cylinder

v and α = angular acceleration of cylinder
COM COM
ω aboutitsCOM.
Directionsof f1 and f 2 areasshownhere.
f1
a1
Velocity of point P in the figure is the vector m2
F m1 a2
sumofvand rω. α
2. In the problem, angular momentum of the
f1 f2
system about any point will be conserved,
because torque on the system was zero
about any point but we conserved it about Sincethereisnoslippinganywhere
COM, because angular velocity 'ω' of rod ∴ a1 = 2a 2 …(1)
aboutCOMwas required.
(Acceleration of plank = acceleration of top
3. First two equations always hold good
pointofcylinder)
(when placed on a 'smooth plane')
F – f1 a1 = 2a2
whether the collision is elastic or not a1 = …(2)
but the third equation i. e., conservation of m2
kinetic energy holds good only when f1 + f 2 a2
collisioniselastic. a2 = …(3)
m1
4. If the collision is inelastic (for even if it is
( f1 – f 2) R
elastic), apply definition of coefficient of α=
restitution(e)atthepointofimpact I
Relative velocity of separation (I = moment of inertia of cylinder above COM)
e=
Relative velocity of approach ( f – f 2) R
∴ α= 1
1
For example, in this question, equation m1R 2
number(3)canbereplacedby: 2
v0 A A 2 ( f1 – f 2)
v+ lω
2
α= …(4)
m1R
Fornoslipping
COM COM
2( f1 – f 2)
a 2 = Rα = …(5)
m1
Solving equations (1), (2), (3) and (5), we get:
L
v0 = v + ω 8F
2 (a) a1 =
3 m1 + 8 m2
Becausecollisioniselastic,therefore,
e = 1 or relative velocity of approach = 4F
and a2 =
relativevelocityofseparation. 3 m1 + 8 m2
171. We can choose any arbitrary directions of 3 m1 F
frictional forces at different contacts. In the (b) f1 = ,
3 m1 + 8 m2
final answer the negative values will show the
oppositedirections. m1 F
f2 =
Let f1 = frictionalforcebetweenplankand 3 m1 + 8 m2
cylinder
Since all are positive, so they are correctly
f 2 = frictional force between cylinder and
showninfigures.
ground
Solutions 215
172. Initial and final positions are shown in fi 173. Given mass of disc, m = 2 kg and radius,
m
R = 01. m
R (i) FBD ofanyonediscisshowninfigure:
5R
4
C R 3R R
4 4 4


Q P R Z
P 3R
4 C
4 Truck
5R 2
4
a = 9m/s
R X
Y
m
Frictional force on the disc should be in
Initial Final
forwarddirection.
Decreaseinpotentialenergyofmass' m'
Let a 0 be the linear acceleration of COM of
 5R  5 mgR disc and α the angular acceleration about its
= mg  2 × =
 4  2 COM.Then:
Decreaseinpotentialenergyofdisc f f
a0 = = …(1)
 R  mgR m 2
= mg  2 ×  =
 4 2 τ f .R
α= =
I 1 mR 2
Therefore, total decrease in potential energy
5 mgR mgR 2
ofsystem = + = 3 mgR 2f 2f
2 2 = = = 10 f …(2)
1 mR 2 × 01 .
Gaininkineticenergyofsystem = I ω2
2 Since there is no slipping between disc and
where I = moment of inertia of system (disc + truck,therefore,
mass)aboutaxis PQ. α
= momentofinertiaofdisc a0
+ momentofinertiaofmass f
P
 mR 2  R
2
 5R  
2 f Q
= +m  +m  
 4  4  

4

15 mR 2
I= a = 9m/s2
8
Fromconservationofmechanicalenergy,
Decrease in potential energy = Gain in kinetic a 0 + Rα = a
energy f
or   + (01 . ) 10 f ) = a
1  15 mR 2  2  2
∴ 3 mgR =  ω 3 2a 2 × 9.0
2 8  or f =a ⇒ f = = N
2 3 3
16g
⇒ ω= ∴ f = 6N
5R
Since this force is acting in positive x-direction,
Therefore, linear speed of particle at its lowest →
point f = (6 i$) N
 5R  5R 16g → → →
v= ω =
 4  4 5R (ii) τ = r × f
or v = 5 gR
216 ProblemsinPhysics
20cm = 0.2m
Linearretardation,
z f
1 2 a= = µg (f = µ mg)
O m
y
x α
a
P Q
f f

Here f = (6 i$) N (forboththediscs) f = µmg

→ → andAngularacceleratio
rP = r1 = – 01
. $j – 01
. k$ τ f.R 2µg
α= = =
→ → I 1 R
mR 2
and rQ = r2 = 01
. $j – 01
. k$ 2
Therefore, frictional torque on disc 1 about Now let v be the linear velocity and ω, the
point O (centre ofmass): angularvelocityofthediscattime t = t0 then
→ → → v = v 0 – at0 = v 0 – µg t0 …(1)
τ = r × f = (– 01
1 1 . k$) × (6 i$) N-m
. $j – 01 2 µg t0
and ω = αt0 = …(2)
= (0.6 k$ – 0.6 $j ) R
→ Forpurerollingtotakeplace
or τ1 = 0.6 ( k$ – $j) N-m v = Rω
→ i. e., v 0 – µ gt0 = 2 µgt0 from(1)and(2)
and | τ1| = (0.6)2 + (0.6)2 = 0.85 N-m v
⇒ t0 = 0
Similarly, 3 µg
→ → → v0
τ 2 = r2 × f = (01 . k$) × (6 i$) N-m
. $j – 01 Substituting the value of t0 = in equation
3 µg

τ 2 = 0.6 (– $j – k$ ) N-m (1),wehave
 v 
→ → v = v 0 – µg  0 
and | τ 2| =| τ1| = 0.85 N-m  3 µg 
174. (i) Between the time t = 0 to t = t0, there is v =
2
v0 …(ii)
forward sliding, so frictional force f is 3
leftwards and maximum i. e., µmg. For (ii) Work done by friction : For t ≤ t0,
time t > t0, frictional force f will become
linear velocity of disc at any time t is
zero, because now pure rolling has started
v = v 0 – µgt and angular velocity is
i. e., there is no sliding (no relative motion) 2µgt
betweenthepointsofcontact. ω = αt = . From work-energy
R
theorem, work done by friction upto time
v0 v t = kinetic energy of the disc at time t –
ω kinetic
energyofthediscattime t=0
1 1 1 2
f = fmax = µmg fmax f=0 ∴ W = mv 2 + Iω 2 − mv 0
t=0
2 2 2
t = t0 1
= m[v 0 – µgt]2
So,fortime t < t0 2
Solutions 217

1 1 2  2 µgt 
2
1 2 ∴ (P. E+ K. E)1 = (P. E+ K. E)2
+  mR    – mv 0
2 2   R  2 1
∴ mgR + 0 = mgR cos θ + Iω 2 + mv 2
1
1 2 2
2
= [mv 0 + mµ 2g 2t 2 – 2mv 0 µgt But ω = v/R
2
+ 2 mµ g t – mv 0 ]
2 2 2 2 (Noslippingatpointofcontact)
1
mµgt and I = mR 2
or W = [3 µgt – 2v 0 ] 2
2
Therefore, mgR = mgR cos θ
For t > t0, frictional force is zero i. e., work done
1 1  1
by friction is zero. Hence the energy will be +  mR 2 (v 2/R 2) + mv 2
conserved. 2 2  2
Therefore, total work done by friction over a 3 2
time t much longer than t0 is total work done or v = gR (1 – cos θ)
4
upto time t0 (because beyond that work done
v2 4
byfrictioniszero) or = g (1 – cos θ) …(1)
whichisequalto R 3
mµgt0 At the time of leaving contact, normal reaction
W= [3µgt0 – 2v 0] N = 0 and θ = θ c . Hence
2
Substituting, t0 = v 0 / 3µg , weget
mv 0 v
W=

θ
[v 0 – 2v 0]

cos
6

θ
in
θ

mg

gs
2
mv 0

m
W = –
6 N=0 mg

175. (a) The cylinder rotates about the point of


contact. Hence the mechanical energy of
thecylinderwillbeconserved i. e.,
mv 2
mg cos θ =
R
ω
v2
v or = g cos θ …(2)
R R
R θ Rcos θ
From(1)and(2)
4
g (1 – cos θ c ) = g cos θ c
3
7
or cos θ c = 1
(1) (2)
4
or cos θ c = 4 / 7
or θ c = cos –1 ( 4/ 7)
ω
4
(b) v = gR (1 – cos θ)
v′ 3
(Fromequation1)
Atthetimeitleavesthecontact
(3)
cos θ = cos θ c = 4 / 7
218 ProblemsinPhysics
4 Let ‘a’ be the linear retardation of block X and
∴ v= gR (1 – 4 / 7)
3 α theangularretardationofdrum Y.Then
Y
4
or v= gR R
7
X
Therefore, speed of COM of cylinder just
4
before it leaves the contact is gR.
7
(c) At the moment, when cylinder leaves the
contact θ=30o

4
v= gR Y
7 T
α
Therefore,rotationalkineticenergy, a T
1 o
K R = Iω 2 30
2 in
gs
m
1 1  1
or K R =  mR 2 (v 2/R 2) = mv 2
2 2  4 30o

1 4 
= m  gR
4 7  a = Rα …(1)
mgR mg sin 30° – T = ma
or KR = …(3)
7 ⇒ mg/ 2 – T = ma …(2)
Now once the cylinder loses its contact, τ T ⋅R
α= =
N = 0, i. e. the frictional force, which is I 1 MR 2
responsible for its rotation, also vanishes. 2
Hence its rotational kinetic energy now 2T
becomes constant, while its translational or α= …(3)
MR
kineticenergyincreases.
Applying conservation of energy at (1) and (3) : Solving(1),(2)and(3)for T ,Weget
Decrease in gravitational P.E. = Gain in 1 Mmg
T =
rotationalK.E.+ translational K.E. 2 M + 2m
∴ Translational K.E. (K T ) = Decrease in Substitutingthevalues,weget
gravitationalP.E. – K R
 1   (2)(0.5)(9.8)
mgR 6 T =  
or K T = (mgR) – = mgR …(4)  2  2 + (0.5)(2) 
7 7
From(3)and (4)wehave = 1.63 N
6 T = 1.63 N
mgR
KT 7 KT
= or =6 (ii) From equation (3), angular retardation of
KR mgR KR drum
7 2T
α=
176. (i) Given, Mass of block X, m = 0.5 kg, MR
Massofdrum Y, M = 2 kg (2) (1.63)
Radius of drum, R = 0.2 m; Angle of inclined = = 815
. rad/s2
(2) (0.2)
plane, θ = 30 °
Solutions 219
orlinearretardationofblock Given l = 0.6 m, m = 0.05 kg, m A = 0.01 kg
a = Rα = (0.2) (815
. ) and mB = 0.02 kg
Substitutingthevalues,weget
= 1.63 rad/s3
I = 0.09 kg-m 2
At the moment when angular velocity of drum
is ω 0 = 10 rad/s, the linear velocity of block will Therefore,fromequation(1)
be 2mvl 2(0.05)(v)(0.6)
ω= =
v 0 = ω 0 R = (10) (0.2) = 2 m/s I 0.09
Now the distance (s) travelled by the block ω = 0.67 v …(2)
unititcomestorestwillbegivenby Now after collision, as shown in figure
v2 mechanicalenergywillbeconserved.
s= 0 ω
2a
[Using v 2 = v 02 − 2aswith v = 0]
(2)2 ω=0
= m
2 (1.63)
or s = 1.22 m
177. System is free to rotate but not free to
translate. During collision, net torque on the
system (rod A + rod B + P
ω
mass m) about point P is
zero. Therefore,decreaseinrotationalK.E.
l A
Therefore, angular =increaseingravitationalP.E.
momentum of system 1 2 l 
before collision = angular or Iω = mg (2l ) + m Ag  
2  2
momentum of system just
after collision (about P). Let l B + mB g (l + l/ 2)
ω be the angular velocity of gl (4 m + m + 3m B)
m v or ω2 = A
system just after collision, I
then (9.8)(0.6)(4 × 0.05
Li = L f + 0.01 + 3 × 0.02)
=
⇒ mv(2l ) = Iω …(1) 0.09
Here I = moment of inertia of system about P = 17.64 (rad/s)2
= m(2l )2 + m A (l 2/ 3) ∴ ω = 4.2 rad/s …(3)
l2
l 
2
Equating(2)and(3),weget
+ mB  +  + l  
12  2  
4.2
v= m/s = 6.3 m/s
0.67

You might also like