• Mnemonic device: FANBOYS – For, And, Nor,

LESSON 3
But, Or, Yet, So
CONJUNCTIONS

FOR AND NOR BUT

CONJUNCTIONS
reason/ negative
addition contrast
cause addition
• a glue that holds words, phrases, and
clauses (both dependent and independent)
together.
OR YET
SO
choice/ contrast/
options/ surprising result
alternative outcome

DEPENDENT
INDEPENDENT CLAUSES
CLAUSES • Examples:
Has a subject and a verb
groups of words that but does not express a
contains a subject, complete thought. She stayed home, for she was sick.
and a verb and It usually starts with
expresses a subordinating
complete thought. It conjunctions like He bought apples and oranges.
“because,” “although,”
can stand alone.
or “when.”
She didn’t call, nor did she text.

Example: My friend bought an Android, but he still

wants an iPhone.
She went to the Because she was
store. tired. Do you want a coffee or a tea?

She purchased Olivia Rodrigo’s concert

• It connects words, phrases, and sentences. ticket yet she sold it to someone else.
• It improves the paper as a whole by giving the
writing coherence or flow. We needed a place to concentrate, so we
• There are three (3) types of conjunctions: packed our things and went to the library.

COORDINATING SUBORDINATING
2. SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
CONJUNCTIONS CONJUNCTIONS
• Joins independent and dependent clauses.
• Dependent clauses cannot stand alone as
CORRELATIVE
full sentences, but they can add more
CONJUNCTIONS
information to independent clauses.
• It signals a cause-and-effect relationship, a
1. COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS contrast, or a relationship between the
clauses.
• Used in joining words of the same part of • List of Subordinating Conjunctions
speech together in a sentence.
because even though even if
• Examples:
unless though although
I bought apples and butter. (both apples
and peanut butter are nouns)
so that wherever until

We can walk or drive to the movie theater.

(both walk and drive are verbs) since as while whereas

• joins independent clauses, which are clauses • Examples:

that can function as full sentences. These
new sentences are called compound We had to cancel the class picnic
sentences – two independent clauses joined because it was raining.
by a coordinating conjunction. Because it was raining, we had to cancel
• Example: the class picnic.

Paul was late for school. He took a Mike sold his house even though he loved
shortcut. it.
Paul was late for school, so he took a Even though he loved it, Mike sold his
shortcut. house.

ENGLISH 10 Page 1 of 5
 the statements ‘you give our team a raise’
The house will flood unless you fix the and ‘we all quit.’)
roof.
Unless you fix the roof, the house will
flood. Not only am I finished studying English, but
I’m also finished writing my history essay.
Make sure his room is clean before he
leaves. (Not only/but…also emphasizes the
Before he leaves, make sure his room is connection between 2 items.)
clean.

I drank a glass of water because I was

IN SUMMARY
thirsty.
Because I was thirsty, I drank a glass of
water.
SUBORDINATING
COORDINATING
CONJUNCTIONS
CONJUNCTIONS
3. CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS
joins 1 independent
joins 2 independent clause and 1
• Join elements within a sentence, indicating clauses dependent clause
the two are equally important.
FANBOYS
• Does not create new sentence types. BECAUSE, UNLESS,
EVEN THOUGH
• List of Correlative Conjunctions

Both/and Whether/or
CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS
joins 2 equal Indicates 2
items possible actions Indicates that the two subjects are
equally important in the sentence.

WHETHER/OR, BOTH/AND, EITHER/OR

Not only/
Either/or
but…also
Presents 2
options/ emphasizes
possibilities the connection
between 2 items

• Examples:

Both Shirley and I like the new paint color.

I am finished with both my English essay and

my history essay.

(Both/and joins 2 equal items. In the first

example, it connects the subjects of the
sentence – Shirley and I. In the second
example, it connects the idea that the
subject [I] is finished with both their
English essay and history essay.)

Whether we win or lose, our coach will be

proud of us.

(Whether/or indicates 2 possible

actions. In the example, it connects the
verbs win and lose)

Either you give our team a raise, or we all quit.

(Either/or presents 2 options or

possibilities. In the example, it connects

ENGLISH 10 Page 2 of 5
 (In this example, “Therefore” functions as
LESSON 4
a transition because it was used at the
CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS & TRANSITIONS
beginning of the sentence, and it
connects ideas at the level of
TRANSITIONS paragraphs.)

• Connects ideas at the level of paragraphs or

larger units of text. WHY IS IT CALLED CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS?
• Transitional words are used to link words,
phrases, or sentences. • Conjunction – connects words, phrases,
• They help the reader progress from one idea clauses, or ideas together.
(expressed by the author) to the next. • Adverb – a word or phrase that can modify a
• They help to build up coherent relationships verb, adjective, another adverb, or entire
within the text. sentence. It can be used to show manner
• Signals the relationship between ideas. (how something happens), degree (to what
• It signals the reader the relationship between extent), place (where), and time (when).
ideas in paragraphs.
• Conjunctive Adverbs behave like
TRANSITIONS VS. CONJUNCTIONS conjunctions and adverbs because:
o They link 2 independent clauses
indicating relationships such as cause-
CONJUNCTIONS TRANSITIONS and-effect, addition, contrast, or
sequence. (Conjunction-Like Function)
Connects elements Connect ideas at the o They modify or describe the action of a
within a sentence. level of paragraphs.
clause by providing information about
time, reason, contrast, or sequence. In
Work more often
other words, they explain how, when, why,
Operate within a or to what extent something happens, like
between sentences
single sentence or or paragraphs to how other adverbs function. (Adverbial
between 2 clauses maintain logical flow. Function)

Typically, it comes Usually appear at the COMMON CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS

beginning or end of
between words or
sentences or paragraphs
AND THEIR FUNCTIONS
clauses. to link ideas

01. CAUSE-AND-EFFECT

I want to go The mall is already shows a cause-and-effect relationship.

shopping but the closed. Therefore, I
mall is already cannot go
therefore consequently thus
closed. shopping.

hence

CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS She studied hard for the exam; therefore, she
felt confident about her performance.
• joins 2 independent clauses, using either a
semi-colon or a period. CAUSE: She studied hard for the exam
• acts as transitions. EFFECT: She felt confident about her
• shows logical relationships between 2 performance.
independent clauses
• guides readers smoothly from one idea to the He did not prepare for the presentation;
next. consequently, he struggled to answer
• Examples: questions.

She studied hard for the exam; therefore, she CAUSE: He did not prepare for the
felt confident about her performance. presentation.
(“Therefore” functions as conjunctive EFFECT: He struggled to answer
adverbs in the example because it was questions.
used within the sentence.)

She studied hard for the exam. Therefore,

she felt confident about her performance.

ENGLISH 10 Page 3 of 5
 It was raining heavily; thus, we stayed He completed the project ahead of schedule;
indoors. subsequently, he received praise from his
supervisor.
CAUSE: It was raining heavily.
EFFECT: We stayed indoors. The meeting ran late; afterward, everyone
went out for dinner.
Ericka’s dog was sick; hence, she had to take
him to the vet. She has been working here for five years;
since she started, she has led several
CAUSE: Ericka’s dog was sick. successful projects.
EFFECT: She had to take him to the vet.
We completed the first phase of the project;
now, we can focus on the next steps.
02. CONTRAST

Shows a contrast or difference between 2 05. EMPHASIS

ideas.
Shows emphasis on sentences.
however despite rather instead
indeed In fact certainly definitely
I wanted to have a vacation; however, I have
a lot of things to do. undoubtedly truly

She was exhausted; despite her fatigue, she The performance of the students was
continued to work on the project. impressive; indeed, they exceeded our
expectations.
I would prefer to stay home; rather, I ended
up going to the party. She has always been an excellent student; in
fact, she won several awards for her
I wanted to go to the party; instead, I stayed academic achievements.
home to finish my book.
The team worked hard on the project;
03. SEQUENCE
certainly, their dedication paid off with the
positive feedback.
Shows the sequence or order of events.
The movie was a huge success;
first next then finally after undoubtedly, it will be remembered as a
classic for years to come.
First, we will gather all the materials; next, we
will begin the project. He has made significant progress in his
studies; truly, he has become one of the top
She finished her homework; then, she went performers in the class.
out to play.
06. ILLUSTRATE
We visited the museum; finally, we went to
the park. Provides examples or clarifications.

She took a shower; after, she got dressed. for example for instance namely

typically such as specifically

04. TIME
in particular
Indicates time and sequence of events.

meanwhile subsequently afterward

Many countries have different customs; for
example, in Japan, it is common to bow when
greeting someone.
since now
There are several strategies for improving
She was studying for her exam; meanwhile, your writing; for instance, reading
her friends were out enjoying the party. extensively can help you develop a better
understanding of style and vocabulary.

ENGLISH 10 Page 4 of 5
 He enjoys outdoor activities; namely, hiking She is an excellent writer; moreover, her
and camping are his favorites. editing skills are top-notch.

Cats are known for their independent nature; The new software improves efficiency; also,
typically, they prefer to spend time alone. it enhances team collaboration.

Several fruits are high in Vitamin C such as He not only plays the guitar; in addition, he
oranges, strawberries, and kiwis. sings beautifully.

I love classical music; specifically, I enjoy The restaurant offers a variety of vegan
compositions by Beethoven and Chopin. options; additionally, it provides gluten-free
meals.
There are many great movies this year; in
particular, the romantic film has received IMPORTANCE OF USING
outstanding reviews. CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS

07. COMPARISON
• It unites elements of an argument together.
• When the argument is unified, and cohesive,
Compare 2 similar ideas. readers are more likely to believe what the
writer is saying.
similarly likewise in the same way • Readers struggling to follow a writer’s thought
progression become frustrated and may even
stop reading the paper.
equally comparatively alternatively

--
The first experiment yielded promising
results; similarly, the second experiment
confirmed those findings. REFERENCES

The team has worked hard to achieve its DepEd Philippines (2019). English – Grade 10
goals; likewise, the management has Learner’s Material Quarter 2 – Module 2.
supported them every step of the way.
Grammarly (2021). What Are Conjunctions?
She approached the problem methodically; in Definition and Examples. Retrieved
the same way, her colleague tackled it with a October 12, 2024, from
systematic strategy. https://www.grammarly.com/blog/parts-
of-speech/conjunctions/
The first book in the series was a bestseller,
equally, the sequel gained immense Gunner, J. (2022, July 29). What Is a
popularity among readers. Conjunction? Explanation, Usage, and
Examples. Your Dictionary. Retrieved
This year’s sales figures are impressive; October 3, 2024 from
comparatively, last year’s numbers were https://www.yourdictionary.com/articles/
much lower. what-are-conjunctions

You can attend the conference in person; UOLLB First Class Law Notes. (2024, July 4).
alternatively, you could join the online Transition vs Conjunction. Retrieved
session from home. October 3, 2024, from
https://uollb.com/blogs/uol/transition-vs-
conjunction
08. ADDITION
Wong, M. (2021). Transitions: Conjunctive
Add information or continue an idea. Adverbs. San Jose State University
Writing Center. Retrieved October 3,
moreover furthermore In addition
2024, from
https://www.sjsu.edu/writingcenter/docs/
updated-handout-pdf/Transitions-
also additionally %20Conjuctive%20Adverbs.pdf

The project was completed ahead of

schedule; furthermore, it came in under
budget.

ENGLISH 10 Page 5 of 5