CSS

Notes for Professionals CSS

Notes for Professionals

GoalKicker.com

Free Programming Books

Disclaimer

This is an unocial free book created for educational purposes and is

not aliated with ocial CSS group(s) or company(s).

All trademarks and registered trademarks are

the property of their respective owners

200+ pages

of professional hints and tricks

Contents

About ....................................................................................................................................................
............................... 1

Chapter 1: Getting started with

CSS .................................................................................................................... 2

Section 1.1: External

Stylesheet ..................................................................................................................................... 2

Section 1.2: Internal

Styles ............................................................................................................................................ 3

Section 1.3: CSS @import rule (one of CSS at-

rule) ................................................................................................... 4

Section 1.4: Inline

Styles ................................................................................................................................................. 4

Section 1.5: Changing CSS with

JavaScript ................................................................................................................. 4

Section 1.6: Styling Lists with

CSS ................................................................................................................................. 5
Chapter 2: Structure and Formatting of a CSS
Rule .................................................................................. 7

Section 2.1: Property

Lists ............................................................................................................................................. 7

Section 2.2: Multiple

Selectors ...................................................................................................................................... 7

Section 2.3: Rules, Selectors, and Declaration

Blocks ............................................................................................... 7

Chapter 3:
Comments .............................................................................................................................................
.... 8

Section 3.1: Single

Line ................................................................................................................................................... 8

Section 3.2: Multiple

Line ............................................................................................................................................... 8

Chapter 4:
Selectors ................................................................................................................................................
... 9

Section 4.1: Basic

selectors ........................................................................................................................................... 9

Section 4.2: Attribute

Selectors .................................................................................................................................... 9

Section 4.3:
Combinators ..........................................................................................................................................
.. 12

Section 4.4: Pseudo-

classes ....................................................................................................................................... 13

Section 4.5: Child Pseudo

Class ................................................................................................................................. 15

Section 4.6: Class Name

Selectors ............................................................................................................................ 16

Section 4.7: Select element using its ID without the high specificity of the ID
selector ....................................... 17
Section 4.8: The :last-of-type
selector ...................................................................................................................... 17

Section 4.9: CSS3 :in-range selector

example .......................................................................................................... 17

Section 4.10: A. The :not pseudo-class example & B. :focus-within CSS pseudo-
class ......................................... 18

Section 4.11: Global boolean with checkbox:checked and ~ (general sibling

combinator) .................................. 19

Section 4.12: ID
selectors ............................................................................................................................................
20

Section 4.13: How to style a Range

input .................................................................................................................. 21

Section 4.14: The :only-child pseudo-class selector

example ................................................................................. 21

Chapter 5:
Backgrounds .........................................................................................................................................
22

Section 5.1: Background

Color ................................................................................................................................... 22

Section 5.2: Background

Gradients ........................................................................................................................... 24

Section 5.3: Background

Image ................................................................................................................................. 25

Section 5.4: Background

Shorthand .......................................................................................................................... 26

Section 5.5: Background

Size ..................................................................................................................................... 27

Section 5.6: Background

Position .............................................................................................................................. 31

Section 5.7: The background-origin

property .......................................................................................................... 32
Section 5.8: Multiple Background
Image .................................................................................................................. 34

Section 5.9: Background

Attachment ....................................................................................................................... 35

Section 5.10: Background

Clip .................................................................................................................................... 36

Section 5.11: Background

Repeat ............................................................................................................................... 37

Section 5.12: background-blend-mode

Property ..................................................................................................... 37

Section 5.13: Background Color with

Opacity ........................................................................................................... 38

Chapter 6:
Centering ...............................................................................................................................................
.. 39

Section 6.1: Using

Flexbox ........................................................................................................................................... 39

Section 6.2: Using CSS

transform .............................................................................................................................. 40

Section 6.3: Using margin: 0

auto; ............................................................................................................................. 41

Section 6.4: Using text-

align ....................................................................................................................................... 42

Section 6.5: Using position:

absolute ......................................................................................................................... 42

Section 6.6: Using

calc() ............................................................................................................................................. 43

Section 6.7: Using line-

height ..................................................................................................................................... 43

Section 6.8: Vertical align anything with 3 lines of

code ......................................................................................... 44

Section 6.9: Centering in relation to another

item ................................................................................................... 44

Section 6.10: Ghost element technique (Michał Czernow's

hack) ........................................................................... 45

Section 6.11: Centering vertically and horizontally without worrying about height or
width ............................... 46

Section 6.12: Vertically align an image inside

div ..................................................................................................... 47

Section 6.13: Centering with fixed

size ....................................................................................................................... 47

Section 6.14: Vertically align dynamic height

elements .......................................................................................... 49

Section 6.15: Horizontal and Vertical centering using table

layout ........................................................................ 49

Chapter 7: The Box

Model ...................................................................................................................................... 51

Section 7.1: What is the Box

Model? .......................................................................................................................... 51

Section 7.2: box-

sizing .................................................................................................................................................
52

Chapter 8:
Margins .................................................................................................................................................
... 55

Section 8.1: Margin

Collapsing .................................................................................................................................... 55

Section 8.2: Apply Margin on a Given

Side ............................................................................................................... 57

Section 8.3: Margin property

simplification .............................................................................................................. 58

Section 8.4: Horizontally center elements on a page using

margin ...................................................................... 58

Section 8.5: Example

1: ................................................................................................................................................ 59

Section 8.6: Negative

margins ................................................................................................................................... 59

Chapter 9:
Padding .................................................................................................................................................
... 61

Section 9.1: Padding

Shorthand ................................................................................................................................. 61

Section 9.2: Padding on a given

side ........................................................................................................................ 62

Chapter 10:
Border ...................................................................................................................................................
.. 63

Section 10.1: border-

radius ......................................................................................................................................... 63

Section 10.2: border-

style ........................................................................................................................................... 64

Section 10.3: Multiple

Borders .................................................................................................................................... 65

Section 10.4: border

(shorthands) ............................................................................................................................. 66

Section 10.5: border-

collapse ..................................................................................................................................... 66

Section 10.6: border-

image ........................................................................................................................................ 67

Section 10.7: Creating a multi-colored border using border-

image ...................................................................... 67

Section 10.8: border-[left|right|top|

bottom] .............................................................................................................. 68

Chapter 11:
Outlines .................................................................................................................................................
.. 69
Section 11.1:
Overview ...............................................................................................................................................
... 69

Section 11.2: outline-

style ............................................................................................................................................ 69

Chapter 12:
Overflow ................................................................................................................................................
71

Section 12.1: overflow-

wrap ........................................................................................................................................ 71

Section 12.2: overflow-x and overflow-

y ................................................................................................................... 72

Section 12.3: overflow:

scroll ....................................................................................................................................... 73

Section 12.4: overflow:

visible ..................................................................................................................................... 73

Section 12.5: Block Formatting Context Created with

Overflow ............................................................................. 74

Chapter 13: Media

Queries ...................................................................................................................................... 76

Section 13.1: Terminology and

Structure ................................................................................................................... 76

Section 13.2: Basic

Example ........................................................................................................................................ 77

Section 13.3:
mediatype .............................................................................................................................................
. 77

Section 13.4: Media Queries for Retina and Non Retina

Screens ........................................................................... 78

Section 13.5: Width vs

Viewport ................................................................................................................................. 79

Section 13.6: Using Media Queries to Target Dierent Screen

Sizes ..................................................................... 79
Section 13.7: Use on link
tag ....................................................................................................................................... 80

Section 13.8: Media queries and

IE8 ........................................................................................................................... 80

Chapter 14:
Floats ....................................................................................................................................................
.. 81

Section 14.1: Float an Image Within

Text ................................................................................................................... 81

Section 14.2: clear

property ........................................................................................................................................ 82

Section 14.3:
Clearfix ..................................................................................................................................................
.. 83

Section 14.4: In-line DIV using

float ............................................................................................................................ 84

Section 14.5: Use of overflow property to clear

floats ............................................................................................ 86

Section 14.6: Simple Two Fixed-Width Column

Layout ............................................................................................ 86

Section 14.7: Simple Three Fixed-Width Column

Layout ......................................................................................... 87

Section 14.8: Two-Column Lazy/Greedy

Layout ...................................................................................................... 88

Chapter 15:
Typography .........................................................................................................................................
89

Section 15.1: The Font

Shorthand ............................................................................................................................... 89

Section 15.2:
Quotes ...................................................................................................................................................
. 90

Section 15.3: Font

Size ................................................................................................................................................. 90

Section 15.4: Text

Direction ......................................................................................................................................... 90

Section 15.5: Font

Stacks ............................................................................................................................................ 91

Section 15.6: Text

Overflow ......................................................................................................................................... 91

Section 15.7: Text

Shadow .......................................................................................................................................... 91

Section 15.8: Text

Transform ...................................................................................................................................... 92

Section 15.9: Letter

Spacing ........................................................................................................................................ 92

Section 15.10: Text

Indent ............................................................................................................................................ 93

Section 15.11: Text

Decoration ..................................................................................................................................... 93

Section 15.12: Word

Spacing ....................................................................................................................................... 94

Section 15.13: Font

Variant .......................................................................................................................................... 94

Chapter 16: Flexible Box Layout

(Flexbox) ..................................................................................................... 96

Section 16.1: Dynamic Vertical and Horizontal Centering (align-items, justify-

content) ...................................... 96

Section 16.2: Sticky Variable-Height

Footer ........................................................................................................... 102

Section 16.3: Optimally fit elements to their

container .......................................................................................... 103

Section 16.4: Holy Grail Layout using

Flexbox ........................................................................................................ 104
Section 16.5: Perfectly aligned buttons inside cards with
flexbox ........................................................................ 105

Section 16.6: Same height on nested

containers .................................................................................................... 107

Chapter 17: Cascading and

Specificity .......................................................................................................... 109

Section 17.1: Calculating Selector

Specificity ........................................................................................................... 109

Section 17.2: The !important

declaration ................................................................................................................. 111

Section 17.3:
Cascading .............................................................................................................................................
112

Section 17.4: More complex specificity

example .................................................................................................... 113

Chapter 18:
Colors ....................................................................................................................................................
115

Section 18.1:
currentColor ..........................................................................................................................................
115

Section 18.2: Color

Keywords ................................................................................................................................... 116

Section 18.3: Hexadecimal

Value ............................................................................................................................. 122

Section 18.4: rgb()

Notation ...................................................................................................................................... 122

Section 18.5: rgba()

Notation ................................................................................................................................... 123

Section 18.6: hsl()

Notation ....................................................................................................................................... 123

Section 18.7: hsla()

Notation ..................................................................................................................................... 124
Chapter 19:
Opacity .................................................................................................................................................
126

Section 19.1: Opacity

Property .................................................................................................................................. 126

Section 19.2: IE Compatibility for

`opacity` .............................................................................................................. 126

Chapter 20: Length

Units ...................................................................................................................................... 127

Section 20.1: Creating scalable elements using rems and

ems ........................................................................... 127

Section 20.2: Font size with

rem .............................................................................................................................. 128

Section 20.3: vmin and

vmax ................................................................................................................................... 129

Section 20.4: vh and

vw ............................................................................................................................................ 129

Section 20.5: using percent

% .................................................................................................................................. 129

Chapter 21: Pseudo-

Elements ............................................................................................................................. 131

Section 21.1: Pseudo-

Elements ................................................................................................................................. 131

Section 21.2: Pseudo-Elements in

Lists .................................................................................................................... 131

Chapter 22:
Positioning ..........................................................................................................................................
133

Section 22.1: Overlapping Elements with z-

index ................................................................................................... 133

Section 22.2: Absolute

Position ................................................................................................................................ 134
Section 22.3: Fixed
position ...................................................................................................................................... 135

Section 22.4: Relative

Position ................................................................................................................................. 135

Section 22.5: Static

positioning ................................................................................................................................ 135

Chapter 23: Layout

Control ................................................................................................................................. 137

Section 23.1: The display

property ........................................................................................................................... 137

Section 23.2: To get old table structure using

div ................................................................................................. 139

Chapter 24:
Grid .......................................................................................................................................................
. 141

Section 24.1: Basic

Example ..................................................................................................................................... 141

Chapter 25:
Tables ...................................................................................................................................................
143

Section 25.1: table-

layout ......................................................................................................................................... 143

Section 25.2: empty-

cells ......................................................................................................................................... 143

Section 25.3: border-

collapse .................................................................................................................................. 143

Section 25.4: border-

spacing ................................................................................................................................... 144

Section 25.5: caption-

side ........................................................................................................................................ 144

Chapter 26:
Transitions .........................................................................................................................................
145
Section 26.1: Transition
shorthand ........................................................................................................................... 145

Section 26.2: cubic-

bezier ......................................................................................................................................... 145

Section 26.3: Transition

(longhand) ........................................................................................................................ 147

Chapter 27:
Animations .........................................................................................................................................
148

Section 27.1: Animations with

keyframes ................................................................................................................ 148

Section 27.2: Animations with the transition

property .......................................................................................... 149

Section 27.3: Syntax

Examples ................................................................................................................................ 150

Section 27.4: Increasing Animation Performance Using the `will-change`

Attribute .......................................... 151

Chapter 28: 2D
Transforms ................................................................................................................................. 152

Section 28.1:
Rotate ...................................................................................................................................................
152

Section 28.2:
Scale ....................................................................................................................................................
153

Section 28.3:
Skew .....................................................................................................................................................
153

Section 28.4: Multiple

transforms ............................................................................................................................ 153

Section 28.5:
Translate .............................................................................................................................................
154
Section 28.6: Transform
Origin ................................................................................................................................ 155

Chapter 29: 3D
Transforms ................................................................................................................................. 156

Section 29.1: Compass pointer or needle shape using 3D

transforms ................................................................ 156

Section 29.2: 3D text eect with

shadow ................................................................................................................ 157

Section 29.3: backface-

visibility ............................................................................................................................... 158

Section 29.4: 3D
cube ............................................................................................................................................... 159

Chapter 30: Filter

Property ................................................................................................................................. 161

Section 30.1:
Blur .......................................................................................................................................................
. 161

Section 30.2: Drop Shadow (use box-shadow instead if

possible) ...................................................................... 161

Section 30.3: Hue

Rotate .......................................................................................................................................... 162

Section 30.4: Multiple Filter

Values .......................................................................................................................... 162

Section 30.5: Invert

Color ......................................................................................................................................... 163

Chapter 31: Cursor

Styling .................................................................................................................................... 164

Section 31.1: Changing cursor

type .......................................................................................................................... 164

Section 31.2: pointer-

events ..................................................................................................................................... 164

Section 31.3: caret-

color ............................................................................................................................................ 165

Chapter 32: box-

shadow ....................................................................................................................................... 166

Section 32.1: bottom-only drop shadow using a pseudo-

element ...................................................................... 166

Section 32.2: drop

shadow ....................................................................................................................................... 167

Section 32.3: inner drop

shadow ............................................................................................................................. 167

Section 32.4: multiple

shadows ................................................................................................................................ 168

Chapter 33: Shapes for

Floats ........................................................................................................................... 170

Section 33.1: Shape Outside with Basic Shape –

circle() ........................................................................................ 170

Section 33.2: Shape

margin ...................................................................................................................................... 171

Chapter 34: List

Styles ........................................................................................................................................... 173

Section 34.1: Bullet

Position ...................................................................................................................................... 173

Section 34.2: Removing Bullets /

Numbers ............................................................................................................ 173

Section 34.3: Type of Bullet or

Numbering ............................................................................................................. 173

Chapter 35:
Counters ..............................................................................................................................................
175

Section 35.1: Applying roman numerals styling to the counter

output ............................................................... 175

Section 35.2: Number each item using CSS

Counter ............................................................................................. 175
Section 35.3: Implementing multi-level numbering using CSS
counters ............................................................. 176

Chapter 36:
Functions .............................................................................................................................................
178

Section 36.1: calc()

function ...................................................................................................................................... 178

Section 36.2: attr()

function ...................................................................................................................................... 178

Section 36.3: var()

function ...................................................................................................................................... 178

Section 36.4: radial-gradient()

function .................................................................................................................. 179

Section 36.5: linear-gradient()

function .................................................................................................................. 179

Chapter 37: Custom Properties

(Variables) ................................................................................................ 180

Section 37.1: Variable

Color ...................................................................................................................................... 180

Section 37.2: Variable

Dimensions .......................................................................................................................... 180

Section 37.3: Variable

Cascading ............................................................................................................................ 180

Section 37.4:
Valid/Invalids ......................................................................................................................................
181

Section 37.5: With media

queries ............................................................................................................................. 182

Chapter 38: Single Element

Shapes ................................................................................................................ 184

Section 38.1:
Trapezoid .............................................................................................................................................
184
Section 38.2:
Triangles ..............................................................................................................................................
184

Section 38.3: Circles and

Ellipses ............................................................................................................................. 187

Section 38.4:
Bursts ...................................................................................................................................................
188

Section 38.5:
Square .................................................................................................................................................
190

Section 38.6:
Cube .....................................................................................................................................................
190

Section 38.7:
Pyramid ...............................................................................................................................................
191

Chapter 39:
Columns ...............................................................................................................................................
193

Section 39.1: Simple Example (column-

count) ....................................................................................................... 193

Section 39.2: Column

Width ..................................................................................................................................... 193

Chapter 40: Multiple

columns ............................................................................................................................ 195

Section 40.1: Create Multiple

Columns .................................................................................................................... 195

Section 40.2: Basic

example .................................................................................................................................... 195

Chapter 41: Inline-Block

Layout ........................................................................................................................ 196

Section 41.1: Justified navigation

bar ...................................................................................................................... 196

Chapter 42:
Inheritance ........................................................................................................................................
197

Section 42.1: Automatic

inheritance ........................................................................................................................ 197

Section 42.2: Enforced

inheritance .......................................................................................................................... 197

Chapter 43: CSS Image

Sprites ......................................................................................................................... 198

Section 43.1: A Basic

Implementation ...................................................................................................................... 198

Chapter 44: Clipping and

Masking .................................................................................................................. 199

Section 44.1: Clipping and Masking: Overview and

Dierence ............................................................................. 199

Section 44.2: Simple mask that fades an image from solid to

transparent ....................................................... 201

Section 44.3: Clipping

(Circle) .................................................................................................................................. 201

Section 44.4: Clipping

(Polygon) .............................................................................................................................. 202

Section 44.5: Using masks to cut a hole in the middle of an

image .................................................................... 203

Section 44.6: Using masks to create images with irregular

shapes .................................................................... 204

Chapter 45:
Fragmentation ................................................................................................................................ 206

Section 45.1: Media print page-

break ..................................................................................................................... 206

Chapter 46: CSS Object Model

(CSSOM) ....................................................................................................... 207
Section 46.1: Adding a background-image rule via the
CSSOM ........................................................................... 207

Section 46.2:
Introduction .........................................................................................................................................
207

Chapter 47: Feature

Queries .............................................................................................................................. 208

Section 47.1: Basic @supports

usage ...................................................................................................................... 208

Section 47.2: Chaining feature

detections .............................................................................................................. 208

Chapter 48: Stacking

Context ........................................................................................................................... 209

Section 48.1: Stacking

Context ................................................................................................................................. 209

Chapter 49: Block Formatting

Contexts ....................................................................................................... 212

Section 49.1: Using the overflow property with a value dierent to

visible ........................................................ 212

Chapter 50: Vertical

Centering .......................................................................................................................... 213

Section 50.1: Centering with display:

table .............................................................................................................. 213

Section 50.2: Centering with

Flexbox ...................................................................................................................... 213

Section 50.3: Centering with

Transform ................................................................................................................. 214

Section 50.4: Centering Text with Line

Height ........................................................................................................ 214

Section 50.5: Centering with Position:

absolute ..................................................................................................... 214

Section 50.6: Centering with pseudo

element ........................................................................................................ 215

Chapter 51: Object Fit and

Placement ........................................................................................................... 217

Section 51.1: object-

fit ................................................................................................................................................ 217

Chapter 52: CSS design

patterns ..................................................................................................................... 220

Section 52.1:
BEM .......................................................................................................................................................
220

Chapter 53: Browser Support &

Prefixes ...................................................................................................... 222

Section 53.1:
Transitions ............................................................................................................................................
222

Section 53.2:
Transform ...........................................................................................................................................
222

Chapter 54: Normalizing Browser

Styles ..................................................................................................... 223

Section 54.1:
normalize.css .......................................................................................................................................
223

Section 54.2: Approaches and

Examples ............................................................................................................... 223

Chapter 55: Internet Explorer

Hacks .............................................................................................................. 226

Section 55.1: Adding Inline Block support to IE6 and

IE7 ....................................................................................... 226

Section 55.2: High Contrast Mode in Internet Explorer 10 and

greater ............................................................... 226

Section 55.3: Internet Explorer 6 & Internet Explorer 7

only ................................................................................. 227
Section 55.4: Internet Explorer 8
only ..................................................................................................................... 227

Chapter 56:
Performance .....................................................................................................................................
228

Section 56.1: Use transform and opacity to avoid trigger

layout ........................................................................ 228

Credits ...................................................................................................................................................
......................... 231

You may also

like ......................................................................................................................................................
236

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 1

About

Please feel free to share this PDF with anyone for free,

latest version of this book can be downloaded from:

https://goalkicker.com/CSSBook

This CSS Notes for Professionals book is compiled from Stack Overflow

Documentation, the content is written by the beautiful people at Stack Overflow.

Text content is released under Creative Commons BY-SA, see credits at the end

of this book whom contributed to the various chapters. Images may be copyright

of their respective owners unless otherwise specified

This is an unofficial free book created for educational purposes and is not

affiliated with official CSS group(s) or company(s) nor Stack Overflow. All

trademarks and registered trademarks are the property of their respective

company owners

The information presented in this book is not guaranteed to be correct nor

accurate, use at your own risk

Please send feedback and corrections to [email protected]

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 2

Chapter 1: Getting started with CSS

Version Release Date

1 1996-12-17

2 1998-05-12

3 2015-10-13

Section 1.1: External Stylesheet

An external CSS stylesheet can be applied to any number of HTML documents by placing a <link>
element in each

HTML document.

The attribute rel of the <link> tag has to be set to "stylesheet", and the href attribute to the relative or
absolute

path to the stylesheet. While using relative URL paths is generally considered good practice, absolute
paths can be

used, too. In HTML5 the type attribute can be omitted.

It is recommended that the <link> tag be placed in the HTML file's <head> tag so that the styles are
loaded before

the elements they style. Otherwise, users will see a flash of unstyled content.

Example

hello-world.html

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>

<meta charset="utf-8" />

<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="style.css">

</head>
<body>

<h1>Hello world!</h1>

<p>I ♥ CSS</p>

</body>

</html>

style.css

h1 {

color: green;

text-decoration: underline;

p{

font-size: 25px;

font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;

Make sure you include the correct path to your CSS file in the href. If the CSS file is in the same folder
as your HTML

file then no path is required (like the example above) but if it's saved in a folder, then specify it like this

href="foldername/style.css".

<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="foldername/style.css">

External stylesheets are considered the best way to handle your CSS. There's a very simple reason for
this: when

you're managing a site of, say, 100 pages, all controlled by a single stylesheet, and you want to change
your link

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 3

colors from blue to green, it's a lot easier to make the change in your CSS file and let the changes
"cascade"

throughout all 100 pages than it is to go into 100 separate pages and make the same change 100
times. Again, if

you want to completely change the look of your website, you only need to update this one file.

You can load as many CSS files in your HTML page as needed.

<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="main.css">

<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="override.css">

CSS rules are applied with some basic rules, and order does matter. For example, if you have a main.css
file with

some code in it:

p.green { color: #00FF00; }

All your paragraphs with the 'green' class will be written in light green, but you can override this with
another .css

file just by including it after main.css. You can have override.css with the following code follow
main.css, for

example:

p.green { color: #006600; }

Now all your paragraphs with the 'green' class will be written in darker green rather than light green.

Other principles apply, such as the '!important' rule, specificity, and inheritance.

When someone first visits your website, their browser downloads the HTML of the current page plus
the linked CSS

file. Then when they navigate to another page, their browser only needs to download the HTML of
that page; the

CSS file is cached, so it does not need to be downloaded again. Since browsers cache the external
stylesheet, your

pages load faster.

Section 1.2: Internal Styles

CSS enclosed in <style></style> tags within an HTML document functions like an external stylesheet,
except that

it lives in the HTML document it styles instead of in a separate file, and therefore can only be applied
to the
document in which it lives. Note that this element must be inside the <head> element for HTML
validation (though it

will work in all current browsers if placed in body).

<head>

<style>

h1 {

color: green;

text-decoration: underline;

p{

font-size: 25px;

font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;

</style>

</head>

<body>

<h1>Hello world!</h1>

<p>I ♥ CSS</p>

</body>

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 4

Section 1.3: CSS @import rule (one of CSS at-rule)

The @import CSS at-rule is used to import style rules from other style sheets. These rules must precede
all other

types of rules, except @charset rules; as it is not a nested statement, @import cannot be used inside
conditional

group at-rules. @import.

How to use @import

You can use @import rule in following ways:

A. With internal style tag

<style>

@import url('/css/styles.css');

</style>

B. With external stylesheet

The following line imports a CSS file named additional-styles.css in the root directory into the CSS file
in which it

appears:

@import '/additional-styles.css';

Importing external CSS is also possible. A common use case are font files.

@import 'https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato';

An optional second argument to @import rule is a list of media queries:

@import '/print-styles.css' print;

@import url('landscape.css') screen and (orientation:landscape);

Section 1.4: Inline Styles

Use inline styles to apply styling to a specific element. Note that this is not optimal. Placing style rules
in a <style>

tag or external CSS file is encouraged in order to maintain a distinction between content and
presentation.

Inline styles override any CSS in a <style> tag or external style sheet. While this can be useful in some

circumstances, this fact more often than not reduces a project's maintainability.

The styles in the following example apply directly to the elements to which they are attached.

<h1 style="color: green; text-decoration: underline;">Hello world!</h1>

<p style="font-size: 25px; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS';">I ♥ CSS</p>

Inline styles are generally the safest way to ensure rendering compatibility across various email
clients, programs
and devices, but can be time-consuming to write and a bit challenging to manage.

Section 1.5: Changing CSS with JavaScript

Pure JavaScript

It's possible to add, remove or change CSS property values with JavaScript through an element's style
property.

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 5

var el = document.getElementById("element");

el.style.opacity = 0.5;

el.style.fontFamily = 'sans-serif';

Note that style properties are named in lower camel case style. In the example you see that the css
property fontfamily becomes fontFamily in javascript.

As an alternative to working directly on elements, you can create a <style> or <link> element in
JavaScript and

append it to the <body> or <head> of the HTML document.

jQuery

Modifying CSS properties with jQuery is even simpler.

$('#element').css('margin', '5px');

If you need to change more than one style rule:

$('#element').css({

margin: "5px",

padding: "10px",

color: "black"

});

jQuery includes two ways to change css rules that have hyphens in them (i.e. font-size). You can put
them in

quotes or camel-case the style rule name.

$('.example-class').css({
"background-color": "blue",

fontSize: "10px"

});

See also

JavaScript documentation – Reading and Changing CSS Style.

jQuery documentation – CSS Manipulation

Section 1.6: Styling Lists with CSS

There are three different properties for styling list-items: list-style-type, list-style-image, and list-
styleposition, which should be declared in that order. The default values are disc, outside, and none,
respectively. Each

property can be declared separately, or using the list-style shorthand property.

list-style-type defines the shape or type of bullet point used for each list-item.

Some of the acceptable values for list-style-type:

disc

circle

square

decimal

lower-roman

upper-roman

none

(For an exhaustive list, see the W3C specification wiki)

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 6

To use square bullet points for each list-item, for example, you would use the following property-value
pair:

li {

list-style-type: square;

}
The list-style-image property determines whether the list-item icon is set with an image, and accepts a
value of

none or a URL that points to an image.

li {

list-style-image: url(images/bullet.png);

The list-style-position property defines where to position the list-item marker, and it accepts one of
two values:

"inside" or "outside".

li {

list-style-position: inside;

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 7

Chapter 2: Structure and Formatting of a

CSS Rule

Section 2.1: Property Lists

Some properties can take multiple values, collectively known as a property list.

/* Two values in this property list */

span {

text-shadow: yellow 0 0 3px, green 4px 4px 10px;

/* Alternate Formatting */

span {

text-shadow:

yellow 0 0 3px,

green 4px 4px 10px;

}

Section 2.2: Multiple Selectors

When you group CSS selectors, you apply the same styles to several different elements without
repeating the styles

in your style sheet. Use a comma to separate multiple grouped selectors.

div, p { color: blue }

So the blue color applies to all <div> elements and all <p> elements. Without the comma only <p>
elements that are

a child of a <div> would be red.

This also applies to all types of selectors.

p, .blue, #first, div span{ color : blue }

This rule applies to:

<p>

elements of the blue class

element with the ID first

every <span> inside of a <div>

Section 2.3: Rules, Selectors, and Declaration Blocks

A CSS rule consists of a selector (e.g. h1) and declaration block ({}).

h1 {}

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 8

Chapter 3: Comments

Section 3.1: Single Line

/* This is a CSS comment */

div {

color: red; /* This is a CSS comment */

}
Section 3.2: Multiple Line

/*

This

is

CSS

comment

*/

div {

color: red;

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 9

Chapter 4: Selectors

CSS selectors identify specific HTML elements as targets for CSS styles. This topic covers how CSS
selectors target

HTML elements. Selectors use a wide range of over 50 selection methods offered by the CSS language,
including

elements, classes, IDs, pseudo-elements and pseudo-classes, and patterns.

Section 4.1: Basic selectors

Selector Description

* Universal selector (all elements)

div Tag selector (all <div> elements)

.blue Class selector (all elements with class blue)

.blue.red All elements with class blue and red (a type of Compound selector)

#headline ID selector (the element with "id" attribute set to headline)

:pseudo-class All elements with pseudo-class

::pseudo-element Element that matches pseudo-element

:lang(en) Element that matches :lang declaration, for example <span lang="en">

div > p child selector

Note: The value of an ID must be unique in a web page. It is a violation of the HTML standard to use
the

value of an ID more than once in the same document tree.

A complete list of selectors can be found in the CSS Selectors Level 3 specification.

Section 4.2: Attribute Selectors

Overview

Attribute selectors can be used with various types of operators that change the selection criteria
accordingly. They

select an element using the presence of a given attribute or attribute value.

Selector(1) Matched element Selects elements... CSS Version

[attr] <div attr> With attribute attr 2

[attr='val'] <div attr="val"> Where attribute attr has value val 2

[attr~='val'] <div attr="val val2 val3">

Where val appears in the

whitespace-separated list of attr

[attr^='val'] <div attr="val1 val2"> Where attr's value begins with val 3

[attr$='val'] <div attr="sth aval"> Where the attr's value ends with val 3

[attr*='val'] <div attr="somevalhere"> Where attr contains val anywhere 3

[attr|='val'] <div attr="val-sth etc">

Where attr's value is exactly val,

or starts with val and immediately

followed by - (U+002D)
2

[attr='val' i] <div attr="val">

Where attr has value val,

ignoring val's letter casing. 4(2)

Notes:

1. The attribute value can be surrounded by either single-quotes or double-quotes. No quotes at all
may also

work, but it's not valid according to the CSS standard, and is discouraged.

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 10

2. There is no single, integrated CSS4 specification, because it is split into separate modules. However,
there are

"level 4" modules. See browser support.

Details

[attribute]

Selects elements with the given attribute.

div[data-color] {

color: red;

<div data-color="red">This will be red</div>

<div data-color="green">This will be red</div>

<div data-background="red">This will NOT be red</div>

Live Demo on JSBin

[attribute="value"]

Selects elements with the given attribute and value.

div[data-color="red"] {

color: red;
}

<div data-color="red">This will be red</div>

<div data-color="green">This will NOT be red</div>

<div data-color="blue">This will NOT be red</div>

Live Demo on JSBin

[attribute*="value"]

Selects elements with the given attribute and value where the given attribute contains the given value
anywhere (as

a substring).

[class*="foo"] {

color: red;

<div class="foo-123">This will be red</div>

<div class="foo123">This will be red</div>

<div class="bar123foo">This will be red</div>

<div class="barfooo123">This will be red</div>

<div class="barfo0">This will NOT be red</div>

Live Demo on JSBin

[attribute~="value"]

Selects elements with the given attribute and value where the given value appears in a whitespace-
separated list.

[class~="color-red"] {

color: red;

<div class="color-red foo-bar the-div">This will be red</div>

<div class="color-blue foo-bar the-div">This will NOT be red</div>

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 11

Live Demo on JSBin

[attribute^="value"]

Selects elements with the given attribute and value where the given attribute begins with the value.

[class^="foo-"] {

color: red;

<div class="foo-123">This will be red</div>

<div class="foo-234">This will be red</div>

<div class="bar-123">This will NOT be red</div>

Live Demo on JSBin

[attribute$="value"]

Selects elements with the given attribute and value where the given attribute ends with the given
value.

[class$="file"] {

color: red;

<div class="foobar-file">This will be red</div>

<div class="foobar-file">This will be red</div>

<div class="foobar-input">This will NOT be red</div>

Live Demo on JSBin

[attribute|="value"]

Selects elements with a given attribute and value where the attribute's value is exactly the given value
or is exactly

the given value followed by - (U+002D)

[lang|="EN"] {
color: red;

<div lang="EN-us">This will be red</div>

<div lang="EN-gb">This will be red</div>

<div lang="PT-pt">This will NOT be red</div>

Live Demo on JSBin

[attribute="value" i]

Selects elements with a given attribute and value where the attribute's value can be represented as
Value, VALUE,

vAlUe or any other case-insensitive possibility.

[lang="EN" i] {

color: red;

<div lang="EN">This will be red</div>

<div lang="en">This will be red</div>

<div lang="PT">This will NOT be red</div>

Live Demo on JSBin

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 12

Specificity of attribute selectors

0-1-0

Same as class selector and pseudoclass.

*[type=checkbox] // 0-1-0

Note that this means an attribute selector can be used to select an element by its ID at a lower level of
specificity

than if it was selected with an ID selector: [id="my-ID"] targets the same element as #my-ID but with
lower

specificity.
See the Syntax Section for more details.

Section 4.3: Combinators

Overview

Selector Description

div span Descendant selector (all <span>s that are descendants of a <div>)

div > span Child selector (all <span>s that are a direct child of a <div>)

a ~ span General Sibling selector (all <span>s that are siblings after an <a>)

a + span Adjacent Sibling selector (all <span>s that are immediately after an <a>)

Note: Sibling selectors target elements that come after them in the source document. CSS, by its nature

(it cascades), cannot target previous or parent elements. However, using the flex order property, a

previous sibling selector can be simulated on visual media.

Descendant Combinator: selector selector

A descendant combinator, represented by at least one space character (), selects elements that are a
descendant of

the defined element. This combinator selects all descendants of the element (from child elements on
down).

div p {

color:red;

<div>

<p>My text is red</p>

<section>

<p>My text is red</p>

</section>

</div>

<p>My text is not red</p>

Live Demo on JSBin

In the above example, the first two <p> elements are selected since they are both descendants of the
<div>.

Child Combinator: selector > selector

The child (>) combinator is used to select elements that are children, or direct descendants, of the
specified

element.

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 13

div > p {

color:red;

<div>

<p>My text is red</p>

<section>

<p>My text is not red</p>

</section>

</div>

Live Demo on JSBin

The above CSS selects only the first <p> element, as it is the only paragraph directly descended from a
<div>.

The second <p> element is not selected because it is not a direct child of the <div>.

Adjacent Sibling Combinator: selector + selector

The adjacent sibling (+) combinator selects a sibling element that immediate follows a specified
element.

p+p{

color:red;

}
<p>My text is not red</p>

<p>My text is red</p>

<p>My text is red</p>

<hr>

<p>My text is not red</p>

Live Demo on JSBin

The above example selects only those <p> elements which are directly preceded by another <p>
element.

General Sibling Combinator: selector ~ selector

The general sibling (~) combinator selects all siblings that follow the specified element.

p~p{

color:red;

<p>My text is not red</p>

<p>My text is red</p>

<hr>

<h1>And now a title</h1>

<p>My text is red</p>

Live Demo on JSBin

The above example selects all <p> elements that are preceded by another <p> element, whether or not
they are

immediately adjacent.

Section 4.4: Pseudo-classes

Pseudo-classes are keywords which allow selection based on information that lies outside of the
document tree or

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 14

that cannot be expressed by other selectors or combinators. This information can be associated to a
certain state

(state and dynamic pseudo-classes), to locations (structural and target pseudo-classes), to negations of
the former

(negation pseudo-class) or to languages (lang pseudo-class). Examples include whether or not a link
has been

followed (:visited), the mouse is over an element (:hover), a checkbox is checked (:checked), etc.

Syntax

selector:pseudo-class {

property: VALUE;

List of pseudo-classes:

Name Description

:active Applies to any element being activated (i.e. clicked) by the user.

:any

Allows you to build sets of related selectors by creating groups that the

included items will match. This is an alternative to repeating an entire selector.

:target Selects the current active #news element (clicked on a URL

containing that anchor name)

:checked Applies to radio, checkbox, or option elements that are checked

or toggled into an "on" state.

:default Represents any user interface element that is the default among a group of

similar elements.

:disabled Applies to any UI element which is in a disabled state.

:empty Applies to any element which has no children.

:enabled Applies to any UI element which is in an enabled state.

:first Used in conjunction with the @page rule, this selects the first page in a
printed document.

:first-child Represents any element that is the first child element of its parent.

:first-of-type Applies when an element is the first of the selected element type

inside its parent. This may or may not be the first-child.

:focus Applies to any element which has the user's focus. This can be given by the

user's keyboard, mouse events, or other forms of input.

:focus-within Can be used to highlight a whole section when one element inside it is focused. It
matches

any element that the :focus pseudo-class matches or that has a descendant focused.

:full-screen Applies to any element displayed in full-screen mode. It selects the whole stack

of elements and not just the top level element.

:hover Applies to any element being hovered by the user's pointing device, but

not activated.

:indeterminate

Applies radio or checkbox UI elements which are neither checked nor

unchecked, but are in an indeterminate state. This can be due to an

element's attribute or DOM manipulation.

:in-range

The :in-range CSS pseudo-class matches when an element has

its value attribute inside the specified range limitations for this element.

It allows the page to give a feedback that the value currently defined

using the element is inside the range limits.

:invalid Applies to <input> elements whose values are invalid according to

the type specified in the type= attribute.

:lang

Applies to any element who's wrapping <body> element has a properly

designated lang= attribute. For the pseudo-class to be valid, it must

contain a valid two or three letter language code.

:last-child Represents any element that is the last child element of its parent.

:last-of-type Applies when an element is the last of the selected element type inside

its parent. This may or may not be the last-child.

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 15

:left Used in conjunction with the @page rule, this selects all the left

pages in a printed document.

:link Applies to any links which haven't been visited by the user.

:not()

Applies to all elements which do not match the value passed to

(:not(p) or :not(.class-name) for example. It must have a value to be

valid and it can only contain one selector. However, you can chain multiple :not selectors

together.

:nth-child

Applies when an element is the n-th element of its parent, where n

can be an integer, a mathematical expression (e.g n+3) or the keywords

odd or even.

:nth-of-type

Applies when an element is the n-th element of its parent of the

same element type, where n can be an integer, a mathematical

expression (e.g n+3) or the keywords odd or even.

:only-child

The :only-child CSS pseudo-class represents any element

which is the only child of its parent. This is the same as

:first-child:last-child or :nth-child(1):nth-last-child(1),

but with a lower specificity.

:optional

The :optional CSS pseudo-class represents any element

that does not have the required attribute set on it. This allows

forms to easily indicate optional fields and to style them accordingly.

:out-of-range

The :out-of-range CSS pseudo-class matches when an element has its

value attribute outside the specified range limitations for this element.

It allows the page to give a feedback that the value currently defined using the

element is outside the range limits. A value can be outside of a range if it is

either smaller or larger than maximum and minimum set values.

:placeholder-shown Experimental. Applies to any form element currently displaying placeholder text.

:read-only Applies to any element which is not editable by the user.

:read-write Applies to any element that is editable by a user, such as <input> elements.

:right Used in conjunction with the @page rule, this selects all the right pages in a

printed document.

:root matches the root element of a tree representing the document.

:scope

CSS pseudo-class matches the elements that are a reference

point for selectors to match against.

:target Selects the current active #news element (clicked on a URL

containing that anchor name)

:visited Applies to any links which have has been visited by the user.

The :visited pseudoclass can't be used for most styling in a lot of modern browsers anymore because
it's a security hole. See this link for reference.

Section 4.5: Child Pseudo Class

"The :nth-child(an+b) CSS pseudo-class matches an element that has an+b-1 siblings before it in the

document tree, for a given positive or zero value for n" - MDN :nth-child

pseudo-selector 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

:first-child ✔

:nth-child(3) ✔

:nth-child(n+3) ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔

:nth-child(3n) ✔ ✔ ✔

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 16

:nth-child(3n+1) ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔

:nth-child(-n+3) ✔ ✔ ✔

:nth-child(odd) ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔

:nth-child(even) ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔

:last-child ✔

:nth-last-child(3) ✔

Section 4.6: Class Name Selectors

The class name selector select all elements with the targeted class name. For example, the class
name .warning

would select the following <div> element:

<div class="warning">

<p>This would be some warning copy.</p>

</div>

You can also combine class names to target elements more specifically. Let's build on the example
above to

showcase a more complicated class selection.

CSS

.important {

color: orange;

.warning {

color: blue;

.warning.important {

color: red;

HTML

<div class="warning">

<p>This would be some warning copy.</p>

</div>

<div class="important warning">

<p class="important">This is some really important warning copy.</p>

</div>

In this example, all elements with the .warning class will have a blue text color, elements with
the .important class

with have an orange text color, and all elements that have both the .important and .warning class
name will have a

red text color.

Notice that within the CSS, the .warning.important declaration did not have any spaces between the
two class

names. This means it will only find elements which contain both class names warning and important in
their class

attribute. Those class names could be in any order on the element.

If a space was included between the two classes in the CSS declaration, it would only select elements
that have

parent elements with a .warning class names and child elements with .important class names.

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 17

Section 4.7: Select element using its ID without the high

specificity of the ID selector

This trick helps you select an element using the ID as a value for an attribute selector to avoid the high
specificity of

the ID selector.

HTML:

<div id="element">...</div>

CSS

#element { ... } /* High specificity will override many selectors */

[id="element"] { ... } /* Low specificity, can be overridden easily */

Section 4.8: The :last-of-type selector

The :last-of-type selects the element that is the last child, of a particular type, of its parent. In the
example below,

the css selects the last paragraph and the last heading h1.

p:last-of-type {

background: #C5CAE9;

h1:last-of-type {

background: #CDDC39;

<div class="container">

<p>First paragraph</p>

<p>Second paragraph</p>
<p>Last paragraph</p>

<h1>Heading 1</h1>

<h2>First heading 2</h2>

<h2>Last heading 2</h2>

</div>

jsFiddle

Section 4.9: CSS3 :in-range selector example

<style>

input:in-range {

border: 1px solid blue;

</style>

<input type="number" min="10" max="20" value="15">

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 18

<p>The border for this value will be blue</p>

The :in-range CSS pseudo-class matches when an element has its value attribute inside the specified
range

limitations for this element. It allows the page to give a feedback that the value currently defined
using the element

is inside the range limits.[1]

Section 4.10: A. The :not pseudo-class example & B. :focuswithin CSS pseudo-class

A. The syntax is presented above.

The following selector matches all <input> elements in an HTML document that are not disabled and
don't have the

class .example:

HTML:

<form>
Phone: <input type="tel" class="example">

E-mail: <input type="email" disabled="disabled">

Password: <input type="password">

</form>

CSS:

input:not([disabled]):not(.example){

background-color: #ccc;

The :not() pseudo-class will also support comma-separated selectors in Selectors Level 4:

CSS:

input:not([disabled], .example){

background-color: #ccc;

Live Demo on JSBin

See background syntax here.

B. The :focus-within CSS pseudo-class

HTML:

<h3>Background is blue if the input is focused .</p>

<div>

<input type="text">

</div>

CSS:

div {

height: 80px;

}
input{

margin:30px;

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 19

div:focus-within {

background-color: #1565C0;

Section 4.11: Global boolean with checkbox:checked and ~

(general sibling combinator)

With the ~ selector, you can easily implement a global accessible boolean without using JavaScript.

Add boolean as a checkbox

To the very beginning of your document, add as much booleans as you want with a unique id and the
hidden

attribute set:

<input type="checkbox" id="sidebarShown" hidden />

<input type="checkbox" id="darkThemeUsed" hidden />

<!-- here begins actual content, for example: -->

<div id="container">

<div id="sidebar">

<!-- Menu, Search, ... -->

</div>

<!-- Some more content ... -->

</div>

<div id="footer">

<!-- ... -->

</div>
GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 20

Change the boolean's value

You can toggle the boolean by adding a label with the for attribute set:

<label for="sidebarShown">Show/Hide the sidebar!</label>

Accessing boolean value with CSS

The normal selector (like .color-red) specifies the default properties. They can be overridden by
following true /

false selectors:

/* true: */

<checkbox>:checked ~ [sibling of checkbox & parent of target] <target>

/* false: */

<checkbox>:not(:checked) ~ [sibling of checkbox & parent of target] <target>

Note that <checkbox>, [sibling ...] and <target> should be replaced by the proper selectors. [sibling ...]

can be a specific selector, (often if you're lazy) simply * or nothing if the target is already a sibling of
the checkbox.

Examples for the above HTML structure would be:

#sidebarShown:checked ~ #container #sidebar {

margin-left: 300px;

#darkThemeUsed:checked ~ #container,

#darkThemeUsed:checked ~ #footer {

background: #333;

In action

See this fiddle for a implementation of these global booleans.

Section 4.12: ID selectors

ID selectors select DOM elements with the targeted ID. To select an element by a specific ID in CSS, the
# prefix is

used.

For example, the following HTML div element…

<div id="exampleID">

<p>Example</p>

</div>

…can be selected by #exampleID in CSS as shown below:

#exampleID {

width: 20px;

Note: The HTML specs do not allow multiple elements with the same ID

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 21

Section 4.13: How to style a Range input

HTML

<input type="range"></input>

CSS

Effect Pseudo Selector

Thumb input[type=range]::-webkit-slider-thumb, input[type=range]::-moz-range-thumb,

input[type=range]::-ms-thumb

Track input[type=range]::-webkit-slider-runnable-track, input[type=range]::-moz-range-track,

input[type=range]::-ms-track

OnFocus input[type=range]:focus

Lower part of

the track

input[type=range]::-moz-range-progress, input[type=range]::-ms-fill-lower (not possible

in WebKit browsers currently - JS needed)

Section 4.14: The :only-child pseudo-class selector example

The :only-child CSS pseudo-class represents any element which is the only child of its parent.

HTML:

<div>

<p>This paragraph is the only child of the div, it will have the color blue</p>

</div>

<div>

<p>This paragraph is one of the two children of the div</p>

<p>This paragraph is one of the two children of its parent</p>

</div>

CSS:

p:only-child {

color: blue;

The above example selects the <p> element that is the unique child from its parent, in this case a
<div>.

Live Demo on JSBin

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 22

Chapter 5: Backgrounds

With CSS you can set colors, gradients, and images as the background of an element.

It is possible to specify various combinations of images, colors, and gradients, and adjust the size,
positioning, and

repetition (among others) of these.

Section 5.1: Background Color

The background-color property sets the background color of an element using a color value or through
keywords,
such as transparent, inherit or initial.

transparent, specifies that the background color should be transparent. This is default.

inherit, inherits this property from its parent element.

initial, sets this property to its default value.

This can be applied to all elements, and ::first-letter/::first-line pseudo-elements.

Colors in CSS can be specified by different methods.

Color names

CSS

div {

background-color: red; /* red */

HTML

<div>This will have a red background</div>

The example used above is one of several ways that CSS has to represent a single color.

Hex color codes

Hex code is used to denote RGB components of a color in base-16 hexadecimal notation. #ff0000, for
example, is

bright red, where the red component of the color is 256 bits (ff) and the corresponding green and blue
portions of

the color is 0 (00).

If both values in each of the three RGB pairings (R, G, and B) are the same, then the color code can be
shortened

into three characters (the first digit of each pairing). #ff0000 can be shortened to #f00, and #ffffff can
be

shortened to #fff.

Hex notation is case-insensitive.

body {
background-color: #de1205; /* red */

.main {

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 23

background-color: #00f; /* blue */

RGB / RGBa

Another way to declare a color is to use RGB or RGBa.

RGB stands for Red, Green and Blue, and requires of three separate values between 0 and 255, put
between

brackets, that correspond with the decimal color values for respectively red, green and blue.

RGBa allows you to add an additional alpha parameter between 0.0 and 1.0 to define opacity.

header {

background-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); /* black */

footer {

background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5); /* black with 50% opacity */

HSL / HSLa

Another way to declare a color is to use HSL or HSLa and is similar to RGB and RGBa.

HSL stands for hue, saturation, and lightness, and is also often called HLS:

Hue is a degree on the color wheel (from 0 to 360).

Saturation is a percentage between 0% and 100%.

Lightness is also a percentage between 0% and 100%.

HSLa allows you to add an additional alpha parameter between 0.0 and 1.0 to define opacity.

li a {
background-color: hsl(120, 100%, 50%); /* green */

#p1 {

background-color: hsla(120, 100%, 50%, .3); /* green with 30% opacity */

Interaction with background-image

The following statements are all equivalent:

body {

background: red;

background-image: url(partiallytransparentimage.png);

body {

background-color: red;

background-image: url(partiallytransparentimage.png);

body {

background-image: url(partiallytransparentimage.png);

background-color: red;

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 24

body {

background: red url(partiallytransparentimage.png);

They will all lead to the red color being shown underneath the image, where the parts of the image
are transparent,

or the image is not showing (perhaps as a result of background-repeat).

Note that the following is not equivalent:

body {

background-image: url(partiallytransparentimage.png);

background: red;

Here, the value of background overrides your background-image.

For more info on the background property, see Background Shorthand

Section 5.2: Background Gradients

Gradients are new image types, added in CSS3. As an image, gradients are set with the background-
image property,

or the background shorthand.

There are two types of gradient functions, linear and radial. Each type has a non-repeating variant
and a repeating

variant:

linear-gradient()

repeating-linear-gradient()

radial-gradient()

repeating-radial-gradient()

linear-gradient()

A linear-gradient has the following syntax

background: linear-gradient( <direction>?, <color-stop-1>, <color-stop-2>, ...);

Value Meaning

<direction>

Could be an argument like to top, to bottom, to right or to left; or an angle as 0deg,

90deg... . The angle starts from to top and rotates clockwise. Can be specified in deg, grad, rad,

or turn. If omitted, the gradient flows from top to bottom

<color-stop-list>

List of colors, optionally followed each one by a percentage or length to display it at. For

example, yellow 10%, rgba(0,0,0,.5) 40px, #fff 100%...

For example, this creates a linear gradient that starts from the right and transitions from red to blue

.linear-gradient {

background: linear-gradient(to left, red, blue); /* you can also use 270deg */

You can create a diagonal gradient by declaring both a horizontal and vertical starting position.

.diagonal-linear-gradient {

background: linear-gradient(to left top, red, yellow 10%);

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 25

It is possible to specify any number of color stops in a gradient by separating them with commas. The
following

examples will create a gradient with 8 color stops

.linear-gradient-rainbow {

background: linear-gradient(to left, red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet)

radial-gradient()

.radial-gradient-simple {

background: radial-gradient(red, blue);

.radial-gradient {

background: radial-gradient(circle farthest-corner at top left, red, blue);

Value Meaning
circle Shape of gradient. Values are circle or ellipse, default is ellipse.

farthest-corner Keywords describing how big the ending shape must be. Values are closest-side,
farthestside, closest-corner, farthest-corner

top left Sets the position of the gradient center, in the same way as background-position.

Repeating gradients

Repeating gradient functions take the same arguments as the above examples, but tile the gradient
across the

background of the element.

.bullseye {

background: repeating-radial-gradient(red, red 10%, white 10%, white 20%);

.warning {

background: repeating-linear-gradient(-45deg, yellow, yellow 10%, black 10%, black 20% );

Value Meaning

-45deg Angle unit. The angle starts from to top and rotates clockwise. Can be specified in deg, grad,
rad, or

turn.

to left Direction of gradient, default is to bottom. Syntax: to [y-axis(top OR bottom)] [x-axis(left OR

right)] ie to top right

yellow 10% Color, optionally followed by a percentage or length to display it at. Repeated two or more
times.

Note that HEX, RGB, RGBa, HSL, and HSLa color codes may be used instead of color names. Color
names were used

for the sake of illustration. Also note that the radial-gradient syntax is much more complex than linear-
gradient,

and a simplified version is shown here. For a full explanation and specs, see the MDN Docs

Section 5.3: Background Image

The background-image property is used to specify a background image to be applied to all matched
elements. By

default, this image is tiled to cover the entire element, excluding margin.

.myClass {

background-image: url('/path/to/image.jpg');

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 26

To use multiple images as background-image, define comma separated url()

.myClass {

background-image: url('/path/to/image.jpg'),

url('/path/to/image2.jpg');

The images will stack according to their order with the first declared image on top of the others and so
on.

Value Result

url('/path/to/image.jpg')

Specify background image's path(s) or an image resource specified with data URI

schema (apostrophes can be omitted), separate multiples by comma

none No background image

initial Default value

inherit Inherit parent's value

More CSS for Background Image

This following attributes are very useful and almost essential too.

background-size: xpx ypx | x% y%;

background-repeat: no-repeat | repeat | repeat-x | repeat-y;

background-position: left offset (px/%) right offset (px/%) | center center | left top | right
bottom;

Section 5.4: Background Shorthand

The background property can be used to set one or more background related properties:

Value Description CSS Ver.

background-image Background image to use 1+

background-color Background color to apply 1+

background-position Background image's position 1+

background-size Background image's size 3+

background-repeat How to repeat background image 1+

background-origin How the background is positioned (ignored when background-attachment is

fixed)

3+

background-clip How the background is painted relative to the content-box, border-box, or the

padding-box 3+

background-attachment How the background image behaves, whether it scrolls along with its
containing

block or has a fixed position within the viewport 1+

initial Sets the property to value to default 3+

inherit Inherits property value from parent 2+

The order of the values does not matter and every value is optional

Syntax

The syntax of the background shorthand declaration is:

background: [<background-image>] [<background-color>] [<background-position>]/[<background-

size>]

[<background-repeat>] [<background-origin>] [<background-clip>] [<background-attachment>]

[<initial|inherit>];
GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 27

Examples

background: red;

Simply setting a background-color with the redvalue.

background: border-box red;

Setting a background-clip to border-box and a background-color to red.

background: no-repeat center url("somepng.jpg");

Sets a background-repeat to no-repeat, background-origin to center and a background-image to an

image.

background: url('pattern.png') green;

In this example, the background-color of the element would be set to green with pattern.png, if it is
available,

overlayed on the colour, repeating as often as necessary to fill the element. If pattern.png includes any

transparency then the green colour will be visible behind it.

background: #000000 url("picture.png") top left / 600px auto no-repeat;

In this example we have a black background with an image 'picture.png' on top, the image does not
repeat in either

axis and is positioned in the top left corner. The / after the position is to be able to include the size of
the

background image which in this case is set as 600px width and auto for the height. This example could
work well

with a feature image that can fade into a solid colour.

NOTE: Use of the shorthand background property resets all previously set background property values,

even if a value is not given. If you wish only to modify a background property value previously set, use
a

longhand property instead.

Section 5.5: Background Size

General overview
The background-size property enables one to control the scaling of the background-image. It takes up
to two

values, which determine the scale/size of the resulting image in vertical and and horizontal direction.
If the property

is missing, its deemed auto in both width and height.

auto will keep the image's aspect ratio, if it can be determined. The height is optional and can be
considered auto.

Therefore, on a 256 px × 256 px image, all the following background-size settings would yield an image
with height

and width of 50 px:

background-size: 50px;

background-size: 50px auto; /* same as above */

background-size: auto 50px;

background-size: 50px 50px;

So if we started with the following picture (which has the mentioned size of 256 px × 256 px),

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 28

we'll end up with a 50 px × 50 px on the user's screen, contained in the background of our element:

One can also use percentage values to scale the image with respect of the element. The following
example would

yield a 200 px × 133 px drawn image:

#withbackground {

background-image: url(to/some/background.png);

background-size: 100% 66%;

width: 200px;

height: 200px;

padding: 0;
margin: 0;

The behaviour depends on the background-origin.

Keeping the aspect ratio

The last example in the previos section lost its original aspect ratio. The circle got into an ellipse, the
square into a

rectangle, the triangle into another triangle.

The length or percentage approach isn't flexible enough to keep the aspect ratio at all times. auto
doesn't help,

since you might not know which dimension of your element will be larger. However, to cover certain
areas with an

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 29

image (and correct aspect ratio) completely or to contain an image with correct aspect ratio
completely in a

background area, the values, contain and cover provide the additional functionality.

Eggsplanation for contain and cover

Sorry for the bad pun, but we're going to use a picture of the day by Biswarup Ganguly for
demonstration. Lets say

that this is your screen, and the gray area is outside of your visible screen. For demonstration, We're
going to

assume a 16 × 9 ratio.

We want to use the aforementioned picture of the day as a background. However, we cropped the
image to 4x3 for

some reason. We could set the background-size property to some fixed length, but we will focus on
contain and

cover. Note that I also assume that we didn't mangle the width and/or height of body.

contain

contain

Scale the image, while preserving its intrinsic aspect ratio (if any), to the largest size such that both its
width and its height can fit inside the background positioning area.

This makes sure that the background image is always completely contained in the background
positioning area,

however, there could be some empty space filled with your background-color in this case:

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 30

cover

cover

Scale the image, while preserving its intrinsic aspect ratio (if any), to the smallest size such that both
its

width and its height can completely cover the background positioning area.

This makes sure that the background image is covering everything. There will be no visible
background-color,

however depending on the screen's ratio a great part of your image could be cut off:

Demonstration with actual code

div > div {

background-image: url(http://i.stack.imgur.com/r5CAq.jpg);

background-repeat: no-repeat;

background-position: center center;

background-color: #ccc;

border: 1px solid;

width: 20em;

height: 10em;

div.contain {

background-size: contain;

div.cover {
background-size: cover;

/********************************************

Additional styles for the explanation boxes

*********************************************/

div > div {

margin: 0 1ex 1ex 0;

float: left;

div + div {

clear: both;

border-top: 1px dashed silver;

padding-top:1ex;

div > div::after {

background-color: #000;

color: #fefefe;

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 31

margin: 1ex;

padding: 1ex;

opacity: 0.8;

display: block;

width: 10ex;

font-size: 0.7em;

content: attr(class);
}

<div>

<div class="contain"></div>

<p>Note the grey background. The image does not cover the whole region, but it's fully

<em>contained</em>.

</p>

</div>

<div>

<div class="cover"></div>

<p>Note the ducks/geese at the bottom of the image. Most of the water is cut, as well as a part

of the sky. You don't see the complete image anymore, but neither do you see any background color;

the image <em>covers</em> all of the <code>&lt;div&gt;</code>.</p>

</div>

Section 5.6: Background Position

The background-position property is used to specify the starting position for a background image or
gradient

.myClass {

background-image: url('path/to/image.jpg');

background-position: 50% 50%;

The position is set using an X and Y co-ordinate and be set using any of the units used within CSS.

Unit Description

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 32

value% value%

A percentage for the horizontal offset is relative to (width of background positioning area - width of

background image).
A percentage for the vertical offset is relative to (height of background positioning area - height of

background image)

The size of the image is the size given by background-size.

valuepx valuepx

Offsets background image by a length given in pixels relative to the top left of the background

positioning area

Units in CSS can be specified by different methods (see here).

Longhand Background Position Properties

In addition to the shorthand property above, one can also use the longhand background properties
backgroundposition-x and background-position-y. These allow you to control the x or y positions
separately.

NOTE: This is supported in all browsers except Firefox (versions 31-48) 2. Firefox 49, to be released

September 2016, will support these properties. Until then, there is a Firefox hack within this Stack

Overflow answer.

Section 5.7: The background-origin property

The background-origin property specifies where the background image is positioned.

Note: If the background-attachment property is set to fixed, this property has no effect.

Default value: padding-box

Possible values:

padding-box - The position is relative to the padding box

border-box - The position is relative to the border box

content-box - The position is relative to the content box

initial

inherit

CSS

.example {
width: 300px;

border: 20px solid black;

padding: 50px;

background: url(https://static.pexels.com/photos/6440/magazines-desk-work-workspace-
medium.jpg);

background-repeat: no-repeat;

.example1 {}

.example2 { background-origin: border-box; }

.example3 { background-origin: content-box; }

HTML

<p>No background-origin (padding-box is default):</p>

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 33

<div class="example example1">

<h2>Lorem Ipsum Dolor</h2>

<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit, sed diam nonummy nibh euismod

tincidunt ut laoreet dolore magna aliquam erat volutpat.</p>

<p>Ut wisi enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exerci tation ullamcorper suscipit lobortis nisl ut

aliquip ex ea commodo consequat.</p>

</div>

<p>background-origin: border-box:</p>

<div class="example example2">

<h2>Lorem Ipsum Dolor</h2>

<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit, sed diam nonummy nibh euismod

tincidunt ut laoreet dolore magna aliquam erat volutpat.</p>

<p>Ut wisi enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exerci tation ullamcorper suscipit lobortis nisl ut
aliquip ex ea commodo consequat.</p>

</div>

<p>background-origin: content-box:</p>

<div class="example example3">

<h2>Lorem Ipsum Dolor</h2>

<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit, sed diam nonummy nibh euismod

tincidunt ut laoreet dolore magna aliquam erat volutpat.</p>

<p>Ut wisi enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exerci tation ullamcorper suscipit lobortis nisl ut

aliquip ex ea commodo consequat.</p>

</div>

Result:

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 34

More:

https://www.w3.org/TR/css3-background/#the-background-origin

https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/background-origin

Section 5.8: Multiple Background Image

In CSS3, we can stack multiple background in the same element.

#mydiv {

background-image: url(img_1.png), /* top image */

url(img_2.png), /* middle image */

url(img_3.png); /* bottom image */

background-position: right bottom,

left top,

right top;

background-repeat: no-repeat,
repeat,

no-repeat;

Images will be stacked atop one another with the first background on top and the last background in
the back.

img_1 will be on top, the img_2 and img_3 is on bottom.

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 35

We can also use background shorthand property for this:

#mydiv {

background: url(img_1.png) right bottom no-repeat,

url(img_2.png) left top repeat,

url(img_3.png) right top no-repeat;

We can also stack images and gradients:

#mydiv {

background: url(image.png) right bottom no-repeat,

linear-gradient(to bottom, #fff 0%,#000 100%);

Demo

Section 5.9: Background Attachment

The background-attachment property sets whether a background image is fixed or scrolls with the rest
of the page.

body {

background-image: url('img.jpg');

background-attachment: fixed;

}
Value Description

scroll The background scrolls along with the element. This is default.

fixed The background is fixed with regard to the viewport.

local The background scrolls along with the element's contents.

initial Sets this property to its default value.

inherit Inherits this property from its parent element.

Examples

background-attachment: scroll

The default behaviour, when the body is scrolled the background scrolls with it:

body {

background-image: url('image.jpg');

background-attachment: scroll;

background-attachment: fixed

The background image will be fixed and will not move when the body is scrolled:

body {

background-image: url('image.jpg');

background-attachment: fixed;

background-attachment: local

The background image of the div will scroll when the contents of the div is scrolled.

div {

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 36

background-image: url('image.jpg');

background-attachment: local;
}

Section 5.10: Background Clip

Definition and Usage: The background-clip property specifies the painting area of the background.

Default value: border-box

Values

border-box is the default value. This allows the background to extend all the way to the outside edge
of the

element's border.

padding-box clips the background at the outside edge of the element's padding and does not let it
extend

into the border;

content-box clips the background at the edge of the content box.

inherit applies the setting of the parent to the selected element.

CSS

.example {

width: 300px;

border: 20px solid black;

padding: 50px;

background: url(https://static.pexels.com/photos/6440/magazines-desk-work-workspace-
medium.jpg);

background-repeat: no-repeat;

.example1 {}

.example2 { background-origin: border-box; }

.example3 { background-origin: content-box; }

HTML

<p>No background-origin (padding-box is default):</p>

<div class="example example1">

<h2>Lorem Ipsum Dolor</h2>

<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit, sed diam nonummy nibh euismod

tincidunt ut laoreet dolore magna aliquam erat volutpat.</p>

<p>Ut wisi enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exerci tation ullamcorper suscipit lobortis nisl ut

aliquip ex ea commodo consequat.</p>

</div>

<p>background-origin: border-box:</p>

<div class="example example2">

<h2>Lorem Ipsum Dolor</h2>

<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit, sed diam nonummy nibh euismod

tincidunt ut laoreet dolore magna aliquam erat volutpat.</p>

<p>Ut wisi enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exerci tation ullamcorper suscipit lobortis nisl ut

aliquip ex ea commodo consequat.</p>

</div>

<p>background-origin: content-box:</p>

<div class="example example3">

<h2>Lorem Ipsum Dolor</h2>

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 37

<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit, sed diam nonummy nibh euismod

tincidunt ut laoreet dolore magna aliquam erat volutpat.</p>

<p>Ut wisi enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exerci tation ullamcorper suscipit lobortis nisl ut

aliquip ex ea commodo consequat.</p>

</div>

Section 5.11: Background Repeat

The background-repeat property sets if/how a background image will be repeated.

By default, a background-image is repeated both vertically and horizontally.

div {

background-image: url("img.jpg");

background-repeat: repeat-y;

Here's how a background-repeat: repeat-y looks like:

Section 5.12: background-blend-mode Property

.my-div {

width: 300px;

height: 200px;

background-size: 100%;

background-repeat: no-repeat;

background-image: linear-gradient(to right, black 0%,white 100%),

url('https://static.pexels.com/photos/54624/strawberry-fruit-red-sweet-54624-medium.jpeg');

background-blend-mode:saturation;

<div class="my-div">Lorem ipsum</div>

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 38

See result here: https://jsfiddle.net/MadalinaTn/y69d28Lb/

CSS Syntax: background-blend-mode: normal | multiply | screen | overlay | darken | lighten | color-
dodge |

saturation | color | luminosity;

Section 5.13: Background Color with Opacity

If you set opacity on an element it will affect all its child elements. To set an opacity just on the
background of an
element you will have to use RGBA colors. Following example will have a black background with 0.6
opacity.

/* Fallback for web browsers that don't support RGBa */

background-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);

/* RGBa with 0.6 opacity */

background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6);

/* For IE 5.5 - 7*/

filter: progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient(startColorstr=#99000000,
endColorstr=#99000000);

/* For IE 8*/

-ms-filter: "progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient(startColorstr=#99000000,

endColorstr=#99000000)";

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 39

Chapter 6: Centering

Section 6.1: Using Flexbox

HTML:

<div class="container">

<img src="http://lorempixel.com/400/200" />

</div>

CSS:

html, body, .container {

height: 100%;

.container {

display: flex;

justify-content: center; /* horizontal center */

}

img {

align-self: center; /* vertical center */

View Result

HTML:

<img src="http://lorempixel.com/400/200" />

CSS:

html, body {

height: 100%;

body {

display: flex;

justify-content: center; /* horizontal center */

align-items: center; /* vertical center */

View Result

See Dynamic Vertical and Horizontal Centering under the Flexbox documentation for more details on
flexbox and

what the styles mean.

Browser Support

Flexbox is supported by all major browsers, except IE versions before 10.

Some recent browser versions, such as Safari 8 and IE10, require vendor prefixes.

For a quick way to generate prefixes there is Autoprefixer, a third-party tool.

For older browsers (like IE 8 & 9) a Polyfill is available.

For a more detailed look at flexbox browser support, see this answer.
GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 40

Section 6.2: Using CSS transform

CSS transforms are based on the size of the elements so if you don't know how tall or wide your
element is, you can

position it absolutely 50% from the top and left of a relative container and translate it by 50% left and
upwards to

center it vertically and horizontally.

Keep in mind that with this technique, the element could end being rendered at a non-integer pixel
boundary,

making it look blurry. See this answer in SO for a workaround.

HTML

<div class="container">

<div class="element"></div>

</div>

CSS

.container {

position: relative;

.element {

position: absolute;

top: 50%;

left: 50%;

transform: translate(-50%, -50%);

View example in JSFiddle

CROSS BROWSER COMPATIBILITY

The transform property needs prefixes to be supported by older browsers. Prefixes are needed for
Chrome<=35,

Safari<=8, Opera<=22, Android Browser<=4.4.4, and IE9. CSS transforms are not supported by IE8 and
older

versions.

Here is a common transform declaration for the previous example:

-webkit-transform: translate(-50%, -50%); /* Chrome, Safari, Opera, Android */

-ms-transform: translate(-50%, -50%); /* IE 9 */

transform: translate(-50%, -50%);

For more information see canIuse.

MORE INFORMATION

The element is being positioned according to the first non-static parent (position: relative, absolute, or

fixed). Explore more in this fiddle and this documentation topic.

For horizontal-only centering, use left: 50% and transform: translateX(-50%). The same goes for
verticalonly centering: center with top: 50% and transform: translateY(-50%).

Using a non-static width/height elements with this method of centering can cause the centered
element to

appear squished. This mostly happens with elements containing text, and can be fixed by adding:
marginright: -50%; and margin-bottom: -50%;. View this fiddle for more information.

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 41

Section 6.3: Using margin: 0 auto;

Objects can be centered by using margin: 0 auto; if they are block elements and have a defined width.

HTML

<div class="containerDiv">

<div id="centeredDiv"></div>

</div>

<div class="containerDiv">

<p id="centeredParagraph">This is a centered paragraph.</p>

</div>

<div class="containerDiv">

<img id="centeredImage"

src="https://i.kinja-img.com/gawker-media/image/upload/s--c7Q9b4Eh--/
c_scale,fl_progressive,q_80,w_

800/qqyvc3bkpyl3mfhr8all.jpg" />

</div>

CSS

.containerDiv {

width: 100%;

height: 100px;

padding-bottom: 40px;

#centeredDiv {

margin: 0 auto;

width: 200px;

height: 100px;

border: 1px solid #000;

#centeredParagraph {

width: 200px;

margin: 0 auto;

#centeredImage {

display: block;

width: 200px;
margin: 0 auto;

Result:

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 42

JSFiddle example: Centering objects with margin: 0 auto;

Section 6.4: Using text-align

The most common and easiest type of centering is that of lines of text in an element. CSS has the rule
text-align:

center for this purpose:

HTML

<p>Lorem ipsum</p>

CSS

p{

text-align: center;

This does not work for centering entire block elements. text-align controls only alignment of inline
content like text in

its parent block element.

See more about text-align in Typography section.

Section 6.5: Using position: absolute

Working in old browsers (IE >= 8)

Automatic margins, paired with values of zero for the left and right or top and bottom offsets, will
center an

absolutely positioned elements within its parent.

View Result

HTML

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 43

<div class="parent">

<img class="center" src="http://lorempixel.com/400/200/" />

</div>

CSS

.parent {

position: relative;

height: 500px;

.center {

position: absolute;

margin: auto;

top: 0;

right: 0;

bottom: 0;

left: 0;

Elements that don't have their own implicit width and height like images do, will need those values
defined.

Other resources: Absolute Centering in CSS

Section 6.6: Using calc()

The calc() function is the part of a new syntax in CSS3 in which you can calculate (mathematically)
what size/position

your element occupies by using a variety of values like pixels, percentages, etc. Note: Whenever you
use this

function, always take care of the space between two values calc(100% - 80px).

CSS

.center {
position: absolute;

height: 50px;

width: 50px;

background: red;

top: calc(50% - 50px / 2); /* height divided by 2*/

left: calc(50% - 50px / 2); /* width divided by 2*/

HTML

<div class="center"></div>

Section 6.7: Using line-height

You can also use line-height to center vertically a single line of text inside a container :

CSS

div {

height: 200px;

line-height: 200px;

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 44

That's quite ugly, but can be useful inside an <input /> element. The line-height property works only
when the

text to be centered spans a single line. If the text wraps into multiple lines, the resulting output won't
be centered.

Section 6.8: Vertical align anything with 3 lines of code

Supported by IE11+

View Result

Use these 3 lines to vertical align practically everything. Just make sure the div/image you apply the
code to has a

parent with a height.

CSS

div.vertical {

position: relative;

top: 50%;

transform: translateY(-50%);

HTML

<div class="vertical">Vertical aligned text!</div>

Section 6.9: Centering in relation to another item

We will see how to center content based on the height of a near element.

Compatibility: IE8+, all other modern browsers.

HTML

<div class="content">

<div class="position-container">

<div class="thumb">

<img src="http://lorempixel.com/400/200/">

</div>

<div class="details">

<p class="banner-title">text 1</p>

<p class="banner-text">content content content content content content content content

content content content content content content</p>

<button class="btn">button</button>

</div>

</div>

</div>
CSS

.content * {

box-sizing: border-box;

.content .position-container {

display: table;

.content .details {

display: table-cell;

vertical-align: middle;

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 45

width: 33.333333%;

padding: 30px;

font-size: 17px;

text-align: center;

.content .thumb {

width: 100%;

.content .thumb img {

width: 100%;

Link to JSFiddle

The main points are the 3 .thumb, .details and .position-container containers:

The .position-container must have display: table.

The .details must have the real width set width: .... and display: table-cell, vertical-align:

middle.

The .thumb must have width: 100% if you want that it will take all the remaining space and it will be

influenced by the .details width.

The image (if you have an image) inside .thumb should have width: 100%, but it is not necessary if you
have

correct proportions.

Section 6.10: Ghost element technique (Michał Czernow's hack)

This technique works even when the container's dimensions are unknown.

Set up a "ghost" element inside the container to be centered that is 100% height, then use vertical-
align:

middle on both that and the element to be centered.

CSS

/* This parent can be any width and height */

.block {

text-align: center;

/* May want to do this if there is risk the container may be narrower than the element inside */

white-space: nowrap;

/* The ghost element */

.block:before {

content: '';

display: inline-block;

height: 100%;

vertical-align: middle;

/* There is a gap between ghost element and .centered,

caused by space character rendered. Could be eliminated by

nudging .centered (nudge distance depends on font family),

or by zeroing font-size in .parent and resetting it back

(probably to 1rem) in .centered. */

margin-right: -0.25em;

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 46

/* The element to be centered, can also be of any width and height */

.centered {

display: inline-block;

vertical-align: middle;

width: 300px;

white-space: normal; /* Resetting inherited nowrap behavior */

HTML

<div class="block">

<div class="centered"></div>

</div>

Section 6.11: Centering vertically and horizontally without

worrying about height or width

The following technique allows you to add your content to an HTML element and center it both
horizontally and

vertically without worrying about its height or width.

The outer container

should have display: table;

The inner container

should have display: table-cell;

should have vertical-align: middle;

should have text-align: center;

The content box

should have display: inline-block;

should re-adjust the horizontal text-alignment to eg. text-align: left; or text-align: right;, unless you

want text to be centered

Demo

HTML

<div class="outer-container">

<div class="inner-container">

<div class="centered-content">

You can put anything here!

</div>

</div>

</div>

CSS

body {

margin : 0;

.outer-container {

position : absolute;

display: table;

width: 100%; /* This could be ANY width */

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 47

height: 100%; /* This could be ANY height */

background: #ccc;

.inner-container {

display: table-cell;

vertical-align: middle;

text-align: center;

.centered-content {

display: inline-block;

text-align: left;

background: #fff;

padding: 20px;

border: 1px solid #000;

See also this Fiddle!

Section 6.12: Vertically align an image inside div

HTML

<div class="wrap">

<img src="http://lorempixel.com/400/200/" />

</div>

CSS

.wrap {

height: 50px;/* max image height */

width: 100px;
border: 1px solid blue;

text-align: center;

.wrap:before {

content:"";

display: inline-block;

height: 100%;

vertical-align: middle;

width: 1px;

img {

vertical-align: middle;

Section 6.13: Centering with fixed size

If the size of your content is fixed, you can use absolute positioning to 50% with margin that reduces
half of your

content's width and height:

HTML

<div class="center">

Center vertically and horizontally

</div>

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 48

CSS

.center {

position: absolute;

background: #ccc;
left: 50%;

width: 150px;

margin-left: -75px; /* width * -0.5 */

top: 50%;

height: 200px;

margin-top: -100px; /* height * -0.5 */

Horizontal centering with only fixed width

You can center the element horizontally even if you don't know the height of the content:

HTML

<div class="center">

Center only horizontally

</div>

CSS

.center {

position: absolute;

background: #ccc;

left: 50%;

width: 150px;

margin-left: -75px; /* width * -0.5 */

Vertical centering with fixed height

You can center the element vertically if you know the element's height:

HTML

<div class="center">
Center only vertically

</div>

CSS

.center {

position: absolute;

background: #ccc;

top: 50%;

height: 200px;

margin-top: -100px; /* width * -0.5 */

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 49

Section 6.14: Vertically align dynamic height elements

Applying css intuitively doesn't produce the desired results because

vertical-align:middle isn't applicable to block-level elements

margin-top:auto and margin-bottom:auto used values would compute as zero

margin-top:-50% percentage-based margin values are calculated relative to the width of containing
block

For widest browser support, a workaround with helper elements:

HTML

<div class="vcenter--container">

<div class="vcenter--helper">

<div class="vcenter--content">

<!--stuff-->

</div>

</div>

</div>
CSS

.vcenter--container {

display: table;

height: 100%;

position: absolute;

overflow: hidden;

width: 100%;

.vcenter--helper {

display: table-cell;

vertical-align: middle;

.vcenter--content {

margin: 0 auto;

width: 200px;

jsfiddle from original question. This approach

works with dynamic height elements

respects content flow

is supported by legacy browsers

Section 6.15: Horizontal and Vertical centering using table

layout

One could easily center a child element using table display property.

HTML

<div class="wrapper">
<div class="parent">

<div class="child"></div>

</div>

</div>

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 50

CSS

.wrapper {

display: table;

vertical-align: center;

width: 200px;

height: 200px;

background-color: #9e9e9e;

.parent {

display: table-cell;

vertical-align: middle;

text-align: center;

.child {

display: inline-block;

vertical-align: middle;

text-align: center;

width: 100px;

height: 100px;

background-color: teal;
}

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 51

Chapter 7: The Box Model

Parameter Detail

content-box Width and height of the element only includes content area.

padding-box Width and height of the element includes content and padding.

border-box Width and height of the element includes content, padding and border.

initial Sets the box model to its default state.

inherit Inherits the box model of the parent element.

Section 7.1: What is the Box Model?

The Edges

The browser creates a rectangle for each element in the HTML document. The Box Model describes
how the

padding, border, and margin are added to the content to create this rectangle.

Diagram from CSS2.2 Working Draft

The perimeter of each of the four areas is called an edge. Each edge defines a box.

The innermost rectangle is the content box. The width and height of this depends on the element's

rendered content (text, images and any child elements it may have).

Next is the padding box, as defined by the padding property. If there is no padding width defined, the

padding edge is equal to the content edge.

Then we have the border box, as defined by the border property. If there is no border width defined,
the

border edge is equal to the padding edge.

The outermost rectangle is the margin box, as defined by the margin property. If there is no margin
width

defined, the margin edge is equal to the border edge.

Example
div {

border: 5px solid red;

margin: 50px;

padding: 20px;

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 52

This CSS styles all div elements to have a top, right, bottom and left border of 5px in width; a top, right,
bottom and

left margin of 50px; and a top, right, bottom, and left padding of 20px. Ignoring content, our
generated box will look

like this:

Screenshot of Google Chrome's Element Styles panel

As there is no content, the content region (the blue box in the middle) has no height or width (0px by
0px).

The padding box by default is the same size as the content box, plus the 20px width on all four edges
we're

defining above with the padding property (40px by 40px).

The border box is the same size as the padding box, plus the 5px width we're defining above with the
border

property (50px by 50px).

Finally the margin box is the same size as the border box, plus the 50px width we're defining above
with the

margin property (giving our element a total size of 150px by 150px).

Now lets give our element a sibling with the same style. The browser looks at the Box Model of both
elements to

work out where in relation to the previous element's content the new element should be positioned:

The content of each of element is separated by a 150px gap, but the two elements' boxes touch each
other.

If we then modify our first element to have no right margin, the right margin edge would be in the
same position as

the right border edge, and our two elements would now look like this:

Section 7.2: box-sizing

The default box model (content-box) can be counter-intuitive, since the width / height for an element
will not

represent its actual width or height on screen as soon as you start adding padding and border styles to
the

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 53

element.

The following example demonstrates this potential issue with content-box:

textarea {

width: 100%;

padding: 3px;

box-sizing: content-box; /* default value */

Since the padding will be added to the width of the textarea, the resulting element is a textarea that is
wider than

100%.

Fortunately, CSS allows us to change the box model with the box-sizing property for an element. There
are three

different values for the property available:

content-box: The common box model - width and height only includes the content, not the padding or

border

padding-box: Width and height includes the content and the padding, but not the border

border-box: Width and height includes the content, the padding as well as the border

To solve the textarea problem above, you could just change the box-sizing property to padding-box or
borderbox. border-box is most commonly used.
textarea {

width: 100%;

padding: 3px;

box-sizing: border-box;

To apply a specific box model to every element on the page, use the following snippet:

html {

box-sizing: border-box;

*, *:before, *:after {

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 54

box-sizing: inherit;

In this coding box-sizing:border-box; is not directly applied to *, so you can easily overwrite this
property on

individual elements.

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 55

Chapter 8: Margins

Parameter Details

0 set margin to none

auto used for centering, by evenly setting values on each side

units (e.g. px) see parameter section in Units for a list of valid units

inherit inherit margin value from parent element

initial restore to initial value

Section 8.1: Margin Collapsing

When two margins are touching each other vertically, they are collapsed. When two margins touch
horizontally,

they do not collapse.

Example of adjacent vertical margins:

Consider the following styles and markup:

div{

margin: 10px;

<div>

some content

</div>

<div>

some more content

</div>

They will be 10px apart since vertical margins collapse over one and other. (The spacing will not be the
sum of two

margins.)

Example of adjacent horizontal margins:

Consider the following styles and markup:

span{

margin: 10px;

<span>some</span><span>content</span>

They will be 20px apart since horizontal margins don't collapse over one and other. (The spacing will
be the sum of

two margins.)

Overlapping with different sizes

.top{

margin: 10px;

.bottom{

margin: 15px;

<div class="top">

some content

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 56

</div>

<div class="bottom">

some more content

</div>

These elements will be spaced 15px apart vertically. The margins overlap as much as they can, but the
larger

margin will determine the spacing between the elements.

Overlapping margin gotcha

.outer-top{

margin: 10px;

.inner-top{

margin: 15px;

.outer-bottom{

margin: 20px;

}
.inner-bottom{

margin: 25px;

<div class="outer-top">

<div class="inner-top">

some content

</div>

</div>

<div class="outer-bottom">

<div class="inner-bottom">

some more content

</div>

</div>

What will be the spacing between the two texts? (hover to see answer)

The spacing will be 25px. Since all four margins are touching each other, they will collapse, thus using
the

largest margin of the four.

Now, what about if we add some borders to the markup above.

div{

border: 1px solid red;

What will be the spacing between the two texts? (hover to see answer)

The spacing will be 59px! Now only the margins of .outer-top and .outer-bottom touch each other, and

are the only collapsed margins. The remaining margins are separated by the borders. So we have 1px
+

10px + 1px + 15px + 20px + 1px + 25px + 1px. (The 1px's are the borders...)
Collapsing Margins Between Parent and Child Elements:

HTML:

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 57

<h1>Title</h1>

<div>

<p>Paragraph</p>

</div>

CSS

h1 {

margin: 0;

background: #cff;

div {

margin: 50px 0 0 0;

background: #cfc;

p{

margin: 25px 0 0 0;

background: #cf9;

In the example above, only the largest margin applies. You may have expected that the paragraph
would be located

60px from the h1 (since the div element has a margin-top of 40px and the p has a 20px margin-top).
This does not

happen because the margins collapse together to form one margin.

Section 8.2: Apply Margin on a Given Side

Direction-Specific Properties

CSS allows you to specify a given side to apply margin to. The four properties provided for this purpose
are:

margin-left

margin-right

margin-top

margin-bottom

The following code would apply a margin of 30 pixels to the left side of the selected div. View Result

HTML

<div id="myDiv"></div>

CSS

#myDiv {

margin-left: 30px;

height: 40px;

width: 40px;

background-color: red;

Parameter Details

margin-left The direction in which the margin should be applied.

30px The width of the margin.

Specifying Direction Using Shorthand Property

The standard margin property can be expanded to specify differing widths to each side of the selected
elements.

The syntax for doing this is as follows:

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 58

margin: <top> <right> <bottom> <left>;

The following example applies a zero-width margin to the top of the div, a 10px margin to the right
side, a 50px

margin to the left side, and a 100px margin to the left side. View Result

HTML

<div id="myDiv"></div>

CSS

#myDiv {

margin: 0 10px 50px 100px;

height: 40px;

width: 40px;

background-color: red;

Section 8.3: Margin property simplification

p{

margin:1px; /* 1px margin in all directions */

/*equals to:*/

margin:1px 1px;

/*equals to:*/

margin:1px 1px 1px;

/*equals to:*/
margin:1px 1px 1px 1px;

Another exapmle:

p{

margin:10px 15px; /* 10px margin-top & bottom And 15px margin-right & left*/

/*equals to:*/

margin:10px 15px 10px 15px;

/*equals to:*/

margin:10px 15px 10px;

/* margin left will be calculated from the margin right value (=15px) */

Section 8.4: Horizontally center elements on a page using

margin

As long as the element is a block, and it has an explicitly set width value, margins can be used to
center block

elements on a page horizontally.

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 59

We add a width value that is lower than the width of the window and the auto property of margin
then distributes

the remaining space to the left and the right:

#myDiv {

width:80%;
margin:0 auto;

In the example above we use the shorthand margin declaration to first set 0 to the top and bottom
margin values

(although this could be any value) and then we use auto to let the browser allocate the space
automatically to the

left and right margin values.

In the example above, the #myDiv element is set to 80% width which leaves use 20% leftover. The
browser

distributes this value to the remaining sides so:

(100% - 80%) / 2 = 10%

Section 8.5: Example 1:

It is obvious to assume that the percentage value of margin to margin-left and margin-right would be
relative to

its parent element.

.parent {

width : 500px;

height: 300px;

.child {

width : 100px;

height: 100px;

margin-left: 10%; /* (parentWidth * 10/100) => 50px */

But that is not the case, when comes to margin-top and margin-bottom. Both these properties, in
percentages,

aren't relative to the height of the parent container but to the width of the parent container.
So,

.parent {

width : 500px;

height: 300px;

.child {

width : 100px;

height: 100px;

margin-left: 10%; /* (parentWidth * 10/100) => 50px */

margin-top: 20%; /* (parentWidth * 20/100) => 100px */

Section 8.6: Negative margins

Margin is one of a few CSS properties that can be set to negative values. This property can be used to
overlap

elements without absolute positioning.

div{

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 60

display: inline;

#over{

margin-left: -20px;

<div>Base div</div>

<div id="over">Overlapping div</div>

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 61

Chapter 9: Padding
Section 9.1: Padding Shorthand

The padding property sets the padding space on all sides of an element. The padding area is the space
between the

content of the element and its border. Negative values are not allowed.

To save adding padding to each side individually (using padding-top, padding-left etc) can you write it
as a

shorthand, as below:

Four values:

<style>

.myDiv {

padding: 25px 50px 75px 100px; /* top right bottom left; */

</style>

<div class="myDiv"></div>

Three values:

<style>

.myDiv {

padding: 25px 50px 75px; /* top left/right bottom */

</style>

<div class="myDiv"></div>

Two values:

<style>

.myDiv {

padding: 25px 50px; /* top/bottom left/right */

}
</style>

<div class="myDiv"></div>

One value:

<style>

.myDiv {

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 62

padding: 25px; /* top/right/bottom/left */

</style>

<div class="myDiv"></div>

Section 9.2: Padding on a given side

The padding property sets the padding space on all sides of an element. The padding area is the space
between the

content of the element and its border. Negative values are not allowed.

You can specify a side individually:

padding-top

padding-right

padding-bottom

padding-left

The following code would add a padding of 5px to the top of the div:

<style>

.myClass {

padding-top: 5px;

</style>

<div class="myClass"></div>
GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 63

Chapter 10: Border

Section 10.1: border-radius

The border-radius property allows you to change the shape of the basic box model.

Every corner of an element can have up to two values, for the vertical and horizontal radius of that
corner (for a

maximum of 8 values).

The first set of values defines the horizontal radius. The optional second set of values, preceded by a ‘/’
, defines the

vertical radius. If only one set of values is supplied, it is used for both the vertical and horizontal
radius.

border-radius: 10px 5% / 20px 25em 30px 35em;

The 10px is the horizontal radius of the top-left-and-bottom-right. And the 5% is the horizontal radius
of the topright-and-bottom-left. The other four values after '/' are the vertical radii for top-left, top-
right, bottom-right and

bottom-left.

As with many CSS properties, shorthands can be used for any or all possible values. You can therefore
specify

anything from one to eight values. The following shorthand allows you to set the horizontal and
vertical radius of

every corner to the same value:

HTML:

<div class='box'></div>

CSS:

.box {

width: 250px;

height: 250px;

background-color: black;
border-radius: 10px;

Border-radius is most commonly used to convert box elements into circles. By setting the border-radius
to half of

the length of a square element, a circular element is created:

.circle {

width: 200px;

height: 200px;

border-radius: 100px;

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 64

Because border-radius accepts percentages, it is common to use 50% to avoid manually calculating the
borderradius value:

.circle {

width: 150px;

height: 150px;

border-radius: 50%;

If the width and height properties are not equal, the resulting shape will be an oval rather than a
circle.

Browser specific border-radius example:

-webkit-border-top-right-radius: 4px;

-webkit-border-bottom-right-radius: 4px;

-webkit-border-bottom-left-radius: 0;

-webkit-border-top-left-radius: 0;

-moz-border-radius-topright: 4px;

-moz-border-radius-bottomright: 4px;
-moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 0;

-moz-border-radius-topleft: 0;

border-top-right-radius: 4px;

border-bottom-right-radius: 4px;

border-bottom-left-radius: 0;

border-top-left-radius: 0;

Section 10.2: border-style

The border-style property sets the style of an element's border. This property can have from one to
four values

(for every side of the element one value.)

Examples:

border-style: dotted;

border-style: dotted solid double dashed;

border-style can also have the values none and hidden. They have the same effect, except hidden
works for

border conflict resolution for <table> elements. In a <table> with multiple borders, none has the lowest
priority

(meaning in a conflict, the border would show), and hidden has the highest priority (meaning in a
conflict, the

border would not show).

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 65

Section 10.3: Multiple Borders

Using outline:

.div1{

border: 3px solid black;

outline: 6px solid blue;

width: 100px;
height: 100px;

margin: 20px;

Using box-shadow:

.div2{

border: 5px solid green;

box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 4px #000;

width: 100px;

height: 100px;

margin: 20px;

Using a pseudo element:

.div3 {

position: relative;

border: 5px solid #000;

width: 100px;

height: 100px;

margin: 20px;

.div3:before {

content: " ";

position: absolute;

border: 5px solid blue;

z-index: -1;

top: 5px;
left: 5px;

right: 5px;

bottom: 5px;

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 66

http://jsfiddle.net/MadalinaTn/bvqpcohm/2/

Section 10.4: border (shorthands)

In most cases you want to define several border properties (border-width, border-style and border-
color) for all

sides of an element.

Instead of writing:

border-width: 1px;

border-style: solid;

border-color: #000;

You can simply write:

border: 1px solid #000;

These shorthands are also available for every side of an element: border-top, border-left, border-right
and

border-bottom. So you can do:

border-top: 2px double #aaaaaa;

Section 10.5: border-collapse

The border-collapse property applies only to tables (and elements displayed as display: table or
inlinetable) and sets whether the table borders are collapsed into a single border or detached as in
standard HTML.

table {

border-collapse: separate; /* default */

border-spacing: 2px; /* Only works if border-collapse is separate */

}

Also see Tables - border-collapse documentation entry

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 67

Section 10.6: border-image

With the border-image property you have the possibility to set an image to be used instead of normal
border

styles.

A border-image essentially consist of a

border-image-source: The path to the image to be used

border-image-slice: Specifies the offset that is used to divide the image into nine regions (four corners,

four edges and a middle)

border-image-repeat: Specifies how the images for the sides and the middle of the border image are
scaled

Consider the following example wheras border.png is a image of 90x90 pixels:

border-image: url("border.png") 30 stretch;

The image will be split into nine regions with 30x30 pixels. The edges will be used as the corners of the
border while

the side will be used in between. If the element is higher / wider than 30px this part of the image will
be stretched.

The middle part of the image defaults to be transparent.

Section 10.7: Creating a multi-colored border using borderimage

CSS

.bordered {

border-image: linear-gradient(to right, red 20%, green 20%, green 40%, blue 40%, blue 60%, maroon

60%, maroon 80%, chocolate 80%); /* gradient with required colors */

border-image-slice: 1;

}
HTML

<div class='bordered'>Border on all sides</div>

The above example would produce a border that comprises of 5 different colors. The colors are defined
through a

linear-gradient (you can find more information about gradients in the docs). You can find more
information

about border-image-slice property in the border-image example in same page.

(Note: Additional properties were added to the element for presentational purpose.)

You'd have noticed that the left border has only a single color (the start color of the gradient) while the
right border

also has only a single color (the gradient's end color). This is because of the way that border image
property works.

It is as though the gradient is applied to the entire box and then the colors are masked from the
padding and

content areas, thus making it look as though only the border has the gradient.

Which border(s) have a single color is dependant on the gradient definition. If the gradient is a to right
gradient,

the left border would be the start color of the gradient and right border would be the end color. If it
was a to

bottom gradient the top border would be the gradient's start color and bottom border would be end
color. Below is

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 68

the output of a to bottom 5 colored gradient.

If the border is required only on specific sides of the element then the border-width property can be
used just like

with any other normal border. For example, adding the below code would produce a border only on
the top of the

element.

border-width: 5px 0px 0px 0px;

Note that, any element that has border-image property won't respect the border-radius (that is the
border won't

curve). This is based on the below statement in the spec:

A box's backgrounds, but not its border-image, are clipped to the appropriate curve (as determined by

‘background-clip’).

Section 10.8: border-[left|right|top|bottom]

The border-[left|right|top|bottom] property is used to add a border to a specific side of an element.

For example if you wanted to add a border to the left side of an element, you could do:

#element {

border-left: 1px solid black;

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 69

Chapter 11: Outlines

Parameter Details

dotted dotted outline

dashed dashed outline

solid solid outline

double double outline

groove 3D grooved outline, depends on the outline-color value

ridge 3D ridged outline, depends on the outline-color value

inset 3D inset outline, depends on the outline-color value

outset 3D outset outline, depends on the outline-color value

none no outline

hidden hidden outline

Section 11.1: Overview

Outline is a line that goes around the element, outside of the border. In contrast to border, outlines do
not take any

space in the box model. So adding an outline to an element does not affect the position of the element
or other

elements.

In addition, outlines can be non-rectangular in some browsers. This can happen if outline is applied on
a span

element that has text with different font-size properties inside it. Unlike borders, outlines cannot have
rounded

corners.

The essential parts of outline are outline-color, outline-style and outline-width.

The definition of an outline is equivalent to the definition of a border:

An outline is a line around an element. It is displayed around the margin of the element. However, it is

different from the border property.

outline: 1px solid black;

Section 11.2: outline-style

The outline-style property is used to set the style of the outline of an element.

p{

border: 1px solid black;

outline-color:blue;

line-height:30px;

.p1{

outline-style: dotted;

.p2{

outline-style: dashed;

}
.p3{

outline-style: solid;

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 70

.p4{

outline-style: double;

.p5{

outline-style: groove;

.p6{

outline-style: ridge;

.p7{

outline-style: inset;

.p8{

outline-style: outset;

HTML

<p class="p1">A dotted outline</p>

<p class="p2">A dashed outline</p>

<p class="p3">A solid outline</p>

<p class="p4">A double outline</p>

<p class="p5">A groove outline</p>

<p class="p6">A ridge outline</p>

<p class="p7">An inset outline</p>

<p class="p8">An outset outline</p>

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 71

Chapter 12: Overflow

Overflow Value Details

visible Shows all overflowing content outside the element

scroll Hides the overflowing content and adds a scroll bar

hidden Hides the overflowing content, both scroll bars disappear and the page becomes fixed

auto Same as scroll if content overflows, but doesn't add scroll bar if content fits

inherit Inherit's the parent element's value for this property

Section 12.1: overflow-wrap

overflow-wrap tells a browser that it can break a line of text inside a targeted element onto multiple
lines in an

otherwise unbreakable place. Helpful in preventing an long string of text causing layout problems due
to

overflowing it's container.

CSS

div {

width:100px;

outline: 1px dashed #bbb;

#div1 {

overflow-wrap:normal;

#div2 {
overflow-wrap:break-word;

HTML

<div id="div1">

<strong>#div1</strong>: Small words are displayed normally, but a long word like <span

style="red;">supercalifragilisticexpialidocious</span> is too long so it will overflow past the

edge of the line-break

</div>

<div id="div2">

<strong>#div2</strong>: Small words are displayed normally, but a long word like <span

style="red;">supercalifragilisticexpialidocious</span> will be split at the line break and continue

on the next line.

</div>

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 72

overflow-wrap – Value Details

normal Lets a word overflow if it is longer than the line

break-word Will split a word into multiple lines, if necessary

inherit Inherits the parent element's value for this property

Section 12.2: overflow-x and overflow-y

These two properties work in a similar fashion as the overflow property and accept the same values.
The

overflow-x parameter works only on the x or left-to-right axis. The overflow-y works on the y or top-to-
bottom

axis.

HTML

<div id="div-x">
If this div is too small to display its contents,

the content to the left and right will be clipped.

</div>

<div id="div-y">

If this div is too small to display its contents,

the content to the top and bottom will be clipped.

</div>

CSS

div {

width: 200px;

height: 200px;

#div-x {

overflow-x: hidden;

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 73

#div-y {

overflow-y: hidden;

Section 12.3: overflow: scroll

HTML

<div>

This div is too small to display its contents to display the effects of the overflow property.

</div>

CSS
div {

width:100px;

height:100px;

overflow:scroll;

Result

The content above is clipped in a 100px by 100px box, with scrolling available to view overflowing
content.

Most desktop browsers will display both horizontal and vertical scrollbars, whether or not any content
is clipped.

This can avoid problems with scrollbars appearing and disappearing in a dynamic environment.
Printers may print

overflowing content.

Section 12.4: overflow: visible

HTML

<div>

Even if this div is too small to display its contents, the content is not clipped.

</div>

CSS

div {

width:50px;

height:50px;

overflow:visible;

Result

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 74

Content is not clipped and will be rendered outside the content box if it exceeds its container size.
Section 12.5: Block Formatting Context Created with Overflow

Using the overflow property with a value different to visible will create a new block formatting
context. This is

useful for aligning a block element next to a floated element.

CSS

img {

float:left;

margin-right: 10px;

div {

overflow:hidden; /* creates block formatting context */

HTML

<img src="http://placehold.it/100x100">

<div>

<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, cum no paulo mollis pertinacia.</p>

<p>Ad case omnis nam, mutat deseruisse persequeris eos ad, in tollit debitis sea.</p>

</div>

Result

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 75

This example shows how paragraphs within a div with the overflow property set will interact with a
floated image.

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 76

Chapter 13: Media Queries

Parameter Details

mediatype (Optional) This is the type of media. Could be anything in the range of all to screen.
not (Optional) Doesn't apply the CSS for this particular media type and applies for everything

else.

media feature Logic to identify use case for CSS. Options outlined below.

Media Feature Details

aspect-ratio Describes the aspect ratio of the targeted display area of the output device.

color Indicates the number of bits per color component of the output device. If the device is not a

color device, this value is zero.

color-index Indicates the number of entries in the color look-up table for the output device.

grid Determines whether the output device is a grid device or a bitmap device.

height The height media feature describes the height of the output device's rendering surface.

max-width CSS will not apply on a screen width wider than specified.

min-width CSS will not apply on a screen width narrower than specified.

max-height CSS will not apply on a screen height taller than specified.

min-height CSS will not apply on a screen height shorter than specified.

monochrome Indicates the number of bits per pixel on a monochrome (greyscale) device.

orientation CSS will only display if device is using specified orientation. See remarks for more details.

resolution Indicates the resolution (pixel density) of the output device.

scan Describes the scanning process of television output devices.

width The width media feature describes the width of the rendering surface of the output device

(such as the width of the document window, or the width of the page box on a printer).

Deprecated Features Details

device-aspect-ratio Deprecated CSS will only display on devices whose height/width ratio matches the
specified

ratio. This is adeprecatedfeature and is not guaranteed to work.

max-device-width Deprecated Same as max-width but measures the physical screen width, rather than
the
display width of the browser.

min-device-width Deprecated Same as min-width but measures the physical screen width, rather than
the

display width of the browser.

max-device-height Deprecated Same as max-height but measures the physical screen width, rather
than the

display width of the browser.

min-device-height Deprecated Same as min-height but measures the physical screen width, rather
than the

display width of the browser.

Section 13.1: Terminology and Structure

Media queries allow one to apply CSS rules based on the type of device / media (e.g. screen, print or
handheld)

called media type, additional aspects of the device are described with media features such as the
availability of

color or viewport dimensions.

General Structure of a Media Query

@media [...] {

/* One or more CSS rules to apply when the query is satisfied */

A Media Query containing a Media Type

@media print {

/* One or more CSS rules to apply when the query is satisfied */

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 77

A Media Query containing a Media Type and a Media Feature

@media screen and (max-width: 600px) {

/* One or more CSS rules to apply when the query is satisfied */

A Media Query containing a Media Feature (and an implicit Media Type of "all")

@media (orientation: portrait) {

/* One or more CSS rules to apply when the query is satisfied */

Section 13.2: Basic Example

@media screen and (min-width: 720px) {

body {

background-color: skyblue;

The above media query specifies two conditions:

1. The page must be viewed on a normal screen (not a printed page, projector, etc).

2. The width of the user's view port must be at least 720 pixels.

If these conditions are met, the styles inside the media query will be active, and the background color
of the page

will be sky blue.

Media queries are applied dynamically. If on page load the conditions specified in the media query are
met, the CSS

will be applied, but will be immediately disabled should the conditions cease to be met. Conversely, if
the

conditions are initially not met, the CSS will not be applied until the specified conditions are met.

In our example, if the user's view port width is initially greater than 720 pixels, but the user shrinks the
browser's

width, the background color will cease to be sky blue as soon as the user has resized the view port to
less than 720
pixels in width.

Section 13.3: mediatype

Media queries have an optional mediatype parameter. This parameter is placed directly after the
@media

declaration (@media mediatype), for example:

@media print {

html {

background-color: white;

The above CSS code will give the DOM HTML element a white background color when being printed.

The mediatype parameter has an optional not or only prefix that will apply the styles to everything
except the

specified mediatype or only the specified media type, respectively. For example, the following code
example will

apply the style to every media type except print.

@media not print {

html {

background-color: green;

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 78

And the same way, for just showing it only on the screen, this can be used:

@media only screen {

.fadeInEffects {

display: block;

}
}

The list of mediatype can be understood better with the following table:

Media Type Description

all Apply to all devices

screen Default computers

print Printers in general. Used to style print-versions of websites

handheld PDA's, cellphones and hand-held devices with a small screen

projection For projected presentation, for example projectors

aural Speech Systems

braille Braille tactile devices

embossed Paged braille printers

tv Television-type devices

tty Devices with a fixed-pitch character grid. Terminals, portables.

Section 13.4: Media Queries for Retina and Non Retina

Screens

Although this works only for WebKit based browsers, this is helpful:

/* ----------- Non-Retina Screens ----------- */

@media screen

and (min-width: 1200px)

and (max-width: 1600px)

and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1) {

/* ----------- Retina Screens ----------- */

@media screen

and (min-width: 1200px)

and (max-width: 1600px)

and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2)

and (min-resolution: 192dpi) {

Background Information

There are two types of pixels in the display. One is the logical pixels and the other is the physical pixels.
Mostly, the

physical pixels always stay the same, because it is the same for all the display devices. The logical
pixels change

based on the resolution of the devices to display higher quality pixels. The device pixel ratio is the ratio
between

physical pixels and logical pixels. For instance, the MacBook Pro Retina, iPhone 4 and above report a
device pixel

ratio of 2, because the physical linear resolution is double the logical resolution.

The reason why this works only with WebKit based browsers is because of:

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 79

The vendor prefix -webkit- before the rule.

This hasn't been implemented in engines other than WebKit and Blink.

Section 13.5: Width vs Viewport

When we are using "width" with media queries it is important to set the meta tag correctly. Basic
meta tag looks like

this and it needs to be put inside the <head> tag.

<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1">

Why this is important?

Based on MDN's definition "width" is

The width media feature describes the width of the rendering surface of the output device (such as the

width of the document window, or the width of the page box on a printer).
What does that mean?

View-port is the width of the device itself. If your screen resolution says the resolution is 1280 x 720,
your view-port

width is "1280px".

More often many devices allocate different pixel amount to display one pixel. For an example iPhone 6
Plus has

1242 x 2208 resolution. But the actual viewport-width and viewport-height is 414 x 736. That means 3
pixels are

used to create 1 pixel.

But if you did not set the meta tag correctly it will try to show your webpage with its native resolution
which results

in a zoomed out view (smaller texts and images).

Section 13.6: Using Media Queries to Target Dierent Screen

Sizes

Often times, responsive web design involves media queries, which are CSS blocks that are only
executed if a

condition is satisfied. This is useful for responsive web design because you can use media queries to
specify

different CSS styles for the mobile version of your website versus the desktop version.

@media only screen and (min-width: 300px) and (max-width: 767px) {

.site-title {

font-size: 80%;

/* Styles in this block are only applied if the screen size is atleast 300px wide, but no more

than 767px */

@media only screen and (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1023px) {

.site-title {
font-size: 90%;

/* Styles in this block are only applied if the screen size is atleast 768px wide, but no more

than 1023px */

@media only screen and (min-width: 1024px) {

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 80

.site-title {

font-size: 120%;

/* Styles in this block are only applied if the screen size is over 1024px wide. */

Section 13.7: Use on link tag

<link rel="stylesheet" media="min-width: 600px" href="example.css" />

This stylesheet is still downloaded but is applied only on devices with screen width larger than 600px.

Section 13.8: Media queries and IE8

Media queries are not supported at all in IE8 and below.

A Javascript based workaround

To add support for IE8, you could use one of several JS solutions. For example, Respond can be added
to add

media query support for IE8 only with the following code :

<!--[if lt IE 9]>

<script

src="respond.min.js">

</script>

<![endif]-->
CSS Mediaqueries is another library that does the same thing. The code for adding that library to your
HTML would

be identical :

<!--[if lt IE 9]>

<script

src="css3-mediaqueries.js">

</script>

<![endif]-->

The alternative

If you don't like a JS based solution, you should also consider adding an IE<9 only stylesheet where you
adjust your

styling specific to IE<9. For that, you should add the following HTML to your code:

<!--[if lt IE 9]>

<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="all" href="style-ielt9.css"/>

<![endif]-->

Note :

Technically it's one more alternative: using CSS hacks to target IE<9. It has the same impact as an IE<9
only

stylesheet, but you don't need a separate stylesheet for that. I do not recommend this option, though,
as they

produce invalid CSS code (which is but one of several reasons why the use of CSS hacks is generally
frowned upon

today).

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 81

Chapter 14: Floats

Section 14.1: Float an Image Within Text

The most basic use of a float is having text wrap around an image. The below code will produce two
paragraphs
and an image, with the second paragraph flowing around the image. Notice that it is always content
after the

floated element that flows around the floated element.

HTML:

<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Integer nec odio. Praesent libero. Sed

cursus ante dapibus diam. Sed nisi. Nulla quis sem at nibh elementum imperdiet. Duis sagittis

ipsum. Praesent mauris. Fusce nec tellus sed augue semper porta. Mauris massa. Vestibulum lacinia

arcu eget nulla. </p>

<img src="http://lorempixel.com/200/100/" />

<p>Class aptent taciti sociosqu ad litora torquent per conubia nostra, per inceptos himenaeos.

Curabitur sodales ligula in libero. Sed dignissim lacinia nunc. Curabitur tortor. Pellentesque

nibh. Aenean quam. In scelerisque sem at dolor. Maecenas mattis. Sed convallis tristique sem. Proin

ut ligula vel nunc egestas porttitor. Morbi lectus risus, iaculis vel, suscipit quis, luctus non,

massa. Fusce ac turpis quis ligula lacinia aliquet. </p>

CSS:

img {

float:left;

margin-right:1rem;

This will be the output

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 82

Codepen Link

Section 14.2: clear property

The clear property is directly related to floats. Property Values:

none - Default. Allows floating elements on both sides

left - No floating elements allowed on the left side

right - No floating elements allowed on the right side

both - No floating elements allowed on either the left or the right side

initial - Sets this property to its default value. Read about initial

inherit - Inherits this property from its parent element. Read about inherit

<html>

<head>

<style>

img {

float: left;

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 83

p.clear {

clear: both;

</style>

</head>

<body>

<img src="https://static.pexels.com/photos/69372/pexels-photo-69372-medium.jpeg" width="100">

<p>Lorem ipsoum Lorem ipsoum Lorem ipsoum Lorem ipsoum Lorem ipsoum Lorem ipsoum Lorem
ipsoum Lorem

ipsoum Lorem ipsoum Lorem ipsoum Lorem ipsoum Lorem ipsoum </p>

<p class="clear">Lorem ipsoum Lorem ipsoum Lorem ipsoum Lorem ipsoum Lorem ipsoum Lorem
ipsoum

Lorem ipsoum Lorem ipsoum Lorem ipsoum Lorem ipsoum Lorem ipsoum Lorem ipsoum </p>

</body>

</html>
Section 14.3: Clearfix

The clearfix hack is a popular way to contain floats (N. Gallagher aka @necolas)

Not to be confused with the clear property, clearfix is a concept (that is also related to floats, thus the
possible

confusion). To contain floats, you've to add .cf or .clearfix class on the container (the parent) and style
this class

with a few rules described below.

3 versions with slightly different effects (sources :A new micro clearfix hack by N. Gallagher and
clearfix reloaded by

T. J. Koblentz):

Clearfix (with top margin collapsing of contained floats still occurring)

.cf:after {

content: "";

display: table;

.cf:after {

clear: both;

Clearfix also preventing top margin collapsing of contained floats

/**

* For modern browsers

* 1. The space content is one way to avoid an Opera bug when the

* contenteditable attribute is included anywhere else in the document.

* Otherwise it causes space to appear at the top and bottom of elements

* that are clearfixed.

* 2. The use of `table` rather than `block` is only necessary if using

* `:before` to contain the top-margins of child elements.

*/

.cf:before,

.cf:after {

content: " "; /* 1 */

display: table; /* 2 */

.cf:after {

clear: both;

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 84

Clearfix with support of outdated browsers IE6 and IE7

.cf:before,

.cf:after {

content: " ";

display: table;

.cf:after {

clear: both;

/**

* For IE 6/7 only

* Include this rule to trigger hasLayout and contain floats.

*/

.cf {

*zoom: 1;
}

Codepen showing clearfix effect

Other resource: Everything you know about clearfix is wrong (clearfix and BFC - Block Formatting
Context while

hasLayout relates to outdated browsers IE6 maybe 7)

Section 14.4: In-line DIV using float

The div is a block-level element, i.e it occupies the whole of the page width and the siblings are place
one below the

other irrespective of their width.

<div>

<p>This is DIV 1</p>

</div>

<div>

<p>This is DIV 2</p>

</div>

The output of the following code will be

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 85

We can make them in-line by adding a float css property to the div.

HTML:

<div class="outer-div">

<div class="inner-div1">

<p>This is DIV 1</p>

</div>

<div class="inner-div2">

<p>This is DIV 2</p>

</div>
</div>

CSS

.inner-div1 {

width: 50%;

margin-right:0px;

float:left;

background : #337ab7;

padding:50px 0px;

.inner-div2 {

width: 50%;

margin-right:0px;

float:left;

background : #dd2c00;

padding:50px 0px;

p{

text-align:center;

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 86

Codepen Link

Section 14.5: Use of overflow property to clear floats

Setting overflow value to hidden,auto or scroll to an element, will clear all the floats within that
element.

Note: using overflow:scroll will always show the scrollbox

Section 14.6: Simple Two Fixed-Width Column Layout

A simple two-column layout consists of two fixed-width, floated elements. Note that the sidebar and
content area

are not the same height in this example. This is one of the tricky parts with multi-column layouts using
floats, and

requires workarounds to make multiple columns appear to be the same height.

HTML:

<div class="wrapper">

<div class="sidebar">

<h2>Sidebar</h2>

<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Integer nec odio.</p>

</div>

<div class="content">

<h1>Content</h1>

<p>Class aptent taciti sociosqu ad litora torquent per conubia nostra, per inceptos himenaeos.

Curabitur sodales ligula in libero. Sed dignissim lacinia nunc. Curabitur tortor. Pellentesque

nibh. Aenean quam. In scelerisque sem at dolor. Maecenas mattis. Sed convallis tristique sem. Proin

ut ligula vel nunc egestas porttitor. Morbi lectus risus, iaculis vel, suscipit quis, luctus non,

massa. Fusce ac turpis quis ligula lacinia aliquet. </p>

</div>

</div>

CSS:

.wrapper {

width:600px;

padding:20px;

background-color:pink;

/* Floated elements don't use any height. Adding "overflow:hidden;" forces the
parent element to expand to contain its floated children. */

overflow:hidden;

.sidebar {

width:150px;

float:left;

background-color:blue;

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 87

.content {

width:450px;

float:right;

background-color:yellow;

Section 14.7: Simple Three Fixed-Width Column Layout

HTML:

<div class="wrapper">

<div class="left-sidebar">

<h1>Left Sidebar</h1>

<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. </p>

</div>

<div class="content">

<h1>Content</h1>

<p>Class aptent taciti sociosqu ad litora torquent per conubia nostra, per inceptos himenaeos.

Curabitur sodales ligula in libero. Sed dignissim lacinia nunc. Curabitur tortor. Pellentesque
nibh. Aenean quam. In scelerisque sem at dolor. Maecenas mattis. Sed convallis tristique sem. Proin

ut ligula vel nunc egestas porttitor. Morbi lectus risus, iaculis vel, suscipit quis, luctus non,

massa. </p>

</div>

<div class="right-sidebar">

<h1>Right Sidebar</h1>

<p>Fusce ac turpis quis ligula lacinia aliquet.</p>

</div>

</div>

CSS:

.wrapper {

width:600px;

background-color:pink;

padding:20px;

/* Floated elements don't use any height. Adding "overflow:hidden;" forces the

parent element to expand to contain its floated children. */

overflow:hidden;

.left-sidebar {

width:150px;

background-color:blue;

float:left;

.content {

width:300px;
background-color:yellow;

float:left;

.right-sidebar {

width:150px;

background-color:green;

float:right;

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 88

Section 14.8: Two-Column Lazy/Greedy Layout

This layout uses one floated column to create a two-column layout with no defined widths. In this
example the left

sidebar is "lazy," in that it only takes up as much space as it needs. Another way to say this is that the
left sidebar is

"shrink-wrapped." The right content column is "greedy," in that it takes up all the remaining space.

HTML:

<div class="sidebar">

<h1>Sidebar</h1>

<img src="http://lorempixel.com/150/200/" />

</div>

<div class="content">

<h1>Content</h1>

<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Integer nec odio. Praesent libero. Sed

cursus ante dapibus diam. Sed nisi. Nulla quis sem at nibh elementum imperdiet. Duis sagittis

ipsum. Praesent mauris. Fusce nec tellus sed augue semper porta. Mauris massa. Vestibulum lacinia

arcu eget nulla. </p>

<p>Class aptent taciti sociosqu ad litora torquent per conubia nostra, per inceptos himenaeos.

Curabitur sodales ligula in libero. Sed dignissim lacinia nunc. Curabitur tortor. Pellentesque

nibh. Aenean quam. In scelerisque sem at dolor. Maecenas mattis. Sed convallis tristique sem. Proin

ut ligula vel nunc egestas porttitor. Morbi lectus risus, iaculis vel, suscipit quis, luctus non,

massa. Fusce ac turpis quis ligula lacinia aliquet. Mauris ipsum. Nulla metus metus, ullamcorper

vel, tincidunt sed, euismod in, nibh. </p>

</div>

CSS:

.sidebar {

/* `display:table;` shrink-wraps the column */

display:table;

float:left;

background-color:blue;

.content {

/* `overflow:hidden;` prevents `.content` from flowing under `.sidebar` */

overflow:hidden;

background-color:yellow;

Fiddle

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 89

Chapter 15: Typography

Parameter Details

font-style italics or oblique

font-variant normal or small-caps

font-weight normal, bold or numeric from 100 to 900.

font-size The font size given in %, px, em, or any other valid CSS measurement

line-height The line height given in %, px, em, or any other valid CSS measurement

font-family This is for defining the family's name.

color Any valid CSS color representation, like red, #00FF00, hsl(240, 100%, 50%) etc.

font-stretch

Whether or not to use a confenced or expanded face from font. Valid values are normal,
ultracondensed, extra-condensed, condensed, semi-condensed, semi-expanded, expanded,
extraexpanded or ultra-expanded

text-align start, end, left, right, center, justify, match-parent

text-decoration none, underline, overline, line-through, initial, inherit;

Section 15.1: The Font Shorthand

With the syntax:

element {

font: [font-style] [font-variant] [font-weight] [font-size/line-height] [font-family];

You can have all your font-related styles in one declaration with the font shorthand. Simply use the
font property,

and put your values in the correct order.

For example, to make all p elements bold with a font size of 20px and using Arial as the font family
typically you

would code it as follows:

p{

font-weight: bold;

font-size: 20px;

font-family: Arial, sans-serif;

}
However with the font shorthand it can be condensed as follows:

p{

font: bold 20px Arial, sans-serif;

Note: that since font-style, font-variant, font-weight and line-height are optional, the three of them
are

skipped in this example. It is important to note that using the shortcut resets the other attributes not
given.

Another important point is that the two necessary attributes for the font shortcut to work are font-size
and fontfamily. If they are not both included the shortcut is ignored.

Initial value for each of the properties:

font-style: normal;

font-variant: normal;

font-weight: normal;

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 90

font-stretch: normal;

font-size: medium;

line-height: normal;

font-family – depends on user agent

Section 15.2: Quotes

The quotes property is used to customize the opening and closing quotation marks of the <q> tag.

q{

quotes: "«" "»";

Section 15.3: Font Size

HTML:

<div id="element-one">Hello I am some text.</div>

<div id="element-two">Hello I am some smaller text.</div>

CSS:

#element-one {

font-size: 30px;

#element-two {

font-size: 10px;

The text inside #element-one will be 30px in size, while the text in #element-two will be 10px in size.

Section 15.4: Text Direction

div {

direction: ltr; /* Default, text read read from left-to-right */

.ex {

direction: rtl; /* text read from right-to-left */

.horizontal-tb {

writing-mode: horizontal-tb; /* Default, text read from left-to-right and top-to-bottom. */

.vertical-rtl {

writing-mode: vertical-rl; /* text read from right-to-left and top-to-bottom */

.vertical-ltr {

writing-mode: vertical-rl; /* text read from left-to-right and top to bottom */

}
The direction property is used to change the horizontal text direction of an element.

Syntax: direction: ltr | rtl | initial | inherit;

The writing-mode property changes the alignment of text so it can be read from top-to-bottom or from
left-to-right,

depending on the language.

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 91

Syntax: direction: horizontal-tb | vertical-rl | vertical-lr;

Section 15.5: Font Stacks

font-family: 'Segoe UI', Tahoma, sans-serif;

The browser will attempt to apply the font face "Segoe UI" to the characters within the elements
targeted by the

above property. If this font is not available, or the font does not contain a glyph for the required
character, the

browser will fall back to Tahoma, and, if necessary, any sans-serif font on the user's computer. Note
that any font

names with more than one word such as "Segoe UI" need to have single or double quotes around
them.

font-family: Consolas, 'Courier New', monospace;

The browser will attempt to apply the font face "Consolas" to the characters within the elements
targeted by the

above property. If this font is not available, or the font does not contain a glyph for the required
character, the

browser will fall back to "Courier New," and, if necessary, any monospace font on the user's computer.

Section 15.6: Text Overflow

The text-overflow property deals with how overflowed content should be signaled to users. In this
example, the

ellipsis represents clipped text.

.text {

overflow: hidden;
text-overflow: ellipsis;

Unfortunately, text-overflow: ellipsis only works on a single line of text. There is no way to support
ellipsis on

the last line in standard CSS, but it can be achieved with non-standard webkit-only implementation of
flexboxes.

.giveMeEllipsis {

overflow: hidden;

text-overflow: ellipsis;

display: -webkit-box;

-webkit-box-orient: vertical;

-webkit-line-clamp: N; /* number of lines to show */

line-height: X; /* fallback */

max-height: X*N; /* fallback */

Example (open in Chrome or Safari):

http://jsfiddle.net/csYjC/1131/

Resources:

https://www.w3.org/TR/2012/WD-css3-ui-20120117/#text-overflow0

Section 15.7: Text Shadow

To add shadows to text, use the text-shadow property. The syntax is as follows:

text-shadow: horizontal-offset vertical-offset blur color;

Shadow without blur radius

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 92

h1 {

text-shadow: 2px 2px #0000FF;

}

This creates a blue shadow effect around a heading

Shadow with blur radius

To add a blur effect, add an option blur radius argument

h1 {

text-shadow: 2px 2px 10px #0000FF;

Multiple Shadows

To give an element multiple shadows, separate them with commas

h1 {

text-shadow: 0 0 3px #FF0000, 0 0 5px #0000FF;

Section 15.8: Text Transform

The text-transform property allows you to change the capitalization of text. Valid values are:
uppercase,

capitalize, lowercase, initial, inherit, and none

CSS

.example1 {

text-transform: uppercase;

.example2 {

text-transform: capitalize;

.example3 {

text-transform: lowercase;

}
HTML

<p class="example1">

all letters in uppercase <!-- "ALL LETTERS IN UPPERCASE" -->

</p>

<p class="example2">

all letters in capitalize <!-- "All Letters In Capitalize (Sentence Case)" -->

</p>

<p class="example3">

all letters in lowercase <!-- "all letters in lowercase" -->

</p>

Section 15.9: Letter Spacing

h2 {

/* adds a 1px space horizontally between each letter;

also known as tracking */

letter-spacing: 1px;

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 93

The letter-spacing property is used to specify the space between the characters in a text.

! letter-spacing also supports negative values:

p{

letter-spacing: -1px;

Resources: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/letter-spacing

Section 15.10: Text Indent

p{
text-indent: 50px;

The text-indent property specifies how much horizontal space text should be moved before the
beginning of the

first line of the text content of an element.

Resources:

Indenting only the first line of text in a paragraph?

https://www.w3.org/TR/CSS21/text.html#propdef-text-indent

https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/text-indent

Section 15.11: Text Decoration

The text-decoration property is used to set or remove decorations from text.

h1 { text-decoration: none; }

h2 { text-decoration: overline; }

h3 { text-decoration: line-through; }

h4 { text-decoration: underline; }

text-decoration can be used in combination with text-decoration-style and text-decoration-color as a

shorthand

property:

.title { text-decoration: underline dotted blue; }

This is a shorthand version of

.title {

text-decoration-style: dotted;

text-decoration-line: underline;

text-decoration-color: blue;

It should be noted that the following properties are only supported in Firefox
text-decoration-color

text-decoration-line

text-decoration-style

text-decoration-skip

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 94

Section 15.12: Word Spacing

The word-spacing property specifies the spacing behavior between tags and words.

Possible values

a positive or negative length (using em px vh cm etc.) or percentage (using %)

the keyword normal uses the font's default word spacing

the keyword inherit takes the value from the parent element

CSS

.normal { word-spacing: normal; }

.narrow { word-spacing: -3px; }

.extensive { word-spacing: 10px; }

HTML

<p>

<span class="normal">This is an example, showing the effect of "word-spacing".</span><br>

<span class="narrow">This is an example, showing the effect of "word-spacing".</span><br>

<span class="extensive">This is an example, showing the effect of "word-spacing".</span><br>

</p>

Online-Demo

Try it yourself

Further reading:

word-spacing – MDN
word-spacing – w3.org

Section 15.13: Font Variant

Attributes:

normal

Default attribute of fonts.

small-caps

Sets every letter to uppercase, but makes the lowercase letters(from original text) smaller in size than
the letters

that originally uppercase.

CSS:

.smallcaps{

font-variant: small-caps;

HTML:

<p class="smallcaps">

Documentation about CSS Fonts

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 95

<br>

aNd ExAmpLe

</p>

Output:

Note: The font-variant property is a shorthand for the properties: font-variant-caps, font-variant-
numeric, fontvariant-alternates, font-variant-ligatures, and font-variant-east-asian.

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 96

Chapter 16: Flexible Box Layout (Flexbox)

The Flexible Box module, or just 'flexbox' for short, is a box model designed for user interfaces, and it
allows users
to align and distribute space among items in a container such that elements behave predictably when
the page

layout must accommodate different, unknown screen sizes. A flex container expands items to fill
available space

and shrinks them to prevent overflow.

Section 16.1: Dynamic Vertical and Horizontal Centering (alignitems, justify-content)

Simple Example (centering a single element)

HTML

<div class="aligner">

<div class="aligner-item">…</div>

</div>

CSS

.aligner {

display: flex;

align-items: center;

justify-content: center;

.aligner-item {

max-width: 50%; /*for demo. Use actual width instead.*/

Here is a demo.

Reasoning

Property Value Description

align-items center

This centers the elements along the axis other than the one specified by flex-direction,

i.e., vertical centering for a horizontal flexbox and horizontal centering for a vertical
flexbox.

justify-content center

This centers the elements along the axis specified by flex-direction. I.e., for a

horizontal (flex-direction: row) flexbox, this centers horizontally, and for a vertical

flexbox (flex-direction: column) flexbox, this centers vertically)

Individual Property Examples

All of the below styles are applied onto this simple layout:

<div id="container">

<div></div>

<div></div>

<div></div>

</div>

where #container is the flex-box.

Example: justify-content: center on a horizontal flexbox

CSS:

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 97

div#container {

display: flex;

flex-direction: row;

justify-content: center;

Outcome:

Here is a demo.

Example: justify-content: center on a vertical flexbox

CSS:
div#container {

display: flex;

flex-direction: column;

justify-content: center;

Outcome:

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 98

Here is a demo.

Example: align-content: center on a horizontal flexbox

CSS:

div#container {

display: flex;

flex-direction: row;

align-items: center;

Outcome:

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 99

Here is a demo.

Example: align-content: center on a vertical flexbox

CSS:

div#container {

display: flex;

flex-direction: column;

align-items: center;

}
Outcome:

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 100

Here is a demo.

Example: Combination for centering both on horizontal flexbox

div#container {

display: flex;

flex-direction: row;

justify-content: center;

align-items: center;

Outcome:

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 101

Here is a demo.

Example: Combination for centering both on vertical flexbox

div#container {

display: flex;

flex-direction: column;

justify-content: center;

align-items: center;

Outcome:

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 102

Here is a demo.

Section 16.2: Sticky Variable-Height Footer

This code creates a sticky footer. When the content doesn't reach the end of the viewport, the footer
sticks to the
bottom of the viewport. When the content extends past the bottom of the viewport, the footer is also
pushed out of

the viewport. View Result

HTML:

<div class="header">

<h2>Header</h2>

</div>

<div class="content">

<h1>Content</h1>

<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Integer nec odio. Praesent libero.

Sed cursus ante dapibus diam. Sed nisi. Nulla quis sem at nibh elementum imperdiet. Duis sagittis

ipsum. Praesent mauris. Fusce nec tellus sed augue semper porta. Mauris massa. Vestibulum lacinia

arcu eget nulla. Class aptent taciti sociosqu ad litora torquent per conubia nostra, per inceptos

himenaeos. Curabitur sodales ligula in libero. </p>

</div>

<div class="footer">

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 103

<h4>Footer</h4>

</div>

CSS:

html, body {

height: 100%;

body {

display: flex;

flex-direction: column;
}

.content {

/* Include `0 auto` for best browser compatibility. */

flex: 1 0 auto;

.header, .footer {

background-color: grey;

color: white;

flex: none;

Section 16.3: Optimally fit elements to their container

One of the nicest features of flexbox is to allow optimally fitting containers to their parent element.

Live demo.

HTML:

<div class="flex-container">

<div class="flex-item">1</div>

<div class="flex-item">2</div>

<div class="flex-item">3</div>

<div class="flex-item">4</div>

<div class="flex-item">5</div>

</div>

CSS:

.flex-container {

background-color: #000;

height: 100%;
display:flex;

flex-direction: row;

flex-wrap: wrap;

justify-content: flex-start;

align-content: stretch;

align-items: stretch;

.flex-item {

background-color: #ccf;

margin: 0.1em;

flex-grow: 1;

flex-shrink: 0;

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 104

flex-basis: 200px; /* or % could be used to ensure a specific layout */

Outcome:

Columns adapt as screen is resized.

Section 16.4: Holy Grail Layout using Flexbox

Holy Grail layout is a layout with a fixed height header and footer, and a center with 3 columns. The 3
columns

include a fixed width sidenav, a fluid center, and a column for other content like ads (the fluid center
appears first in

the markup). CSS Flexbox can be used to achieve this with a very simple markup:

HTML Markup:

<div class="container">

<header class="header">Header</header>
<div class="content-body">

<main class="content">Content</main>

<nav class="sidenav">Nav</nav>

<aside class="ads">Ads</aside>

</div>

<footer class="footer">Footer</footer>

</div>

CSS:

body {

margin: 0;

padding: 0;

.container {

display: flex;

flex-direction: column;

height: 100vh;

.header {

flex: 0 0 50px;

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 105

.content-body {

flex: 1 1 auto;

display: flex;

flex-direction: row;
}

.content-body .content {

flex: 1 1 auto;

overflow: auto;

.content-body .sidenav {

order: -1;

flex: 0 0 100px;

overflow: auto;

.content-body .ads {

flex: 0 0 100px;

overflow: auto;

.footer {

flex: 0 0 50px;

Demo

Section 16.5: Perfectly aligned buttons inside cards with

flexbox

It's a regular pattern in design these days to vertically align call to actions inside its containing cards
like this:

This can be achieved using a special trick with flexbox

HTML

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 106

<div class="cards">
<div class="card">

<p>Lorem ipsum Magna proident ex anim dolor ullamco pariatur reprehenderit culpa esse enim

mollit labore dolore voluptate ullamco et ut sed qui minim.</p>

<p><button>Action</button></p>

</div>

<div class="card">

<p>Lorem ipsum Magna proident ex anim dolor ullamco pariatur reprehenderit culpa esse enim

mollit labore dolore voluptate ullamco et ut sed qui minim.</p>

<p>Lorem ipsum Magna proident ex anim dolor ullamco pariatur reprehenderit culpa esse enim

mollit labore dolore voluptate ullamco et ut sed qui minim.</p>

<p>Lorem ipsum Magna proident ex anim dolor ullamco pariatur reprehenderit culpa esse enim

mollit labore dolore voluptate ullamco et ut sed qui minim.</p>

<p>Lorem ipsum Magna proident ex anim dolor ullamco pariatur reprehenderit culpa esse enim

mollit labore dolore voluptate ullamco et ut sed qui minim.</p>

<p><button>Action</button></p>

</div>

</div>

First of all, we use CSS to apply display: flex; to the container. This will create 2 columns equal in height
with the

content flowing naturally inside it

CSS

.cards {

display: flex;

.card {

border: 1px solid #ccc;

margin: 10px 10px;

padding: 0 20px;

button {

height: 40px;

background: #fff;

padding: 0 40px;

border: 1px solid #000;

p:last-child {

text-align: center;

The layout will change and become like this:

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 107

In order to move the buttons to the bottom of the block, we need to apply display: flex; to the card
itself with

the direction set to column. After that, we should select the last element inside the card and set the
margin-top to

auto. This will push the last paragraph to the bottom of the card and achieve the required result.

Final CSS:

.cards {

display: flex;

.card {

border: 1px solid #ccc;

margin: 10px 10px;

padding: 0 20px;

display: flex;

flex-direction: column;

button {

height: 40px;

background: #fff;

padding: 0 40px;

border: 1px solid #000;

p:last-child {

text-align: center;

margin-top: auto;

Section 16.6: Same height on nested containers

This code makes sure that all nested containers are always the same height. This is done by assuring
that all nested

elements are the same height as the containing parent div. See working example:
https://jsfiddle.net/3wwh7ewp/

This effect is achieved due to the property align-items being set to stretch by default.

HTML

<div class="container">

<div style="background-color: red">

Some <br />

data <br />

to make<br />
GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 108

a height <br />

</div>

<div style="background-color: blue">

Fewer <br />

lines <br />

</div>

</div>

CSS

.container {

display: flex;

align-items: stretch; // Default value

Note: Does not work on IE versions under 10

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 109

Chapter 17: Cascading and Specificity

Section 17.1: Calculating Selector Specificity

Each individual CSS Selector has its own specificity value. Every selector in a sequence increases the
sequence's

overall specificity. Selectors fall into one of three different specificity groups: A, B and c. When multiple
selector

sequences select a given element, the browser uses the styles applied by the sequence with the highest
overall

specificity.

Group Comprised of Examples

A id selectors #foo

B
class selectors

attribute selectors

pseudo-classes

.bar

[title], [colspan="2"]

:hover, :nth-child(2)

type selectors

pseudo-elements

div, li

::before, ::first-letter

Group A is the most specific, followed by Group B, then finally Group c.

The universal selector (*) and combinators (like > and ~) have no specificity.

Example 1: Specificity of various selector sequences

#foo #baz {} /* a=2, b=0, c=0 */

#foo.bar {} /* a=1, b=1, c=0 */

#foo {} /* a=1, b=0, c=0 */

.bar:hover {} /* a=0, b=2, c=0 */

div.bar {} /* a=0, b=1, c=1 */

:hover {} /* a=0, b=1, c=0 */

[title] {} /* a=0, b=1, c=0 */

.bar {} /* a=0, b=1, c=0 */

div ul + li {} /* a=0, b=0, c=3 */

p::after {} /* a=0, b=0, c=2 */

*::before {} /* a=0, b=0, c=1 */

::before {} /* a=0, b=0, c=1 */

div {} /* a=0, b=0, c=1 */

* {} /* a=0, b=0, c=0 */

Example 2: How specificity is used by the browser

Imagine the following CSS implementation:

#foo {

color: blue;

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 110

.bar {

color: red;

background: black;

Here we have an ID selector which declares color as blue, and a class selector which declares color as
red and

background as black.

An element with an ID of #foo and a class of .bar will be selected by both declarations. ID selectors
have a Group A

specificity and class selectors have a Group B specificity. An ID selector outweighs any number of class
selectors.

Because of this, color:blue; from the #foo selector and the background:black; from the .bar selector
will be

applied to the element. The higher specificity of the ID selector will cause the browser to ignore
the .bar selector's

color declaration.

Now imagine a different CSS implementation:

.bar {
color: red;

background: black;

.baz {

background: white;

Here we have two class selectors; one of which declares color as red and background as black, and the
other

declares background as white.

An element with both the .bar and .baz classes will be affected by both of these declarations, however
the

problem we have now is that both .bar and .baz have an identical Group B specificity. The cascading
nature of CSS

resolves this for us: as .baz is defined after .bar, our element ends up with the red color from .bar but
the white

background from .baz.

Example 3: How to manipulate specificity

The last snippet from Example 2 above can be manipulated to ensure our .bar class selector's color
declaration is

used instead of that of the .baz class selector.

.bar {} /* a=0, b=1, c=0 */

.baz {} /* a=0, b=1, c=0 */

The most common way to achieve this would be to find out what other selectors can be applied to
the .bar selector

sequence. For example, if the .bar class was only ever applied to span elements, we could modify
the .bar selector

to span.bar. This would give it a new Group C specificity, which would override the .baz selector's lack
thereof:

span.bar {} /* a=0, b=1, c=1 */

.baz {} /* a=0, b=1, c=0 */

However it may not always possible to find another common selector which is shared between any
element which

uses the .bar class. Because of this, CSS allows us to duplicate selectors to increase specificity. Instead
of just .bar,

we can use .bar.bar instead (See The grammar of Selectors, W3C Recommendation). This still selects
any element

with a class of .bar, but now has double the Group B specificity:

.bar.bar {} /* a=0, b=2, c=0 */

.baz {} /* a=0, b=1, c=0 */

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 111

!important and inline style declarations

The !important flag on a style declaration and styles declared by the HTML style attribute are
considered to have

a greater specificity than any selector. If these exist, the style declaration they affect will overrule
other declarations

regardless of their specificity. That is, unless you have more than one declaration that contains an !
important flag

for the same property that apply to the same element. Then, normal specificity rules will apply to
those properties

in reference to each other.

Because they completely override specificity, the use of !important is frowned upon in most use cases.
One should

use it as little as possible. To keep CSS code efficient and maintainable in the long run, it's almost
always better to

increase the specificity of the surrounding selector than to use !important.

One of those rare exceptions where !important is not frowned upon, is when implementing generic
helper classes

like a .hidden or .background-yellow class that are supposed to always override one or more
properties wherever
they are encountered. And even then, you need to know what you're doing. The last thing you want,
when writing

maintainable CSS, is to have !important flags throughout your CSS.

A final note

A common misconception about CSS specificity is that the Group A, B and c values should be combined
with each

other (a=1, b=5, c=1 => 151). This is not the case. If this were the case, having 20 of a Group B or c
selector would

be enough to override a single Group A or B selector respectively. The three groups should be regarded
as

individual levels of specificity. Specificity cannot be represented by a single value.

When creating your CSS style sheet, you should maintain the lowest specificity as possible. If you need
to make the

specificity a little higher to overwrite another method, make it higher but as low as possible to make it
higher. You

shouldn't need to have a selector like this:

body.page header.container nav div#main-nav li a {}

This makes future changes harder and pollutes that css page.

You can calculate the specificity of your selector here

Section 17.2: The !important declaration

The !important declaration is used to override the usual specificity in a style sheet by giving a higher
priority to a

rule. Its usage is: property : value !important;

#mydiv {

font-weight: bold !important; /* This property won't be overridden

by the rule below */

#outerdiv #mydiv {
font-weight: normal; /* #mydiv font-weight won't be set to normal

even if it has a higher specificity because

of the !important declaration above */

Avoiding the usage of !important is strongly recommended (unless absolutely necessary), because it
will disturb

the natural flow of css rules which can bring uncertainty in your style sheet. Also it is important to note
that when

multiple !important declarations are applied to the same rule on a certain element, the one with the
higher

specificity will be the ona applied.

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 112

Here are some examples where using !important declaration can be justified:

If your rules shouldn't be overridden by any inline style of the element which is written inside style
attribute

of the html element.

To give the user more control over the web accessibility, like increasing or decreasing size of the font-
size, by

overriding the author style using !important.

For testing and debugging using inspect element.

See also:

W3C - 6 Assigning property values, Cascading, and Inheritance -- 6.4.2 !important rules

Section 17.3: Cascading

Cascading and specificity are used together to determine the final value of a CSS styling property. They
also define

the mechanisms for resolving conflicts in CSS rule sets.

CSS Loading order

Styles are read from the following sources, in this order:

1. User Agent stylesheet (The styles supplied by the browser vendor)

2. User stylesheet (The additional styling a user has set on his/her browser)

3. Author stylesheet (Author here means the creator of the webpage/website)

Maybe one or more .css files

In the <style> element of the HTML document

4. Inline styles (In the style attribute on an HTML element)

The browser will lookup the corresponding style(s) when rendering an element.

How are conflicts resolved?

When only one CSS rule set is trying to set a style for an element, then there is no conflict, and that
rule set is used.

When multiple rule sets are found with conflicting settings, first the Specificty rules, and then the
Cascading rules

are used to determine what style to use.

Example 1 - Specificity rules

.mystyle { color: blue; } /* specificity: 0, 0, 1, 0 */

div { color: red; } /* specificity: 0, 0, 0, 1 */

<div class="mystyle">Hello World</div>

What color will the text be? (hover to see the answer)

blue

First the specificity rules are applied, and the one with the highest specificity "wins".

Example 2 - Cascade rules with identical selectors

External css file

.class {

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 113

background: #FFF;

}
Internal css (in HTML file)

<style>

.class {

background: #000;

<style>

In this case, where you have identical selectors, the cascade kicks in, and determines that the last one
loaded

"wins".

Example 3 - Cascade rules after Specificity rules

body > .mystyle { background-color: blue; } /* specificity: 0, 0, 1, 1 */

.otherstyle > div { background-color: red; } /* specificity: 0, 0, 1, 1 */

<body class="otherstyle">

<div class="mystyle">Hello World</div>

</body>

What color will the background be?

red

After applying the specificity rules, there's still a conflict between blue and red, so the cascading rules
are applied

on top of the specificity rules. Cascading looks at the load order of the rules, whether inside the
same .css file or in

the collection of style sources. The last one loaded overrides any earlier ones. In this case,
the .otherstyle > div

rule "wins".

A final note

Selector specificity always take precedence.

Stylesheet order break ties.

Inline styles trump everything.

Section 17.4: More complex specificity example

div {

font-size: 7px;

border: 3px dotted pink;

background-color: yellow;

color: purple;

body.mystyle > div.myotherstyle {

font-size: 11px;

background-color: green;

#elmnt1 {

font-size: 24px;

border-color: red;

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 114

.mystyle .myotherstyle {

font-size: 16px;

background-color: black;

color: red;

<body class="mystyle">

<div id="elmnt1" class="myotherstyle">

Hello, world!
</div>

</body>

What borders, colors, and font-sizes will the text be?

font-size:

font-size: 24;, since #elmnt1 rule set has the highest specificity for the <div> in question, every

property here is set.

border:

border: 3px dotted red;. The border-color red is taken from #elmnt1 rule set, since it has the highest

specificity. The other properties of the border, border-thickness, and border-style are from the div rule

set.

background-color:

background-color: green;. The background-color is set in the div, body.mystyle > div.myotherstyle,

and .mystyle .myotherstyle rule sets. The specificities are (0, 0, 1) vs. (0, 2, 2) vs. (0, 2, 0), so the middle

one "wins".

color:

color: red;. The color is set in both the div and .mystyle .myotherstyle rule sets. The latter has the

higher specificity of (0, 2, 0) and "wins".

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 115

Chapter 18: Colors

Section 18.1: currentColor

currentColor returns the computed color value of the current element.

Use in same element

Here currentColor evaluates to red since the color property is set to red:

div {

color: red;
border: 5px solid currentColor;

box-shadow: 0 0 5px currentColor;

In this case, specifying currentColor for the border is most likely redundant because omitting it should
produce

identical results. Only use currentColor inside the border property within the same element if it would
be

overwritten otherwise due to a more specific selector.

Since it's the computed color, the border will be green in the following example due to the second rule
overriding

the first:

div {

color: blue;

border: 3px solid currentColor;

color: green;

Inherited from parent element

The parent's color is inherited, here currentColor evaluates to 'blue', making the child element's
border-color blue.

.parent-class {

color: blue;

.parent-class .child-class {

border-color: currentColor;

currentColor can also be used by other rules which normally would not inherit from the color property,
such as
background-color. The example below shows the children using the color set in the parent as its
background:

.parent-class {

color: blue;

.parent-class .child-class {

background-color: currentColor;

Possible Result:

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 116

Section 18.2: Color Keywords

Most browsers support using color keywords to specify a color. For example, to set the color of an
element to blue,

use the blue keyword:

.some-class {

color: blue;

CSS keywords are not case sensitive—blue, Blue and BLUE will all result in #0000FF.

Color Keywords

Color name Hex value RGB values Color

AliceBlue #F0F8FF rgb(240,248,255)

AntiqueWhite #FAEBD7 rgb(250,235,215)

Aqua #00FFFF rgb(0,255,255)

Aquamarine #7FFFD4 rgb(127,255,212)

Azure #F0FFFF rgb(240,255,255)

Beige #F5F5DC rgb(245,245,220)

Bisque #FFE4C4 rgb(255,228,196)

Black #000000 rgb(0,0,0)

BlanchedAlmond #FFEBCD rgb(255,235,205)

Blue #0000FF rgb(0,0,255)

BlueViolet #8A2BE2 rgb(138,43,226)

Brown #A52A2A rgb(165,42,42)

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 117

BurlyWood #DEB887 rgb(222,184,135)

CadetBlue #5F9EA0 rgb(95,158,160)

Chartreuse #7FFF00 rgb(127,255,0)

Chocolate #D2691E rgb(210,105,30)

Coral #FF7F50 rgb(255,127,80)

CornflowerBlue #6495ED rgb(100,149,237)

Cornsilk #FFF8DC rgb(255,248,220)

Crimson #DC143C rgb(220,20,60)

Cyan #00FFFF rgb(0,255,255)

DarkBlue #00008B rgb(0,0,139)

DarkCyan #008B8B rgb(0,139,139)

DarkGoldenRod #B8860B rgb(184,134,11)

DarkGray #A9A9A9 rgb(169,169,169)

DarkGrey #A9A9A9 rgb(169,169,169)

DarkGreen #006400 rgb(0,100,0)

DarkKhaki #BDB76B rgb(189,183,107)

DarkMagenta #8B008B rgb(139,0,139)

DarkOliveGreen #556B2F rgb(85,107,47)

DarkOrange #FF8C00 rgb(255,140,0)

DarkOrchid #9932CC rgb(153,50,204)

DarkRed #8B0000 rgb(139,0,0)

DarkSalmon #E9967A rgb(233,150,122)

DarkSeaGreen #8FBC8F rgb(143,188,143)

DarkSlateBlue #483D8B rgb(72,61,139)

DarkSlateGray #2F4F4F rgb(47,79,79)

DarkSlateGrey #2F4F4F rgb(47,79,79)

DarkTurquoise #00CED1 rgb(0,206,209)

DarkViolet #9400D3 rgb(148,0,211)

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 118

DeepPink #FF1493 rgb(255,20,147)

DeepSkyBlue #00BFFF rgb(0,191,255)

DimGray #696969 rgb(105,105,105)

DimGrey #696969 rgb(105,105,105)

DodgerBlue #1E90FF rgb(30,144,255)

FireBrick #B22222 rgb(178,34,34)

FloralWhite #FFFAF0 rgb(255,250,240)

ForestGreen #228B22 rgb(34,139,34)

Fuchsia #FF00FF rgb(255,0,255)

Gainsboro #DCDCDC rgb(220,220,220)

GhostWhite #F8F8FF rgb(248,248,255)

Gold #FFD700 rgb(255,215,0)

GoldenRod #DAA520 rgb(218,165,32)

Gray #808080 rgb(128,128,128)

Grey #808080 rgb(128,128,128)

Green #008000 rgb(0,128,0)

GreenYellow #ADFF2F rgb(173,255,47)

HoneyDew #F0FFF0 rgb(240,255,240)

HotPink #FF69B4 rgb(255,105,180)

IndianRed #CD5C5C rgb(205,92,92)

Indigo #4B0082 rgb(75,0,130)

Ivory #FFFFF0 rgb(255,255,240)

Khaki #F0E68C rgb(240,230,140)

Lavender #E6E6FA rgb(230,230,250)

LavenderBlush #FFF0F5 rgb(255,240,245)

LawnGreen #7CFC00 rgb(124,252,0)

LemonChiffon #FFFACD rgb(255,250,205)

LightBlue #ADD8E6 rgb(173,216,230)

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 119

LightCoral #F08080 rgb(240,128,128)

LightCyan #E0FFFF rgb(224,255,255)

LightGoldenRodYellow #FAFAD2 rgb(250,250,210)

LightGray #D3D3D3 rgb(211,211,211)

LightGrey #D3D3D3 rgb(211,211,211)

LightGreen #90EE90 rgb(144,238,144)

LightPink #FFB6C1 rgb(255,182,193)

LightSalmon #FFA07A rgb(255,160,122)

LightSeaGreen #20B2AA rgb(32,178,170)

LightSkyBlue #87CEFA rgb(135,206,250)

LightSlateGray #778899 rgb(119,136,153)

LightSlateGrey #778899 rgb(119,136,153)

LightSteelBlue #B0C4DE rgb(176,196,222)

LightYellow #FFFFE0 rgb(255,255,224)

Lime #00FF00 rgb(0,255,0)

LimeGreen #32CD32 rgb(50,205,50)

Linen #FAF0E6 rgb(250,240,230)

Magenta #FF00FF rgb(255,0,255)

Maroon #800000 rgb(128,0,0)

MediumAquaMarine #66CDAA rgb(102,205,170)

MediumBlue #0000CD rgb(0,0,205)

MediumOrchid #BA55D3 rgb(186,85,211)

MediumPurple #9370DB rgb(147,112,219)

MediumSeaGreen #3CB371 rgb(60,179,113)

MediumSlateBlue #7B68EE rgb(123,104,238)

MediumSpringGreen #00FA9A rgb(0,250,154)

MediumTurquoise #48D1CC rgb(72,209,204)

MediumVioletRed #C71585 rgb(199,21,133)

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 120

MidnightBlue #191970 rgb(25,25,112)

MintCream #F5FFFA rgb(245,255,250)

MistyRose #FFE4E1 rgb(255,228,225)

Moccasin #FFE4B5 rgb(255,228,181)

NavajoWhite #FFDEAD rgb(255,222,173)

Navy #000080 rgb(0,0,128)

OldLace #FDF5E6 rgb(253,245,230)

Olive #808000 rgb(128,128,0)

OliveDrab #6B8E23 rgb(107,142,35)

Orange #FFA500 rgb(255,165,0)

OrangeRed #FF4500 rgb(255,69,0)

Orchid #DA70D6 rgb(218,112,214)

PaleGoldenRod #EEE8AA rgb(238,232,170)

PaleGreen #98FB98 rgb(152,251,152)

PaleTurquoise #AFEEEE rgb(175,238,238)

PaleVioletRed #DB7093 rgb(219,112,147)

PapayaWhip #FFEFD5 rgb(255,239,213)

PeachPuff #FFDAB9 rgb(255,218,185)

Peru #CD853F rgb(205,133,63)

Pink #FFC0CB rgb(255,192,203)

Plum #DDA0DD rgb(221,160,221)

PowderBlue #B0E0E6 rgb(176,224,230)

Purple #800080 rgb(128,0,128)

RebeccaPurple #663399 rgb(102,51,153)

Red #FF0000 rgb(255,0,0)

RosyBrown #BC8F8F rgb(188,143,143)

RoyalBlue #4169E1 rgb(65,105,225)

SaddleBrown #8B4513 rgb(139,69,19)

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 121

Salmon #FA8072 rgb(250,128,114)

SandyBrown #F4A460 rgb(244,164,96)

SeaGreen #2E8B57 rgb(46,139,87)

SeaShell #FFF5EE rgb(255,245,238)

Sienna #A0522D rgb(160,82,45)

Silver #C0C0C0 rgb(192,192,192)

SkyBlue #87CEEB rgb(135,206,235)

SlateBlue #6A5ACD rgb(106,90,205)

SlateGray #708090 rgb(112,128,144)

SlateGrey #708090 rgb(112,128,144)

Snow #FFFAFA rgb(255,250,250)

SpringGreen #00FF7F rgb(0,255,127)

SteelBlue #4682B4 rgb(70,130,180)

Tan #D2B48C rgb(210,180,140)

Teal #008080 rgb(0,128,128)

Thistle #D8BFD8 rgb(216,191,216)

Tomato #FF6347 rgb(255,99,71)

Turquoise #40E0D0 rgb(64,224,208)

Violet #EE82EE rgb(238,130,238)

Wheat #F5DEB3 rgb(245,222,179)

White #FFFFFF rgb(255,255,255)

WhiteSmoke #F5F5F5 rgb(245,245,245)

Yellow #FFFF00 rgb(255,255,0)

YellowGreen #9ACD32 rgb(154,205,50)

In addition to the named colors, there is also the keyword transparent, which represents a fully-
transparent black:

rgba(0,0,0,0)

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 122

Section 18.3: Hexadecimal Value

Background

CSS colors may also be represented as a hex triplet, where the members represent the red, green and
blue

components of a color. Each of these values represents a number in the range of 00 to FF, or 0 to 255 in
decimal

notation. Uppercase and/or lowercase Hexadecimal values may be used (i.e. #3fc = #3FC = #33ffCC).
The browser

interprets #369 as #336699. If that is not what you intended but rather wanted #306090, you need to
specify that

explicitly.

The total number of colors that can be represented with hex notation is 256 ^ 3 or 16,777,216.

Syntax

color: #rrggbb;

color: #rgb

Value Description

rr 00 - FF for the amount of red

gg 00 - FF for the amount of green

bb 00 - FF for the amount of blue

.some-class {

/* This is equivalent to using the color keyword 'blue' */

color: #0000FF;

.also-blue {

/* If you want to specify each range value with a single number, you can!

This is equivalent to '#0000FF' (and 'blue') */

color: #00F;
}

Hexadecimal notation is used to specify color values in the RGB color format, per the W3C's 'Numerical
color

values'.

There are a lot of tools available on the Internet for looking up hexadecimal (or simply hex) color
values.

Search for "hex color palette" or "hex color picker" with your favorite web browser to find a bunch of
options!

Hex values always start with a pound sign (#), are up to six "digits" long, and are case-insensitive: that
is, they don't

care about capitalization. #FFC125 and #ffc125 are the same color.

Section 18.4: rgb() Notation

RGB is an additive color model which represents colors as mixtures of red, green, and blue light. In
essence, the

RGB representation is the decimal equivalent of the Hexadecimal Notation. In Hexadecimal each
number ranges

from 00-FF which is equivalent to 0-255 in decimal and 0%-100% in percentages.

.some-class {

/* Scalar RGB, equivalent to 'blue'*/

color: rgb(0, 0, 255);

.also-blue {

/* Percentile RGB values*/

color: rgb(0%, 0%, 100%);

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 123

Syntax

rgb(<red>, <green>, <blue>)

Value Description

<red> an integer from 0 - 255 or percentage from 0 - 100%

<green> an integer from 0 - 255 or percentage from 0 - 100%

<blue> an integer from 0 - 255 or percentage from 0 - 100%

Section 18.5: rgba() Notation

Similar to rgb() notation, but with an additional alpha (opacity) value.

.red {

/* Opaque red */

color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 1);

.red-50p {

/* Half-translucent red. */

color: rgba(255, 0, 0, .5);

Syntax

rgba(<red>, <green>, <blue>, <alpha>);

Value Description

<red> an integer from 0 - 255 or percentage from 0 - 100%

<green> an integer from 0 - 255 or percentage from 0 - 100%

<blue> an integer from 0 - 255 or percentage from 0 - 100%

<alpha> a number from 0 - 1, where 0.0 is fully transparent and 1.0 is fully opaque

Section 18.6: hsl() Notation

HSL stands for hue ("which color"), saturation ("how much color") and lightness ("how much white").

Hue is represented as an angle from 0° to 360° (without units), while saturation and lightness are
represented as

percentages.
p{

color: hsl(240, 100%, 50%); /* Blue */

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 124

Syntax

color: hsl(<hue>, <saturation>%, <lightness>%);

Value Description

<hue>

specified in degrees around the color wheel (without units), where 0° is red, 60° is yellow, 120° is

green, 180° is cyan, 240° is blue, 300° is magenta, and 360° is red

<saturation>

specified in percentage where 0% is fully desaturated (grayscale) and 100% is fully saturated (vividly

colored)

<lightness> specified in percentage where 0% is fully black and 100% is fully white

Notes

A saturation of 0% always produces a grayscale color; changing the hue has no effect.

A lightness of 0% always produces black, and 100% always produces white; changing the hue or
saturation

has no effect.

Section 18.7: hsla() Notation

Similar to hsl() notation, but with an added alpha (opacity) value.

hsla(240, 100%, 50%, 0) /* transparent */

hsla(240, 100%, 50%, 0.5) /* half-translucent blue */

hsla(240, 100%, 50%, 1) /* fully opaque blue */

Syntax

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 125

hsla(<hue>, <saturation>%, <lightness>%, <alpha>);

Value Description

<hue>

specified in degrees around the color wheel (without units), where 0° is red, 60° is yellow, 120° is

green, 180° is cyan, 240° is blue, 300° is magenta, and 360° is red

<saturation> percentage where 0% is fully desaturated (grayscale) and 100% is fully saturated (vividly
colored)

<lightness> percentage where 0% is fully black and 100% is fully white

<alpha> a number from 0 - 1 where 0 is fully transparent and 1 is fully opaque

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 126

Chapter 19: Opacity

Section 19.1: Opacity Property

An element's opacity can be set using the opacity property. Values can be anywhere from 0.0
(transparent) to 1.0

(opaque).

Example Usage

<div style="opacity:0.8;">

This is a partially transparent element

</div>

Property Value Transparency

opacity: 1.0; Opaque

opacity: 0.75; 25% transparent (75% Opaque)

opacity: 0.5; 50% transparent (50% Opaque)

opacity: 0.25; 75% transparent (25% Opaque)

opacity: 0.0; Transparent

Section 19.2: IE Compatibility for `opacity`

To use opacity in all versions of IE, the order is:

.transparent-element {

/* for IE 8 & 9 */

-ms-filter:"progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.Alpha(Opacity=60)"; // IE8

/* works in IE 8 & 9 too, but also 5, 6, 7 */

filter: alpha(opacity=60); // IE 5-7

/* Modern Browsers */

opacity: 0.6;

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 127

Chapter 20: Length Units

Unit Description

% Define sizes in terms of parent objects or current object dependent on property

em Relative to the font-size of the element (2em means 2 times the size of the current font)

rem Relative to font-size of the root element

vw Relative to 1% of the width of the viewport*

vh Relative to 1% of the height of the viewport*

vmin Relative to 1% of viewport's* smaller dimension

vmax Relative to 1% of viewport's* larger dimension

cm centimeters

mm millimeters

in inches (1in = 96px = 2.54cm)

px pixels (1px = 1/96th of 1in)

pt points (1pt = 1/72 of 1in)

pc picas (1pc = 12 pt)

s seconds (used for animations and transitions)

ms milliseconds (used for animations and transitions)

ex Relative to the x-height of the current font

ch Based on the width of the zero (0) character

fr fractional unit (used for CSS Grid Layout)

A CSS distance measurement is a number immediately followed by a length unit (px, em, pc, in, …)

CSS supports a number of length measurements units. They are absolute or relative.

Section 20.1: Creating scalable elements using rems and ems

Version ≥ 3

You can use rem defined by the font-size of your html tag to style elements by setting their font-size to
a value of

rem and use em inside the element to create elements that scale with your global font-size.

HTML:

<input type="button" value="Button">

<input type="range">

<input type="text" value="Text">

Relevant CSS:

html {

font-size: 16px;

input[type="button"] {

font-size: 1rem;

padding: 0.5em 2em;

input[type="range"] {

font-size: 1rem;
GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 128

width: 10em;

input[type=text] {

font-size: 1rem;

padding: 0.5em;

Possible Result:

Section 20.2: Font size with rem

CSS3 introduces a few new units, including the rem unit, which stands for "root em". Let's look at how
rem works.

First, let's look at the differences between em and rem.

em: Relative to the font size of the parent. This causes the compounding issue

rem: Relative to the font size of the root or <html> element. This means it's possible to declare a single
font

size for the html element and define all rem units to be a percentage of that.

The main issue with using rem for font sizing is that the values are somewhat difficult to use. Here is
an example of

some common font sizes expressed in rem units, assuming that the base size is 16px :

10px = 0.625rem

12px = 0.75rem

14px = 0.875rem

16px = 1rem (base)

18px = 1.125rem

20px = 1.25rem

24px = 1.5rem

30px = 1.875rem
32px = 2rem

CODE:

Version ≥ 3

html {

font-size: 16px;

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 129

h1 {

font-size: 2rem; /* 32px */

p{

font-size: 1rem; /* 16px */

li {

font-size: 1.5em; /* 24px */

Section 20.3: vmin and vmax

vmin: Relative to 1 percent of the viewport's smaller dimension

vmax: Relative to 1 percent of the viewport's larger dimension

In other words, 1 vmin is equal to the smaller of 1 vh and 1 vw

1 vmax is equal to the larger of 1 vh and 1 vw

Note: vmax is not supported in:

any version of Internet Explorer

Safari before version 6.1

Section 20.4: vh and vw

CSS3 introduced two units for representing size.

vh, which stands for viewport height is relative to 1% of the viewport height

vw, which stands for viewport width is relative to 1% of the viewport width

Version ≥ 3

div {

width: 20vw;

height: 20vh;

Above, the size for the div takes up 20% of the width and height of the viewport

Section 20.5: using percent %

One of the useful unit when creating a responsive application.

Its size depends on its parent container.

Equation:

( Parent Container`s width ) * ( Percentage(%) ) = Output

For Example:

Parent has 100px width while the Child has 50%.

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 130

On the output, the Child's width will be half(50%) of the Parent's, which is 50px.

HTML

<div class="parent">

PARENT

<div class="child">

CHILD

</div>

</div>
CSS

<style>

*{

color: #CCC;

.parent{

background-color: blue;

width: 100px;

.child{

background-color: green;

width: 50%;

</style>

OUTPUT

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 131

Chapter 21: Pseudo-Elements

pseudo-element Description

::after Insert content after the content of an element

::before Insert content before the content of an element

::first-letter Selects the first letter of each element

::first-line Selects the first line of each element

::selection Matches the portion of an element that is selected by a user

::backdrop Used to create a backdrop that hides the underlying document for an element in the top
layer's

stack
::placeholder Allows you to style the placeholder text of a form element (Experimental)

::marker For applying list-style attributes on a given element (Experimental)

::spelling-error Represents a text segment which the browser has flagged as incorrectly spelled
(Experimental)

::grammar-error

Represents a text segment which the browser has flagged as grammatically incorrect

(Experimental)

Pseudo-elements, just like pseudo-classes, are added to a CSS selectors but instead of describing a
special state,

they allow you to scope and style certain parts of an html element.

For example, the ::first-letter pseudo-element targets only the first letter of a block element specified
by the

selector.

Section 21.1: Pseudo-Elements

Pseudo-elements are added to selectors but instead of describing a special state, they allow you to
style certain

parts of a document.

The content attribute is required for pseudo-elements to render; however, the attribute can have an
empty value

(e.g. content: "").

div::after {

content: 'after';

color: red;

border: 1px solid red;

div {

color: black;
border: 1px solid black;

padding: 1px;

div::before {

content: 'before';

color: green;

border: 1px solid green;

Section 21.2: Pseudo-Elements in Lists

Pseudo-elements are often used to change the look of lists (mostly for unordered lists, ul).

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 132

The first step is to remove the default list bullets:

ul {

list-style-type: none;

Then you add the custom styling. In this example, we will create gradient boxes for bullets.

li:before {

content: "";

display: inline-block;

margin-right: 10px;

height: 10px;

width: 10px;

background: linear-gradient(red, blue);

HTML
<ul>

<li>Test I</li>

<li>Test II</li>

</ul>

Result

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 133

Chapter 22: Positioning

Parameter Details

static Default value. Elements render in order, as they appear in the document flow. The top, right,
bottom,

left and z-index properties do not apply.

relative The element is positioned relative to its normal position, so left:20px adds 20 pixels to the
element's

LEFT position

fixed The element is positioned relative to the browser window

absolute The element is positioned relative to its first positioned (not static) ancestor element

initial Sets this property to its default value.

inherit Inherits this property from its parent element.

sticky Experimental feature. It behaves like position: static within its parent until a given offset
threshold

is reached, then it acts as position: fixed.

unset Combination of initial and inherit. More info here.

Section 22.1: Overlapping Elements with z-index

To change the default stack order positioned elements (position property set to relative, absolute or
fixed), use

the z-index property.

The higher the z-index, the higher up in the stacking context (on the z-axis) it is placed.
Example

In the example below, a z-index value of 3 puts green on top, a z-index of 2 puts red just under it, and a
z-index of 1

puts blue under that.

HTML

<div id="div1"></div>

<div id="div2"></div>

<div id="div3"></div>

CSS

div {

position: absolute;

height: 200px;

width: 200px;

div#div1 {

z-index: 1;

left: 0px;

top: 0px;

background-color: blue;

div#div2 {

z-index: 3;

left: 100px;

top: 100px;

background-color: green;

}
div#div3 {

z-index: 2;

left: 50px;

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 134

top: 150px;

background-color: red;

This creates the following effect:

See a working example at JSFiddle.

Syntax

z-index: [ number ] | auto;

Parameter Details

number An integer value. A higher number is higher on the z-index stack. 0 is the default value.
Negative

values are allowed.

auto Gives the element the same stacking context as its parent. (Default)

Remarks

All elements are laid out in a 3D axis in CSS, including a depth axis, measured by the z-index property.
z-index

only works on positioned elements: (see: Why does z-index need a defined position to work?). The only
value where

it is ignored is the default value, static.

Read about the z-index property and Stacking Contexts in the CSS Specification on layered
presentation and at the

Mozilla Developer Network.

Section 22.2: Absolute Position

When absolute positioning is used the box of the desired element is taken out of the Normal Flow and
it no longer

affects the position of the other elements on the page. Offset properties:

1. top

2. left

3. right

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 135

4. bottom

specify the element should appear in relation to its next non-static containing element.

.abspos{

position:absolute;

top:0px;

left:500px;

This code will move the box containing element with attribute class="abspos" down 0px and right
500px relative to

its containing element.

Section 22.3: Fixed position

Defining position as fixed we can remove an element from the document flow and set its position
relatively to the

browser window. One obvious use is when we want something to be visible when we scroll to the
bottom of a long

page.

#stickyDiv {

position:fixed;

top:10px;

left:10px;

}
Section 22.4: Relative Position

Relative positioning moves the element in relation to where it would have been in normal flow .Offset
properties:

1. top

2. left

3. right

4. bottom

are used to indicate how far to move the element from where it would have been in normal flow.

.relpos{

position:relative;

top:20px;

left:30px;

This code will move the box containing element with attribute class="relpos" 20px down and 30px to
the right from

where it would have been in normal flow.

Section 22.5: Static positioning

The default position of an element is static. To quote MDN:

This keyword lets the element use the normal behavior, that is it is laid out in its current position in the

flow. The top, right, bottom, left and z-index properties do not apply.

.element{

position:static;

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 136

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 137

Chapter 23: Layout Control

Value Effect

none Hide the element and prevent it from occupying space.

block Block element, occupy 100% of the available width, break after element.

inline Inline element, occupy no width, no break after element.

inline-block Taking special properties from both inline and block elements, no break, but can have
width.

inline-flex Displays an element as an inline-level flex container.

inline-table The element is displayed as an inline-level table.

grid Behaves like a block element and lays out its content according to the grid model.

flex Behaves like a block element and lays out its content according to the flexbox model.

inherit Inherit the value from the parent element.

initial Reset the value to the default value taken from behaviors described in the HTML specifications
or

from the browser/user default stylesheet.

table Behaves like the HTML table element.

table-cell Let the element behave like a <td> element

table-column Let the element behave like a <col> element

table-row Let the element behave like a <tr> element

list-item Let the element behave like a <li> element.

Section 23.1: The display property

The display CSS property is fundamental for controlling the layout and flow of an HTML document.
Most elements

have a default display value of either block or inline (though some elements have other default
values).

Inline

An inline element occupies only as much width as necessary. It stacks horizontally with other elements
of the
same type and may not contain other non-inline elements.

<span>This is some <b>bolded</b> text!</span>

As demonstrated above, two inline elements, <span> and <b>, are in-line (hence the name) and do not
break the

flow of the text.

Block

A block element occupies the maximum available width of its' parent element. It starts with a new line
and, in

contrast to inline elements, it does not restrict the type of elements it may contain.

<div>Hello world!</div><div>This is an example!</div>

The div element is block-level by default, and as shown above, the two block elements are vertically
stacked and,

unlike the inline elements, the flow of the text breaks.

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 138

Inline Block

The inline-block value gives us the best of both worlds: it blends the element in with the flow of the
text while

allowing us to use padding, margin, height and similar properties which have no visible effect on inline
elements.

Elements with this display value act as if they were regular text and as a result are affected by rules
controlling the

flow of text such as text-align. By default they are also shrunk to the the smallest size possible to
accommodate

their content.

<!--Inline: unordered list-->

<style>

li {

display : inline;
background : lightblue;

padding:10px;

border-width:2px;

border-color:black;

border-style:solid;

</style>

<ul>

<li>First Element </li>

<li>Second Element </li>

<li>Third Element </li>

</ul>

<!--block: unordered list-->

<style>

li {

display : block;

background : lightblue;

padding:10px;

border-width:2px;

border-color:black;

border-style:solid;

</style>

<ul>

<li>First Element </li>

<li>Second Element </li>

<li>Third Element </li>

</ul>

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 139

<!--Inline-block: unordered list-->

<style>

li {

display : inline-block;

background : lightblue;

padding:10px;

border-width:2px;

border-color:black;

border-style:solid;

</style>

<ul>

<li>First Element </li>

<li>Second Element </li>

<li>Third Element </li>

</ul>

none

An element that is given the none value to its display property will not be displayed at all.

For example let's create a div-element that has an id of myDiv:

<div id="myDiv"></div>

This can now be marked as not being displayed by the following CSS rule:
#myDiv {

display: none;

When an element has been set to be display:none; the browser ignores every other layout property for
that

specific element (both position and float). No box will be rendered for that element and its existence in
html does

not affect the position of following elements.

Note that this is different from setting the visibility property to hidden. Setting visibility: hidden; for an

element would not display the element on the page but the element would still take up the space in
the rendering

process as if it would be visible. This will therefore affect how following elements are displayed on the
page.

The none value for the display property is commonly used along with JavaScript to show or hide
elements at will,

eliminating the need to actually delete and re-create them.

Section 23.2: To get old table structure using div

This is the normal HTML table structure

<style>

table {

width: 100%;

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 140

</style>

<table>

<tr>

<td>
I'm a table

</td>

</tr>

</table>

You can do same implementation like this

<style>

.table-div {

display: table;

.table-row-div {

display: table-row;

.table-cell-div {

display: table-cell;

</style>

<div class="table-div">

<div class="table-row-div">

<div class="table-cell-div">

I behave like a table now

</div>

</div>

</div>

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 141

Chapter 24: Grid

Grid layout is a new and powerful CSS layout system that allows to divide a web page content into
rows and

columns in an easy way.

Section 24.1: Basic Example

Property Possible Values

display grid / inline-grid

The CSS Grid is defined as a display property. It applies to a parent element and its immediate children
only.

Consider the following markup:

<section class="container">

<div class="item1">item1</div>

<div class="item2">item2</div>

<div class="item3">item3</div>

<div class="item4">item4</div>

</section>

The easiest way to define the markup structure above as a grid is to simply set its display property to
grid:

.container {

display: grid;

However, doing this will invariably cause all the child elements to collapse on top of one another. This
is because

the children do not currently know how to position themselves within the grid. But we can explicitly
tell them.

First we need to tell the grid element .container how many rows and columns will make up its
structure and we

can do this using the grid-columns and grid-rows properties (note the pluralisation):

.container {
display: grid;

grid-columns: 50px 50px 50px;

grid-rows: 50px 50px;

However, that still doesn't help us much because we need to give an order to each child element. We
can do this by

specifying the grid-row and grid-column values which will tell it where it sits in the grid:

.container .item1 {

grid-column: 1;

grid-row: 1;

.container .item2 {

grid-column: 2;

grid-row: 1;

.container .item3 {

grid-column: 1;

grid-row: 2;

.container .item4 {

grid-column: 2;

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 142

grid-row: 2;

By giving each item a column and row value it identifies the items order within the container.

View a working example on JSFiddle. You'll need to view this in IE10, IE11 or Edge for it to work as
these are

currently the only browsers supporting Grid Layout (with vendor prefix -ms-) or enable a flag in
Chrome, Opera and

Firefox according to caniuse in order to test with them.

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 143

Chapter 25: Tables

Section 25.1: table-layout

The table-layout property changes the algorithm that is used for the layout of a table.

Below an example of two tables both set to width: 150px:

The table on the left has table-layout: auto while the one on the right has table-layout: fixed. The
former is

wider than the specified width (210px instead of 150px) but the contents fit. The latter takes the
defined width of

150px, regardless if the contents overflow or not.

Value Description

auto This is the default value. It defines the layout of the table to be determined by the contents of its'
cells.

fixed This value sets the table layout to be determined by the width property provided to the table. If
the content

of a cell exceeds this width, the cell will not resize but instead, let the content overflow.

Section 25.2: empty-cells

The empty-cells property determines if cells with no content should be displayed or not. This has no
effect unless

border-collapse is set to separate.

Below an example with two tables with different values set to the empty-cells property:

The table on the left has empty-cells: show while the one on the right has empty-cells: hide. The
former does

display the empty cells whereas the latter does not.

Value Description

show This is the default value. It shows cells even if they are empty.

hide This value hides a cell altogether if there are no contents in the cell.

More Information:

https://www.w3.org/TR/CSS21/tables.html#empty-cells

https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/empty-cells

http://codepen.io/SitePoint/pen/yfhtq

https://css-tricks.com/almanac/properties/e/empty-cells/

Section 25.3: border-collapse

The border-collapse property determines if a tables' borders should be separated or merged.

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 144

Below an example of two tables with different values to the border-collapse property:

The table on the left has border-collapse: separate while the one on the right has border-collapse:
collapse.

Value Description

separate This is the default value. It makes the borders of the table separate from each other.

collapse This value sets the borders of the table to merge together, rather than being distinct.

Section 25.4: border-spacing

The border-spacing property determines the spacing between cells. This has no effect unless border-
collapse is

set to separate.

Below an example of two tables with different values to the border-spacing property:

The table on the left has border-spacing: 2px (default) while the one on the right has border-spacing:
8px.

Value Description

<length> This is the default behavior, though the exact value can vary between browsers.

<length> <length> This syntax allows specifying separate horizontal and vertical values respectively.
Section 25.5: caption-side

The caption-side property determines the vertical positioning of the <caption> element within a table.
This has no

effect if such element does not exist.

Below an example with two tables with different values set to the caption-side property:

The table on the left has caption-side: top while the one on the right has caption-side: bottom.

Value Description

top This is the default value. It places the caption above the table.

bottom This value places the caption below the table.

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 145

Chapter 26: Transitions

Parameter Details

transition-property The specific CSS property whose value change needs to be transitioned (or) all, if
all the

transitionable properties need to be transitioned.

transition-duration The duration (or period) in seconds (s) or milliseconds (ms) over which the
transition

must take place.

transition-timing-function

A function that describes how the intermediate values during the transition are

calculated. Commonly used values are ease, ease-in, ease-out, ease-in-out, linear,

cubic-bezier(), steps(). More information about the various timing functions can be

found in the W3C specs.

transition-delay The amount of time that must have elapsed before the transition can start. Can be

specified in seconds (s) or milliseconds (ms)

Section 26.1: Transition shorthand

CSS
div{

width: 150px;

height:150px;

background-color: red;

transition: background-color 1s;

div:hover{

background-color: green;

HTML

<div></div>

This example will change the background color when the div is hovered the background-color change
will last 1

second.

Section 26.2: cubic-bezier

The cubic-bezier function is a transition timing function which is often used for custom and smooth
transitions.

transition-timing-function: cubic-bezier(0.1, 0.7, 1.0, 0.1);

The function takes four parameters:

cubic-bezier(P1_x, P1_y, P2_x, P2_y)

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 146

These parameters will be mapped to points which are part of a Bézier curve:

For CSS Bézier Curves, P0 and P3 are always in the same spot. P0 is at (0,0) and P3 is at (1,1), which
menas that the

parameters passed to the cubic-bezier function can only be between 0 and 1.

If you pass parameters which aren't in this interval the function will default to a linear transition.

Since cubic-bezier is the most flexible transition in CSS, you can translate all other transition timing
function to

cubic-bezier functions:

linear: cubic-bezier(0,0,1,1)

ease-in: cubic-bezier(0.42, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0)

ease-out: cubic-bezier(0.0, 0.0, 0.58, 1.0)

ease-in-out: cubic-bezier(0.42, 0.0, 0.58, 1.0)

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 147

Section 26.3: Transition (longhand)

CSS

div {

height: 100px;

width: 100px;

border: 1px solid;

transition-property: height, width;

transition-duration: 1s, 500ms;

transition-timing-function: linear;

transition-delay: 0s, 1s;

div:hover {

height: 200px;

width: 200px;

HTML

<div></div>

transition-property: Specifies the CSS properties the transition effect is for. In this case, the div will
expand
both horizontally and vertically when hovered.

transition-duration: Specifies the length of time a transition takes to complete. In the above example,
the

height and width transitions will take 1 second and 500 milliseconds respectively.

transition-timing-function: Specifies the speed curve of the transition effect. A linear value indicates
the

transition will have the same speed from start to finish.

transition-delay: Specifies the amount of time needed to wait before the transition effect starts. In this
case,

the height will start transitioning immediately, whereas the width will wait 1 second.

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 148

Chapter 27: Animations

Transition

Parameter Details

property Either the CSS property to transition on, or all, which specifies all transition-able

properties.

duration Transition time, either in seconds or milliseconds.

timing-function

Specifies a function to define how intermediate values for properties are computed.

Common values are ease, linear, and step-end. Check out the easing function cheatsheet for more.

delay Amount of time, in seconds or milliseconds, to wait before playing the animation.

@keyframes

[ from | to | <percentage> ] You can either specify a set time with a percentage value, or two
percentage values, ie

10%, 20%, for a period of time where the keyframe's set attributes are set.

block Any amount of CSS attributes for the keyframe.

Section 27.1: Animations with keyframes

For multi-stage CSS animations, you can create CSS @keyframes. Keyframes allow you to define
multiple animation

points, called a keyframe, to define more complex animations.

Basic Example

In this example, we'll make a basic background animation that cycles between all colors.

@keyframes rainbow-background {

0% { background-color: #ff0000; }

8.333% { background-color: #ff8000; }

16.667% { background-color: #ffff00; }

25.000% { background-color: #80ff00; }

33.333% { background-color: #00ff00; }

41.667% { background-color: #00ff80; }

50.000% { background-color: #00ffff; }

58.333% { background-color: #0080ff; }

66.667% { background-color: #0000ff; }

75.000% { background-color: #8000ff; }

83.333% { background-color: #ff00ff; }

91.667% { background-color: #ff0080; }

100.00% { background-color: #ff0000; }

.RainbowBackground {

animation: rainbow-background 5s infinite;

View Result

There's a few different things to note here. First, the actual @keyframes syntax.

@keyframes rainbow-background{
This sets the name of the animation to rainbow-background.

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 149

0% { background-color: #ff0000; }

This is the definition for a keyframe within the animation. The first part, the 0% in the case, defines
where the

keyframe is during the animation. The 0% implies it is 0% of the total animation time from the
beginning.

The animation will automatically transition between keyframes. So, by setting the next background
color at 8.333%,

the animation will smoothly take 8.333% of the time to transition between those keyframes.

.RainbowBackground {

animation: rainbow-background 5s infinite;

This code attaches our animation to all elements which have the .RainbowBackground class.

The actual animation property takes the following arguments.

animation-name: The name of our animation. In this case, rainbow-background

animation-duration: How long the animation will take, in this case 5 seconds.

animation-iteration-count (Optional): The number of times the animation will loop. In this case, the

animation will go on indefinitely. By default, the animation will play once.

animation-delay (Optional): Specifies how long to wait before the animation starts. It defaults to 0
seconds,

and can take negative values. For example, -2s would start the animation 2 seconds into its loop.

animation-timing-function (Optional): Specifies the speed curve of the animation. It defaults to ease,

where the animation starts slow, gets faster and ends slow.

In this particular example, both the 0% and 100% keyframes specify { background-color: #ff0000; }.
Wherever

two or more keyframes share a state, one may specify them in a single statement. In this case, the two
0% and 100%
lines could be replaced with this single line:

0%, 100% { background-color: #ff0000; }

Cross-browser compatibility

For older WebKit-based browsers, you'll need to use the vendor prefix on both the @keyframes
declaration and the

animation property, like so:

@-webkit-keyframes{}

-webkit-animation: ...

Section 27.2: Animations with the transition property

Useful for simple animations, the CSS transition property allows number-based CSS properties to
animate

between states.

Example

.Example{

height: 100px;

background: #fff;

.Example:hover{

height: 120px;

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 150

background: #ff0000;

View Result

By default, hovering over an element with the .Example class would immediately cause the element's
height to

jump to 120px and its background color to red (#ff0000).

By adding the transition property, we can cause these changes to occur over time:
.Example{

...

transition: all 400ms ease;

View Result

The all value applies the transition to all compatible (numbers-based) properties. Any compatible
property name

(such as height or top) can be substituted for this keyword.

400ms specifies the amount of time the transition takes. In this case, the element's change in height
will take 400

milliseconds to complete.

Finally, the value ease is the animation function, which determines how the animation is played. ease
means start

slow, speed up, then end slow again. Other values are linear, ease-out, and ease-in.

Cross-Browser Compatibility

The transition property is generally well-supported across all major browsers, excepting IE 9. For
earlier versions

of Firefox and Webkit-based browsers, use vendor prefixes like so:

.Example{

transition: all 400ms ease;

-moz-transition: all 400ms ease;

-webkit-transition: all 400ms ease;

Note: The transition property can animate changes between any two numerical values, regardless of
unit. It can

also transition between units, such as 100px to 50vh. However, it cannot transition between a number
and a default

or automatic value, such as transitioning an element's height from 100px to auto.

Section 27.3: Syntax Examples

Our first syntax example shows the animation shorthand property using all of the available
properties/parameters:

animation: 3s ease-in 1s 2 reverse both paused

slidein;

/* duration | timing-function | delay | iteration-count | direction | fill-mode | playstate | name */

Our second example is a little more simple, and shows that some properties can be omitted:

animation: 3s linear 1s slidein;

/* duration | timing-function | delay | name */

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 151

Our third example shows the most minimal declaration. Note that the animation-name and
animation-duration

must be declared:

animation: 3s slidein;

/* duration | name */

It's also worth mentioning that when using the animation shorthand the order of the properties makes
a difference.

Obviously the browser may confuse your duration with your delay.

If brevity isn't your thing, you can also skip the shorthand property and write out each property
individually:

animation-duration: 3s;

animation-timing-function: ease-in;

animation-delay: 1s;

animation-iteration-count: 2;

animation-direction: reverse;

animation-fill-mode: both;

animation-play-state: paused;
animation-name: slidein;

Section 27.4: Increasing Animation Performance Using the

`will-change` Attribute

When creating animations and other GPU-heavy actions, it's important to understand the will-change
attribute.

Both CSS keyframes and the transition property use GPU acceleration. Performance is increased by
offloading

calculations to the device's GPU. This is done by creating paint layers (parts of the page that are
individually

rendered) that are offloaded to the GPU to be calculated. The will-change property tells the browser
what will

animate, allowing the browser to create smaller paint areas, thus increasing performance.

The will-change property accepts a comma-separated list of properties to be animated. For example, if
you plan

on transforming an object and changing its opacity, you would specify:

.Example{

...

will-change: transform, opacity;

Note: Use will-change sparingly. Setting will-change for every element on a page can cause
performance

problems, as the browser may attempt to create paint layers for every element, significantly
increasing the amount

of processing done by the GPU.

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 152

Chapter 28: 2D Transforms

Function/Parameter Details

rotate(x) Defines a transformation that moves the element around a fixed point on the Z axis
translate(x,y) Moves the position of the element on the X and Y axis

translateX(x) Moves the position of the element on the X axis

translateY(y) Moves the position of the element on the Y axis

scale(x,y) Modifies the size of the element on the X and Y axis

scaleX(x) Modifies the size of the element on the X axis

scaleY(y) Modifies the size of the element on the Y axis

skew(x,y)

Shear mapping, or transvection, distorting each point of an element by a certain angle in

each direction

skewX(x)

Horizontal shear mapping distorting each point of an element by a certain angle in the

horizontal direction

skewY(y)

Vertical shear mapping distorting each point of an element by a certain angle in the vertical

direction

matrix() Defines a 2D transformation in the form of a transformation matrix.

angle

The angle by which the element should be rotated or skewed (depending on the function

with which it is used). Angle can be provided in degrees (deg), gradians (grad), radians (rad)

or turns (turn). In skew() function, the second angle is optional. If not provided, there will be

no (0) skew in Y-axis.

length-or-percentage

The distance expressed as a length or a percentage by which the element should be

translated. In translate() function, the second length-or-percentage is optional. If not

provided, then there would be no (0) translation in Y-axis.

scale-factor

A number which defines how many times the element should be scaled in the specified axis.

In scale() function, the second scale-factor is optional. If not provided, the first scale-factor

will be applied for Y-axis also.

Section 28.1: Rotate

HTML

<div class="rotate"></div>

CSS

.rotate {

width: 100px;

height: 100px;

background: teal;

transform: rotate(45deg);

This example will rotate the div by 45 degrees clockwise. The center of rotation is in the center of the
div, 50% from

left and 50% from top. You can change the center of rotation by setting the transform-origin property.

transform-origin: 100% 50%;

The above example will set the center of rotation to the middle of the right side end.

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 153

Section 28.2: Scale

HTML

<div class="scale"></div>

CSS

.scale {

width: 100px;
height: 100px;

background: teal;

transform: scale(0.5, 1.3);

This example will scale the div to 100px * 0.5 = 50px on the X axis and to 100px * 1.3 = 130px on the Y
axis.

The center of the transform is in the center of the div, 50% from left and 50% from top.

Section 28.3: Skew

HTML

<div class="skew"></div>

CSS

.skew {

width: 100px;

height: 100px;

background: teal;

transform: skew(20deg, -30deg);

This example will skew the div by 20 degrees on the X axis and by - 30 degrees on the Y axis.

The center of the transform is in the center of the div, 50% from left and 50% from top.

See the result here.

Section 28.4: Multiple transforms

Multiple transforms can be applied to an element in one property like this:

transform: rotate(15deg) translateX(200px);

This will rotate the element 15 degrees clockwise and then translate it 200px to the right.

In chained transforms, the coordinate system moves with the element. This means that the translation
won't be
horizontal but on an axis rotate 15 degrees clockwise as shown in the following image:

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 154

Changing the order of the transforms will change the output. The first example will be different to

transform: translateX(200px) rotate(15deg);

<div class="transform"></div>

.transform {

transform: rotate(15deg) translateX(200px);

As shown in this image:

Section 28.5: Translate

HTML

<div class="translate"></div>

CSS

.translate {

width: 100px;

height: 100px;

background: teal;

transform: translate(200px, 50%);

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 155

This example will move the div by 200px on the X axis and by 100px * 50% = 50px on the Y axis.

You can also specify translations on a single axis.

On the X axis:

.translate {

transform: translateX(200px);
}

On the Y axis:

.translate {

transform: translateY(50%);

Section 28.6: Transform Origin

Transformations are done with respect to a point which is defined by the transform-origin property.

The property takes 2 values : transform-origin: X Y;

In the following example the first div (.tl) is rotate around the top left corner with transform-origin: 0
0; and

the second (.tr)is transformed around it's top right corner with transform-origin: 100% 0. The rotation
is applied

on hover :

HTML:

<div class="transform originl"></div>

<div class="transform origin2"></div>

CSS:

.transform {

display: inline-block;

width: 200px;

height: 100px;

background: teal;

transition: transform 1s;

.origin1 {

transform-origin: 0 0;
}

.origin2 {

transform-origin: 100% 0;

.transform:hover {

transform: rotate(30deg);

The default value for the transform-origin property is 50% 50% which is the center of the element.

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 156

Chapter 29: 3D Transforms

Section 29.1: Compass pointer or needle shape using 3D

transforms

CSS

div.needle {

margin: 100px;

height: 150px;

width: 150px;

transform: rotateY(85deg) rotateZ(45deg);

/* presentational */

background-image: linear-gradient(to top left, #555 0%, #555 40%, #444 50%, #333 97%);

box-shadow: inset 6px 6px 22px 8px #272727;

HTML

<div class='needle'></div>

In the above example, a needle or compass pointer shape is created using 3D transforms. Generally
when we apply
the rotate transform on an element, the rotation happens only in the Z-axis and at best we will end up
with

diamond shapes only. But when a rotateY transform is added on top of it, the element gets squeezed
in the Y-axis

and thus ends up looking like a needle. The more the rotation of the Y-axis the more squeezed the
element looks.

The output of the above example would be a needle resting on its tip. For creating a needle that is
resting on its

base, the rotation should be along the X-axis instead of along Y-axis. So the transform property's value
would have

to be something like rotateX(85deg) rotateZ(45deg);.

This pen uses a similar approach to create something that resembles the Safari logo or a compass dial.

Screenshot of element with no transform:

Screenshot of element with only 2D transform:

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 157

Screenshot of element with 3D transform:

Section 29.2: 3D text eect with shadow

HTML:

<div id="title">

<h1 data-content="HOVER">HOVER</h1>

</div>

CSS:

*{margin:0;padding:0;}

html,body{height:100%;width:100%;overflow:hidden;background:#0099CC;}

#title{

position:absolute;

top:50%; left:50%;
transform:translate(-50%,-50%);

perspective-origin:50% 50%;

perspective:300px;

h1{

text-align:center;

font-size:12vmin;

font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif;

color:rgba(0,0,0,0.8);

line-height:1em;

transform:rotateY(50deg);

perspective:150px;

perspective-origin:0% 50%;

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 158

h1:after{

content:attr(data-content);

position:absolute;

left:0;top:0;

transform-origin:50% 100%;

transform:rotateX(-90deg);

color:#0099CC;

#title:before{

content:'';
position:absolute;

top:-150%; left:-25%;

width:180%; height:328%;

background:rgba(255,255,255,0.7);

transform-origin: 0 100%;

transform: translatez(-200px) rotate(40deg) skewX(35deg);

border-radius:0 0 100% 0;

View example with additional hover effect

In this example, the text is transformed to make it look like it is going into the screen away from the
user.

The shadow is transformed accordingly so it follows the text. As it is made with a pseudo element and
the data

attribute, it inherits the transforms form it's parent (the H1 tag).

The white "light" is made with a pseudo element on the #title element. It is skewed and uses border-
radius for the

rounded corner.

Section 29.3: backface-visibility

The backface-visibility property relates to 3D transforms.

With 3D transforms and the backface-visibility property, you're able to rotate an element such that the
original

front of an element no longer faces the screen.

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 159

For example, this would flip an element away from the screen:

JSFIDDLE

<div class="flip">Loren ipsum</div>

<div class="flip back">Lorem ipsum</div>

.flip {

-webkit-transform: rotateY(180deg);

-moz-transform: rotateY(180deg);

-ms-transform: rotateY(180deg);

-webkit-backface-visibility: visible;

-moz-backface-visibility: visible;

-ms-backface-visibility: visible;

.flip.back {

-webkit-backface-visibility: hidden;

-moz-backface-visibility: hidden;

-ms-backface-visibility: hidden;

Firefox 10+ and IE 10+ support backface-visibility without a prefix. Opera, Chrome, Safari, iOS, and
Android all

need -webkit-backface-visibility.

It has 4 values:

1. visible (default) - the element will always be visible even when not facing the screen.

2. hidden - the element is not visible when not facing the screen.

3. inherit - the property will gets its value from the its parent element

4. initial - sets the property to its default, which is visible

Section 29.4: 3D cube

3D transforms can be use to create many 3D shapes. Here is a simple 3D CSS cube example:

HTML:

<div class="cube">

<div class="cubeFace"></div>
<div class="cubeFace face2"></div>

</div>

CSS:

body {

perspective-origin: 50% 100%;

perspective: 1500px;

overflow: hidden;

.cube {

position: relative;

padding-bottom: 20%;

transform-style: preserve-3d;

transform-origin: 50% 100%;

transform: rotateY(45deg) rotateX(0);

.cubeFace {

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 160

position: absolute;

top: 0;

left: 40%;

width: 20%;

height: 100%;

margin: 0 auto;

transform-style: inherit;

background: #C52329;
box-shadow: inset 0 0 0 5px #333;

transform-origin: 50% 50%;

transform: rotateX(90deg);

backface-visibility: hidden;

.face2 {

transform-origin: 50% 50%;

transform: rotatez(90deg) translateX(100%) rotateY(90deg);

.cubeFace:before, .cubeFace:after {

content: '';

position: absolute;

width: 100%;

height: 100%;

transform-origin: 0 0;

background: inherit;

box-shadow: inherit;

backface-visibility: inherit;

.cubeFace:before {

top: 100%;

left: 0;

transform: rotateX(-90deg);

.cubeFace:after {
top: 0;

left: 100%;

transform: rotateY(90deg);

View this example

Additional styling is added in the demo and a transform is applied on hover to view the 6 faces of the
cube.

Should be noted that:

4 faces are made with pseudo elements

chained transforms are applied

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 161

Chapter 30: Filter Property

Value Description

blur(x) Blurs the image by x pixels.

brightness(x) Brightens the image at any value above 1.0 or 100%. Below that, the image will be

darkened.

contrast(x) Provides more contrast to the image at any value above 1.0 or 100%. Below that, the

image will get less saturated.

drop-shadow(h, v, x, y, z) Gives the image a drop-shadow. h and v can have negative values. x, y, and z
are optional.

greyscale(x) Shows the image in greyscale, with a maximum value of 1.0 or 100%.

hue-rotate(x) Applies a hue-rotation to the image.

invert(x) Inverts the color of the image with a maximum value of 1.0 or 100%.

opacity(x) Sets how opaque/transparent the image is with a maximum value of 1.0 or 100%.

saturate(x) Saturates the image at any value above 1.0 or 100%. Below that, the image will start to

de-saturate.
sepia(x) Converts the image to sepia with a maximum value of 1.0 or 100%.

Section 30.1: Blur

HTML

<img src='donald-duck.png' alt='Donald Duck' title='Donald Duck' />

CSS

img {

-webkit-filter: blur(1px);

filter: blur(1px);

Result

Makes you wanna rub your glasses.

Section 30.2: Drop Shadow (use box-shadow instead if

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 162

possible)

HTML

<p>My shadow always follows me.</p>

CSS

p{

-webkit-filter: drop-shadow(10px 10px 1px green);

filter: drop-shadow(10px 10px 1px green);

Result

Section 30.3: Hue Rotate

HTML

<img src='donald-duck.png' alt='Donald Duck' title='Donald Duck' />

CSS

img {

-webkit-filter: hue-rotate(120deg);

filter: hue-rotate(120deg);

Result

Section 30.4: Multiple Filter Values

To use multiple filters, separate each value with a space.

HTML

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 163

<img src='donald-duck.png' alt='Donald Duck' title='Donald Duck' />

CSS

img {

-webkit-filter: brightness(200%) grayscale(100%) sepia(100%) invert(100%);

filter: brightness(200%) grayscale(100%) sepia(100%) invert(100%);

Result

Section 30.5: Invert Color

HTML

<div></div>

CSS

div {

width: 100px;

height: 100px;

background-color: white;
-webkit-filter: invert(100%);

filter: invert(100%);

Result

Turns from white to black.

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 164

Chapter 31: Cursor Styling

Section 31.1: Changing cursor type

cursor: value;

Examples:

Value Description

none No cursor is rendered for the element

auto Default. The browser sets a cursor

help The cursor indicates that help is available

wait The cursor indicates that the program is busy

move The cursor indicates something is to be moved

pointer The cursor is a pointer and indicates a link

Section 31.2: pointer-events

The pointer-events property allows for control over how HTML elements respond to mouse/touch
events.

.disabled {

pointer-events: none;

In this example,

'none' prevents all click, state and cursor options on the specified HTML element [[1]]

Other valid values for HTMl elements are:

auto;

inherit.

1. https://css-tricks.com/almanac/properties/p/pointer-events/

Other resources:

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 165

https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/pointer-events

https://davidwalsh.name/pointer-events

Section 31.3: caret-color

The caret-color CSS property specifies the color of the caret, the visible indicator of the insertion point
in an

element where text and other content is inserted by the user's typing or editing.

HTML

<input id="example" />

CSS

#example {

caret-color: red;

Resources:

https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/caret-color

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 166

Chapter 32: box-shadow

Parameters Details

inset by default, the shadow is treated as a drop shadow. the inset keyword draws the shadow inside
the

frame/border.

offset-x the horizontal distance

offset-y the vertical distance

blur-radius 0 by default. value cannot be negative. the bigger the value, the bigger and lighter the
shadow

becomes.

spread-radius 0 by default. positive values will cause the shadow to expand. negative values will cause
the shadow

to shrink.

color can be of various notations: a color keyword, hexadecimal, rgb(), rgba(), hsl(), hsla()

Section 32.1: bottom-only drop shadow using a pseudoelement

JSFiddle: https://jsfiddle.net/UnsungHero97/80qod7aL/2/

HTML

<div class="box_shadow"></div>

CSS

.box_shadow {

background-color: #1C90F3;

width: 200px;

height: 100px;

margin: 50px;

.box_shadow:after {

content: "";

width: 190px;

height: 1px;

margin-top: 98px;

margin-left: 5px;

display: block;
position: absolute;

z-index: -1;

-webkit-box-shadow: 0px 0px 8px 2px #444444;

-moz-box-shadow: 0px 0px 8px 2px #444444;

box-shadow: 0px 0px 8px 2px #444444;

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 167

Section 32.2: drop shadow

JSFiddle: https://jsfiddle.net/UnsungHero97/80qod7aL/

HTML

<div class="box_shadow"></div>

CSS

.box_shadow {

-webkit-box-shadow: 0px 0px 10px -1px #444444;

-moz-box-shadow: 0px 0px 10px -1px #444444;

box-shadow: 0px 0px 10px -1px #444444;

Section 32.3: inner drop shadow

HTML

<div class="box_shadow"></div>

CSS

.box_shadow {

background-color: #1C90F3;

width: 200px;

height: 100px;
margin: 50px;

-webkit-box-shadow: inset 0px 0px 10px 0px #444444;

-moz-box-shadow: inset 0px 0px 10px 0px #444444;

box-shadow: inset 0px 0px 10px 0px #444444;

Result:

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 168

JSFiddle: https://jsfiddle.net/UnsungHero97/80qod7aL/1/

Section 32.4: multiple shadows

JSFiddle: https://jsfiddle.net/UnsungHero97/80qod7aL/5/

HTML

<div class="box_shadow"></div>

CSS

.box_shadow {

width: 100px;

height: 100px;

margin: 100px;

box-shadow:

-52px -52px 0px 0px #f65314,

52px -52px 0px 0px #7cbb00,

-52px 52px 0px 0px #00a1f1,

52px 52px 0px 0px #ffbb00;

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 169

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 170

Chapter 33: Shapes for Floats

Parameter Details

none

A value of none means that the float area (the area that is used for wrapping content around a float

element) is unaffected. This is the default/initial value.

basic-shape Refers to one among inset(), circle(), ellipse() or polygon(). Using one of these functions
and its

values the shape is defined.

shape-box

Refers to one among margin-box, border-box, padding-box, content-box. When only <shape-box> is

provided (without <basic-shape>) this box is the shape. When it is used along with <basic-shape>, this

acts as the reference box.

image When an image is provided as value, the shape is computed based on the alpha channel of the
image

specified.

Section 33.1: Shape Outside with Basic Shape – circle()

With the shape-outside CSS property one can define shape values for the float area so that the inline
content

wraps around the shape instead of the float's box.

CSS

img:nth-of-type(1) {

shape-outside: circle(80px at 50% 50%);

float: left;

width: 200px;

img:nth-of-type(2) {

shape-outside: circle(80px at 50% 50%);

float: right;

width: 200px;

p{

text-align: center;

line-height: 30px; /* purely for demo */

HTML

<img src="http://images.clipartpanda.com/circle-clip-art-circlergb.jpg">

<img src="http://images.clipartpanda.com/circle-clip-art-circlergb.jpg">

<p>Some paragraph whose text content is required to be wrapped such that it follows the curve of

the circle on either side. And then there is some filler text just to make the text long enough.

Lorem Ipsum Dolor Sit Amet....</p>

In the above example, both the images are actually square images and when the text is placed
without the shapeoutside property, it will not flow around the circle on either side. It will flow around
the containing box of the image

only. With shape-outside the float area is re-defined as a circle and the content is made to flow around
this

imaginary circle that is created using shape-outside.

The imaginary circle that is used to re-define the float area is a circle with radius of 80px drawn from
the center-mid

point of the image's reference box.

Below are a couple of screenshots to illustrate how the content would be wrapped around when
shape-outside is

used and when it is not used.

Output with shape-outside

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 171

Output without shape-outside

Section 33.2: Shape margin

The shape-margin CSS property adds a margin to shape-outside.

CSS

img:nth-of-type(1) {

shape-outside: circle(80px at 50% 50%);

shape-margin: 10px;

float: left;

width: 200px;

img:nth-of-type(2) {

shape-outside: circle(80px at 50% 50%);

shape-margin: 10px;

float: right;

width: 200px;

p{

text-align: center;

line-height: 30px; /* purely for demo */

HTML

<img src="http://images.clipartpanda.com/circle-clip-art-circlergb.jpg">

<img src="http://images.clipartpanda.com/circle-clip-art-circlergb.jpg">

<p>Some paragraph whose text content is required to be wrapped such that it follows the curve of

the circle on either side. And then there is some filler text just to make the text long enough.
Lorem Ipsum Dolor Sit Amet....</p>

In this example, a 10px margin is added around the shape using shape-margin. This creates a bit more
space

between the imaginary circle that defines the float area and the actual content that is flowing around.

Output:

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 172

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 173

Chapter 34: List Styles

Value Description

list-style-type the type of list-item marker.

list-style-position specifies where to place the marker

list-style-image specifies the type of list-item marker

initial sets this property to its default value

inherit inherits this property from its parent element

Section 34.1: Bullet Position

A list consists of <li> elements inside a containing element (<ul> or <ol>). Both the list items and the
container can

have margins and paddings which influence the exact position of the list item content in the document.
The default

values for the margin and padding may be different for each browser. In order to get the same layout
crossbrowser, these need to be set specifically.

Each list item gets a 'marker box', which contains the bullet marker. This box can either be placed
inside or outside

of the list item box.

list-style-position: inside;

places the bullet within the <li> element, pushing the content to the right as needed.

list-style-position: outside;
places the bullet left of the <li> element. If there is not enough space in the padding of the containing
element, the

marker box will extend to the left even if it would fall off the page.

Showing the result of inside and outside positioning: jsfiddle

Section 34.2: Removing Bullets / Numbers

Sometimes, a list should just not display any bullet points or numbers. In that case, remember to
specify margin

and padding.

<ul>

<li>first item</li>

<li>second item</li>

</ul>

CSS

ul {

list-style-type: none;

li {

margin: 0;

padding: 0;

Section 34.3: Type of Bullet or Numbering

Specific for <li> tags within an unordered list (<ul>):

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 174

list-style: disc; /* A filled circle (default) */

list-style: circle; /* A hollow circle */

list-style: square; /* A filled square */

list-style: '-'; /* any string */

Specific for <li> tags within an ordered list (<ol>):

list-style: decimal; /* Decimal numbers beginning with 1 (default) */

list-style: decimal-leading-zero;/* Decimal numbers padded by initial zeros (01, 02, 03, … 10) */

list-style: lower-roman; /* Lowercase roman numerals (i., ii., iii., iv., ...) */

list-style: upper-roman; /* Uppercase roman numerals (I., II., III., IV., ...) */

list-style-type: lower-greek; /* Lowercase roman letters (α., β., γ., δ., ...) */

list-style-type: lower-alpha; /* Lowercase letters (a., b., c., d., ...) */

list-style-type: lower-latin; /* Lowercase letters (a., b., c., d., ...) */

list-style-type: upper-alpha; /* Uppercase letters (A., B., C., D., ...) */

list-style-type: upper-latin; /* Uppercase letters (A., B., C., D., ...) */

Non-specific:

list-style: none; /* No visible list marker */

list-style: inherit; /* Inherits from parent */

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 175

Chapter 35: Counters

Parameter Details

counter-name This is the name of the counter that needs to be created or incremented or printed. It
can be any

custom name as the developer wishes.

integer

This integer is an optional value that when provided next to the counter name will represent the

initial value of the counter (in counter-set, counter-reset properties) or the value by which the

counter should be incremented (in counter-increment).

none

This is the initial value for all 3 counter-* properties. When this value is used for counterincrement, the
value of none of the counters are affected. When this is used for the other two, no

counter is created.

counter-style

This specifies the style in which the counter value needs to be displayed. It supports all values

supported by the list-style-type property. If none is used then the counter value is not printed

at all.

connector-string This represents the string that must be placed between the values of two different
counter levels

(like the "." in "2.1.1").

Section 35.1: Applying roman numerals styling to the counter

output

CSS

body {

counter-reset: item-counter;

.item {

counter-increment: item-counter;

.item:before {

content: counter(item-counter, upper-roman) ". "; /* by specifying the upper-roman as style the

output would be in roman numbers */

HTML

<div class='item'>Item No: 1</div>

<div class='item'>Item No: 2</div>

<div class='item'>Item No: 3</div>

In the above example, the counter's output would be displayed as I, II, III (roman numbers) instead of
the usual 1, 2,

3 as the developer has explicitly specified the counter's style.

Section 35.2: Number each item using CSS Counter

CSS

body {

counter-reset: item-counter; /* create the counter */

.item {

counter-increment: item-counter; /* increment the counter every time an element with class "item"

is encountered */

.item-header:before {

content: counter(item-counter) ". "; /* print the value of the counter before the header and

append a "." to it */

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 176

/* just for demo */

.item {

border: 1px solid;

height: 100px;

margin-bottom: 10px;

.item-header {

border-bottom: 1px solid;

height: 40px;
line-height: 40px;

padding: 5px;

.item-content {

padding: 8px;

HTML

<div class='item'>

<div class='item-header'>Item 1 Header</div>

<div class='item-content'>Lorem Ipsum Dolor Sit Amet....</div>

</div>

<div class='item'>

<div class='item-header'>Item 2 Header</div>

<div class='item-content'>Lorem Ipsum Dolor Sit Amet....</div>

</div>

<div class='item'>

<div class='item-header'>Item 3 Header</div>

<div class='item-content'>Lorem Ipsum Dolor Sit Amet....</div>

</div>

The above example numbers every "item" in the page and adds the item's number before its header
(using content

property of .item-header element's :before pseudo). A live demo of this code is available here.

Section 35.3: Implementing multi-level numbering using CSS

counters

CSS

ul {
list-style: none;

counter-reset: list-item-number; /* self nesting counter as name is same for all levels */

li {

counter-increment: list-item-number;

li:before {

content: counters(list-item-number, ".") " "; /* usage of counters() function means value of

counters at all higher levels are combined before printing */

HTML

<ul>

<li>Level 1

<ul>

<li>Level 1.1

<ul>

<li>Level 1.1.1</li>

</ul>

</li>

</ul>

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 177

</li>

<li>Level 2

<ul>

<li>Level 2.1
<ul>

<li>Level 2.1.1</li>

<li>Level 2.1.2</li>

</ul>

</li>

</ul>

</li>

<li>Level 3</li>

</ul>

The above is an example of multi-level numbering using CSS counters. It makes use of the self-nesting
concept of

counters. Self nesting is a concept where if an element already has a counter with the given name but
is having to

create another then it creates it as a child of the existing counter. Here, the second level ul already
inherits the

list-item-number counter from its parent but then has to create its own list-item-number (for its
children li) and

so creates list-item-number[1] (counter for second level) and nests it under list-item-number[0]
(counter for

first level). Thus it achieves the multi-level numbering.

The output is printed using the counters() function instead of the counter() function because the
counters()

function is designed to prefix the value of all higher level counters (parent) when printing the output.

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 178

Chapter 36: Functions

Section 36.1: calc() function

Accepts a mathematical expression and returns a numerical value.

It is especially useful when working with different types of units (e.g. subtracting a px value from a
percentage) to

calculate the value of an attribute.

+, -, /, and * operators can all be used, and parentheses can be added to specify the order of
operations if

necessary.

Use calc() to calculate the width of a div element:

#div1 {

position: absolute;

left: 50px;

width: calc(100% - 100px);

border: 1px solid black;

background-color: yellow;

padding: 5px;

text-align: center;

Use calc() to determine the position of a background-image:

background-position: calc(50% + 17px) calc(50% + 10px), 50% 50%;

Use calc() to determine the height of an element:

height: calc(100% - 20px);

Section 36.2: attr() function

Returns the value of an attribute of the selected element.

Below is a blockquote element which contains a character inside a data-* attribute which CSS can use
(e.g. inside

the ::before and ::after pseudo-element) using this function.

<blockquote data-mark='"'></blockquote>

In the following CSS block, the character is appended before and after the text inside the element:
blockquote[data-mark]::before,

blockquote[data-mark]::after {

content: attr(data-mark);

Section 36.3: var() function

The var() function allows CSS variables to be accessed.

/* set a variable */

:root {

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 179

--primary-color: blue;

/* access variable */

selector {

color: var(--primary-color);

This feature is currently under development. Check caniuse.com for the latest browser support.

Section 36.4: radial-gradient() function

Creates an image representing a gradient of colors radiating from the center of the gradient

radial-gradient(red, orange, yellow) /*A gradient coming out from the middle of the

gradient, red at the center, then orange, until it is finally yellow at the edges*/

Section 36.5: linear-gradient() function

Creates a image representing a linear gradient of colors.

linear-gradient( 0deg, red, yellow 50%, blue);

This creates a gradient going from bottom to top, with colors starting at red, then yellow at 50%, and
finishing in

blue.
GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 180

Chapter 37: Custom Properties (Variables)

CSS Variables allow authors to create reusable values which can be used throughout a CSS document.

For example, it's common in CSS to reuse a single color throughout a document. Prior to CSS Variables
this would

mean reusing the same color value many times throughout a document. With CSS Variables the color
value can be

assigned to a variable and referenced in multiple places. This makes changing values easier and is
more semantic

than using traditional CSS values.

Section 37.1: Variable Color

:root {

--red: #b00;

--blue: #4679bd;

--grey: #ddd;

.Bx1 {

color: var(--red);

background: var(--grey);

border: 1px solid var(--red);

Section 37.2: Variable Dimensions

:root {

--W200: 200px;

--W10: 10px;

.Bx2 {
width: var(--W200);

height: var(--W200);

margin: var(--W10);

Section 37.3: Variable Cascading

CSS variables cascade in much the same way as other properties, and can be restated safely.

You can define variables multiple times and only the definition with the highest specificity will apply to
the element

selected.

Assuming this HTML:

<a class="button">Button Green</a>

<a class="button button_red">Button Red</a>

<a class="button">Button Hovered On</a>

We can write this CSS:

.button {

--color: green;

padding: .5rem;

border: 1px solid var(--color);

color: var(--color);

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 181

.button:hover {

--color: blue;

.button_red {

--color: red;
}

And get this result:

Section 37.4: Valid/Invalids

Naming When naming CSS variables, it contains only letters and dashes just like other CSS properties
(eg: lineheight, -moz-box-sizing) but it should start with double dashes (--)

//These are Invalids variable names

--123color: blue;

--#color: red;

--bg_color: yellow

--$width: 100px;

//Valid variable names

--color: red;

--bg-color: yellow

--width: 100px;

CSS Variables are case sensitive.

/* The variable names below are all different variables */

--pcolor: ;

--Pcolor: ;

--pColor: ;

Empty Vs Space

/* Invalid */

--color:;

/* Valid */

--color: ; /* space is assigned */

Concatenations

/* Invalid - CSS doesn't support concatenation*/

.logo{

--logo-url: 'logo';

background: url('assets/img/' var(--logo-url) '.png');

/* Invalid - CSS bug */

.logo{

--logo-url: 'assets/img/logo.png';

background: url(var(--logo-url));

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 182

/* Valid */

.logo{

--logo-url: url('assets/img/logo.png');

background: var(--logo-url);

Careful when using Units

/* Invalid */

--width: 10;

width: var(--width)px;

/* Valid */

--width: 10px;

width: var(--width);

/* Valid */

--width: 10;

width: calc(1px * var(--width)); /* multiply by 1 unit to convert */

width: calc(1em * var(--width));

Section 37.5: With media queries

You can re-set variables within media queries and have those new values cascade wherever they are
used,

something that isn't possible with pre-processor variables.

Here, a media query changes the variables used to set up a very simple grid:

HTML

<div></div>

<div></div>

<div></div>

<div></div>

CSS

:root{

--width: 25%;

--content: 'This is desktop';

@media only screen and (max-width: 767px){

:root{

--width:50%;

--content: 'This is mobile';

@media only screen and (max-width: 480px){

:root{

--width:100%;

}
}

div{

width: calc(var(--width) - 20px);

height: 100px;

div:before{

content: var(--content);

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 183

/* Other Styles */

body {

padding: 10px;

div{

display: flex;

align-items: center;

justify-content: center;

font-weight:bold;

float:left;

margin: 10px;

border: 4px solid black;

background: red;

You can try resizing the window in this CodePen Demo

Here's an animated screenshot of the resizing in action:

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 184

Chapter 38: Single Element Shapes

Section 38.1: Trapezoid

A trapezoid can be made by a block element with zero height (height of 0px), a width greater than
zero and a

border, that is transparent except for one side:

HTML:

<div class="trapezoid"></div>

CSS:

.trapezoid {

width: 50px;

height: 0;

border-left: 50px solid transparent;

border-right: 50px solid transparent;

border-bottom: 100px solid black;

With changing the border sides, the orientation of the trapezoid can be adjusted.

Section 38.2: Triangles

To create a CSS triangle define an element with a width and height of 0 pixels. The triangle shape will
be formed

using border properties. For an element with 0 height and width the 4 borders (top, right, bottom, left)
each form a

triangle. Here's an element with 0 height/width and 4 different colored borders.

By setting some borders to transparent, and others to a color we can create various triangles. For
example, in the

Up triangle, we set the bottom border to the desired color, then set the left and right borders to
transparent. Here's
an image with the left and right borders shaded slightly to show how the triangle is being formed.

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 185

The dimensions of the triangle can be altered by changing the different border widths - taller, shorter,
lopsided, etc.

The examples below all show a 50x50 pixel triangle.

Triangle - Pointing Up

<div class="triangle-up"></div>

.triangle-up {

width: 0;

height: 0;

border-left: 25px solid transparent;

border-right: 25px solid transparent;

border-bottom: 50px solid rgb(246, 156, 85);

Triangle - Pointing Down

<div class="triangle-down"></div>

.triangle-down {

width: 0;

height: 0;

border-left: 25px solid transparent;

border-right: 25px solid transparent;

border-top: 50px solid rgb(246, 156, 85);

Triangle - Pointing Right

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 186

<div class="triangle-right"></div>
.triangle-right {

width: 0;

height: 0;

border-top: 25px solid transparent;

border-bottom: 25px solid transparent;

border-left: 50px solid rgb(246, 156, 85);

Triangle - Pointing Left

<div class="triangle-left"></div>

.triangle-left {

width: 0;

height: 0;

border-top: 25px solid transparent;

border-bottom: 25px solid transparent;

border-right: 50px solid rgb(246, 156, 85);

Triangle - Pointing Up/Right

<div class="triangle-up-right"></div>

.triangle-up-right {

width: 0;

height: 0;

border-top: 50px solid rgb(246, 156, 85);

border-left: 50px solid transparent;

Triangle - Pointing Up/Left

<div class="triangle-up-left"></div>

.triangle-up-left {

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 187

width: 0;

height: 0;

border-top: 50px solid rgb(246, 156, 85);

border-right: 50px solid transparent;

Triangle - Pointing Down/Right

<div class="triangle-down-right"></div>

.triangle-down-right {

width: 0;

height: 0;

border-bottom: 50px solid rgb(246, 156, 85);

border-left: 50px solid transparent;

Triangle - Pointing Down/Left

<div class="triangle-down-left"></div>

.triangle-down-left {

width: 0;

height: 0;

border-bottom: 50px solid rgb(246, 156, 85);

border-right: 50px solid transparent;

Section 38.3: Circles and Ellipses

Circle

To create a circle, define an element with an equal width and height (a square) and then set the
border-radius

property of this element to 50%.

HTML

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 188

<div class="circle"></div>

CSS

.circle {

width: 50px;

height: 50px;

background: rgb(246, 156, 85);

border-radius: 50%;

Ellipse

An ellipse is similar to a circle, but with different values for width and height.

HTML

<div class="oval"></div>

CSS

.oval {

width: 50px;

height: 80px;

background: rgb(246, 156, 85);

border-radius: 50%;

Section 38.4: Bursts

A burst is similar to a star but with the points extending less distance from the body. Think of a burst
shape as a

square with additional, slightly rotated, squares layered on top.

The additional squares are created using the ::before and ::after psuedo-elements.

8 Point Burst

An 8 point burst are 2 layered squares. The bottom square is the element itself, the additional square
is created

using the :before pseudo-element. The bottom is rotated 20°, the top square is rotated 135°.

<div class="burst-8"></div>

.burst-8 {

background: rgb(246, 156, 85);

width: 40px;

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 189

height: 40px;

position: relative;

text-align: center;

-ms-transform: rotate(20deg);

transform: rotate(20eg);

.burst-8::before {

content: "";

position: absolute;

top: 0;

left: 0;

height: 40px;

width: 40px;
background: rgb(246, 156, 85);

-ms-transform: rotate(135deg);

transform: rotate(135deg);

12 Point Burst

An 12 point burst are 3 layered squares. The bottom square is the element itself, the additional
squares are created

using the :before and :after pseudo-elements. The bottom is rotated 0°, the next square is rotated 30°,
and the

top is rotated 60°.

<div class="burst-12"></div>

.burst-12 {

width: 40px;

height: 40px;

position: relative;

text-align: center;

background: rgb(246, 156, 85);

.burst-12::before, .burst-12::after {

content: "";

position: absolute;

top: 0;

left: 0;

height: 40px;

width: 40px;

background: rgb(246, 156, 85);

}

.burst-12::before {

-ms-transform: rotate(30deg);

transform: rotate(30deg);

.burst-12::after {

-ms-transform: rotate(60deg);

transform: rotate(60deg);

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 190

Section 38.5: Square

To create a square, define an element with both a width and height. In the example below, we have an
element

with a width and height of 100 pixels each.

<div class="square"></div>

.square {

width: 100px;

height: 100px;

background: rgb(246, 156, 85);

Section 38.6: Cube

This example shows how to create a cube using 2D transformation methods skewX() and skewY() on
pseudo

elements.

HTML:

<div class="cube"></div>
CSS:

.cube {

background: #dc2e2e;

width: 100px;

height: 100px;

position: relative;

margin: 50px;

.cube::before {

content: '';

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 191

display: inline-block;

background: #f15757;

width: 100px;

height: 20px;

transform: skewX(-40deg);

position: absolute;

top: -20px;

left: 8px;

.cube::after {

content: '';

display: inline-block;

background: #9e1515;

width: 16px;
height: 100px;

transform: skewY(-50deg);

position: absolute;

top: -10px;

left: 100%;

See demo

Section 38.7: Pyramid

This example shows how to create a pyramid using borders and 2D transformation methods skewY()
and

rotate() on pseudo elements.

HTML:

<div class="pyramid"></div>

CSS:

.pyramid {

width: 100px;

height: 200px;

position: relative;

margin: 50px;

.pyramid::before,.pyramid::after {

content: '';

display: inline-block;

width: 0;

height: 0;

border: 50px solid;

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 192

position: absolute;

.pyramid::before {

border-color: transparent transparent #ff5656 transparent;

transform: scaleY(2) skewY(-40deg) rotate(45deg);

.pyramid::after {

border-color: transparent transparent #d64444 transparent;

transform: scaleY(2) skewY(40deg) rotate(-45deg);

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 193

Chapter 39: Columns

Section 39.1: Simple Example (column-count)

The CSS multi-column layout makes it easy to create multiple columns of text.

Code

<div id="multi-columns">Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod

tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud

exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in

reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint

occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est

laborum</div>

.multi-columns {

-moz-column-count: 2;

-webkit-column-count: 2;
column-count: 2;

Result

Section 39.2: Column Width

The column-width property sets the minimum column width. If column-count is not defined the
browser will make

as many columns as fit in the available width.

Code:

<div id="multi-columns">

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut

labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris

nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit

esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt

in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 194

</div>

.multi-columns {

-moz-column-width: 100px;

-webkit-column-width: 100px;

column-width: 100px;

Result

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 195

Chapter 40: Multiple columns

CSS allows to define that element contents wrap into multiple columns with gaps and rules between
them.
Section 40.1: Create Multiple Columns

<div class="content">

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit, sed diam nonummy nibh

euismod tincidunt ut laoreet dolore magna aliquam erat volutpat. Ut wisi enim

ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exerci tation ullamcorper suscipit lobortis nisl

ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis autem vel eum iriure dolor in

hendrerit in vulputate velit esse molestie consequat, vel illum dolore eu

feugiat nulla facilisis at vero eros et accumsan et iusto odio dignissim qui

blandit praesent luptatum zzril delenit augue duis dolore te feugait nulla

facilisi. Nam liber tempor cum soluta nobis eleifend option congue nihil

imperdiet doming id quod mazim placerat facer possim assum.

</div>

CSS

.content {

-webkit-column-count: 3; /* Chrome, Safari, Opera */

-moz-column-count: 3; /* Firefox */

column-count: 3;

Section 40.2: Basic example

Consider the following HTML markup:

<section>

<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed diam nonumy eirmod tempor

invidunt ut labore et dolore magna aliquyam erat, sed diam voluptua. At vero eos et accusam et

justo duo dolores et ea rebum.</p>

<p> Stet clita kasd gubergren, no sea takimata sanctus est Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet. Lorem
ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed diam nonumy eirmod tempor invidunt ut labore

et dolore magna aliquyam erat, sed diam voluptua. At vero eos et accusam et justo duo dolores et ea

rebum. Stet clita kasd gubergren, no sea takimata sanctus est Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.</p>

<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consetetur sadipscing elitr, sed diam nonumy eirmod tempor

invidunt ut labore et dolore magna aliquyam erat, sed diam voluptua. At vero eos et accusam et

justo duo dolores et ea rebum. Stet clita kasd gubergren, no sea takimata sanctus est Lorem ipsum

dolor sit amet.</p>

</section>

With the following CSS applied the content is split into three columns separated by a gray column rule
of two pixels.

section {

columns: 3;

column-gap: 40px;

column-rule: 2px solid gray;

See a live sample of this on JSFiddle.

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 196

Chapter 41: Inline-Block Layout

Section 41.1: Justified navigation bar

The horizontally justified navigation (menu) bar has some number of items that should be justified.
The first (left)

item has no left margin within the container, the last (right) item has no right margin within the
container. The

distance between items is equal, independent on the individual item width.

HTML

<nav>

<ul>
<li>abc</li>

<li>abcdefghijkl</li>

<li>abcdef</li>

</ul>

</nav>

CSS

nav {

width: 100%;

line-height: 1.4em;

ul {

list-style: none;

display: block;

width: 100%;

margin: 0;

padding: 0;

text-align: justify;

margin-bottom: -1.4em;

ul:after {

content: "";

display: inline-block;

width: 100%;

li {
display: inline-block;

Notes

The nav, ul and li tags were chosen for their semantic meaning of 'a list of navigation (menu) items'.
Other

tags may also be used of course.

The :after pseudo-element causes an extra 'line' in the ul and thus an extra, empty height of this block,

pushing other content down. This is solved by the negative margin-bottom, which has to have the
same

magnitude as the line-height (but negative).

If the page becomes too narrow for all the items to fit, the items will break to a new line (starting from
the

right) and be justified on this line. The total height of the menu will grow as needed.

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 197

Chapter 42: Inheritance

Section 42.1: Automatic inheritance

Inheritance the a fundamental mechanism of CSS by which the computed values of some properties of
an element

are applied to its' children. This is particularly useful when you want to set a global style to your
elements rather

than having to set said properties to each and every element in your markup.

Common properties that are automatically inherited are: font, color, text-align, line-height.

Assume the following stylesheet:

#myContainer {

color: red;

padding: 5px;

}
This will apply color: red not only to the <div> element but also to the <h3> and <p> elements.
However, due to

the nature of padding its value will not be inherited to those elements.

<div id="myContainer">

<h3>Some header</h3>

<p>Some paragraph</p>

</div>

Section 42.2: Enforced inheritance

Some properties are not automatically inherited from an element down to its' children. This is because
those

properties are typically desired to be unique to the element (or selection of elements) to which the
property is

applied to. Common such properties are margin, padding, background, display, etc.

However, sometimes inheritance is desired anyway. To achieve this, we can apply the inherit value to
the property

that should be inherited. The inherit value can be appied to any CSS property and any HTML element.

Assume the following stylesheet:

#myContainer {

color: red;

padding: 5px;

#myContainer p {

padding: inherit;

This will apply color: red to both the <h3> and <p> elements due to the inheritance nature of the color
property.

However, the <p> element will also inherit the padding value from its' parent because this was
specified.
<div id="myContainer">

<h3>Some header</h3>

<p>Some paragraph</p>

</div>

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 198

Chapter 43: CSS Image Sprites

Section 43.1: A Basic Implementation

What's an image sprite?

An image sprite is a single asset located within an image sprite sheet. An image sprite sheet is an
image file that

contains more than one asset that can be extracted from it.

For example:

The image above is an image sprite sheet, and each one of those stars is a sprite within the sprite
sheet. These

sprite sheets are useful because they improve performance by reducing the number of HTTP requests a
browser

might have to make.

So how do you implement one? Here's some example code.

HTML

<div class="icon icon1"></div>

<div class="icon icon2"></div>

<div class="icon icon3"></div>

CSS

.icon {

background: url(“icons-sprite.png”);

display: inline-block;

height: 20px;
width: 20px;

.icon1 {

background-position: 0px 0px;

.icon2 {

background-position: -20px 0px;

.icon3 {

background-position: -40px 0px;

By using setting the sprite's width and height and by using the background-position property in CSS
(with an x and y

value) you can easily extract sprites from a sprite sheet using CSS.

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 199

Chapter 44: Clipping and Masking

Parameter Details

clip-source A URL which can point to an inline SVG element (or) an SVG element in an external file that

contains the clip path's definition.

basic-shape

Refers to one among inset(), circle(), ellipse() or polygon(). Using one of these

functions the clipping path is defined. These shape functions work exactly the same way as

they do in Shapes for Floats

clip-geometry-box

This can have one among content-box, padding-box, border-box, margin-box, fill-box,

stroke-box, view-box as values. When this is provided without any value for <basic-shape>,
the edges of the corresponding box is used as the path for clipping. When used with a

<basic-shape>, this acts as the reference box for the shape.

mask-reference This can be none or an image or a reference URL to a mask image source.

repeat-style This specifies how the mask should be repeated or tiled in the X and Y axes. The supported

values are repeat-x, repeat-y, repeat, space, round, no-repeat.

mask-mode

Can be alpha or luminance or auto and indicates whether the mask should be treated as a

alpha mask or a luminance mask. If no value is provided and the mask-reference is a direct

image then it would be considered as alpha mask (or) if the mask-reference is a URL then it

would be considered as luminance mask.

position

This specifies the position of each mask layer and is similar in behavior to the backgroundposition
property. The value can be provided in 1 value syntax (like top, 10%) or in 2 value

syntax (like top right, 50% 50%).

geometry-box

This specifies the box to which the mask should be clipped (mask painting area) or the box

which should be used as reference for the mask's origin (mask positioning area) depending

on the property. The list of possible values are content-box, padding-box, border-box,

margin-box, fill-box, stroke-box, view-box. Detailed explanation of how each of those

values work is available in the W3C Spec.

bg-size

This represents the size of each mask-image layer and has the same syntax as backgroundsize. The
value can be length or percentage or auto or cover or contain. Length, percentage

and auto can either be provided as a single value or as one for each axis.

compositing-operator

This can be any one among add, subtract, exclude, multiply per layer and defines the type
of compositing operation that should be used for this layer with those below it. Detailed

explanation about each value is available in the W3C Specs.

Section 44.1: Clipping and Masking: Overview and Dierence

With Clipping and Masking you can make some specified parts of elements transparent or opaque.
Both can be

applied to any HTML element.

Clipping

Clips are vector paths. Outside of this path the element will be transparent, inside it's opaque.
Therefore you can

define a clip-path property on elements. Every graphical element that also exists in SVG you can use
here as a

function to define the path. Examples are circle(), polygon() or ellipse().

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 200

Example

clip-path: circle(100px at center);

The element will be only visible inside of this circle, which is positioned at the center of the element
and has a

radius of 100px.

Masking

Masks are similar to Clips, but instead of defining a path you define a mask what layers over the
element. You can

imagine this mask as an image what consist of mainly two colors: black and white.

Luminance Mask: Black means the region is opaque, and white that it's transparent, but there is also a
grey area

which is semi-transparent, so you are able to make smooth transitions.

Alpha Mask: Only on the transparent areas of the mask the element will be opaque.

This image for example can be used as a luminance mask to make for an element a very smooth
transition from
right to left and from opaque to transparent.

The mask property let you specify the the mask type and an image to be used as layer.

Example

mask: url(masks.svg#rectangle) luminance;

An element called rectangle defined in masks.svg will be used as an luminance mask on the element.

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 201

Section 44.2: Simple mask that fades an image from solid to

transparent

CSS

div {

height: 200px;

width: 200px;

background: url(http://lorempixel.com/200/200/nature/1);

mask-image: linear-gradient(to right, white, transparent);

HTML

<div></div>

In the above example there is an element with an image as its background. The mask that is applied
on the image

(using CSS) makes it look as though it is fading out from left to right.

The masking is achieved by using a linear-gradient that goes from white (on the left) to transparent
(on the right)

as the mask. As it is an alpha mask, image becomes transparent where the mask is transparent.

Output without the mask:

Output with the mask:

Note: As mentioned in remarks, the above example would work in Chrome, Safari and Opera only
when used with
the -webkit prefix. This example (with a linear-gradient as mask image) is not yet supported in Firefox.

Section 44.3: Clipping (Circle)

CSS:

div{

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 202

width: 200px;

height: 200px;

background: teal;

clip-path: circle(30% at 50% 50%); /* refer remarks before usage */

HTML

<div></div>

This example shows how to clip a div to a circle. The element is clipped into a circle whose radius is
30% based on

the dimensions of the reference box with its center point at the center of the reference box. Here since
no <clipgeometry-box> (in other words, reference box) is provided, the border-box of the element will
be used as the

reference box.

The circle shape needs to have a radius and a center with (x,y) coordinates:

circle(radius at x y)

View Example

Output:

Section 44.4: Clipping (Polygon)

CSS:

div{

width:200px;

height:200px;
background:teal;

clip-path: polygon(0 0, 0 100%, 100% 50%); /* refer remarks before usage */

HTML:

<div></div>

In the above example, a polygonal clipping path is used to clip the square (200 x 200) element into a
triangle shape.

The output shape is a triangle because the path starts at (that is, first coordinates are at) 0 0 - which is
the top-left

corner of the box, then goes to 0 100% - which is bottom-left corner of the box and then finally to 100%
50% which is

nothing but the right-middle point of the box. These paths are self closing (that is, the starting point
will be the

ending point) and so the final shape is that of a triangle.

This can also be used on an element with an image or a gradient as background.

View Example

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 203

Output:

Section 44.5: Using masks to cut a hole in the middle of an

image

CSS

div {

width: 200px;

height: 200px;

background: url(http://lorempixel.com/200/200/abstract/6);

mask-image: radial-gradient(circle farthest-side at center, transparent 49%, white 50%); /* check

remarks before using */

}

HTML

In the above example, a transparent circle is created at the center using radial-gradient and this is
then used as a

mask to produce the effect of a circle being cut out from the center of an image.

Image without mask:

Image with mask:

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 204

Section 44.6: Using masks to create images with irregular

shapes

CSS

div { /* check remarks before usage */

height: 200px;

width: 400px;

background-image: url(http://lorempixel.com/400/200/nature/4);

mask-image: linear-gradient(to top right, transparent 49.5%, white 50.5%), linear-gradient(to top

left, transparent 49.5%, white 50.5%), linear-gradient(white, white);

mask-size: 75% 25%, 25% 25%, 100% 75%;

mask-position: bottom left, bottom right, top left;

mask-repeat: no-repeat;

HTML

<div></div>

In the above example, three linear-gradient images (which when placed in their appropriate positions
would

cover 100% x 100% of the container's size) are used as masks to produce a transparent triangular
shaped cut at the
bottom of the image.

Image without the mask:

Image with the mask:

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 205

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 206

Chapter 45: Fragmentation

Value Description

auto Default. Automatic page breaks

always Always insert a page break

avoid Avoid page break (if possible)

left Insert page breaks so that the next page is formatted as a left page

right Insert page breaks so that the next page is formatted as a right page

initial Sets this property to its default value.

inherit Inherits this property from its parent element.

Section 45.1: Media print page-break

@media print {

p{

page-break-inside: avoid;

h1 {

page-break-before: always;

h2 {

page-break-after: avoid;

}
}

This code does 3 things:

it prevents a page break inside any p tags, meaning a paragraph will never be broken in two pages, if

possible.

it forces a page-break-before in all h1 headings, meaning that before every h1 occurrence, there will
be a

page break.

it prevents page-breaks right after any h2

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 207

Chapter 46: CSS Object Model (CSSOM)

Section 46.1: Adding a background-image rule via the CSSOM

To add a background-image rule via the CSSOM, first get a reference to the rules of the first stylesheet:

var stylesheet = document.styleSheets[0].cssRules;

Then, get a reference to the end of the stylesheet:

var end = stylesheet.length - 1;

Finally, insert a background-image rule for the body element at the end of the stylesheet:

stylesheet.insertRule("body { background-image:

url('http://cdn.sstatic.net/Sites/stackoverflow/img/favicon.ico'); }", end);

Section 46.2: Introduction

The browser identifies tokens from stylesheet and coverts them into nodes which are linked into a tree
structure.

The entire map of all the nodes with their associated styles of a page would be the CSS Object Model.

To display the webpage, a web browser takes following steps.

1. The web browser examines your HTML and builds the DOM (Document Object Model).

2. The web browser examines your CSS and builds the CSSOM (CSS Object Model).

3. The web browser combines the DOM and the CSSOM to create a render tree. The web browser
displays your
webpage.

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 208

Chapter 47: Feature Queries

Parameter Details

(property: value)

Evaluates true if the browser can handle the CSS rule. The parenthesis around the rule are

required.

and Returns true only if both the previous and next conditions are true.

not Negates the next condition

or Returns true if either the previous or next condition is true.

(...) Groups conditions

Section 47.1: Basic @supports usage

@supports (display: flex) {

/* Flexbox is available, so use it */

.my-container {

display: flex;

In terms of syntax, @supports is very similar to @media, but instead of detecting screen size and
orientation,

@supports will detect whether the browser can handle a given CSS rule.

Rather than doing something like @supports (flex), notice that the rule is @supports (display: flex).

Section 47.2: Chaining feature detections

To detect multiple features at once, use the and operator.

@supports (transform: translateZ(1px)) and (transform-style: preserve-3d) and (perspective: 1px) {

/* Probably do some fancy 3d stuff here */

}

There is also an or operator and a not operator:

@supports (display: flex) or (display: table-cell) {

/* Will be used if the browser supports flexbox or display: table-cell */

@supports not (-webkit-transform: translate(0, 0, 0)) {

/* Will *not* be used if the browser supports -webkit-transform: translate(...) */

For the ultimate @supports experience, try grouping logical expressions with parenthesis:

@supports ((display: block) and (zoom: 1)) or ((display: flex) and (not (display: table-cell))) or

(transform: translateX(1px)) {

/* ... */

This will work if the browser

1. Supports display: block AND zoom: 1, or

2. Supports display: flex AND NOT display: table-cell, or

3. Supports transform: translateX(1px).

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 209

Chapter 48: Stacking Context

Section 48.1: Stacking Context

In this example every positioned element creates its own stacking context, because of their positioning
and z-index

values. The hierarchy of stacking contexts is organized as follows:

Root

DIV #1

DIV #2
DIV #3

DIV #4

DIV #5

DIV #6

It is important to note that DIV #4, DIV #5 and DIV #6 are children of DIV #3, so stacking of those
elements is

completely resolved within DIV#3. Once stacking and rendering within DIV #3 is completed, the whole
DIV #3

element is passed for stacking in the root element with respect to its sibling's DIV.

HTML:

<div id="div1">

<h1>Division Element #1</h1>

<code>position: relative;<br/>

z-index: 5;</code>

</div>

<div id="div2">

<h1>Division Element #2</h1>

<code>position: relative;<br/>

z-index: 2;</code>

</div>

<div id="div3">

<div id="div4">

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 210

<h1

>Division Element #4</h1

>
<code

>position: relative;<br/>

z-index: 6;</code

>

</div

>

<h1

>Division Element #3</h1

>

<code

>position: absolute;<br/>

z-index: 4;</code

>

<div id

="div5"

>

<h1

>Division Element #5</h1

>

<code

>position: relative;<br/>

z-index: 1;</code

>

</div

>
<div id

="div6"

>

<h1

>Division Element #6</h1

>

<code

>position: absolute;<br/>

z-index: 3;</code

>

</div

>

</div

>

CSS: * {

margin

html

padding

: 20px

;
font

: 12px

/20px Arial

, sans-serif

div

opacity

: 0.7

position

: relative

h1

font

: inherit

font-weight

: bold

#div1
,

#div2

border

: 1px dashed #696

padding

: 10px

background-color

: #cfc

#div1

z-index

margin-bottom

: 190px

#div2

{
z-index

#div3

z-index

opacity

position

: absolute

top

: 40px

left

: 180px

width
: 330px

border

: 1px dashed #900

background-color

: #fdd

padding

: 40px 20px 20px

#div4

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 211

#div5 {

border: 1px dashed #996;

background-color: #ffc;

#div4 {

z-index: 6;

margin-bottom: 15px;

padding: 25px 10px 5px;

#div5 {
z-index: 1;

margin-top: 15px;

padding: 5px 10px;

#div6 {

z-index: 3;

position: absolute;

top: 20px;

left: 180px;

width: 150px;

height: 125px;

border: 1px dashed #009;

padding-top: 125px;

background-color: #ddf;

text-align: center;

Result:

Source:

https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_Positioning/Understanding_z_index/
The_stacking_context.

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 212

Chapter 49: Block Formatting Contexts

Section 49.1: Using the overflow property with a value

dierent to visible

img{

float:left;
width:100px;

margin:0 10px;

.div1{

background:#f1f1f1;

/* does not create block formatting context */

.div2{

background:#f1f1f1;

overflow:hidden;

/* creates block formatting context */

https://jsfiddle.net/MadalinaTn/qkwwmu6m/2/

Using the overflow property with a value different to visible (its default) will create a new block
formatting

context. This is technically necessary — if a float intersected with the scrolling element it would
forcibly

rewrap the content.

This example that show how a number of paragraphs will interact with a floated image is similar to
this example, on

css-tricks.com.

2: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/overflow MDN

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 213

Chapter 50: Vertical Centering

Section 50.1: Centering with display: table

HTML:

<div class="wrapper">
<div class="outer">

<div class="inner">

centered

</div>

</div>

</div>

CSS:

.wrapper {

height: 600px;

text-align: center;

.outer {

display: table;

height: 100%;

width: 100%;

.outer .inner {

display: table-cell;

text-align: center;

vertical-align: middle;

Section 50.2: Centering with Flexbox

HTML:

<div class="container">

<div class="child"></div>
</div>

CSS:

.container {

height: 500px;

width: 500px;

display: flex; // Use Flexbox

align-items: center; // This centers children vertically in the parent.

justify-content: center; // This centers children horizontally.

background: white;

.child {

width: 100px;

height: 100px;

background: blue;

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 214

Section 50.3: Centering with Transform

HTML:

<div class="wrapper">

<div class="centered">

centered

</div>

</div>

CSS:

.wrapper {
position: relative;

height: 600px;

.centered {

position: absolute;

z-index: 999;

transform: translate(-50%, -50%);

top: 50%;

left: 50%;

Section 50.4: Centering Text with Line Height

HTML:

<div class="container">

<span>vertically centered</span>

</div>

CSS:

.container{

height: 50px; /* set height */

line-height: 50px; /* set line-height equal to the height */

vertical-align: middle; /* works without this rule, but it is good having it explicitly set */

Note: This method will only vertically center a single line of text. It will not center block elements
correctly and if the

text breaks onto a new line, you will have two very tall lines of text.

Section 50.5: Centering with Position: absolute

HTML:
<div class="wrapper">

<img

src="http://cdn.sstatic.net/Sites/stackoverflow/company/img/logos/so/so-icon.png?
v=c78bd457575a">

</div>

CSS:

.wrapper{

position:relative;

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 215

height: 600px;

.wrapper img {

position: absolute;

top: 0;

left: 0;

right: 0;

bottom: 0;

margin: auto;

If you want to center other then images, then you must give height and width to that element.

HTML:

<div class="wrapper">

<div class="child">

make me center

</div>

</div>
CSS:

.wrapper{

position:relative;

height: 600px;

.wrapper .child {

position: absolute;

top: 0;

left: 0;

right: 0;

bottom: 0;

margin: auto;

width: 200px;

height: 30px;

border: 1px solid #f00;

Section 50.6: Centering with pseudo element

HTML:

<div class="wrapper">

<div class="content"></div>

</div>

CSS:

.wrapper{

min-height: 600px;

}
.wrapper:before{

content: "";

display: inline-block;

height: 100%;

vertical-align: middle;

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 216

.content {

display: inline-block;

height: 80px;

vertical-align: middle;

This method is best used in cases where you have a varied-height .content centered inside .wrapper;
and you

want .wrapper's height to expand when .content's height exceed .wrapper's min-height.

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 217

Chapter 51: Object Fit and Placement

Section 51.1: object-fit

The object-fit property will defines how an element will fit into a box with an established height and
width. Usually

applied to an image or video, Object-fit accepts the following five values:

FILL

object-fit:fill;

Fill stretches the image to fit the content box without regard to the image's original aspect ratio.

CONTAIN

object-fit:contain;
Contain fits the image in the box's height or width while maintaining the image's aspect ratio.

COVER

object-fit:cover;

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 218

Cover fills the entire box with the image. The image aspect ratio is preserved, but the image is cropped
to the

dimensions of the box.

NONE

object-fit:none;

None ignores the size of the box and is not resized.

SCALE-DOWN

object-fit:scale-down;

Scale-down either sizes the object as none or as contain. It displays whichever option results in a
smaller image

size.

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 219

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 220

Chapter 52: CSS design patterns

These examples are for documenting CSS-specific design patterns like BEM, OOCSS and SMACSS.

These examples are NOT for documenting CSS frameworks like Bootstrap or Foundation.

Section 52.1: BEM

BEM stands for Blocks, Elements and Modifiers. It's a methodology initially conceived by Russian tech
company

Yandex, but which gained quite some traction among American & Western-European web developers
as well.

As the same implies, BEM metholology is all about componentization of your HTML and CSS code into
three types
of components:

Blocks: standalone entities that are meaningful on their own

Examples are header, container, menu, checkbox & textbox

Elements: Part of blocks that have no standalone meaning and are semantically tied to their blocks.

Examples are menu item, list item, checkbox caption & header title

Modifiers: Flags on a block or element, used to change appearance or behavior

Examples are disabled, highlighted, checked, fixed, size big & color yellow

The goal of BEM is to keep optimize the readability, maintainability and flexibility of your CSS code.
The way to

achieve this, is to apply the following rules.

Block styles are never dependent on other elements on a page

Blocks should have a simple, short name and avoid _ or - characters

When styling elements, use selectors of format blockname__elementname

When styling modifiers, use selectors of format blockname--modifiername and

blockname__elementname--

modifiername

Elements or blocks that have modifiers should inherit everything from the block or element it is
modifying

except the properties the modifier is supposed to modify

Code example

If you apply BEM to your form elements, your CSS selectors should look something like this:

.form { } // Block

.form--theme-xmas { } // Block + modifier

.form--simple { } // Block + modifier

.form__input { } // Block > element

.form__submit { } // Block > element

.form__submit--disabled { } // Block > element + modifier

The corresponding HTML should look something like this:

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 221

<form class="form form--theme-xmas form--simple">

<input class="form__input" type="text" />

<input class="form__submit form__submit--disabled" type="submit" />

</form>

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 222

Chapter 53: Browser Support & Prefixes

Prefix Browser(s)

-webkit- Google Chrome, Safari, newer versions of Opera 12 and up, Android, Blackberry and UC
browsers

-moz- Mozilla Firefox

-ms- Internet Explorer, Edge

-o-

, -xv- Opera until version 12

-khtml- Konquerer

Section 53.1: Transitions

div {

-webkit-transition: all 4s ease;

-moz-transition: all 4s ease;

-o-transition: all 4s ease;

transition: all 4s ease;

Section 53.2: Transform

div {

-webkit-transform: rotate(45deg);
-moz-transform: rotate(45deg);

-ms-transform: rotate(45deg);

-o-transform: rotate(45deg);

transform: rotate(45deg);

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 223

Chapter 54: Normalizing Browser Styles

Every browser has a default set of CSS styles that it uses for rendering elements. These default styles
may not be

consistent across browsers because: the language specifications are unclear so base styles are up for

interpretation, browsers may not follow specifications that are given, or browsers may not have
default styles for

newer HTML elements. As a result, people may want to normalize default styles across as many
browsers as

possible.

Section 54.1: normalize.css

Browsers have a default set of CSS styles they use for rendering elements. Some of these styles can
even be

customised using the browser's settings to change default font face and size definitions, for example.
The styles

contain the definition of which elements are supposed to be block-level or inline, among other things.

Because these default styles are given some leeway by the language specifications and because
browsers may not

follow the specs properly they can differ from browser to browser.

This is where normalize.css comes into play. It overrides the most common inconsistencies and fixes
known bugs.

What does it do

Preserves useful defaults, unlike many CSS resets.

Normalizes styles for a wide range of elements.

Corrects bugs and common browser inconsistencies.

Improves usability with subtle modifications.

Explains what code does using detailed comments.

So, by including normalize.css in your project your design will look more alike and consistent across
different

browsers.

Difference to reset.css

You may have heard of reset.css. What's the difference between the two?

While normalize.css provides consistency by setting different properties to unified defaults, reset.css
achieves

consistency by removing all basic styling that a browser may apply. While this might sound like a good
idea at first,

this actually means you have to write all rules yourself, which goes against having a solid standard.

Section 54.2: Approaches and Examples

CSS resets take separate approaches to browser defaults. Eric Meyer’s Reset CSS has been around for a
while. His

approach nullifies many of the browser elements that have been known to cause problems right off
the back. The

following is from his version (v2.0 | 20110126) CSS Reset.

html, body, div, span, applet, object, iframe,

h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, p, blockquote, pre,

a, abbr, acronym, address, big, cite, code,

del, dfn, em, img, ins, kbd, q, s, samp,

small, strike, strong, sub, sup, tt, var,

b, u, i, center,

dl, dt, dd, ol, ul, li,

fieldset, form, label, legend,

table, caption, tbody, tfoot, thead, tr, th, td,

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 224

article, aside, canvas, details, embed,

figure, figcaption, footer, header, hgroup,

menu, nav, output, ruby, section, summary,

time, mark, audio, video {

margin: 0;

padding: 0;

border: 0;

font-size: 100%;

font: inherit;

vertical-align: baseline;

Eric Meyer's Reset CSS

Normalize CSS on the other and deals with many of these separately. The following is a sample from
the version

(v4.2.0) of the code.

/**

* 1. Change the default font family in all browsers (opinionated).

* 2. Correct the line height in all browsers.

* 3. Prevent adjustments of font size after orientation changes in IE and iOS.

*/

/* Document

========================================================================== */

html {
font-family: sans-serif; /* 1 */

line-height: 1.15; /* 2 */

-ms-text-size-adjust: 100%; /* 3 */

-webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; /* 3 */

/* Sections

========================================================================== */

/**

* Remove the margin in all browsers (opinionated).

*/

body {

margin: 0;

/**

* Add the correct display in IE 9-.

*/

article,

aside,

footer,

header,

nav,

section {

display: block;

/**
* Correct the font size and margin on `h1` elements within `section` and

* `article` contexts in Chrome, Firefox, and Safari.

*/

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 225

h1 {

font-size: 2em;

margin: 0.67em 0;

Normalize CSS

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 226

Chapter 55: Internet Explorer Hacks

Section 55.1: Adding Inline Block support to IE6 and IE7

display: inline-block;

The display property with the value of inline-block is not supported by Internet Explorer 6 and 7. A
work-around

for this is:

zoom: 1;

*display: inline;

The zoom property triggers the hasLayout feature of elements, and it is available only in Internet
Explorer. The

*display makes sure that the invalid property executes only on the affected browsers. Other browsers
will simply

ignore the rule.

Section 55.2: High Contrast Mode in Internet Explorer 10 and

greater

In Internet Explorer 10+ and Edge, Microsoft provides the -ms-high-contrast media selector to expose
the "High
Contrast" setting from the browser, which allows the programmer to adjust their site's styles
accordingly.

The -ms-high-contrast selector has 3 states: active, black-on-white, and white-on-black. In IE10+ it also
had a

none state, but that is no longer supported in Edge going forward.

Examples

@media screen and (-ms-high-contrast: active), (-ms-high-contrast: black-on-white) {

.header{

background: #fff;

color: #000;

This will change the header background to white and the text color to black when high contrast mode
is active and

it is in black-on-white mode.

@media screen and (-ms-high-contrast: white-on-black) {

.header{

background: #000;

color: #fff;

Similar to the first example, but this specifically selects the white-on-black state only, and inverts the
header colors

to a black background with white text.

More Information:

Microsoft Documentation on -ms-high-contrast

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 227

Section 55.3: Internet Explorer 6 & Internet Explorer 7 only

To target Internet Explorer 6 and Internet Explorer 7, start your properties with *:

.hide-on-ie6-and-ie7 {

*display : none; // This line is processed only on IE6 and IE7

Non-alphanumeric prefixes (other than hyphens and underscores) are ignored in IE6 and IE7, so this
hack works for

any unprefixed property: value pair.

Section 55.4: Internet Explorer 8 only

To target Internet Explorer 8, wrap your selectors inside @media \0 screen { }:

@media \0 screen {

.hide-on-ie8 {

display : none;

Everything between @media \0 screen { } is processed only by I

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 228

Chapter 56: Performance

Section 56.1: Use transform and opacity to avoid trigger

layout

Changing some CSS attribute will trigger the browser to synchronously calculate the style and layout,
which is a bad

thing when you need to animate at 60fps.

DON'T

Animate with left and top trigger layout.

#box {
left: 0;

top: 0;

transition: left 0.5s, top 0.5s;

position: absolute;

width: 50px;

height: 50px;

background-color: gray;

#box.active {

left: 100px;

top: 100px;

Demo took 11.7ms for rendering, 9.8ms for painting

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 229

DO

Animate with transform with the same animation.

#box

left

top

0
;

position

: absolute

width

: 50px

height

: 50px

background-color

: gray

transition

: transform 0.5s

transform

: translate3d

)
;

#box.active

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 230

transform: translate3d(100px, 100px, 0);

Demo same animation, took 1.3ms for rendering, 2.0ms for painting.

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 231

Credits

Thank you greatly to all the people from Stack Overflow Documentation who helped provide this
content,

more changes can be sent to [email protected] for new content to be published or updated

A B Chapter 20

A.J Chapter 4

Aaron Chapter 4

abaracedo Chapter 4

Abhishek Singh Chapter 22

adamboro Chapter 1

Aeolingamenfel Chapters 27 and 55

Ahmad Alfy Chapters 4, 5 and 16

Alohci Chapter 15

amflare Chapters 13 and 17

Andre Lopes Chapter 44

andre mcgruder Chapter 54

andreas Chapters 15 and 38

Andrew Chapters 12, 19 and 53

Andrew Myers Chapter 47

Anil Chapter 4

animuson Chapters 4, 50 and 53

apaul Chapters 6 and 27

Araknid Chapter 4

Arif Chapter 11

Arjan Einbu Chapters 4, 7, 8, 15 and 17

Ashwin Ramaswami Chapters 1 and 4

Asim K T Chapters 5 and 16

AVAVT Chapter 50

awe Chapter 1

bdkopen Chapter 3

Ben Rhys Chapter 5

Bipon Chapter 40

BiscuitBaker Chapter 7

Boris Chapter 5

Boysenb3rry Chapter 1

brandaemon Chapter 17

Brett DeWoody Chapters 18, 38 and 39

CalvT Chapters 5 and 9

Casey Chapter 11

Cassidy Williams Chapters 10 and 22

cdm Chapters 5 and 8

Charlie H Chapters 4 and 28

Chathuranga Jayanath Chapters 11, 13 and 23

Chiller Chapter 38

Chris Chapters 1, 4, 23, 25, 42 and 50

Chris Spittles Chapters 8 and 24

Christiaan Maks Chapter 28

CocoaBean Chapter 5

coderfin Chapter 3

cone56 Chapters 31 and 36

CPHPython Chapter 4

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 232

csx.cc Chapter 1

cuervoo Chapter 18

Daniel G. Blázquez Chapter 5

Daniel Käfer Chapter 6

Daniel Stradowski Chapter 5

DarkAjax Chapter 17

darrylyeo Chapters 2, 13 and 18

Darthstroke Chapter 5

Dave Everitt Chapter 4

David Fullerton Chapter 4

Demeter Dimitri Chapter 4

demonofthemist Chapter 14

designcise Chapters 4, 5 and 18

Devid Farinelli Chapters 4 and 6

Devon Bernard Chapter 4

Dex Star Chapter 27

Diego V Chapter 6

Dinidu Hewage Chapter 4

dippas Chapters 4, 17 and 21

doctorsherlock Chapter 10

dodopok Chapters 13, 36 and 45

Elegant.Scripting Chapter 43

Eliran Malka Chapter 6

Emanuele Parisio Chapter 6

Evgeny Chapter 15

Farzad YZ Chapter 6

fcalderan Chapter 5

feeela Chapters 46 and 55

FelipeAls Chapters 1, 5, 10, 11, 14, 16, 24 and 25

Felix A J Chapter 15

Felix Edelmann Chapter 4

Felix Schütz Chapter 4

Forty Chapter 4

fracz Chapter 4

fzzylogic Chapter 16 G Chapters 1 and 17

Gabriel R. Chapter 1

gandreadis Chapter 4

geek1011 Chapter 21

geeksal Chapter 17

Gerardas Chapter 1
Gnietschow Chapter 10

GoatsWearHats Chapter 1

Gofilord Chapter 21

Grant Palin Chapter 54

H. Pauwelyn Chapters 4, 18 and 36

HansCz Chapter 4

Harish Gyanani Chapter 1

Harry Chapters 10, 26, 28, 29, 33, 35 and 44

henry Chapter 4

Horst Jahns Chapter 5

Hristo Chapter 32

Hugo Buff Chapter 4

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 233

Hynes Chapters 4, 5 and 15

insertusernamehere Chapter 15

J Atkin Chapters 1 and 4

J F Chapters 4 and 20

Jacob Gray Chapters 4, 5 and 22

James Donnelly Chapters 7 and 17

James Taylor Chapter 5

jaredsk Chapters 10, 36 and 50

JedaiCoder Chapter 6

Jef Chapter 16

Jeffery Tang Chapter 30

jehna1 Chapter 6
jgh Chapter 12

JHS Chapter 25

Jmh2013 Chapters 13, 23 and 43

joejoe31b Chapters 4 and 13

JoelBonetR Chapter 4

joe_young Chapters 1 and 15

John Slegers Chapters 4, 5, 6, 13, 17, 18, 28, 52 and 55

Jon Chan Chapters 5 and 15

Jonathan Argentiero Chapter 6

Jonathan Lam Chapters 1, 6, 7, 16 and 22

Jonathan Zúñiga Chapter 5

Jose Gomez Chapter 1

Just a student Chapter 1

Kevin Katzke Chapter 23

kingcobra1986 Chapter 17

Kuhan Chapter 18

Kyle Ratliff Chapter 6

leo_ap Chapter 50

LiLacTac Chapter 55

Luka Kerr Chapter 29

Luke Taylor Chapter 28

Madalina Taina Chapters 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 19, 25, 29, 31, 32, 34, 39, 45 and 49

Marc Chapter 20

Marcatectura Chapter 21

Marjorie Pickard Chapter 2

Mark Perera Chapter 4

Marten Koetsier Chapters 34 and 41

Matas Vaitkevicius Chapters 4 and 13

Mattia Astorino Chapter 22

Maximillian Laumeister Chapters 5 and 13

Maxouhell Chapter 6

Michael Moriarty Chapters 5, 15 and 18

Michael_B Chapters 4 and 6

Mifeet Chapter 6

Mike McCaughan Chapter 24

Miles Chapters 12 and 51

Miro Chapter 18

MMachinegun Chapter 54

mmativ Chapter 50

Mod Proxy Chapter 6

Mr. Alien Chapter 5

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 234

Mr. Meeseeks Chapter 29

Mr_Green Chapter 8

Muthu Kumaran Chapter 37

Naeem Shaikh Chapter 4

Nate Chapter 5

Nathan Arthur Chapters 1, 4, 6, 8, 13, 14, 15 and 16

Nemanja Trifunovic Chapter 48

Niek Brouwer Chapter 23

niyasc Chapter 18

Nobal Mohan Chapter 10

o.v. Chapter 6

Obsidian Chapters 37 and 53

Ortomala Lokni Chapters 6, 7 and 17

Pat Chapter 21

patelarpan Chapters 1 and 50

Paul Kozlovitch Chapter 6

Paul Sweatte Chapter 46

Persijn Chapters 4 and 5

Phil Chapter 50

pixelbandito Chapter 9

Praveen Kumar Chapters 4, 6, 13, 15, 26, 28, 50 and 55

Qaz Chapter 12

Rahul Nanwani Chapter 22

RamenChef Chapter 43

rdans Chapter 4

RedRiderX Chapter 37

rejnev Chapter 8

Richard Hamilton Chapters 4, 5, 15, 18, 20 and 27

Rion Williams Chapter 4

rishabh dev Chapter 46

rmondesilva Chapters 15 and 20

Robotnicka Chapter 20

Rocket Risa Chapter 1

Sandeep Tuniki Chapter 6

Saroj Sasmal Chapter 1

ScientiaEtVeritas Chapters 1, 4, 6, 7, 10, 11, 18, 20, 21, 23, 26, 31, 33, 44 and 53

Sebastian Zartner Chapter 40

SeinopSys Chapters 18, 23, 36 and 54

Sergey Denisov Chapters 5 and 26

Shaggy Chapters 5, 21 and 53

Siavas Chapter 6

Someone Chapter 6

Sourav Ghosh Chapters 5 and 22

Squazz Chapters 16 and 31

srikarg Chapter 13

StefanBob Chapter 9

Stewartside Chapters 4, 5, 6, 18, 20 and 21

Stratboy Chapter 5

sudo bangbang Chapter 4

Sumner Evans Chapter 4

Sun Qingyao Chapter 8

Sunnyok Chapters 4, 6 and 8

Sverri M. Olsen Chapter 1

GoalKicker.com – CSS Notes for Professionals 235

takeradi Chapter 16

Taylor Chapter 6

Ted Goas Chapters 12, 15, 34 and 43

Teo Dragovic Chapters 1 and 13

ThatWeirdo Chapter 4

TheGenie OfTruth Chapter 36

Theodore K. Chapter 22

think123 Chapter 5

Timothy Miller Chapter 55

Toby Chapters 15 and 20

Todd Chapter 1

ToniB Chapter 15

Tot Zam Chapter 8

Trevor Clarke Chapters 5, 8, 10 and 15

TrungDQ Chapter 56

TylerH Chapters 1, 4, 5, 36 and 53

Ulrich Schwarz Chapter 43

user007 Chapter 18

user2622348 Chapter 20

vishak Chapter 14

vkopio Chapter 7

Vlusion Chapter 15

Volker E. Chapter 15

web Chapters 6, 26, 28, 29 and 44

Will DiFruscio Chapter 9

Wolfgang Chapter 18

X Chapter 18

Xinyang Li Chapter 1

xpy Chapter 4
Yury Fedorov Chapter 4

Zac Chapters 5 and 12

Zaffy Chapter 4

Zakaria Acharki Chapter 20

Zaz Chapter 4

Ze Rubeus Chapter 4

zeel Chapter 6

zer00ne Chapter 20

Zeta Chapter 5

Zze Chapter 5

You may also like