Sections 3 and 4

1. How to create a Python file in Pycharm tool?

Right-click on Project --> New --> Python File--> Enter File Name

2. How to print a text in Pycharm console?

print("Hello")

3. How to execute Python script?

Right-click on the Python file --->Run 'File Name'

4. Shortcut keys to execute Python script?

CTRL + SHIFT + F10

5. How to comment a line in Python file?

Using # at the begining of the line

6. How to define a variable?

a=3
a = "Python"
Note: No need to explicitly declare data types

7. How to print 2 variables of different data types in Python?

b=3
print("{} {}".format("Value is",b))

Note: Each curly brace will store the value of one variable. In this example 'Value is' is stored in first {}
and value of b in second {}

8. How to print datatype of the variable?

Using type keyword

b=3
print(type(b))

9. How to declare list?

Using square brackets[]
a=[1, 2, 3, "Rahul"]

10. How to insert value in the list?

Using insert keyword
a=[1, 2, 3, "Rahul"]
a.insert(1, "Hello")
print(a)
Output: [1, Hello, 2, 3, 'Rahul']

11. How to append value in the list

Using append keyword
a=[1, 2, 3, "Rahul"]
a.append("End")
print(a)

Output: [1, 2, 3, 'Rahul','End']

12. How to delete a value from the list?

Using del keyword
a=[1, 2, 3, "Rahul"]
del a[0]
print(a)

Output: [2, 3, 'Rahul']

13. How to declare tuple?

Using circular braces ()
a=(1, 2, 3)
print(a)

Output - [1, 2, 3]

Note: Tuple is immutable(it means we cannot re-assign the value)

14. How to declare dictiionary?

It is declared in key and value pair form
a = {1: "first name", 2: "second name", "age":25}
print(a["age"])
print(a[0])

Output -
25
first name

Python Data Types reference - https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/python-data-types

Section 5:
1. How to use If else condition?

greeting = "Hello, Good Morning!"

if greeting == "Hello, Good Morning!":

print("Condition matches")
else:
print("Condition do not match")
Note:
- if else is a condition
- Colon(:) is used to indicate the start of a new block of code
- Code indentation is important for python to understand the code format.

2. How to use For loop?

listOfNumber = [1, 2, 5, 6, 8]
for i in listOfNumber:
print(i)
Note:
- for is loop which helps to iterate over the list, tuple or dictionary, String etc.
- Variable ‘I’ used in the above example will help to iterate through the list
- Colon(:) is used to indicate the start of a new block of code
- Code indentation is important for python to understand the code format.

3. How to use while loop?

it = 10

while it > 5:
print(it)
it = it - 1
print(a)
Note:
- while loop while continue iterating until the condition is false
- There are 2 keywords that can be used with while loop – break and continue
- break keyword – it will terminate the entire loop
-continue keyword – It will terminate the current execution of the loop and will start from top of
the loop
- Colon(:) is used to indicate the start of a new block of code
- Code indentation is important for python to understand the code format.

4. What is function and how to define a function?

- Function is a group of related statements that perform a specific task
 def greetMe():
print("Good morning!")
greetMe()
-def is used to define a method/function
- Just after def you define function name
- Colon(:) is used to indicate the start of a new block of code
- Execute the function by calling the function name – greetMe()

Section 6:
1. What is class?
- Class is a user defined blueprint or prototype
- Class includes – Methods, Class variables, Instance variables, Constructor, etc.

2. Below examples will help us to understand,

- Defining a class, variable and method
- Creating class object
- Calling method using class object

class NewClass:
num = 190 # Class variable

def getData(self): # Method declaration with self which is

auto populated
print("I am executing method in the class")

obj = NewClass() # Creating class-NewClass object

obj.getData() # Calling method-getData() using class object-obj
print(obj.num) # Printing class variable using class object-obj

3. What is constructor?
- Constructor is a method which is called when the object of the class is created.
- There are 2 types of constructor,
Default Constructor: It is a default constructor which is called when there is no user defined
constructor. It doesn’t accept any arguments
Parameterized Constructor: Constructor with parameters is known as parameterized constructor

Example:
class ConstTest: # class created
num = 20 # class variable

def __init__(self, a, b): #Constructor is defined with __init__

keyword and self is the object which is initialized at the time of Object
creation
self.firstNumber = a # Assigning value ‘a’ to variable
‘firstNumber’(Instance variable) with self which is mandatory
self.secondNumber = b # Assigning value ‘b’ to variable
‘SecondNumber’(Instance variable) with self which is mandatory

def summation(self): # Method

return self.firstNumber + self.secondNumber + self.num
# Calling Instance and Class variable using self

obj = ConstTest(50, 50) # Creating class object and passing 2

variables because Constructor is a parameterized constructor with 2 variables
print(obj.summation()) # Calling method

4. What is Inheritance?
- Accessing properties of all the Parent class in the Child class

# ConstTest is Parent class

# Parent class properties can be inherited in the below code format.

class ChildImpl(ConstTest):

5. What is String?
- In Python, a string is a sequence of characters

6. How to define a String?

name = "Rahul"
7. How to print a String?

name = "Rahul"
print(name)
8. How to print 4th character from the String

name = "QAClick"
print(name[3])
 9. How to print substring from a String?

name = "QAClick"
print(name[0:4]) # Print substring 0 to n-1

10. How to check a String contains another String?

name = "Rahul Shetty"

nameContains = "Shetty"
print(nameContains in name) #To verify string contains another
string
11. How to concatenate 2 strings?

name = "Rahul Shetty"

greet = " Hello!"
print(greet+name)

12. How to Trim space(s) from String?

greet = " Hello! "

print(greet.strip()) #Trim begining and ending spaces
print(greet.rstrip()) #Trim ending spaces
print(greet.lstrip()) #Trim begining spaces

Section 7:
1. How to read characters from a text file?

file = open('Content.txt') #Open File

print(file.read()) #Read file
2. How to read first and second line from the text file?

print(file.readline()) #Read first line

print(file.readline()) #Read second line
3. How to read and print line by line from a text file?

file = open('Content.txt')
for line in file.readlines():
print(line)

file.close() #Close the open file

 4. How to open the file in read mode?

with open('Content.txt', 'r') as reader: #reader is a variable and ‘r’

indicates file to be open in read mode
5. How to open the file in write mode?

with open('Content.txt', 'w') as writer: #writer is a variable and ‘w’

indicates file to be open in write mode
6. Exercise: Read the file, store the values in list, reverse the list and write it in the same file.

with open('Content.txt', 'r') as reader:

content = reader.readlines() #Store the values in content
print(content)

with open('Content.txt', 'w') as writer:

for i in reversed(content): #reversed(content) will reverse the
values
writer.write(i) #write the values in the file

Section 8:
1. How to raise an exception?
-Using raise Exception keyword
-Using assert keyword

#Using raise Exception keyword:

ItemsInCart = 0

# Exception with raise keyword : If the condition is not satisfied then it

will fail the case and raise the exception
if ItemsInCart != 2:
raise Exception("Items in cart is not equals to 2")

#Using assert keyword:

ItemsInCart = 0
assert (ItemsInCart == 1)

2. What is try except block and how it is used?

- try block: lets you test a block of code for errors. If an exception is raised, it jumps straight into
the except block.
- except block: this code is only executed if an exception occured in the try block. The except
block is required with a try block, even if it contains only the pass statement.

#In this example, the filelog.txt file is missing which will raise an
exception and will be caught in except block
try:
with open('filelog.txt', 'r') as reader:
reader.read()
except:
print("File not present")

3. What is finally bock?

- The finally block runs whether or not the try statement produces an exception.

# finallly block is used with try and except block. finally block will
always execute.
try:
with open('Content.txt', 'r') as reader:
reader.read()
except Exception as e:
print(e)
finally:
print("Test Pass: Clean up process")

Section 9:
1. How to install selenium package in python interpreter?
- Windows: File à Settings à Project Interpreter à Click + icon à Install Selenium
- MAC OS: Preferences à Project Interpreter à Click + icon à Install Selenium

2. How to invoke Chrome browser using selenium webdriver?

Latest selenium package:

from selenium import webdriver

driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get("https://rahulshettyacademy.com/loginpagePractise/")
Old selenium package:

from selenium import webdriver

from selenium.webdriver.chrome.service import Service

service_obj = Service("path\to\chromedriver.exe")
driver = webdriver.Chrome(service=service_obj)

driver.get("https://rahulshettyacademy.com/loginpagePractise/")

3. How to maximize browser window using selenium webdriver?

driver.maximize_window()
4. How to print title of the page and current url?

print(driver.title)
print(driver.current_url)
5. How to invoke Firefox and Edge browser?

# Firefox
from selenium.webdriver.firefox.service import Service
service_obj = Service(("path\to\geckodriver.exe"
driver = webdriver.Firefox(service=service_obj)

# Edge
from selenium.webdriver.edge.service import Service
service_obj = Service("path\to\msedgedriver.exe")
driver = webdriver.Edge(service=service_obj)

Section 10:
1. Which locator’s strategies are supported by Selenium?
ID
class name
name
 Xpath
tagName
link text
Partial link text
CSS

2. How to define locators?

driver.find_element(By.<locator strategies>, "//tagName[@attribute='value']")

Example,
driver.find_element(By.XPATH, "//input[@type='email']")

Section 11:
1. Websites for practice?
- https://rahulshettyacademy.com/angularpractice/
- https://rahulshettyacademy.com/AutomationPractice/#/
-https://rahulshettyacademy.com/seleniumPractise/#/

2. How to handle static dropdown?

- Using Select class

dropdown = Select(driver.find_element(By.ID, "exampleFormControlSelect1"))

3. What is the import statement for Select class?

from selenium.webdriver.support.select import Select

4. How to select option from the static dropdown using Select class?
- There are 3 methods which can be used to select required option from static dropdown

select_by_index(index)
select_by_value(“value”)
select_by_visible_text(“visible text”)

5. Below is the example on how to select option from dropdown using select_by_index()

from selenium.webdriver.support.select import Select

dropdown = Select(driver.find_element(By.ID, "exampleFormControlSelect1"))

dropdown.select_by_index(1)
6. How to select a particular option using for loop?

#driver.find_elements – This will get the list of web elements(checkboxes)

checkboxes = driver.find_elements(By.XPATH, "//input[@type='checkbox']")

#Iterating checkboxes using for loop and checking the checkbox 'option3'
for checkbox in checkboxes:
if checkbox.get_attribute("value") == "option3":
checkbox.click()

7. How to select a radio button using index?

radiobuttons = driver.find_elements(By.XPATH, "//input[@class='radioButton']")

radiobuttons[2].click()

8. Which method is used to verify whether the checkbox/radio button is selected?

is_selected() #It will return Boolean – true or false

9. How to handle java/javascript alert?

driver.switch_to.alert

10. How to extract text from alert?

#Switch to alert
alert = driver.switch_to.alert

#Extract text from alert

alertMessage = alert.text

#Print alert text

print(alertMessage)
Section 12:
1. How to extract text from alert?
- Waits helps to facilitate synchronization between script actions and dynamic web elements
- There are 3 wait mechanism - Implicit Wait, Explicit Wait, and Fluent Wait

2. What is implicit waits and how to define it?

- Implicit Wait in Selenium is a global wait that applies to all elements in the script

driver.implicitly_wait(seconds)

3. What is explicit wait and how to define it?

- Explicit Wait in Selenium is a more granular approach that allows you to wait for a specific
condition or element.
- Explicit waits are applied to individual elements and provide better control and precision.

#WebDriverWait is class
#It takes 2 arguments – web driver and seconds(time to wait)
wait = WebDriverWait(driver, 10)

#Different Expected Conditions – In this case we have used -

presence_of_element_located
wait.until(expected_conditions.presence_of_element_located((By.XPATH,
"//a[@class='promoInfo']")))

Section 13:
Assignment 2:

from time import sleep

from selenium import webdriver

from selenium.webdriver.chrome.service import Service
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions
from selenium.webdriver.support.wait import WebDriverWait
expectedVegetables = ['Cucumber - 1 Kg','Raspberry - 1/4 Kg','Strawberry - 1/4
Kg']
actualVegetables = []
service_obj = Service("path\to\chromedriver.exe")
driver = webdriver.Chrome(service=service_obj)

driver.maximize_window()
driver.implicitly_wait(2)
driver.get("https://rahulshettyacademy.com/seleniumPractise/#/")

driver.find_element(By.XPATH, "//input[@type='search']").send_keys("ber")
sleep(3)
results = driver.find_elements(By.XPATH, "//div[@class='products']/div")
count = len(results)
print(count)
assert count > 0

#Assignment 1:
for result in results:
actualVegetables.append(result.find_element(By.XPATH, "h4").text)
result.find_element(By.XPATH, "div/button").click()
print(actualVegetables)
assert expectedVegetables == actualVegetables
driver.find_element(By.XPATH, "//img[@alt='Cart']").click()
driver.find_element(By.XPATH, "//button[text()='PROCEED TO
CHECKOUT']").click()

#Sum Validation
prices = driver.find_elements(By.XPATH, "//td[5]//p[@class='amount']")
sum = 0
for price in prices:
sum = sum + int(price.text)
print(sum)
totalAmount = int(driver.find_element(By.XPATH,
"//span[@class='totAmt']").text)
assert sum == totalAmount

driver.find_element(By.XPATH,
"//input[@class='promoCode']").send_keys("rahulshettyacademy")
driver.find_element(By.XPATH, "//button[@class='promoBtn']").click()

#Explicit wait - It is used to wait explicitly based on the given time for a
particular element
wait = WebDriverWait(driver, 10)
wait.until(expected_conditions.presence_of_element_located((By.XPATH,
"//span[@class='promoInfo']")))
print(driver.find_element(By.XPATH, "//span[@class='promoInfo']").text)

#Assignment 2: The value is in decimal hence converted value to float

totalAfterDis = float(driver.find_element(By.XPATH,
"//span[@class='discountAmt']").text)
assert totalAfterDis < totalAmount

Section 14, 15:

1. How to mouse hover on an element?

#ActionChain - To perform mouse actions

#perform() is always required to perform action
action = ActionChains(driver)

action.move_to_element(driver.find_element(By.XPATH,
"//button[@id='mousehover']")).perform() #mouse hover
2. How to right click on an element?

#ActionChain - To perform mouse actions

#perform() is always required to perform action
action = ActionChains(driver)
action.context_click(driver.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, "Top")).perform()
#Right Click
3. How to perform mouse hover + click on an element?

#ActionChain - To perform mouse actions

#perform() is always required to perform action
action = ActionChains(driver)

action.move_to_element(driver.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT,
"Reload")).click().perform() #mouse hover + click
4. What is the import statement for Actions class?

from selenium.webdriver import ActionChains

5. How to switch to windowHandles?

#Get all window handles

windowsOpened = driver.window_handles

#Switched to next window or child window using index

driver.switch_to.window(windowsOpened[1])
6. How to switch to frame?

# Switch to frame using frame id or frame name

driver.switch_to.frame("id" or “frame name”)

7. How to scroll at a certain axis on the web page using Javascript Executor?

#JavascriptExecutor to scroll down at certain point of the page

driver.execute_script("window.scrollBy(X axis,Y axis);")

driver.execute_script("window.scrollBy(0,700);")

8. How to scroll at the bottom of the web page using Javascript Executor?

#JavascriptExecutor to scroll at the bottom of the page

driver.execute_script("window.scrollBy(0,document.body.scrollHeight);")

9. Which method helps to sort a list?

sort()
 10. What is ChromeOptions?
- ChromeOptions is used for customizing the ChromeDriver session

11. How to run scripts on headless mode using ChromeOptions?

#ChromeOptions invocation using werbdriver.ChromeOptions()

chrome_options = webdriver.ChromeOptions()

chrome_options.add_argument("--headless")

12. How to ignore certificate error using ChromeOptions?

#ChromeOptions invocation using werbdriver.ChromeOptions()

chrome_options = webdriver.ChromeOptions()

chrome_options.add_argument("--ignore-certificate-errors")

13. How to start browser in maximized mode using ChromeOptions?

#ChromeOptions invocation using werbdriver.ChromeOptions()

chrome_options = webdriver.ChromeOptions()

chrome_options.add_argument("--start-maximized")

Section 16: Complete code is provided in the last lecture of this section.

Section 17, 18 and 19:

1. Which Python unit test framwork is taught is this course?
 - Pytest

2. What is Pytest?
- The pytest framework makes it easy to write small, readable tests, and can scale to support
complex functional testing for applications and libraries.

3. How to install pytest using pip?

- pip install pytest

4. How to check pytest version?

- pytest –version

5. What is pytest standard to be followed while working with pytest file?

- In pytest, python file name should always start with test_ or end with _test
- logic should be written within a function/method
- function/method name should start with test_
- class name should start with Test

6. Example – pytest file

#Method declaration
def test_firstProgram():
print("Hello")

7. How to execute a pytest file?

8. How to execute python file in pytest from command prompt?

- cd to Python package(where pytest file is present)
- py.test -v –s

9. What is –v and –s?

- -v: It provides more information about test case execution
- -s: To display print statement on command prompt

10. How to run a particular python file in pytest from command prompt?
- py.test python_file_name -v –s

11. How to execute test cases using method/function name from command prompt?
- py.test -k <partial_method_name> -v –s

12. Tags in pytest

#@pytest.mark.<tagName>: this will help to group methods/functions
@pytest.mark.smoke
def test_greet():
print("Good morning!")

13. How to execute grouped methods/functions from command prompt?

- py.test -m <pytest_mark_name> -v –s

14. How to skip a method/function?

@pytest.mark.skip
def test_CreditCard1():
print("Credit Card 1")

15. How to execute a method/function without reporting it in test report?

@pytest.mark.xfail
def test_tag():
print("Tag 1")

16. What are fixtures in pytest?

- In testing, a fixture provides a defined, reliable and consistent context for the tests. This
could include environment (for example a database configured with known parameters) or
content (such as a dataset)

17. How to declare a fixture?

- @pytest.fixture

18. Example:

#fixture decalred on setup method/function

@pytest.fixture()
def setup():
print("Setup")

#Fixture method 'setup' is passed as an argument to this method

#Before executing this method, it will execute setup method
def test_firstFixtureDemo(setup):

print("First demo")
19. Which keyword helps to execute the set of code after the test case execution completion?
 - yeild

20. What is conftest in pytest?

-The conftest.py file serves as a means of providing fixtures for an entire directory. Fixtures
defined in a conftest.py can be used by any test in that package without needing to import
them (pytest will automatically discover them).

21. Data driven fixtures to load test data into tests

Conftest.py

#Declared fixture to dataLoad method

@pytest.fixture()
def dataLoad():
print("user profile data is being created")
#Return set of values
return ["Rahul", "Shetty", "QA Click"]
test_demo.py

#It will first execute dataLoad fixture from conftest file

@pytest.mark.usefixtures("dataLoad")
class TestExample:
#dataLoad: It has values returned from conftest dataLoad fixture
def test_fixturesdemo(self, dataLoad):
print(dataLoad[0]) #It will print Rahul
22. How to install pytest-html package?
- pip install pytest-html

23. How to execute test cases and generate pytest-html report?

- Navigate to the folder where pytest files are present
- Hit the command: pytest --html=report.html

24. How to create a log file for logging messages?

# FileHandler is used to specify file path. This will create Logs.log in

pytestDemo package
filehandler = logging.FileHandler('Logs.log')

# Formatter will help to format the log, asctime: timestamp, levelname: debug,
info, error etc., name: File name, messsage: message
formatter = logging.Formatter("%(asctime)s :%(levelname)s :%(name)s :%
(message)s")

# filehandler object will have the format

filehandler.setFormatter(formatter)

# created object of logging and __name__ will help use to get the file name
logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)

# filehandler is passed in logger which has file path and file format
logger.addHandler(filehandler)

# setLevel will print the value from Info. It will skip debug
logger.setLevel(logging.INFO)

logger.warning("Warning message")