INPLANT TRAINING REPORT

FOR TRAINING AT

DISCOVER TECHNOLOGIES

(THANE)

SUBMITTED by

Krrish Parab

Enrollment. NO. – 2205710013

DIPLOMA IN ELECTRONICS & TELECOMMUNICATION

ENGINEERING

KALA VIDYA MANDIR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

(Polytechnic)

Plot No. M-3, R.S.C 19, Gaekwad Nagar, Malad (W),

MUMBAI – 400095

2024-2025

29/A1 Shyamkutir, Vrindavan

Society, Thane (West) 4000601

www.discovertechnologies.co.in
 INDUSTRIAL TRAINING COMPLETION CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mr.Krrish Parab ,Enrolment No.2205710013, Third year

student of KVMTI Mumbai has successfully completed the Inplant Training of
06 weeks at our organization Discover Technologies – 29/A Shyamkutir,
Vrindavan Society, Thane (West) 4000601.

Training Start Date: 03/06/2024

Training Completion Date: 13/07/2024

The performance and conduct of the above student was good during the complete
training period.

Name and Sign.

Section/Industry Supervisor

Anjum Mujawar

Head of section/Plant/Officer

Date: 13/07/2024 Seal of the Organization

 29/A1 Shyamkutir, Vrindavan
Society, Thane (West) 4000601

www.discovertechnologies.co.in

NO OBJECTION CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mr. Krrish Parab , Enrolment No. 2205710013,

Third year student of KVMTI Mumbai has successfully completed the
Inplant Training of 06 weeks at our organization Discover Technologies
– 29/A Shyamkutir, Vrindavan Society, Thane (West) 4000601 from
03/06/2024 to 13/07/2024.

This report does not contain any confidential document of the company
such as design, drawing, formula, specifications, documents, procedures,
etc. which may cause any type of loss to this company.
Training Start Date: 03/06/2024

Training Completion Date: 13/07/2024

The performance and conduct of the above student was good during the complete
training period.

Name and Sign.

Section/Industry Supervisor

Anjum Mujawar

Head of section/Plant/Officer

Date: 13/07/2024 Seal of the Organization

 KALA VIDYA MANDIR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
MUMBAI

Plot No. M-3, R.S.C 19, Gaekwad Nagar, Malad (W),

MUMBAI – 400095

2024-2025

CERTIFICATE

This is to certified Mr . Krrish Parab , Enrollment No. 2205710013, Third Year

Student of Diploma in Electronics Engineering, from KVMTI Polytechnic
Mumbai has successfully completed 06 weeks of training at “Discover
Technologies (Thane) in Electronics and Programming Department” for the
partial fulfilment of diploma in Electronics engineering during Fifth semester. The
training report has been approved by concerned supervisors and satisfies the
academic needs as per subject curriculum.

Prof. Deepak A. Kulkarni Examiner

(Polytechnic Supervisor)

Prof. Deepak A. Kulkarni Mr. Sachin N. Gore

(Head of Department Electronics Engg) (Principal)

PREFACE

This inplant report is undertaken to fulfil the “Inplant Training Work” of

3rd year (Fifth Semester) of Diploma course in Electronics &
Telecommunication Engineering. This report gives idea about
knowledge gained, skills achieved, activities performed, processes
observed, along with the brief information of section, department, and
industry I was working in.

All the data was collected from the websites, documents and also with
the help of mentor, employees and other workers.

This inplant training is undertaken in Discover Technologies (Thane),

Electronics and Programming Department, under the guidance of Mr.
Anjum Mujawar and Ms. Sumaiya Khan.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The success of my training at Discover Technologies, (Thane) is not only

due to my work alone, but also due to interest, help & guidance offered
to me by employees of the company.

I am thankful for their valuable guidance, their helping hand & fruitful
advice during my training, I would like to express my deepest sense of
gratitude to, Mr. Anjum Mujawar and Ms. Sumaiya Khan which gave me
immense confidence and widened my knowledge. They guided and
encouraged me throughout my work.

I would like to appreciate the kindness & co-operation extended by all

the employees & the trainees in the department that helped in making my
training a grand success. I am indebted to Mr. Anjum Mujawar
(Supervisor) and Ms. Sumaiya Khan (Manager) for providing me an
opportunity to undergo training in this esteemed organization and
granted me an auspicious opportunity to get acquainted with the
wholesome practical knowledge.
Above all, I am/ deeply grateful to Prof. Mr. Sachin N. Gore (Principal),
Prof. Deepak A. Kulkarni (H.O.D. of Electronics Engineering),Prof.
Deepak A. Kulkarni(Polytechnic Supervisor), KVMTI Polytechnic
Mumbai for giving me this opportunity to undergo this training
successfully.

Lastly, I wish to thank all the personnel, who directly or indirectly

helped me to clear each and every hurdle coming into the way of
successful completion of my training.

KRRISH
PARAB

2205710013

ABSTRACT

I was placed in the, Electronics and Programming Department. I gained

experience and knowledge about the importance of work culture of the
office which is one of the privileges of working in the department.

The initial phase of my training includes my familiarization with

department and documents of the department. During the training I was
also involved in preparation of different worksheets and lessons such as
coding lessons, parts description list, and other documentation etc. and
also learned about block coding. I also learnt some part of Tinker CAD
Simulation software which provides a platform to build and test circuits
without any physical hardware available. I also did supervising and
teaching basic coding and robotics to kids of small age group. I also
gained technical knowledge in area of programming whole and dedicated
electronic systems with a broad spectrum of devices focused on
microcontrollers.

I have tried to put my sincere efforts to make this report a worthy &
honest declaration of whatever I accomplished at Discover Technologies

In this report, Chapter 1 includes introduction of company, their

businesses, turnover, marketing strategies, etc. Chapter 2 covers the
organizational structure that is which business is controlled by whom.
Chapter 3 gives description about my department in which I was
working. Chapter 4 details about the industrial knowledge which I
gained during this inplant training. Chapter 5 contains specific tasks
performed and projects completed/worked for during training. Chapter 6
concludes about overall outcome from the inplant training. At the end,
suggestions for curriculum modification by industrial authority are
incorporated in Chapter 7.

Chapter Chapter Name Page No.

No.

1 INTRODUCTION

2 ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE

3 DEPARTMENT WISE REPORT

4 INDUSTRY BASED LEARNING

5 DETAILED SPECIALISED WORK

REPORT

6 CONCLUSION

7 CURRICULUM SUGGESTION
 8 BIBLIOGRAPHY

9 APPENDIX

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

It has been a life changing duration which has completely shifted my view of the
electronics industry and has given me a brand-new vision as to what all is there for
me to explore and learn. The potential that I have received from this company will
always be remembered for it has played one of the most important roles in shaping
my engineering career.

About the Company

Founded in 2005 by a great visionary Mr. Nasir Khan in Thane, A place for
engineering students and hobbyists to not only learn it all but also to learn how to
apply it in practical situations to solve problems which is the sole motto of the
engineering discipline.

Discover Technologies is a company specializing in providing students with

Industrial Trainings in branches of Electronics, Mechanical, Information and
Technology, Computer Science and Electrical Engineering. It has researched,
developed and built a number of courses targeting the specific needs of the modern
industries for students to learn. It has all the necessary parts, modules, devices
required to complete projects for a successful completion of the internship. Some of
the well sought courses pursued are Embedded Systems, Python Programming,
Android Programming, Java Programming, Machine Learning, Solar Energy, 3D
Printing Technology, Block-Chain security, Internet of things, Autodesk.
Discover Technologies has recently started it’s sister company ‘AISKOOL’ which
aims to widen it’s student audience by giving children under 15 a chance to learn
robotics, coding, programming, designing whole systems including flow-charts,
algorithms. It aims to develop the concepts in children which are required to be a
successful designer, developer, and engineer.

Other than that, the company develops interfacing and development boards for
various Microcontrollers such as the ESP, The infamous Arduino, The Raspberry,
Microbit, etc. The designing for the PCBS and testing is done in the workshop itself
while the PCB producing is usually outsourced.

It is a small but ambitious entrepreneurship which provides excellent teachings

making a small profit for itself as it mainly aims on imparting knowledge and
concepts in the learners and to make them curious to explore more.

PERSONNEL

It’s unbelievable but the organization and supervisors manage to not only make it
work but also run it smoothly like clock work with only 6 employees.

4 Technical Staff and 2 Non-Technical Staff

Technical Staff mainly handle the lectures, the websites, the maintenance, etc.
 GAINS

Despite of having a shockingly low number of skilled personnel, the organization

makes a revenue of roughly around 30 LPA with a turnover of greater than 40 Lakhs.

MARKETING

The company totally depends on Digital Marketing which attracts a satisfactory

number of audience and also conducts Robotics Workshops, Demonstrations and
competitive games including robot racings etc.

Chapter 2

ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE

DIRECTOR

(NASIR KHAN)
 TECHNICAL HEAD FINANCE
Marketing

TECHNICAL ASSISTANT
BDI

ACCOUNTS

PCB DESIGNER

SALES

ORGANIZATIONAL HIERARCHY EXPLAINED

Mr. Nasir Khan, the Director leads the organization and has different departments
excelling under him. The technical head manages and guides the technical assistant
and the sole PCB Designer.

The marketing department has a brand developer and BDI and has the sales working
under it.

The accounts work alone under the sole supervision of the finance team.

Communication System
The main modes of communication between the different departments is mainly
through online meetings on Google Meet for coordinating tasks and assigning new
work.

Employees within the department also co-ordinate on social platforms such as

whatsapp messenger for minor tasks and updates on the work assigned to them.

CHAPTER 3

DEPARTMENT WISE REPORT

I was placed in the Electronics and Programming Department of the company where
we mainly worked and focused on the Electronics, PCBs, handled coding, learned
programming and designed flowcharts and algorithms for a specific project. As the
company made development boards for various microcontrollers such as the ESP32,
ESP8266, ESP32-Cam, ESP-32 LORA, Arduino UNO, Arduino Nano, Arduino
Mega, Arduino Pro Mini, Raspberry Pi model 3, Microbit, etc. The department was
tasked with successful testing of these plug-in development boards.

The whole idea of these development boards is to plug in the modules and sensor and
other parts to the controller without any physical connection necessity which reduces
error and wrong connections which usually results in shorting.

The office has a nice and relaxed work culture and is totally productive in terms of
working environment. People are nice and were open to explore new ideas and
encouraged others to do the same. It was a relaxed and open environment for all to
learn, build, develop and create amazing projects along with the curriculum
development for the AISKOOL. Learned how to do documentation work and to
make proper presentations and also to give presentations.

ROLE OF THE ENGINEERS

The main role of the engineers was to develop research on new ideas and projects
and to build curriculum on the topics of Artificial Intelligence along with the basic
Robotics curriculum development for the AISKOOL. As interns we provided lessons
and supervision in the demo lectures for the coding classes for children.

CHAPTER 4

INDUSTRY BASED LEARNING

Initially we started with the basics of coding for robots for kids such as block coding
using various internet websites such as the MIT APP INVENTOR AND THE
SCRATCH ONLINE PLATFORM to learn basic coding using blocks which helped
to develop coding concept and hence later on made it easier to code in other high
level languages.

This was the scratch online platform to learn block coding and to create mini games
and apps which helped developed the logic for advanced programming.
This is the scratch IDE in which the programming was done.

The MIT APP INVENTOR was developed by the MIT a technological institute from
the US.

The MIT app inventor also allowed us to learn about the implementation of AI in the
programs and software I developed with it.

It mainly focused on creating android applications from scratch using prebuilt blocks
and animations with other extra add ons.
THE MIT APP INVENTOR IDE INTERFACE

The workspace was well equipped with all the necessary devices and equipment
required to carry out all the tasks given to us.

Devices Included – Laptops, Desktops, Audio devices to understand when stuck

Other tools – Soldering Iron, soldering station, pliers, screw drivers, soldering wig,
soldering wire, table, exhaust fan, lights, multimeters, wires, breadboards, jumpers,
pins, and various other miscellaneous things required to build projects.
Soldering station to carry out the solder work and to join loose connections and dry
solders so that the device start working again.

CHAPTER 5

DETAILED REPORT ON THE SPECIALIZED TASKS

TASKS INCLUDED – 1. Programming ESP32 Microcontrollers

2. Developing programs on the Makeblock Robots

3. Developing Curriculum for the same

4. Making documents and PPTs for the same

The Makeblock MBOT-

A robot which is equipped with a lot of different sensors and needs to be
programmed.

Made various programs on it such as the obstacle detector robot and the Edge
detector robot.

Developed curriculums and problems statements for the bot and wrote codes to solve
the problems and taught them in lectures and sessions and demos.

The Makeblock Ultimate 2.0

This is the Makeblock Ultimate 2.0 This is a mechanical robot which works on
electronics and has motors with an inbuilt Atmega 328 p microcontroller which
needs programing in the Mblock IDE for block coding.
This is the Mblock IDE where the target devices can be programmed and tested.

The connection is simple and can be made through a physical USB A to USB B cable
or a wireless Bluetooth 4.0 connection will also upload the code to the robot.

The Makeblock Ranger

This was the Makeblock ranger which we programmed and learned on the internship.

ARDUINO NANO

The Arduino nano is another popular Arduino developed board very much similar to
the Arduino uno. They use the same processor (Atmega328p) and hence they both
can share the same program.
WHAT IS ARDUINO NANO?
The Arduino Nano is Arduino’s classic breadboard friendly designed boar with the
smallest dimensions

UNDERSTANDING ARDUINO NANO

The Arduino board is deigned in such a way it is very easy for beginners to get
started with microcontroller. This board especially is breadboard friendly, and that’s
why it is very to handle the connections. Let’s start with powering the board

POWERING YOU ARDUINO NANO

There are total three ways by which you can power your nano.

USB JACK: Connect the mini USB jack to a phone charger or computer through a
cable and it will draw power required for the board to function

VIN PIN: The vin pin can be supplied with an unregulated 6-12V to power the board.
The on-board voltage regulator regulates it to +5V.

+5V PIN: if you have regulated +5V supply then you can directly provide this o the
+5V pin of the Arduino.

INPUT/OUPUT:

There are total 14 digital Pins and 8 Analog pins on your Nano board. The digital
pins can be used to interface sensors by using them as input pins or drive loads by
using them as output pins. A simple function like pin Mode () and digital Write () can
be used to control their operation. The operating voltage is 0V and 5V for digital
pins. The analog pins can measure analog voltage from 0V to 5V using any of the 8
Analog pins using a simple function like analog Read ().

These pins apart from serving their purpose, can also be used for special purposes,
which are discussed below:
  Serial Pins 0 (Rx) and 1 (Tx): Rx and Tx pins are used to receive and
transmit TTL serial data. They are connected with the corresponding
ATmega328P USB to TTL serial chip.

 External Interrupt Pins 2 and 3: These pins can be configured to trigger

an interrupt on a low value, a rising or falling edge, or a change in value.

 PWM Pins 3, 5, 6, 9 and 11: These pins provide an 8-bit PWM output by
using analog Write () function.

 SPI Pins 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO) and 13 (SCK): These pins are
used for SPI communication.

 In-built LED Pin 13: This pin is connected with a built-in LED. When pin
13 is HIGH – LED is on and when pin 13 is LOW, it is off.

 I2C A4 (SDA) and A5 (SCA): Used for IIC communication using Wire
library.

 AREF: Used to provide reference voltage for analog inputs with analog
Reference () function.

 Reset Pin: Making this pin LOW, resets the microcontroller.

These special functions and their respective pins are illustrated in the Arduino Nano
pinout diagram shown above.

ARDUINO NANO COMMUNICATION

The communication of an Arduino Nano board can be done using different sources
like using an additional Arduino board, a computer, otherwise using
microcontrollers. The microcontroller using in Nano board (ATmega328)
offers serial communication (UART TTL). This can be accessible at digital pins like
TX, and RX. The Arduino software comprises of a serial monitor to allow easy
textual information to transmit and receive from the board.

The TX & RX LEDs on the Nano board will blink whenever information is being
sent out through the FTDI & USB link in the direction of the computer. The library-
like Software Serial allows serial communication on any of the digital pins on the
board. The microcontroller also supports SPI & I2C (TWI) communication.

HOW TO USE ARDUINO NANO

It will hardly take 5-10 minutes to upload your first program to Arduino Nano. All
you need the Arduino IDE, an USB cable and your Nano board itself.

SPECIFICATIONS:

SPECIFICATIONS DETAILS

Microcontroller Atmega328p/Atmega168

Operating Voltage 5V

Digital I/O pins 14

Analog pins 8

Flash Memory 16KB of 32KB

SRAM 1KB or 2KB

Max. Current Rating 6 out 14 digital pins

 Crystal Oscillator 16 MHz

EEPROM 512byte or 1KB

USART Yes

USB Mini

Input voltage 7-12

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

Small Limited by ADC

portable Limited processing power

No computer required No data storage

APPLICATIONS OF ARDUINO NANO

 • Automation

• Robotics

• Control System

• Embedded Computer

• Instrumentation

• GSM Based Project

• Android Applications

• Industrial Automation

• Medical Instrument

ARDUINO NANO FEATURES

 ATmega328P Microcontroller is from 8-bit AVR family

 Operating voltage is 5V
 Input voltage (Vin) is 7V to 12V
 Input/Output Pins are 22
 Analog i/p pins are 6 from A0 to A5
 Digital pins are 14
 Power consumption is 19 mA
 I/O pins DC Current is 40 mA
 Flash memory is 32 KB
 SRAM is 2 KB
 EEPROM is 1 KB
 CLK speed is 16 MHz
 Weight-7g
 Size of the printed circuit board is 18 X 45mm
 Supports three communications like SPI, IIC, & USART

2D MODEL AND DIMENSIONS

 ARDUINO NANO PINOUT

1. POWER PIN (Vin, 3.3V, 5V. GND): These pins are power pins

• Vin is the input voltage of the board, and it is used when an external
power source is used from 7V to 12V.
• 5V is the regulate power supply voltage of the nano board and it used to
give the supply to the board as well as components.
• 3.3V is the minimum voltage which is generate from the voltage regulator
on the board.
• GND is the ground pin of the board

2. RST PIN(Reset): This pin is used to reset the microcontroller

3. ANALOG PINS(A0-A7): These pins are used to calculate the analog voltage
of the board within the range of 0V to 5V
4. I/O PINS (Digital pins from D0-D13): These pins are used as an i/p otherwise
o/p pins. 0V & 5V
5. SERIAL PINS (Tx, Rx): These pins are used to transmit & receive TTL serial
data.
6. EXTERNAL INTERRUPTS (2, 3): These pins are used to activate an
interrupt.
 7. PWM (3, 5, 6, 9, 11): These pins are used to provide 8-bit of PWM output.
8. SPI (10, 11, 12 & 13): These pins are used for supporting SPI
communication.
9. INBUILT LED (13): This pin is used to activate the LED.
10. IIC (A4, A5): These pins are used for supporting TWI communication
11. AREF: This pin used to give reference voltage to the input voltage

ARDUINO NANO PROGRAMMING

The programming of an Arduino nano can be done using the Arduino software. Click
the Tools option and select the nano board. Microcontroller ATmega328 over the
Nano board comes with preprogrammed with a boot loader.

This boot loader lets to upload new code without using an exterior hardware
programmer. The communication of this can be done with the STK500 protocol.
Here the boot loader can also be avoided & the microcontroller program can be done
using the header of in-circuit serial programming or ICSP with an Arduino ISP.

ARDUINO NANO SOFTWARE

The open-source Arduino software (IDE) makes it easy to write code and upload it to
the board. This software can be used with any Arduino board.

Refer to the Getting started page for installation instructions

Active development of the Arduino software is hosted by Git hub. See the instruction
for building the code. Latest release source code archives are available here. The
archives are PGP-signed so they can be verified using this GPG key.
 SENSORS INTERFACE WITH ARDUINO NANO

Sensors
 • A sensor is a device that detects and responds to some type of input from
the physical environment.
• The specific input could be light, heat, motion, moisture, pressure, or any
one of a great number of other environmental phenomena.
• The output is generally a signal that is converted to human-readable
display at the sensor location or transmitted electronically over a
network for reading or further processing.

Sensor Definition:

• A sensor is a device that detects and responds to some type of input

from the physical environment.

• The specific input could be light, heat, motion, moisture, pressure, or

any one of a great number of other environmental phenomena.

Type of sensors

 Acoustic & sound sensor

• Measure the sound level based on acoustic wave.
 • Example: Microphone, Hydrophone

 Automotive sensor
• Example: Speedometer, Radar gun, fuel ratio meter

 Chemical sensor
• Transforms chemical information composition, presence of a
particular element or ion, concentration, chemical activity, partial
into analytically useful signal
• Example: PH sensor

Electric & magnetic sensor

• Do not directly measure the physical properties of interest
• Example: Metal detector, Hall sensor measure flux density

 Environmental sensor
• This integrated sensor combines barometric air pressure, humidity,
ambient air temperature sensing function as well as air quality
measuring.
• Example: Rain gauge

Optical sensor
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clcctío⭲ic sig⭲al
• Examplc: Pkoto diodc, Pkoto tía⭲sistoí, camcía

 Mechanical sensor
• Used for positioning or limit switch task
• Example: Strain gauge, potentiometer measure displacement, limit
switch

 Proximity & presence sensor

• Able to detect presence of objects Emit electromagnetic radiation
• Example: Motion detector, proximity sensor

Classifications of sensors

 Proprioceptive sensors
 • Measure values internally to the system (robot)
• E. g. motor speed, wheel load, battery status

 Exteroceptive sensors

• Information from the robot’s environment

• Distances to objects, intensity of the ambient light, etc.

 Passive sensors

• Sensors that monitor the environment without disturbing it

• E. g. digital camera, gyroscope

 Active sensor

• Emit their own energy and measure the reaction

• Better performance, but some influence on environment
• E. g. sonar sensor, laser scanner, infrared sensor

 Local sensors

• On-board sensors or mounted on the robot

 Global sensors

• Sensor mounted outside the robot in its environment and

transmitting sensor data back to the robot

Examples

LOCAL GLOBAL

Passive Passive

INTERNAL Temperature sensor

Accelerometer Shaft
encoder Inclinometer
Tactile
 Active

- Active

Passive Passive

On-board camera Overhead camera Satellite

GPS
EXTERNAL

Active
Active
Sonar sensor
Sonar sensor IR sensor
Laser

Analog or digital?

 Many sensors are ANALOG.

 Some sensors have 2 types: ANALOG + DIGITAL

 Which is better?

 Consideration:
• Number of analog sensors is greater than digital
• Analog sensor requires AD converter to interface with controller
• Digital sensor is complex but more accurate

Analog or digital?
Interface Ultrasonic Sensor with Arduino Nano
What is an ultrasonic sensor?

 Ultrasonic sensors will convert ultrasound waves to electrical signals, the

ones which transmit and receive are called ultrasound transceivers, in addition
the devices work on radar and sonar systems.
 Moreover, an ultrasonic sensor can generate high frequency sound waves and
can also evaluate the echo which is received back by the sensor.
 Measuring the timer interval between sending the signal and receiving the
echo will determine the distance of an object, in addition the passive
ultrasonic sensors are mainly microphones which will detect the ultrasonic
noise that is present, it will then convert it to an electrical signal and lastly
report it to the computer.

How Does an Ultra Sonic Sensor Work?

 Ultrasonic sensors are normally defined as electronic devices, this means that
they can emit an acoustic wave which is beyond the range of human hearing,
in addition the range of an ultrasonic sensor is normally determined by the
frequency of vibration from the transducer (converts pressure or brightness
into an electrical signal), this means as the frequency increases, the sound
waves will then transmit progressively through shorter distances.
 As the frequency decreases, the sound waves will transmit progressively
through longer distances, this means long range ultrasonic sensors will work
best when there is a lower frequency and long-range ultrasonic sensors work
better at higher frequencies.
 Ultrasonic sensors are also used when scanning to see a baby as the image
shows.

Some examples of what ultrasonic sensors are used for

1)

2)

Ultrasonic Sensor Specifications

 The sensing range lies between 40 cm to 300 cm.

 The response time is between 50 milliseconds to 200 milliseconds.
 The Beam angle is around 50.
 It operates within the voltage range of 20 VDC to 30 VDC
 Preciseness is ±5%
 The frequency of the ultrasound wave is 120 kHz
 Resolution is 1mm
 The voltage of sensor output is between 0 VDC – 10 VDC
 The ultrasonic sensor weight nearly 150 grams
 Ambient temperature is -250C to +700C
  The target dimensions to measure maximum distance is 5 cm × 5 cm

Ultrasonic Sensor Arduino

This section explains the interfacing of the ultrasonic sensor with an Arduino by
considering HC-SR-04 where it explains the ultrasonic sensor pinout, its
specifications, wiring diagram, and how the sensor with Arduino connection.

the ultrasonic sensor pin diagram is:

VCC – This pin has to be connected to a power supply +5V.

TRIG – This pin is used to receive controlling signals from the Arduino board.
This is the triggering input pin of the sensor

ECHO – This pin is used for sending signals to the Arduino board where the
Arduino calculates the pulse duration to know the distance. This pin is the ECHO
output of the sensor.

GND – This pin has to be connected to the ground.

Applications

The applications of ultrasonic sensors are:

 1. Used in robotic sensing for positioning of robotic arms.
2. Employed in washdown design for constantly noticing the filling level of
objects on a conveyor belt.
3. Used to detect objects.
4. The diameter of the coil/roll can be known by ultrasonic sensors.
5. Used to avoid a collision.
6. proximity detection.

Components

 Arduino Nano board

 Ultrasonic sensor
 Breadboard
 Jumper Wires

Step 1

Let’s identify the components one by one.

Arduino nano

The Arduino Nano board is a very low-cost board. That is why I have used this
board. You can use any other Arduino board for this project.
Ultrasonic sensor

This component has been described above.

Bread board

This is used for the easy mounting of the component.

Jumper Wires

I have used four male to male upper wires.

USB cable

It is used to connect the Arduino board to the computer.

Step 2
Connect the ultrasonic sensor and the Arduino board to the breadboard.

Step 3

we connect the ultrasonic sensor to the Arduino board using the jumper wire.
For that, see the circuit diagram below.

Connect the TRIG pin of the ultrasonic sensor to the D2 pin and the ECHO pin to
the D4 pin. The GND pin connects the GND pin and the VCC pin connects to the
VCC or 5v pin.

Step 4

let’s look at the code below.

void setup() {
pinMode(2, OUTPUT);//define arduino pin
pinMode(4, INPUT);//define arduino pin
Serial.begin(9600);//enable serial monitor

}
void loop() {
 //pulse output
digitalWrite(2, LOW);
delayMicroseconds(4);
digitalWrite(2, HIGH);
delayMicroseconds(10);
digitalWrite(2, LOW);

long t = pulseIn(4, HIGH);//input pulse and save it veriable

long inches = t / 74 / 2; //time convert distance

long cm = t / 29 / 2; //time convert distance
String inch = " inches t";
String CM = " cm";

Serial.print(inches +inch);//print serial monitor inches

Serial.println(cm +CM);//print serial monitor cm
Serial.println();//print space
delay(100);//delay
}

Interface sound sensor with Arduino nano

What is a sound sensor?

Basically, Sound is a waveform of energy which is produced by the form of

mechanical vibration.

The type of sound determines its frequency. For example, a bass drum has a low-
frequency sound and a cymbal has a higher frequency sound.

The sound sensor is a simple device which can detect the sound. The sound
sensors are very simple to use.

Schematic of sound sensor

If you want to understand a little bit more about the sound sensor module, then
knowing the schematic is the best way to get started.

There are several Sound Sensor Modules available in the market that are
implemented using different ICs like LM324, LM393, LM344, LM386 etc. So,
check your sound sensor for the main IC and determine its schematic.

The following image shows the schematic of the Sound Sensor Module that is
implemented using LM393 Voltage Comparator IC.

If you observe in the Schematic, I have pointed out where you can extract the
Analog Output from the sensor. In most LM393 based Sound Sensors, only
Digital Out is available i.e., when detected sound is Higher or Lower than a
certain level, the output of the sensor will Low or High.

In my case, the sound sensor will produce a logic LOW when sound is detected
and a logic HIGH when there is no sound.

Sound sensor module parts

For many different projects, this can be used to build sound-reactive switches
or to build a sound-reactive LED visualizer.

This is why this sensor is popular among beginners as these are low power, low
cost, rugged, and feature a wide sensing range that can be trimmed down to
adjust the sensitivity.
This sensor has three pins, two of which are power pins leveled VCC and GND
and the other two pins are analog and digital pins which are shown in the
diagram above. It has an onboard power LED and a signal LED.

The power LED turns on when power is applied to the board and the signal LED
turns on when the circuit is triggered.

This board also has a comparator Op-amp that is responsible for converting the
incoming analog signal to digital signal. We also have a sensitivity adjustment
potentiometer; with that, we can adjust the sensitivity of the device. Last, we
have the condenser microphone that is used to detect the sound. All these
together make the total Sound Sensor Module.

Spesifictionsn sound sensor

The specifications of the sound sensor include the following

 The range of operating voltage is 3.⅗ V

 The operating current is 4~5 mA
 The voltage gains 26 dB ((V=6V, f=1kHz)
 The sensitivity of the microphone (1kHz) is 52 to 48 dB
 The impedance of the microphone is 2.2k Ohm
  The frequency of m microphone is16 to 20 kHz
 The signal to noise ratio is 54 dB

Pin Configuration and Components

The sound sensor Consist of Microphone as a transducer, potation meter to adjust

the intensity, LM386 low power audio amplifier, LED and other passive
components like resistors and capacitors.

You can set a threshold value using a potentiometer so that when the amplitude
of the sound exceeds the threshold value, the module will output LOW otherwise
HIGH.

LM393 Sound Detection Sensor Module

Sound Detection Sensor Module Sound Detection Sensor Module Pinout

Sound detection sensor module

detects the intensity of sound where sound is detected via a microphone and
fed into an LM393 op-amp

It comprises an onboard potentiometer to adjust the setpoint for sound level.

Sound Detection Sensor Module Pin Configuration

Description
Pin Name
 VCC The VCC pin powers the module,
typically with +5V

Power Supply Ground

GND

Digital Output Pin. Directly connected

to digital pin of Microcontroller
DO

Analog Output Pin. Directly connected

to an analog pin of Microcontroller
AO

Applications

 Hearing aids
 Telephones
 Tape recorders and karaoke
 Live and recorded audio engineering
 Radio and television broadcasting
 Speech recognition technology

Sound sensor with Arduino nano

Lets look at the code below
 CHAPTER 6

CONCLUSION

This training has been great learning experience for me. It has been a pleasure
to be a part of a technological organization as enormous and noteworthy at
Larsen & Toubro Limited. At the end of my training tenure, which I refer to as
the most exciting, enriching and challenging experience ever in my engineering
curriculum, I wish to optimize the benefits accrued over a period of six months.

For my training; I was placed in Nuclear Power Plant Equipment Department.

The benefit of the training was that it gave me an in-depth exposure to the
various aspects of the technical and professional area like group interaction,
team work, etc.

This training offered an exposure to industrial environment, which cannot be

simulated in the engineering college. I understood the scope and job
responsibilities of the various departments and their applications. I gained
insight into the psychology of the workers and their habits and attitudes.

Previously my knowledge was only restricted to books but project time, I gained
a lot of information about various welding processes, manufacturing methods
and much more. This experience will certainly help me to visualize work status
better.

During training period, I have gained the specific knowledge in following Areas:
  Learn different types of sensors
 Watch online video analog and digital sensors and how to work
 Learn basic coding
 Make ppts of tasks
 Make documentations
 made a relay board
 Solder, de-solder PCB
 Learn how to interface all sensors
 Interface sensors with Arduino nano
 Worn on hardware practical and gain practical knowledge
 Watch online tutorials of coding

Apart from this we gain extra knowledge which we cannot get through books or
theory.

CHAPTER 7

INDUSTRIAL AUTHORITY BASED SUGGESTIONS FOR

CURRICULUM MODIFICATION

Introduction to high end embedded microcontrollers such as:

 Micro bit
 ESP32
 STM32
 Raspberry Pi
 Arduino
 Beagle Bone

Coding and programming of these high-end microcontrollers and their architecture.

Introduction to PCB designing and circuit simulation using Proteus, KICAD, Tinker
CAD, Autodesk EAGLE
Documentation and preparing papers on researched topics as well as designing
programs.

In depth knowledge and skills in python, C, C++, Java programming.

In depth knowledge on Internet of Things (IoT) and Automation.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Websites, video links:

 https://www.elprocus.com/an-overview-of-arduino-nano-board/
 https://youtu.be/nEuLbCnUwVg
 https://youtu.be/uaHwmnWMBGg
 https://toptechboy.com/arduino-lessons/
 https://www.seeedstudio.com/blog/2019/11/15/20-best-arduino-
nano-projects-that-you-must-try-2019/
 https://youtu.be/qSp-n-BfsiE