493

READING LIST

THEME I: DIVERSITY AND CELLULAR ORGANISATION

Biological Structures, W. Krommenhoek et al. (J. Murray, 1979).

Complete Encyclopedia of the Animal World, D.M. Burn (Octopus, 1980).
New Concise British Flora, W. Keble Martin (Ebury -Michael Joseph, 1982).
The Cell Concept, L.MJ. Kramer and J .K. Scott (Macmillan Education,
1979).
Diversity of Life, CM. Jenkingand A. Boyce (Macmillan Education, 1979).

THEME II: LIFE SUPPORT PROCESSES AND MAINTENANCE OF

THE INDIVIDUAL

The Human Body, Jonathan Miller and David Pelham (J. Cape, 1984).
Essentials of Plant Physiology, G .A. Strafford (Heinemann Educational,
1970).
Handbook on Human Nutrition, (Food and Agriculture Organisation,
1975).
Mastering Nutrition, O.F.G. Kilgour (Macmillan Education, 1986).
Geigy Scientific Tables (Ciba-Geigy, 1984).
Metabolism, Movement and Control, A. Boyce and C.M. Jenking
(Macmillan Education, 1980).

THEME III: DEVELOPMENT AND CONTINUITY OF LIFE

Living Planet, D. Attenborough (Collins-BBC, 1984).

Biology for Schools and Colleges, C. Clegg(Heinemann Educational, 1980).
Heredity, Development and Evolution, C.D. Birkett (Macmillan Education,
1979).
494

THEME IV: INTER-RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN ORGANISM AND

THE ENVIRONMENT

Macmillan Dictionary of the Environment, M. Allaby (Macmillan, 1985).

Dictionary of Life Sciences, E. Martin (Macmillan, 1984).
Man and the Ecosystem, J .R.D. Lloyd (Macmillan Education 1980).

QUESTIONS AND PRACTICAL WORK

Work Out Biology GCSE, O.F.G. Kilgour (Macmillan Education, 1986);

includes model answers and practical work.
Multiple Choice Questions in Biology and Human Biology, 0 .F .G. Kilgour
(Heineman Educational, 1985); includes over 1500 objective questions
with answers.
 495

GENERAL INDEX
(Alternative terms and spellings are given in brackets. Page numbers in italics refer to
terms which are def"med or to illustrations.)

abdomen AIDS disease 131, 364, 456

invertebrate 36, 37, 38, 206, 231 air bladder 324
vertebrate 255 air, composition of 195,203, 211,213,
abductor 320 441,443
abiotic environment 394, 417, 418 air pollution 484,486, 487
abortion 365, 374, 393,475 alanine (Ala) 85
abomasum 145 albinism 392
abscission 341 albumen (albumin) 358
absorption alcohol (ethanol) 74, 145, 158, 196,
in animals 128, 141, 143, 144, 257, 197,459
263,442 alcoholism 159,445
in plants 171 et seq. aleurone layer 227
accommodation 277,278 Algae 23, 30, 55,403,427,428
acellular 51 alimentary canal 138
acetabulum 312, 313 alkali 78
acetylcholine 301 alkaloid 25 3
achene 354, 355 alkapton 392
achondroplasia 392, 396 allantois 35 9, 405
acid 77,78 allele 375, 378, 380
acquired characters (see Lamarckism) alternation of generations 348
acquired immunity 466 alveolus 208,209, 210,213
acrosome 361, 364 ambulacral groove 40
active immunity 466 amines 78,81
active transport 93, 96, 170, 177,253 amino acids 77, 85, 192, 24 7
adaptation 121,404,433 synthesis of 124
adductor 320 ammonia 443
adenine 78, 86, 224 amniocentesis 393
adenoids 190 amnion 359, 365,366, 393
adenosine diphosphate (see ADP) amoebic dysentery 464
adenosine triphosphate (see ATP) amoeboid movement 316
ADH (antidiuretic hormone) (see vaso- Amphibia (see also Rana, frog) 39, 45,
pressin) 403
adipose tissue 263, 266 amplitude 285
adolescence 363 ampulla 283,284,286
ADP (adenosine diphosphate) 87, 115 amylase (diastase) 137, 140
adrenal glands 250,254,267,298, 300 amylose (see starch)
adrenaline (epinephrine) 251,299 anabolism 80,218, 220
adventitious roots 26, 28, 180,342, 344 anaemia 159,445
aerobic respiration 199 et seq., 216,218 anaerobe 196,216, 218,401
aerofoil 98,327, 328, 329 anaerobic respiration 196, 198,401,459
aestivation 233 analogous organs 402, 403
afterbirth (see placenta) anaphase
agar 241,453 meiosis 377
ageing 445 mitosis 222
agglutination 390, 405 androecium 349, 350,351
aggregation 426, 427 androgens 362
agriculture 476 et seq. Angiospermae (see flowering plants)
496

animals autonomic nervous system 291

characters 71 autoradiograph 104, 178, 179
classification of 31, 45, 405 autosome 370
growth 229,246 autotrophic 109,434
anisogamy 345 auxins 240, 242, 480
Annelida J4, 35, 45 averages 9
annual plants 338 Aves (see birds)
annual ring (see growth ring) axial filament 361
antagonistic muscles 305, 306, 320, axil 29,340
324,325,328,329,330 axillary bud 29, 340, 341, 342, 344
antenna 36, 37, 38,130,131,230, axis 309
231,288 axon 273, 288 et seq.
anterior 33
anther 349, 350 bacillus 30,446,447,451
antheridium 25, 339, 345, 34 7, 348 back cross (test cross) 384,409
antibiotics 412,429,449,450,451, bacteria 22, 30, 55,427,443,446,480
457,458,459,478 beneficial 145,162,401,434,441,
antibody 85, 181, 365, 465, 466 449
anticoagulant 130 destruction of 449
antidiuretic hormone (ADH) (vasopressin) harmful 443,444,445,449
258,260 reproduction 449
antigen 389,466 structure of 335, 33 7, 44 7
antimitosis 329 bactericide 449,464,465
anus 34, 40, 145 bacteriophage 455
aorta 185,187,254 bacteriostat 449,450
apex 29 balance 285, 286, 321
apical meristem 61,233,234 balanced diet 167, 367
appendages 36 baleen 132
appendix 138 bark 235,236,341
aqueous humour 275 base 77,224
Arachnida (see spiders) bast 235
archegonium 339, 345 bastard feather (wing) 43, 327
area 13, 98, 220 BCG (Bacille Calmette-Guerin) 45 1,
arginine 156 466
arterial system 18 7 beak 43
arteriole 144, 182, 256, 267 beans (see Vicia)
artery 182,185,191,445 behaviour 264, 265, 266, 270, 295, 302,
Arthropoda 36, 45 358,359
artificial propagation 343 Benedict's test 84
artificial selection 408 beri-beri 163, 164, 445
artificially acquired immunity 466 berry 354, 355
ascorbic acid (see vitamin C) biceps 319,320, 326
asexual reproduction 334 et seq., bicuspid valve 185, 186
369,395,462 biennial plants 338
asparagine 85 bile 140, 250
aspartic acid 85 binary fission 334,335,355
assimilation 128 binocular vision 280, 281
association organisms 427,428 et seq. biochemistry 3, 123, 400
atlas 309 biodegradable 485
atom 58, 73, 102 biofuels 489
atomic structure 102, 103 biogenesis 401
ATP (adenosine triphosphate) 87, 115, biological control 478,480
193,216,226,319 biological value 156
atrium (see auricle) biology 3
atrophy 220 biomass 437, 438
auditory nerve 283 biophysics 88 -
auricle 185,186 biosphere 417, 439
 497

biotechnology 198, 376,467 calcaneum 310

biotic environment 394,417,418 calorimeter 99, 151
birds calyptra 25
classification of 43, 45 calyx 349, 350,351
fossil record 403 cambium (lateral meristem) 61, 63,233,
locomotion 327 343
reproduction 35 8 Cambrian 403
skeleton 313 et seq., 314 canaliculi 307, 308
structure 43 cancer 239,455
birth 366 canine 133
birth control 364, 4 75 canning 452
birth rate 469 capillaries 144,182, 185, 189, 191,
bladderworm (see cysticercus) 208,209,256,261,262
Blanching 452 capillarity 96, 131,476
blastula 365 capsule
blight 459 fruit 354
blind spot 275 joint 312,313
blood 60, 180 et seq., 464 spore 25
cell 60,180 et seq., 190,308,409, carapace 36
463 carbamide (see urea)
clotting 160,181,465 carbohydrase (see glycosidase)
compatibility 389 carbohydrates
groups 388, 389,390, 395 composition of 83,150, 154 et seq.,
plasma 60, 180 et seq., 189, 190,247, 193
249,252,260,463 digestion of 13 7, 140
platelet 180,181,308 synthesis of 123, 124
pressure 162, 183, 184,188, 189 tests for 84, 124, 154
sugar, control of 25 0 et seq. carbon cycle 440,441
vascular system 183 et seq., 187 et seq., carbon dioxide
191 in air 441
blue-green algae (Cyanophyta) 30,401, in photosynthesis 109, 111, 117, 217,
441,443 218
body fluids 247,260 in respiration 182, 187, 194, 197,
bolus 138,142,318 202,210,213,214,217,218
bone 60,162,307,308 test for 74, 197, 202
bony fish 39,41, 206,254,324,357 carbon, tests for 75
Bowman's capsule 257 carbon monoxide 486
bract 349 Carboniferous 403
brain 272,290,291 et seq., 292,293,405 cardiac cycle 186
brain stem (see medulla oblongata) cardiac muscle (see muscle, cardiac)
branchial arch 315, 405 Carnivora 44
breathing (see respiration) carnivore 135,434,435
bronchiole 208, 209 carotid artery 187, 188
bronchus 208, 209 carpal bones 310, 312, 327, 404
brown fat 263, 266, 367 carpel (see gynoecium)
Brownian motion 89 carpometacarpals 314,327
Bryophyta 26, 30 carrier 389, 451
buccal cavity 206 cartilage 208,307,313
bud 29,340 cartilaginous fish 39,41, 324
budding 335, 336, 344 caryopsis 227, 354
buffer 79 casein 139, 162
bulb 341,342 catabolism 80, 218, 220
buoyancy 304 catalyst 80, 86
butterflies (see Pieris) caterpillar 231
caudal fin 41
caecum 138 caudal vertebrae 309,310,314
Cainozoic (Cenozoic) 403 cell 49, 52, 189
498

cell (cont.) cholesterol 155

animal 51,53 Chordata 39,45
body 288 chorion 366
culture 59 choroid 274, 275
differentiation 233,235 chromatid 222, 369, 377, 378
division 220,221,222,223,233,334 chromatin 220
elongation 233,234, 235,236,237 chromosome 221, 224, 369,370 et seq.,
growth 220,224,226 371' 377' 378, 396
membrane (see plasma membrane) mutation 373
plant 51,53 number 370, 377
respiration 196 et seq., 199 et seq. chyme 143
theory 49 cilla 31,60,316,465
vacuole 52,53,55,62,64,77,95, cillary body 274,275
234 cillated epithelium 60,208, 316, 362,
wall 23, 52, 53,223, 331,446,447 464,465
cellulase 145,429,448 circular muscle 144,274,305,306,317,
cellulose 23, 53, 62, 64, 83, 145,154, 318,324
166,332 circulatory system 5, 181, 188, 191
cement (cementum) 136 citric acid 77
census 473 citric acid cycle (see Krebs cycle)
centipedes (Chilopoda) 36, 37 class 22
central nervous system 291 et seq. classification 21, 405
centriole 53,222,223 clavicle 310,311,320
centromere 222 climbing plants 331, 332
centrum body 31 0 clitellum 34
cephalothorax 38 cloaca 41,42
cerci 38 clone 334, 395
cerebellum 291,292,293 cnidoblast 56
cerebral cortex 292 coccus 30' 446' 44 7, 448
cerebral hemispheres (cerebrum) 292, cochlea 283, 284
405 cocoon 356
cerebral reflex 296 codominance (see incomplete dominance)
cerebrospinal fluid 292 Coelenterata 32,45
cervix (uterus) 361, 366 coelenteron 45
chaeta (seta) 34, 35, 38, 324 coeliac disease 156
characters (traits) 47, 369, 375, 379, coelom 306, 366
380 coenocyte 51,337
chelicera 38 colchicine 374
chemical change 127, 193, 273 coleoptile 227
chemical compound 73 coleorhiza 227
chemical control, of pests 480,481 collagen 56, 85,307,319
chemical element 73, 74,434,440, collecting equipment 418,419,420,421
483,489 collecting methods 418,419,421
chemical equation 79, 82, 110, 123 collenchyma 63, 64, 331, 332
chemical pesticide 480,481 colloid 89, 90,425
chemical reaction 79,97 colon 138, 144
chemical symbols 73 colour 101
chemosynthetic bacteria 448 colour blindness 279, 391, 392,410
chiasma (see crossing over) colour vision 279
chitin 38, 53,325,329 columella 337
chlorenchyma 58,61,62, 64 columnar epithelium 60
chlorophyll 30, 113 combined control pesticide 481
chloroplast 23, 53, 54, 62, 113, 218 combustion 152,194,440,441, 442
chloroquin 463 community 418,434
chlorosis 115 companion cell 62
cholecalciferol (see vitamin D) comparative anatomy 402
cholera 450, 466 compensation point 217, 218
 499

concentration 89, 96, 117, 17 0, 25 3 culture media 14, 59, 114,247, 344,
condensation 81,441,442 453
conditioned reflex 296 et seq., 297,298 cupula 285, 286
condom 365,475 cusp 133,137
conduction 99,264,285 cuticle
cone, conifer 27, 348 invertebrate 33, 34, 129,288, 306
cone, of eye 274,275,279 leaf 215
conidiospore (conidium) 24,460 cutting 343, 344
conifers (Gymnospermae) 26, 30,403 cyanocobalamin (see vitamin B group)
conjugation 345, 346 cycling (see recycling)
conjunctiva 275 cyclosis 171
connective tissue 60, 307, 312, 313 cysteine 85
conservation 488 et seq. cystic fibrosis 392
consumer 109,434,436,439,440,441, cysticercus (bladderworm) 432
442, 443, 479 cytokinins 240,432
contraception (see birth control) cytology 52
contractile tissue (see muscle) cytopiasm 23,52,53,54,63,77,87,
contractile vacuole 23, 31, 253,254, 177,197,220,226,446
317 cytoplasmic inheritance 407
control experiment 4, 112, 194 cytopiasmic movement 316
convection 99, 265 cytosine 78, 224
convex lens 2 78
convoluted tubule 257 Darwinism 407 et seq.
cooking 127,432,433,452 deafforestation 472,482
coordination 271,272,291 et seq., deamination 81,156,192,251
293 death rate 4 70
coracoid 314, 329 decay 427,434,441,443,446,477
cork 215, 341 deciduous trees 27, 340
cornea 274, 276 decimals 7
corolla 349, 350,351, 352 decomposer 434,439,440,441,442,
coronary heart disease 186 443,446,457
coronary vessels 155, 184 defaecation 145
corpus callosum 292 deficiency disease 445
corpus luteum (yellow body) 360, dehiscence 353, 354
362,364,361 dehydration 167, 260, 450
cortex demography 468,472
adrenal 299, 300 dendrite 288,290
brain 292 dendron 273, 288 et seq.
kidney 256 denitrification 443, 444, 449
in plants 54, 63, 66,67, 70,171, density 304, 308
172,215,235 dental formula 134
corticotrophin 299 denticle 41
cotyledon 27, 227, 353 dentine 134,137
Cowper's glands 360,361 deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) 3, 86,
coxa 325 87,224,225,359,375,376,378,
cranial nerves 291, 293 400,401,447,454,455
cranium 39,308,310,314 deoxyribose 83, 86,224
cremaster 231 dermis 261,262
Cretaceous 403 destarching 11 0, 111
cretinism 299,301,445 detergents 485
crista 285, 286 detoxification 250,465
crop rotation 4 76 detritivore 128, 133,434
cross-fertilisation 380, 382 developed country 472,474
cross-pollination 351, 35 2 development 365
crossing over 377 Devonian 403
Crustacea 36 dextrins 137,138
cubic centimetre 14 dextrose (see glucose)
500

diabetes ecosystem 418,434etseq.,439,47 1,

sugar 154,251,445 488,489
water 260 ectoderm 56, 237
diagrams 20 ectoparasite 429 et seq., 430, 431, 433,
dialysis 94 438
diaphragm 138,208,209, 211,254 ectoplasm 31
diastase (see amylase) ectotherm 265
diastole 186 effector 271,272,289,292,295 ,317
Dicotyledonae 27, 30, 121,174,227, egestion 128, 145, 317
349, 351 egg 42,358
diet 154,167 membrane 358
dietary fibre (roughage) 145, 154,166 elastin 85, 307
differentiation 59, 378 elater 25
diffusion 91, 92, 170,203,205,215, electroencephalogram (EEG) 293
252,263 electromagnetic waves 102
digestion 126, 128, 137 et seq., 142 electron 102
et seq. electron microscope 49, 50,454
digit 42, 311,312,314 embryo 33,226,351,352,358,3 65,
dioxins 240,486 366,405
diphtheria 445, 446 sac 353
diploid 372, 373, 376, 379 emulsion 89,127,140,142
disaccharides 8 3 enamel 134, 135
disease 154, 155,343,445 et seq., 475 endocrine system 272, 298, 300, 301
dispersal (fruit/seed) 354 endocytosis (see phagocytosis)
dispersion 101 endoderm (entoderm) 56, 237
DNA (see deoxyribonucleic acid) endodermis 67,172
dodder (see Cuscuta) endolymph 284
dominant 380, 383 endometrium 363
donor 389 endoparasite 432, 433
dormancy 233 endoplasm 31
dormant bud and seed 227, 340 endoplasmic reticulum (ER) 53, 54
dorsal 32, 45 end-organ 273
dorsal root nerve 294 endoskeleton 307 et seq., 332
Down's syndrome (mongolism) 372, endosperm 227,351,353
374,445 endotherm 80,263,264,267
drag 98,314,323,328 endplate 289,291
drawing 20 energy 96
dropsy (see oedema) conservation 489
drugs 295 flow in ecosystem 439,440
drupe 354, 355 from respiration 193 et seq.
ductless gland (see endocrine system) requirements 71, 150,152, 153
duodenum 138, 140, 142,251 value 151 et seq.
duplication 224,225,375, 376,378, enterokinase 141
401 enteron 33, 57
dwarfism 299 environment 247,262,269,369,380
393, 394, 395, 396, 417 et seq.
ear 42, 282 et seq., 283, 405 enzyme 85, 86, 89, 118, 126, 156, 193,
earth 400 201,226,263,376,467
earthworm 34, 35 epicotyl 227
ecdysis 36,230, 231, 237 epidermis 58,61,67,70,119,172 ,
ecdysone 240 260,261,331,460
Echinodermata 39,45 epididymis 359,360
ecological niche 468 epigeal 228
ecological pyramid (see pyramid of ... ) epiglottis 138,208,209
ecology 417 et seq. epithelium 51, 59, 144, 145, 183, 213
 501

erector muscle 260, 262 in plants 35 3

erepsin 141 membrane 364, 379
erythrocyte (see red blood cell) fertilisers 115,443,476,477,489
essential amino acids 155 fibrin 181
essential fatty acid 154 fibrinogen 181
ethanol (see alcohol) fibrous roots 26, 27, 28
eukaryote 30 fibula 310,313,314
eustachian tube 283 fieldwork 5
eutherian mammal 44 filter feeding 132
eutrophication 4 77, 485, 488 filtrate 89
evaporation 100, 173, 176,253,263, filtration 89, 91, 132, 170,256,257
265,266,439,441,442 fins 39,41,315,323,324
evergreens 340 fish
evolution 3 classification of 39
chemical 400,401 excretion 25 3
organic 401 et seq. fossil record 403
theories of 406 et seq. locomotion 323
excretion 47, 71, 140, 182, 253 et seq., reproduction 357
264 respiration 206
exocrine glands 137,261,298 skeleton 315
exoskeleton 306, 332 structure 41
exothermic 80 flagellum 23, 31, 56,317,446,447
experiment 5, 6 flatworms (Platyhelminthes) 33, 45
expiration 211,212, 259 fleas (see Pulex)
extensor 320, 325 flight
external environment 247,269, 394 birds 327 et seq.
417 et seq., 468 et seq. insects 329 et seq., 330
exteroceptor 273 floral formula 350
extinct species 405,482 flower 26, 29,63,131, 342,348,349,
eye 351
invertebrate 35, 36,37, 38,130,131,230, flowering plants
281 et seq.,282,431 classification of 27, 30
vertebrate 41, 42, 43,232,274 et seq., fossil record 403
275,405 growth 238,239
eyespot 23 movements 240, 270, 331
reproduction i2~. 338 et seq.,
348 et seq.
F1 generation 380, 383 respiration 194 et seq.
F2 generation 382, 383 structure 61,62,63,65,66
factor (see gene) support 67, 177, 331 et seq., 332
faeces 128,143, 145,166,260,443, translocation 177 et seq.
451 transpiration 173 et seq.
Fallopian tube (see oviduct) focusing eye 277
family 22 foetus 365, 367
fat (neutral fat) (see lipids) follicle 360,362,364,367
fatty acid 82, 144 follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
feathers 43, 266, 315,327 364,367
feedback 249,300, 321 food 149 et seq.
feeding 47 additives 168
femur 37,309,310,312,313,314,325 chain 434 et seq., 436,440,481
fermentation, of food 449,459 changes, chemical/physical 126,127
ferns (Pteridiophyta) 26, 30,403 composition 149 et seq.,150
fertilisation dehydration 166,167,452
in animals 355 et seq., 358, 363 digestion 126 et seq.
et seq., 378 et seq. energy value of 150, 151,152, 156
502

girdle scar 340

poisoning 449,450,451,456 gland 59,271,290,291,298
preservation 452 glans penis 360
vacuole 31, 128, 317 glenoid cavity 312
waste 490 glomerular filtrate 258
web 434,437 glomerulus 25 7
foramen 291 glucagon 252, 300
force 96, 304, 326 glucose 74, 83, 124, 138, 145, 154,
foreskin 360 193 et seq., 198,248,251
form 23,410,412 glutamic acid 85
fossil 401 et seq.,405,409,441 gluten 156
fossilfuels 401,441,442,483 glycerol (propane-1,2,3-triol) 82
fovea (yellow spot) 275,279 glycogen 83, 154, 192, 250
fraternal (dizygotic) twins 365,394, glycosidase (carbohydrase) 126,141
395,396 goitre 162,299,301,445
frequency 285,421 Golgi body 53
fresh water 203, 253 gonad 300, 345,355, 356
friction 304, 324 gonadotrophin 365, 367
frog (see Raruz) gonorrhoea 451
frond 26,338,339, 347, 348 Graafian follicle (see follicle)
fruit 27, 191,351,353 graft 343,344
FSH (see follicle-stimulating hormone) gramme 14, 149
fumagillin 459 graphs 10, 238, 239,398, 472
fungi (Mycota) 23, 30, 55,427, 428 grasses (Gramineae) 27, 28, 350, 353,
fungicide 458,459,480 354
galactose 83 grey matter 292,295
gall bladder 138, 155, 250 griseofulvin 458,459
gametangium 343,346 growth 3,47,71,115,149,220et
gamete 60,344,346,351,372,384 seq., 226,237,246,410
gametogenesis 345, 378 allometric 220
gametophyte 34 7, 348 curve 238,239, 470
gamma rays 102, 104 determinate 220
ganglion (see nerve ganglion) factors 239
gas exchange 204,206,208,210, hormone 240
213,216 indeterminate 220
gastric juice 139 movements (see tropism)
gastrin 300 rate 237,470
gel 90,305 regions 124,191,233,234,235
gene 239, 374 et seq., 380,407,408 ring 236
frequency 408,411 spurt 363
mutation 376 guanine 78, 86, 224
pool 408,409,411 guard cell 122
genetic code 238, 369, 375 gut 32,138,146,317,432
genetic engineering 376, 467 Gymnospermae (see conifers)
genetics 239, 279, 369 et seq., 407, gynoecium 350, 351, 352
445
genotype 376, 380, 382, 383, 384, habitat 417,418,426,471
387,393,395,408 haemoglobin 181,205,210,409
genus (pl. genera) 21,22 haemolysis 389,390
geotropism 243,244,245 haemophilia 389, 390, 445
German measles (Rubella) 457,466 hair 38,44,260,261,265,362,430
gestation 366 colour 392
gibberellin 240 follicle 260, 261
gigantism 240, 299 haltere 39
gill 24, 39, 41, 132,204,207,232, haploid 372, 373, 376, 378, 382
233,254,315,403,405' haustorium 431,459
 503

Haversian canals 307, 308 hydropmne 98,324

hearing 284 et seq., 293 hydrosphere 441,442
heart 154, 155,184, 185,186,187, 365 hydrostatic skeleton 305, 332, 360
heat energy 96, 99, 151, 182,250 hyperglycaemia 251
heat insulation 155,263,264, 265 hypermetropia 278
hectare 13,427 hyperthermia 269
height, in Man 398,399 hyperthyroidism 301
hepatic portal system 187, 188,248 hypertonic 95
249 hypha 23,337, 338, 347,430,457,460
Hepaticae (see liverworts) hypogeal 228
herbaceous 27, 338 hypoglycaemia 251
herbicides 191, 240, 478,480 hypothalamus 258, 267, 292, 294
herbivore 133,145,434,435 hypothermia 269
heredity 379 hypothesis 4
hermaphrodite 334, 345, 356 hypothyroidism 301
heterotrophic 126,128 hypotonic 95
heterozygous 380, 381, 382,383,384,
385,388 IAA (see auxins)
hexacanth (see onchosphere) identical (monozygotic) twins 365,
hibernation 233, 267 395,396
hilum 226 identification key 418
hip girdle (see pelvic girdle) ilium 311,314
histidine 15 6 imago 229, 230
histograms 11 immunisation (vaccination) 450,466
histone 221 immunity 454,451,466
holophytic 109 impmntation 362, 365
holozoic 126,131 impulse 270
homeo~tasis 47, 79, 181, 189,247 inbreeding 409
et seq., 300, 367,415,445 incisor 133
homoiothermy 264 incomplete dominance (codominance)
homologous chromosomes 370,372,381 381,385,386,387,388
homologous organs 403,404,405 incubation 359
homozygous 380,382,383,384,388 incus (anvil) 283
hormone indices 7
animal 127, 182, 298 et seq., 301, indusium 339
302 industrial melanism (see polymorphism)
pmnt 240,242,302,344 infant death rate 4 72, 4 75
horse (see Equus) infection 445
host 428,429,433,454,461 infestation 429, 445
housefly (see Musca) inflorescence 28, 340, 350
human heredity 392 influenza 455,456,457
~~~ n~n~n~n~n~n~ infra-red rays 102, 281
404 ingestion 128, 317
humidity 177, 203 inner ear 282, 283
humus 24,422,424,425,443,451, innominate vein 189
477,478 inorganic compounds 76,159,177
hyaline cartilage 301,309,313 insects
hybrid 380 locomotion 325 et seq., 329,330
hybrid ratio 382, 383, 386 metamorphosis 230, 240
hybrid vigour 409 nervous system 272 et seq., 288
hydrochloric acid 77, 139,465 nutrition 130 et seq.
hydrocortisone 299 pollination by 352,353
hydrogen 74 reproduction 357 et seq.
test for 75 respiration 205 et seq.
hydrogen ion concentration (see pH) structure 37, 38, 39
bydrolysis 81, 82, 127 vision 281 et seq.
504

insecticide 263,290,412,461,462,463, Krebs cycle 200

480 kwashiorkor 156,157,445
lnsectivora 44, 435
insertion muscle 319, 320 labial palps 37,130,131,133,431
inspiration 211, 212 labium 38, 130, 131, 133
instar 230 labour, birth 366
insulin 252, 300, 376 labour, division of 48,58
intercellular spaces 52,61, 96, 172, labrum 133
173,216 lactation 259, 366
intercellular substances 56, 83, 190 lacteal 144
intercostal muscle 209 lactic acid {2-hydroxypropanoic acid)
interferon 376,454 77,198,216
intermediate neurone {interneurone) lactose 83
289,290,295 lacuna 307
internal environment 248 et seq., 263, Lamarckism 406 et seq.
270,394 lamina 28,29
interoceptor 273 land pollution 488
intervertebratal discs 307, 312, 313 land usage 482,490
intestinal bacteria 145, 162, 165, large intestine 138, 143, 144
429,448 larva 228,231, 232, 462
intestinal juice 140, 141, 144 larynx 209, 284
intestine 59, 138, 146, 147,432 latent heat 100
intracellular fluid 248 lateral line system 41
intra-uterine device {IUD) 364 law 4, 490
invertebrate 31, 45,403 leaching 476,488
involucre 25 leaf 25, 26, 27, 28, 63,110,174,
involuntary muscle (see muscle, involun- 338,342
tary, smooth) fall 341
ions 88, 96, 103 function 118 et seq., 121,173 et seq.,
iris, of eye 274, 275, 317, 392 215
irritability 47, 71,270 et seq. scar 29,340
ischium 311,314 structure 118,119,120,261
islets of Langerhans 250, 298, 299 learning 293, 296, 297, 367
isogamy 345 legume 354
isolation 451 length 13, 220
isoleucine 156 lens 48, 101,274,275,276,281,282
isotonic 95 lenticel174, 215, 340, 341
isotope 103 leucine 85, 156
leucocyte (see white blood cell)
Java man 468 leukaemia 181,488
jaw 135,136, 142,232, 308 lever 321, 322
joints 311,312,313 Lichenes 428
joule 99, 150 life, origin of 400,401
jugular vein 187, 188 life processes 47, 334
Jurassic 403 lift 98,99,324,328,329
ligament 60,309,312,313,327
karyotype 370,371,372 light 97,101,279
keel 314 and photosynthesis 112, 11 7, 12 3
keratin 85, 464 light microscope 48
kidney 187, 188, 191,255,360 lignin 53, 62, 63, 64, 166, 331
kilogramme 14 limbs 36 et seq., 42, 43, 232,312 et seq.,
kilojoule 99, 151, 193,201 320,325,326,396,405
kilopascal 98, 173, 188, 265 liming soil 476
kinetic energy 96, 193 limiting factor 118
kingdom 21 lipase 127, 139, 140, 141
klinostat 243, 244 lipids 82,150, 154, 162,190, 192,193,
knee-jerk reflex 296 247,250
 505

digestion of 139, 140, 141 manures 416,477

lipoprotein 85, 156, 446 marasmus 156,491
litre 14 marrow 180, 308, 309
liver 138,140,181,187,188,192, Marsupialia 44
248 et seq., 462, 463,464,465 marsupium 44, 359
liverworts (Hepaticae) 26, 25, 30,58 mass 14,98
lizards (see Lacerta) mass number 103
locomotion 47,71, 302, 316 et seq. matter 88
locus 374 maxilla 38, 39, 133, 308
locusts (see Locusta) measles 466
long sight (see hypermetropia) medulla
longitudinal muscle 144, 305,306 adrenal 299
loop of Henle 256 kidney 256
lumbar vertebrae 309 medulla oblongata (medulla) 214,
lumen 183 292,294
lung 187,208,209,210,316 medullary ray 65, 236
lung volumes 212 megajoule 99, 151, 266
luteinising hormone 364, 367 meiosis (reduction division) 374, 376
lymph 189,190 et seq., 377, 378, 384, 398
lymphatic system 144,189 memory 293
lymphocyte 190, 308 Mendelism 379
lysine 156 meninges 293,294
lysozyme 459 menses 363
menstrual cycle 152, 300, 363,364,
machines 304 366
macromolecule 74, 76, 85, 90 meristem 61, 233, 235
macronutrient 115, 159, 160, 161 merozoite 461
macrophage 465 mesenteric artery 187, 188
macula, of ear 285, 286 mesoderm 237
malaria 410,432,445,461 mesoglea 56
malleus (hammer) 283 mesophyll 120,121,460
maltose 83, 137 Mesozoic 403
Mammalia 44,45 . metabolic rate 201, 264, 301
mammals 'metabolism 80, 162,264,265,266,
body protection 182, 190, 263, 281, 301
287,295,316,464 metacarpal bones !JJO, 312,404
circulatory system 179 et seq., 183, metameric segmentation 35
187 et seq.,188 metamorphosis, in insects 39,230,
digestion in 137 et seq. 240,357
endocrine glands 298 et seq. metaphase 222
fossil record 403 metatarsal bones 310,312
hearing and balance 282 et seq. methionine 156
locomotion 321 et seq., 326 et seq. metre 13
nervous system 272, 291 et seq. microbiology 445
nutrition 149 et seq. microfossils 401,402
reproduction 359 et seq., 363 microfungi 427,428,445,457,461
respiration 208 et seq. microgramme 14, 149, 162
skeleton 309 et seq., 310, 315 et seq. micrometre 13
skin 260 et seq., 287 micronucleus 355
temperature control 263 et seq. micronutrient 115, 159,160,161
urinary system 254 et seq. micro-organisms 426,445
vision 27 4 et seq. micropyle 227,351, 353
water loss/gain 259 et seq. microscope (see light microscope, and
mammary gland 44, 300, 362, 366 electron microscope)
man (see Homo and mammals) microvilli 60, 144,145
mandible 133,231,308 micturition 25 6
manometer 188, 200 middle ear 282,283
506

midrib 25,29 mutagen 374, 376

migration 408 mutation 343,373,376,380,407,
milk 44, 142, 150, 162, 367 408,409
milligramme 14, 149, 159, 162 mycelium 23,24, 347,457,461
millilitre 14 mycorrhiza 427, 428
millimetre 13 myelin sheath 273,288 et seq., 291
millipedes (Diplopoda) 36, 37 myopm 278
mineral elements and ions myosin 85
in animals 144, 145,159, 180,252, Myriapoda (see centipedes, and milli-
258 pedes)
inplants 109,113,114,115,177 myxomatosis 455
in soils 439
minute volume 212 Name
miscarriage 365, 374 common 20
mitochondrion 30,51,53,54,193, generic 21 (see also Generic name
199,200,216,218,249,291 index)
318,359 specific 21
mitosis 221,222,226,334,357, nanometre 13
365,369,373 nasal cavity 138,208,209
mixtures 76, 149 natural acquired immunity 466
molar 133 natural selection 407, 409, 410
molecule 58, 73, 88, 195 Neanderthal man 468,467
Mollusca 34, 45 nectar 131,350
mongolism (see Down's syndrome) nectary 34 9, 35 0
Monocotyledonae 27, 30, 227,349 nematoblast 56
monocular vision 280 Nematoda (see Ascaris, roundworms)
monoculture 4 78 neo-Darwinisrn 408
monohybrid inheritance 380 neo-Lamarckism 407
monosaccharides 83 neomycins 449
Monotremata 44 neoplasm (see cancer)
morphology 369 nephron 255, 256 et seq.
mosquito (see Anopheles) nerve 60, 291
mosses (Musci) 25, 26, 30 cell 56, 273, 288 et seq.
motor areas 292, 293 cord 39,272
motor neurone 289, 290, 295,297, 319 ending 289
endplate 290,291, 319 fibre 287,291
mould (see fungi) ganglion 272, 294
moulting (see ecdysis) impulse 270, 290
mouthparts 36, 37, 38, 130, 133, 288 net 271
movement (see locomotion) terminal branch 290, 291
mucilage 23 nervous systems 270, 300,301
mucin 137 net, collecting 419,421
mucopolysaccharides 83 neuroendocrine systems 272,299,301
mucous membrane 451, 464, 465 neurone 271,273,288 et seq.
mucus 145,205,324,464,465 neurosecretions 299
multicellular 45, 51, 56, 58, 171, 302 neutralisation 81, 82
multifactorial inheritance 399 neutron 102
Musci (see liverworts) niche 468
muscle nicotine 25 3, 465
cardmc 60,185,186,317 nicotinic acid (see vitamin B group)
involuntary, smooth 60,291,317,318 nitrate 443,444,477,488,489
pump 185, 190 nitrification 443,444,448,449
voluntary, skeletal 60, 162, 185, nitrogen cycle 441 , 443, 444
198,290,291,293,318,319, nitrogen fixation 443,444,449,489
320 et seq. nitrogen, test for 75
muscul<H~pithelial cell 57,271,305 nomenclature 20
mushroom 24 nose 287
 507

nostrils 41,42,43,132 osmoregulation 160,161,253 et seq.,

notochord 37 260 et seq.,442
nuclear energy 97,103,489 osmosis 93, 94, 95, 170, 182,253,
nuclear membrane 53, 61,223,378, 257,258
379 ossicle 283, 316
nuclease 128, 140, 141 osteoarthritis 445
nucleic acid 78, 86, 220, 400, 401 osteocyte 307, 308
nucleolus 51, 53, 61,223,361 otolith 285, 286
nucleoplasm 220 outbreeding 409
nucleoprotein 85,139,156,220 outer ear 282,283
nucleotide 86 oval window 283
nucleus 3, 30, 51, 53, 54, 61,87, 220, ovary
334,361,365,369,375,377,378 animal 58, 298, 360, 361
numbers 7, 437,438 plant 349, 350
nut 354,355 overhunting 482
nutrients 149, 180, 187, 365 oviduct (Fallopian tube) 360,361,
nutrition 364,365,366
animal 47,71,126etseq.,149 ovulation 360,361, 363,367
et seq., 182, 445 ovum 345,361,362,363,379
parasite 126 oxidation 81,82,194
plant 47, 71,109 et seq. oxygen
nutritional requirements debt 199
animals 149 et seq. in combustion 194,195
plants 114, 115 in germination 229
nymph 229,230 in photosynthesis 109,116,215,218
nystatin 458 in respiration 193 et seq., 200,201,
203,215,218
obesity 153,252 reducing pollutants 485
ocellus 282 oxyhaemoglobin 182
oedema (dropsy) 253,260 oxytetracycline 450
oesophagus 138, 142 oxytocin 299, 366,367
oestrogen 300,362,364,365,366,
367 Pl parental 377
oil immersion lens 49 Pacinian corpuscle 287
oil pollution 488 palaeontology 3, 402
Olduvai man 468 Palaeozoic 403
ommatidium 281,282 palate 138
omnivore 13 3 palisade mesophyll 120, 121
onchosphere 432 palp 37,130, 131
oogamy 345 pancreas 138,140, 250,298
oogenesis 378, 379 panting 266
oogonium 345 parasite 33,128 et seq.,429,433,
operculum 41, 206,232 446,457,462,478
optic nerve 275, 276 parenchyma 58, 61, 62, 191
oral contraceptive 364 parental care 357,358,359, 367
order 22,44 parthenogenesis 338, 357
Ordovician 403 parturition 366
organ 59, 320 passive immunity 466
culture 59 pasteurisation 452
organelle 53, 54, 58 patella 312
organic compounds 76,159,177,400, pathogen 445,446,449,451,459,
401 464,478
organism 47 pectoral rm 41,315,323,324
organ of Corti 284 pectoral girdle 310
organochlorine insecticide 480,481 pectoral muscles 328
organophosphorus insecticide 480,481 pedipalp 38
origin muscle 319,320 Peking man 468
508

pellagra 163, 164 piliferous layer 6 7

pelvic fm 41, 315,323,324 pinna 26, 283, 339
pelvic girdle 310, 311 pinnule 26, 339
pelvis pinocytosis 53, 93, 144, 170
kidney 256 Pisces (see fish)
skeleton 310 pitch 285
penicillins 459 pitching 323,324,329
penis 360, 364 pitfall trap 419,420
pentadactyl limb 311, 312, 402,404 pith 63, 64, 66, 61
peppered moth (see Biston) pits 53
pepsin 139 pituitary gland 240, 258, 2·67, 292, 294,
percentage 8, 89 298,299,364,367
perennation 340, 342 placenta
perennial plants 339 embryo mammal 300, 359, 365,366,
pericarp (fruit wall) 227, 351, 35 3 367
perilymph 284 plant 339, 353
periodontal membrane 136, 137 plague 429
periosteum 319 plankton 132,434
peripheral nervous system 272,291 plants
peristalsis 138, 142, 166, 169, 256, classification of 22, 28, 405
317,318,364 characters 71
permeable structure 53, 93, 170, 189, growth 233,246
203 responses 302
Permian 403 plaque 132, 133
pest control 478,480 et seq. plasma membrane (plasmalemma) 31,
pesticides 179,478,481,488 51,52,53,93,170,317,332,361
petal (see corolla) plasmagene 407
petiole 29 plasmolysis 95
petri dish 45 3 platelet (see blood platelet)
pH 78,138,139,142,143,182,247, Platyhelminthes (see flatworms)
254, 258 pleura 208, 209
phagocyte 465 pleural cavity 208,209, 211
phagocytosis 93,170,181,190,465 plexus blood 292
phalange 310 ploughing 216,476
pharynx 138,208,209 plumule 226, 227, 353
phenotype 369, 380, 382,383, 384 polar bodies 378, 379
386,394,395,396,406,408,409 poliomyelitis 455, 456, 466
phenylalanine (Phe) 156, 376 pollen 88, 349, 350, 352
phenylketonuria (PKU) 156,376,392 sacs 349, 350,351
phloem 62,63,64, 171,179,180,191, tube, 351, 353
235,431 pollination 351, 352,353
phosphates 86, 87,224 pollution 475,483 et seq,
phosphorus 75, 76 polygene 392, 398, 399
photosynthesis 61,109 et seq., 116, polymerisation 81
123,178,217,218,342,401,434, polymorphism 410,411,412
441,442 polynucleotide (see nucleotide)
photosynthetic bacteria 448 polypeptide 140
photosynthetic pigments 61, 109, 113, polyploidy 373, 374
447 polysaccharides 8 3
phototropism 241,242,243 pooter 418,419
phylloquinone (see vitamin K) population 407,408,409,417,468 et seq.
phylum (pl. phyla) 21 control 475
physical changes 127, 193, 270 density 468,473,4 74
physiology 59, 271 distribution 468
phytoplankton 23,434,436,481 doubling time 471,473
pie diagram 12 genetics 407
pigeon 43 graph 472
 509

growth 470,472 pubis 311, 314

growthrate 470,473,474 pulmonary artery 185, 187,209,213
United Kingdom 473 pulmonary circuit 18 7
world 471,472,473 pulmonary vein 185, 186, 187, 209, 213
Porifera (see sponges) pulmonary ventilation 210 et seq.
portal system 187, 188 pulp cavity 136,137
portal vein 187, 188 pulse 187
posterior 32 Punnett square 382,385,391
posture 285, 321 pupa 231,232,462
potato blight 459,460 pupil 275
potential energy 96, 193 pure line 380
potometer 175, 176 purine 78, 86
powdery mildew 459,460 pygidium 314
predation 280, 281,411,428,432, pyramid, kidney 256
435,478 pyramid of
prefixes 8 biomass 437,438,481
pregnancy 365, 367 energy 440
premolar 133 numbers 437,438
preservative 452 pyramidal neurone 289
pressure 98 pyrethrum 480
pressure cooking 446,452,453 pyrimidine 78, 86
primaquin 463
primary sexual characters 362 quadrat 421, 427
Primates 44, 405, 406 Quaternary 403
proboscis 130, 131 quinine 253,463
producer 109,434,435,436,439,440,
441,442,443 rabbit (see Oryctolagus)
progesterone 300,362, 363,364, 365, radial artery 18 7
366,367 radiation 99,100,264,265,445,447,
proglottid 33,335,356,432 452
prokaryote (procaryote) 30 radicle 227, 353
prolactin 299, 366,367 radioactive fallout 104, 487, 488
prophase tracers 178
meiosis 377 radioactivity 103, 104, 4&8
mitosis 222 radiobiology 104
proprioceptor (see stretch receptor) radioisotope 104, 178
prostate gland 360 radius 310, 312, 314, 327, 404
prostomium 34 ramentum 26
protandry 352 ratio 8, 382, 383,386
protease 127 receptacle (floral axis) 349, 35 3
proteins 155 et seq., 158, 180, 190, 193, receptor 270,271,273, 288, 292, 294,
251,400,401 295,320
composition of 85, 155 recessive 381, 383, 384
digestionof 127,139,140 recipient 389
synthesis of 226, 375, 443, 45 9 rectum 138, 145,255,360
tests for 85 recycling 440, 446, 4 90
proterozoic 403 red blood cell 179,180, 249, 308, 409
prothallus 338, 339, 347, 348 red marrow 308,309,316
protogyny 35 2 reduction 81, 82
proton 102 refection 145
protoplasm 52 reflection 101
Protozoa 31, 45, 55,427,461,463 reflex 277, 290, 295 et seq., 302, 359
psalterium 146 refraction 101,276,277
pseudopodium 31, 56 refrigeration 45 2
pseudotrachea 131 relay neurone 289,290
Pteridophyta (see ferns) renal blood vessels 187, 188, 254, 255
puberty 362 rennin 139, 376
510

replication (see duplication) salts (see also mineral elements and ions)
reproduction 77
animal 47, 355 et seq., 433 sandy soil 421
asexual 334 et seq., 433 saprophyte 126,337, 446,448, 451
plant 47,345 et seq.,433 saprozoite 126, 130
sexual 334 et seq., 345 et seq., 433 sarcoplasm 318
reproductive isolation 412 scale leaf 340,342
Reptilia 42, 403 scapula 310, 311,314,320
residual air volume 212 scion (see graft)
resistance 410,412,461,463 sclerenchyma 63, 64, 331,332
resources 474,475,482 et seq. sclerotic (sclera) 274,275
respiration 47,193 et seq.,440,441, scolex 33, 335,432
442 scrotum 359,360
aerobic 199 et seq., 202 scurvy 162, 445
anaerobic 196, 198, 202 sea anemones 32
animal 181,204 et seq., 216, 217 sea water 203
energy 193 seaweeds 30
plant 193 et seq., 215 et seq., 216, sebaceous gland 59,260,261
217 sebum 260, 464
ventilation 203 et seq., 216, 294, 316 secondary infection 457
respirometer 200 secondary sexual characteristic 300, 362,
response 270, 302 367
reticulum 145 secondary thickening 236
retina 274, 275 secretin 300
retinol (see vitamin A) seed 27,191,226etseq.,338,353
rhabdom 281,282 germination 227 et seq.
rhizoid 25, 30, 58, 337, 339 piants (Spermophyta) 27, 2i8, 348
rhizome 26, 347, 348 segmentation 35, 405, 431
rib 209,211 segregation characters 384
riboflavin (see vitamin B group) selective advantage 411
ribose 83, 86 self-fertilisation 380, 382, 383,409
n"bosome 53, 447 self-pollination 351, 352
rickets 163, 396 Seliwanoff test 84
ringing stems 179 semicircular canals 283
ringworm (see Trichophyton) semilunar valves 186
RNA (ribonucleic acid) 86, 124, 226, seminal vesicle 360
315,454,455 seminiferous tubules 359
rod, of eye 274, 275, 279 semipermeable membrane 54, 93, 94,
rodenticide 412 170
rolling 323, 324, 329 sense organ 71,263,273,288
root 26,63,171,331,338 sensory areas 292, 293
cap 233,235 sensory cells 56,248,262,271,273
hair 67, 171,172, 216 275, 284, 287, 290, 297
nodule 427,428,441,443,477 sensory ending 273, 287
pressure 17 3 sensory neurone 288,290,294,295,
structwe 63, 64, 67, 68, 69, 10, 297
172, 331 sepal 349, 350
round window 283 septation 335,345,459
roundworms (see Ascaris) septum 24,35
rumen 145 serine (Ser) 85
seta (see chaeta)
saccule 283, 286 sewage 449, 485
sacral vertebrae 309 sex chromosome 370, 373
sacrum 42, 309, 311 sex determination 397, 398
saliva 137, 297 sex hormones 300, 362, 364, 366, 367
salivary glands 137, 297, 374,462 sex linkage 389
 511

sexual characteristics 362 spermatogenesis 359

sexual intercourse 36 3, 364, 45 1 spermatozoid 345, 34 7, 348
Sexually Transmitted Diseases STD 364 spermatozoon 359,361, 364, 379
sexual reproduction sphincter 32, 145, 256, 277
animals 344, 355 et seq. sphygmomanometer 188
plants 344, 345 et seq. spicule 32
shell 35, 306,358, 359 spiders (Arachnida) 37
short sight (see myopia) spinal cord 290,291,292,293,310
shoulder girdle (see pectoral girdle) spinal nerves 291
shrimp 36 spinal reflex 295
shrubs 27, 338 spindle 222
shunt vessel 261,262,266 spiracle 41, 205, 206, 230
sickle cell anaemia 409 et seq., 463 spleen 181
sieve tube 62,63 sponges (Porifera) 31, 32,45
sight, sense of 274 et seq., 293 spongy mesophyll 121
silt 421 sporangium 337,338, 345,346,
Silurian 403 461
Single cell protein 467 spore 24, 25, 58,335,337, 339,449,
Skeletal muscle (see muscle, voluntary, 459
skeletal) sporophyte 338,347,348
skeleton 305 et seq. sporozoite 461, 462
skin 39, 41, 42, 59,191,260 et seq., stability 305, 323,324, 328
464 staining 51,66,181, 221
skull 39, 308, 311 stamen 349,350,352
sleeping sickness 432 stapes 283
slimming 154, 252 starch 23, 53, 54, 83, 110, 154, 191
small intestine 138,140, 141, 143, 300 digestion of 137, 140
smallpox 445,457,458 formation 123, 124
smell, sense of 288 test for 84, 110, 154
snail 35 starfish 39, 40
sodium 248 starvation (see marasmus)
soil 421 et seq., 440,476 stele 67,70
air 177, 216, 422,423,424,427, stem 26,29,65,66,331,338,342
476 sterigma 24
components 421 et seq., 422, 424, sterilisation (microbial) 446, 44 7,
443 451,452
drainage 422, 425,426, 427 sterilisation, sexual 365, 4 75
micro-organisms 426, 443 sternum 308, 314, 330
pH 424 stickleback 41
water 171,177,422,423,476 stigma 349, 350,351
sol 90,305 stimulus 270
solutions 89, 127, 137, 169 stink glands 36
somatic 221 stock 343,344
sorus 339 stoma (pl. stomata) 122,173,174,
sound 97,283,285 176,215,460
Special Creation 406 stomach 36, 138,139, 141, 142, 300,
speciation 412 465
species 20, 22,334,369,375,393, storage
407,412,417,418 in animals 190, 192,250,263, 305
specific heat capacity 100 et seq.
spectacles 278,279 in plants 190, 191, 331 et seq., 338,
spectrum 101, 102 343
speech 293 streamlining 98, 323, 327
Spermaphyta (Spermophyta, Spermato- strengthening tissues 6 7
phyta) (see seed plants) streptomycin 449
spermatocyte 378 stretch receptor 321
512

style 351 tentacle 3 2, 56

stylets 130, 431 teratogen 239
subclasses 27 tergum 330
subcutaneous tissue 261, 262, terms 5
265 testa 226,351
subspecies 412 testis (pi testes) 57,298,345,359,360
succus entericus (see intestinal juice) testosterone 300
sucrose (cane sugar) 83, 178 tetanus 466
sulphur, test for 75 tetracycline 44 9
Sun 439,441,442,489 thalamus 294
support Thalidomide 239
animal 304 et seq., 315 et seq., Thallophyta 30
320 et seq., 324,332 thallus 23, 25, 30,58
plants 67, 177, 331 et seq., 332 theory 4
surfacearea 16,144,171,177,204, thermostat 249
253,260 thiamine (see vitamin B group)
surface area/volume relationship 16, thorax 36,37, 38,138,185,206,208,
90,100,127,129,140,181,204 230,309,311,330,431
266,267,367 threonine 156
surface tension 96 thymine 78, 224
survey 421 thyroid gland 240, 250, 267, 298
suspension 89 thyrotropin 299, 301
suspensory ligament 275 thyroxine 299, 301
sweat 260, 442, 464 tibia 37,310,312,313,314,325
gland 59, 260, 261 tidal air volume 212
swimmeret 36 tissue
symbiosis 56,428 animal 56, 58,59
synapse 273, 290,291, 295, 297 culture 59
syncytium 51, 318,319 fluid 189,190,247etseq.,258,273
synovial joint 312,313 plant 58
synthesis 82 tocopherols (see vitamin E)
syphilis 364 tone (tonus) of muscle 321
system 59 tongue 287, 392
systemic circuit 18 7 tonsils 190
systole 184 toxins 449
trabecula 309
trace element 159, 160, 161
taenidia 205 trachea 59, 205, 208, 209
tail 36, 42, 43, 232, 309, 314,328, tracheole 205 , 206
359,361,405 Tracheophyta 30
tap root 29 transducer 98, 274
tapeworm (see Taenia) transect 4 21
tarsal bones 310, 312 translocation 63,177 et seq.,178,179,
tarsometatarsus 43,314, 315 191,302
tarsus 37, 325 transmitter substance 290,291, 298,
taste, sense of 287, 288, 392 301,319
taxis (movement) 331 transpiration 173 et seq., 179, 191,
taxonomy 21,405 259,442,478
tear gland 59, 274,464 transport, active
teeth 132,133,135,160,315 in animals 47, 169, 179 et seq.,
telophase 222 · 190,191
temperature 99,263 in plants 4 7, 169 et seq.,191
and photosynthesis 118 transverse process 310
and respiration 20 l transverse section 56, 66, 68, 119
and transpiration 177 trees 27, 338
control 263 et seq., 267,268 Triassic 403
tendon 60,209,275, 319,320,329 triceps muscle 320, 326
 513

tricuspid valve 185, 186 discontinuous 369,397,398,407

triose 123 heritable 393,396,407,412
trochanter 325 non-heritable 393, 394,406
trophic level 434 et seq., 435, 436, variety 343, 412
437,438 vas deferens 359,360
trophoblast 366 vascular bundle 63, 64, 66,61, 340,431
tropism 240, 270, 331 vascular system
trunk 36 animal 180 et seq., 187 et seq.
trypsin 140, 141 plant 62, 63, 67
trypsinogen 140 vascular tissue 30,61, 62,64
tryptophan 156 vasectomy 365
Tse-tse fly 463 vasoconstriction and vasodilatation
tube feet 40 266,269
tube nucleus 351 vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone, ADH)
tuber 342, 343, 395 253 et seq., 260,299
tuberculosis 451, 466 vector 451,478
Tullgren funnel 419,420,426 vegetative propagation (vegetative
turgor 95,177,305,331,332 reproduction) 338 et seq., 343
twigs 340 vein (blood vessel) 182, 183,184, 192
twins (Bee identical twins, and fraternal vein, of leaf 27
twins) vellum 24
tympanum (eardrum) 42,283 vena cava 187,188, 189,254
Tyndall effect 89 ventilation (Bee respiration)
typhoid 466 ventral 33, 45, 272
tyrosine 376 ventral root nerve 294, 295
ventricle, of brain 292
ventricle, in heart 185, 186
ulna 310, 312,313,314, 327,404
venule 144, 182, 183
ultra-violet ray 102, 162, 281
vertebra 294, 308, 309,310, 312,313
umbilical cord 365, 366, 405
underdeveloped country 412,474 vertebral column 39,308,314
unicellular 31,50,55,170,445 Vertebrata (Craniata) 31, 39,45
vessel (Bee xylem)
urea (carbamide) 74,247,250, 252,
vibrio 446,447,450
251,365,443
villus 144, 365
ureter 254, 255, 256, 317,360
urethra 254,359,360,451 virion 454
uric acid 250, 252, 254 virus 445,454 et seq.,455,480
urinary bladder 254, 317,360 vision 274 et seq.
urinary system 254 et seq. Visking material 93
vital capacity 212
urine 253, 257, 259,442
urinogenital system 255, 361 vitamin 145, 162 et seq., 191
vitamin A (vitamin A1 , retinol) 155,
uterus 33, 317, 359,361, 364, 366,
164
367,451 vitamin B group 160, 161,164, 165,
utriculus 283, 286 429,448
vitamin C 162,163, 165
vaccination (Bee immunisation) vitaminD 155,164
vacuolation 234 vitamin E (tocopherol) 155,164
vacuole (Bee cell vacuole, food vacuole vitamin K 155,165
and contractile vacuole) vitamin poisoning 163
vagina 34,361, 364,366 vitreous humour 275, 276
valine (Val) 156 viviparity 359
valves vocal cords 284
heart 185, 186 volcanoes 443
lymph vessel 189 volume 14, 220, 238
veins 184 voluntary muscle (Bee muscle, voluntary,
variation skeletal)
continuous 369, 398, 399,407 volutin 447
514

wallflower (Bee Cheiranthu:r) mammal 404

warm-blooded (:ree homoiothermy) womb (see uterus)
warts 456 wood 235, 236
water 74,441 woodlice (:ree A17nlldillidium)
balance 259 work 96,153
conserwtion 252, 264 world population 471,472,475
culture 114
cycle 440,441,442 X chromosome 310,372,373,389,
in diet 144, 145,166, 167, 260 390, 397, 398
in photosynthesis 109, 113, 177 xanthophyll 113
in tissue fluid 248, 252 et seq., 258, X-rays 102, 374
450 xerophyte 261
meubolic 113,166,202,253,259 xylem 62, 63,171, 180,191,235,
pollution 450,485 331,431
resources 483
soil 171, 177,228,422 Y chromosome 310,373,389,390,
tests for 173 397,398
transport 171, 172 et seq. yawing 323,324,328
vascular system 40 yeast 162, 196
wax 82,283
weeds 478 zooplankton 37,132,434,436,
we~t 14,98,220,238 481
white blood cell (leucocyte) 180, 181, zygospore 345, 346
310,465 zygote 56, 58,344,351,352,353,
white matter 292,295 356,364,365,387,394
whooping cough 466
wind pollination 352 yellow body 360, 361
wines and spirits 158, 197, 198 yellow fever 456, 466
wing yellow marrow 308, 309
bird 43, 314, 327 et seq. yolk 232, 358, 361
insect 37, 39,230,231, 330 et seq. sac 366,405
 515

NAME INDEX
Banting, F. G. 252 Linne, K. (Linnaeus) 21
Bernard,C. 247 Lister, J. 449
Brown, R. 89 Lohmann,K. 193

Calmette, A. 451 Malpighi, M. 183

Celsius, A. 99 Mendel, G. J. 379
Crick, F. H. C. 224 Miller, S. 400
Morgan, T. H. 370,374
Darwin, C. R. 407
Oparin, A. I. 400
Fleming, A. 459
Pascal, B. 98
Golgi, C. 53 Pasteur, L. 445
Guerin, C. 451 Pavlov, I. P. 297
Penfield, W. 292
Harvey, W. 183
Hooke, R. 49 Ray,J. 21
Hopkins, F. G. 162 Ross, R. 461

Jenner, E. 466 Schwann, T. 49

Joule, J. 99
Tyndall, J. 89
Krebs, H. 200
Virchow, R. 50

Lamarck; J. B. 406 Wallace, A. 407

Landsteiner, K. 388 Watson, J.D. 224
Leeuwenhoek, A. 49,446 Wilkins, M. A. 229
 GENERIC NAME INDEX
(The generic names are given together with the common names in brackets. Page
numbers in italics refer to terms which are defined or to illustrations.)

Acer (sycamores) 355 Glossina (Tse-tse flies) 37, 330, 463

Actinia (sea anemones) 32 Gonococcus (gonorrhoea bacteria) 449,
Aescu/us (horse chestnuts) 340 451
Agaricus (field mushrooms) 24
Allium (onions) 52 Helianthus (sunflowers) 228
Alopecurus (foxtail grasses) 28 Helix (snails) 35
Amoeba 31, 55, 128, 205,221,252 Hirudo (leeches) 35
270,305,316,335 Homo (family of man) 22, 149,468,
Anopheles (mosquitos) 130,462 469
Aphis (greenflies) 130, 357,438 Hydra 32,57,129,205,271,305,356
Archaeopteryx (bird-like fossil) 402,403
Arenicola (lugworms) 35 Rex (Holly) 120
Armadillidium (woodlice) 36
Ascaris (roundworms) 33, 34,45
Asterias (starfishes) 39, 40 Ju/us (millipedes) 36
Avena (oats) 241
Lacerta (lizards) 42
Balaena (baleen whales) 132 Larix (larches) 27
Biston (moths) 410,411 Lepisma (silverfish) 38
Ligustrum {privets) 119
Canis (dogs) 136 Locusta (or Schistocerca) (locusts)
Cheiranthus (wallflowers) 29 230,282,479
Chlamydomonas 23, 55, 302 Lumbricus (earthworms) 34, 35,305,
Chlorella (algae) 429 306, 324,356,35~421
aostridium (bacteria) 449
Columba (pigeons) 43 Mirabilis (four-o'clock flowers) 386
Cupressus (junipers) 27 Mucor (pin moulds) 23, 337, 345
Cuscuta (dodders) 430,431 Musca (houseflies) 131,330
Mycobacterium (TB bacteria) 451
Drosophila (fruit flies) 221, 370,
374,375,381 Oryctolagus (rabbits) 44, 146
Dryopteris (ferns) 338,339, 347, 348 Ovis (sheep and goats) 136, 145, 276

Elodea (Canadian pond weed) 116 Panda/us (shrimps) 36

Entamoeba 464 Paramecium (slipper animalcule) 31, 55,
Enterobius (threadworms) 33 317
Epeira (spiders) 38 Pe/argonium (geraniums) 113
Equisetum (horsetails) 26 Pellia (liverworts) 25
Equus (horses) 146,402 Penicillium (penicillin moulds) 23,24
Erysiphe (powdery mildews) 23,459, Periplaneta (cockroaches) 133,229
460 Phytophora (blights) 459, 460
Escherichia coli 316 Pieris (butterflies) 131,231
Euspongia (bath sponge) 31 Pisum (peas) 380, 383
Planaria (freshwater flatworms) 33
Fasciola (liver flukes) 33 Plasmodium (malaria parasites) 31,
Felis (cats) 310 461,462
Funaria (mosses) 25 Poa (meadow grasses) 349
Prunus (cherries and plums) 355
Gallus (hens) 314 Pteridium (brackens) 26
Gasterosteus (sticklebacks) 41 Pulex (fleas) 130, 431
 517

Ra111l (frog) 39, 42, 232, 357 Taenia (tapeworms) 33, 129,335,356,
Ranunculur (buttercups) 22 432,445
Rhizobium (root nodule bacteria) 428 Taxur (yews) 27
Ro:ra (roses) 355 Tradercantill (Dutchman's pipe plant)
113
Saccharomycer (yeasts) 23,336 Trichophyton (skin, hair and nail fungi)
Sagittaria (arrowheads) 393 430,445
Salmonella (food-poisoning bacteria) Trypanoroma (sleeping sickness parasites)
449 31,432,463
Sambucur (elder) 234
Scyliorhinur (dogfish) 41 mex (gorse) 430
Spirogyra 23, 55, 335, 345
Staphylococcur (bacteria) 449
Streptococcur (mouth and throat Vicill (beans and vetches) 227, 237
bacteria) 448,449
Streptomycer (bacteria) 450 Zea (maize) 66, 69, 227