COA Mid 1 Solution

1. Explain Function of following pin:

̅ , 𝐑𝐃
ALE, AD0-AD7, X1&X2, S0&S1, IO/𝐌 ̅̅̅̅

Ans.
➢ ALE:
− It is known as Address Latch Enable.
− It is used to separate the address and data on multiplexed lines (AD0-AD7) in
microprocessors.
− When this pin is at logic 1 (set), then lower order address bus is active (A0 -A7).
➢ AD0-AD7:
− It is a multiplex address data bus.
− Address bus is unidirectional.
− Data bus is bidirectional.
− Address bus behave like output and data bus behave like I/O.
− When ALE is high or logic 1, then address bus A0 to A7 is active.
− When ALE is low or logic 0, then data bus D0 to D7 is active.
➢ X1 & X2:
− It is a crystal oscillator with frequency 6.014 MHz with operating frequency 3.07 MHz. It is
known as clock input.
− It is an input signal.
− It is active high.
− When these pin is at logic 1 (set) then clock input given to the IC.
➢ S0 & S1:
− Both are status signals means it provides status of operation of Microprocessor.
− The operation initial, read, write and END state.
− Both status signal provide the status with combination given in below table:
S0 S1 Operation/Stage
0 0 Initial
0 1 Read
1 0 Write
1 1 END
̅:
➢ IO/𝐌
− It is an input output / ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
Memory signal.
− When this pin is at logic 1(set) then microprocessor performs input output related operation.

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 − When this pin is at logic zero, (reset) then microprocessor performs memory related
operations.
− It is combined with status signal S0 and S1.
IO/𝐌 ̅ S0 S1 Operation/Stage
1 0 0 I/O Initial
1 0 1 I/O Read
1 1 0 I/O Write
1 1 1 I/O END
0 0 0 Memory Initial
0 0 1 Memory Read
0 1 0 Memory Write
0 1 1 Memory END
̅̅̅̅:
➢ 𝐑𝐃
− It is a ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
Read signal.
− It is an input signal.
− It is an active low signal.
− When this pin is at logic 1 (set), then microprocessor read the data from device or memory.
2. Draw the Architecture of 8085 Microprocessor.
Ans.

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 3. Explain ALU unit & Serial I/O unit in detail.
Ans.

ALU(Arithmetic Logic Unit):

❖ ALU:
➢ The Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) is a crucial component of the 8085 microprocessor. It
performs arithmetic and logical operations on 8-bit data. The ALU can execute a wide range
of operations, including:
• Arithmetic operations: Addition, subtraction, multiplication (using software algorithms),
and division (using software algorithms).
• Logical operations: AND, OR, XOR, NOT, shift, and rotate.
❖ Accumulator:
➢ It is of 8-bit.
➢ It is a fixed register to perform arithmetic and logical operation.
➢ It is known as register reg.A.
❖ Temporary register:
➢ It is of 8 bit.
➢ W and Z are temporary register.
➢ General purpose register data moves into temporary register and then performs arithmetic
and logical operation.
❖ Flag register:
➢ It provides the status after arithmetic and logical operation in form of S, Z, AC, P, C.
➢ It is a status register
Serial I/O unit:
❖ SID:
➢ It is a serial input data.
➢ It is active high signal.
➢ It is an input signal.
➢ It performs serial operations only.
➢ When this pin is at logic 1 or set, then microprocessor performs the serial operation as input.
❖ SOD:
➢ It is a serial output data
➢ It is an output signal.
➢ It is active high signal.
➢ It is an output signal.
➢ When this pin is at logic 1 or set, then microprocessor performs the serial operation as
output.
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 4. Draw and explain flag register of 8085 Microprocessor.
Ans.

➢ It provides the status of program in terms of Set and Reset condition.

➢ It is made up of flip flop.
➢ It provides the status after performing arithmetic and logical operation.
➢ Sign flag (S):
− After performing arithmetic & logical operation if the answer is negative then this flag is set
otherwise reset.
➢ Zero flag (Z):
− After performing arithmetic & logical operation if the answer is zero then this flag is set
otherwise reset.
➢ Carry flag (C):
− After performing arithmetic & logical operation if carry is generated then flag is set
otherwise reset.
➢ Parity flag (P):
− After performing arithmetic & logical operation if the answer with even parity (no. of 1 is
even) then this flag is set otherwise reset.
➢ Auxiliary Carry (AC):
− After performing arithmetic & logical operation if carry is generated from D3 to D4 or lower
nibble to upper nibble then flag is set otherwise reset.

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 5. Draw the Pin diagram of 8085 Microprocessor.
Ans.

6. Explain Basic CPU Structure.

Ans. CPU

Input

➢ CPU:
− CPU is the brain of computer coordinating and controlling all other hardware components.

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 ➢ Input:
− Input devices are peripheral devices that enable users to enter data or command into
computer system.
− Input devices are keyboard, mouse, joystick, etc.
➢ ALU:
− ALU perform mathematical and logical operation.
➢ Control Unit:
− Control Unit manage execution of instruction, coordinate flow of data and control operation
of other CPU components.
➢ Register:
− Registers are small, high speed memory unit located within the CPU. They store data,
instructions and results during processes
➢ Memory Unit:
− Memory unit can be referred to as storage area. It can be categorised in two ways,
secondary memory & primary memory.
➢ Output:
− Output devices are peripheral devices that display on present data processed by computer
systems.
− Output devices are monitor, printer, etc.
7. Write down difference between Serial bus and Parallel bus.
Ans.

Feature Parallel Bus Serial Bus

Data Transmits multiple bits Transmits data sequentially, one bit at

Transmission simultaneously over multiple lines. a time, over a single line.
Used for high-speed communication Typically slower, but modern serial
Speed
within a computer system. buses can achieve high speeds.
Best for short-distance Suitable for long-distance
Distance
communication within a system. communication.
CPU to memory, components on a Connecting external devices, long-
Usage
motherboard. distance communication.
More complex, requires Simpler, with fewer connections
Complexity
synchronization of multiple lines. required.
More expensive due to the Cost-effective, fewer lines and simpler
Cost
complexity and multiple lines. hardware.

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 8. Explain Bus and Bus organization of CPU.
Ans.
➢ Bus is a group of wire that connect all devices within a computer system. Each wire can
transfer I/O information. A bus carries data, address, and control information. There are three
types of buses: Address bus, data bus, & control bus.
➢ Address bus: Carries memory addresses from the CPU to memory or I/O devices. It is
unidirectional.
➢ Data bus: Transfers data between the CPU and other components. It is bidirectional.
➢ Control bus: Sends control signals, such as read/write commands, to coordinate CPU actions.
Bus Organization:
➢ Single Bus Organization: All components share one bus, which is simple but may cause
delays due to bus contention.
➢ Multiple Bus Organization: Separate buses for different tasks (data, address, control),
allowing faster and more efficient data transfers.
9. List various computer register with their size and explain their function of basic
computer.
Ans.

Types of Register:
1) DR – Data Register – 16-bit
2) AR – Address Register – 12-bit
3) AC – Accumulator – 16-bit
4) IR – Instruction Register – 16-bit
5) PC – Program Counter – 12-bit
6) TR – Temporary Register – 16-bit
7) INPR – Input Register – 8-bit
8) OUTR – Output Register – 8-bit

1) DR: Data register can store 16-bit of data . It holds the operand read from memory.
2) AC: This register can store 16-bit of data. An accumulator is the most utilized register & it is
used to store information taken from memory. It is also called general purpose processing
register.
3) IR: This register can store 16-bit of data. The instruction read from memory is placed in
instruction register.
4) TR: This register can store 16-bit of data. TR is used for holding temporary data during
processing.
5) AR: This register can store 16-bit of data. It holds operands/instructions address.
6) PC: This register can store 16-bit of data. This register consist of next instruction to be fetched.
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7) MAR: Address location of memory is store in this register. It is also called by MAR or MBR.
8) MBR: MBR are used to store data contain memory command or used to write on disk.
10. Observe the characteristic of Intel processor from 4 bit (4004) to i7.
Ans.
1. Intel 4004 (1971)
• Bit Width: 4-bit
• Clock Speed: 750 kHz
• Transistors: 2,300
• Purpose: First commercially available microprocessor, designed for calculators.

2. Intel 8080 (1974)

• Bit Width: 8-bit
• Clock Speed: 2 MHz
• Transistors: 8,000
• Purpose: General-purpose microprocessor used in early personal computers.

3. Intel 8086 (1978)

• Bit Width: 16-bit
• Clock Speed: 5 MHz
• Transistors: 29,000
• Purpose: Introduced 16-bit architecture for improved performance and addressing
capabilities.

4. Intel 80286 (1982)

• Bit Width: 16-bit (with 24-bit addressing)
• Clock Speed: 6 MHz
• Transistors: 134,000
• Purpose: Introduced virtual memory and protected mode for multitasking and memory
management.

5. Intel 80386 (1985)

• Bit Width: 32-bit
• Clock Speed: 16 MHz
• Transistors: 275,000

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 • Purpose: First 32-bit microprocessor, offering significant performance improvements and
compatibility with the 8086/80286 instruction set.

6. Intel Pentium (1993)

• Bit Width: 32-bit (later models 64-bit)
• Clock Speed: 60 MHz (later models up to 3 GHz)
• Transistors: 3.1 million
• Purpose: Introduced superscalar architecture for improved performance and pipelining.

7. Intel Celeron (2003)

• Bit Width: 32-bit (64-bit compatible)
• Clock Speed: 1.8 GHz
• Transistors: 130 million
• Purpose: A lower-cost version of the Pentium 4 aimed at budget-conscious consumers.

8. Intel Core 2 (2006)

• Bit Width: 64-bit
• Clock Speed: 1.8-3 GHz
• Transistors: 291 million (for Core 2 Duo)
• Purpose: Introduced multi-core processing for mainstream PCs, offering significant
performance boosts and energy efficiency.

9. Intel Core i7 (2008)

• Bit Width: 64-bit
• Clock Speed: 1.6-3.33 GHz (depends on generation)
• Transistors: Over 700 million
• Purpose: High-performance processor for gaming, content creation, and professional tasks,
featuring multi-core technology and Turbo Boost.
]

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