Introduction

In this research, I will talk about algorithms, their applications, and their importance in
application development. I'll also go over the general steps of developing an application, the
framework, the resources available, and the process from code to implementation. Several
programming languages, including the one I used to build the inventory management system,
will be explained. Finally, I'll put an application's design view into working order.

Table of contents

 Definition of algorithms
 Features
 Benefits
 Limitations
 Examples
Data dictionary

A Data Dictionary is a collection of names, definitions, and attributes about data elements that
are being used or captured in a database, information system, or part of a research project. It
describes the meanings and purposes of data elements within the context of a project, and
provides guidance on interpretation, accepted meanings and representation. A Data Dictionary
also provides metadata about data elements. The metadata included in a Data Dictionary can
assist in defining the scope and characteristics of data elements, as well the rules for their usage
and application.

Table Field Type Length Null Constraint Description

name
Customer Id int 10 no PK Provides codes for customer
Customer varchar 50 yes N/A Include the name of
Name customer
customer address varchar 50 yes N/A Include address of customer
Telephone Int 10 yes N/A Include telephone of user
Remarks Varcha 10 Yes N/A Remarks
r
Product Id Int 10 No PK Provides code for product
Product Varcha 100 Yes N/A Include name of product
Name r
unit Int 10 yes N/A unit
product Selling
price
Cost price

Pre-processor
Pre-processor falls during the time of building the programs. Which means it guide compiler to
perform pre-processing before the accomplishment of compilation. In C programming we write
the code #include<stdio.h> here '#include'< >' means the directive command for the pre-
processor where in the given gap we must write the header file. It is a program that process the
source code before it passes to the compiler. That’s why it is said that it is used during the time
of building the program since it comes before the execution of program.

Compiler

Suppose in a program we write a code #include<stdio.h> which is written in higher level

language (user-friendly language) but it's impossible for computer to understand this language
since it only recognize the instruction given in low level language ( I & 0). So, compiler scans
the entire program and translates it into machine code. There is no certain or fixed compiler for
every programming language. The one who develop code also manage the compiler according to
the necessary which helps in compiling. In general compiler helps to translate the code written in
high level language to machine code language or low level language.

Interpreter

The role of compiler and interpreter is almost similar expect one feature. Compiler compiles all
the code at once and show the error if it is found then while interpreter interprets the code on
each line and show the error to the place where it have been found. It does not wait for the whole
code to be finished and to be interpreted. Moreover, it converts high level language to machine
understandable form, executes the line and then proceed with the next line.

Assembler

There are three types of languages generally in use which includes high level, low level and
assemble language. The program which converts the assembly language to machine level
language is known as assembler. So the time when the programmer writes the program in
assembly language then it is used so that it can convert them into object code and no problem is
created during execution.

Linker
Linker is a program which is used after the code has been transformed in the form of object code. The
required files and functions of the object code is linked by the help of linker so that it is prepared as
executable code. Linker gives error if the file or function that has to be linked does not exist. For
instance in the place of writing printf if we write print only then error is found since we do not have any
functions called print and so on.

Loader
After linker has completed its task of linking and preparing the final code its time of loader to work.
Loader is the part of operating system which is responsible for loading programs. It is the essential
stages in the process of starting a program since it places programs into memory and prepares for
execution. During loader also there is chances of having error. It is called run-time error.

Conclusion

In this task I have described about algorithm, its features, limitations, outline process to develop
any software, examples of algorithm, Flowcharts of the form of application we build, data
dictionary, steps from coding to execution.

Basic I/O

In any programming language input means to provide some data in program where as output
means to display the data in screen, file or printer. C programming language provides a set of
built in functions to read given input and provide it to the program as per requirement and also
provides a set of built in functions to output required data. Scanf() is the function which can be
used to read an input wher eprintf() is the mostly used functions for output . printf will grnerally
examine from left to right to the string. But scanf is a tool opposite of printf. The input is read,
interpret using the conversion specifier and stores it in the given variable.

Array

Array is a variable, which can hold and handle more than one value at a specific time. It can deal
with many values and number in the single name and can access access value by referring index
number. At the point when there is each item in an aeeay it is known as components or elements.
Also, it is accessed by numerical file. It is best practice to initialize an array to zero or null while
declaring, if we don’t assign any values to array.

File handling

File handling are frequently utilized excessively to read and compose the information form, text
files. File input stream and file output stream are mot prescribed to utilize on the off chance that
you need to read and compose the information data then these are called Byte stream classes.

Structure

Structure is a user-defined datatype in C language which allows us to combine data of different

types together. Structure helps to construct a complex data type which is more meaningful. It is
somewhat similar to an Array, but an array holds data of similar type only. But structure on the
other hand, can store data of any type, which is practical more useful.

For example: If I have to write a program to store Student information, which will have Student's
name, age, branch, permanent address, father's name etc, which included string values, integer
values etc, how can I use arrays for this problem, I will require something which can hold data of
different types together.

Conditionals

Conditional are statement which modify the generally direct execution stream of a program
depending upon the result Of expression, which test for the presence Of a specific "condition". It
performs distinctive calculations or activities relying upon whether a programmer determined
Boolean condition assesses to true or false. Conditional statement in C programming language
are if statement, if else statement, nested if else statement, switch statement and ternary
statement.

There are five types of conditional programming which are listed below:

I . If Statement.

2. If-else Statement.

3. If. -else if... (Ladder statement).

4. Nested if-else statement.

5. Switch statement.

1.If statement

It is a powerful decision making statement which is used to control the flow of execution of
Statements. It allows the computer to evaluate the expression first and then depending on
Whether the value of the expression is true or false it transfers the control to a particular
statement.

2.If else statement

It is the extended form of the simple if statement. If the test expression is true then the true block
statement immediately following if statement are executed otherwise the false block statement
are executed. Which means either true block or false- block will be executed not both.

3.If else if

It is the other way of putting ifs together when multipath decisions are involved. A multipath
decision is a chain of ifs in which the statement associated with each else is an if. This construct
is also known as else if ladder.

4.Nested if else statement

When a series of decisions are involved we have to deal with multiple if.-else statement.
Depending upon the design of questions the statement executes whether the test expression is
true or false.

5.switch statement

It is the statement which tests the value of a given variable against a list of case values and when
match is found a bock of statement associated with the case is executed. (Balagurusamy, n.d.)

f) control structure

Control structure is a block of developers which pick the heading to go in view of parameters
and dissect the factors. Initials parameters and conditions are known as preconditions. It is the
gaze of factors before inflowing the control structure. For example: looping. Loops provide a
way to repeat commands and control how many times they are repeated. C provides a number of
looping way. C provides a number of looping way like while loop, for loop and do while loop.

There are 4 types of Loop in C language, namely:

l. for loop

2.while loop

3.Do while loop

4.Nested loop

1. for loop

It is the entry controlled loop that provides a more concise loop control structure. The general
form Of the for loop is

For ( initialization ; test-condition ; increment)

Body of the loop

2.while loop
It is the simplest looping structures in C. The basic format of C statement is While (test
condition)

Body of the loop

3.Do while loop

This loop tests its given condition at the bottom of the loop. It's almost like a while loop expect
one feature that it ensures to execute at least minimum one time, although the fact the starting
case of inner of while is initialized to be false. Its general form is

do

Body of the loop

While (test-conditions)

4.Nested loop

Nested loop is the loop found within a loop. There are three types of nested loop which are as
follows:

1.Nested for loop

2.Nested while loop

3.Nested do while loop

G) Function

It is a set of statements which carry out task together. C functions can be classified into two
categories namely library function and user-defined function. Main is an example of user-
defined function while printf and scanfbelongs to the category of library functions. The main
distinction between these two types of function is that library functions are not required to be
written by us whereas a user-defined function has to be developed by the user at the time of
writing a program.

i) User-defined function

The function written by user is called user-defined function. There are two types of

user-defined functions.

Returning function

It is the data type of the value where the function returns.

Non-returning Function

It is the data type of the value of the function that doesn't return.

ii)Library function

C Standard library functions or simply C Library functions are inbuilt functions in C

programming the prototype and data definitions of the functions are present in their respective
header files, and must be included in your program to access them. (Anon., n.d.)

H) pointer

A pointer is a derived data type in C. It is built from one of the fundamental data types available
in C. Pointers contain memory addresses as their values. Since these memory addresses are the
location in the computer memory where program instructions and data are stored, pointers can be
used to access and manipulate data stored in the memory.

I)string

A string is a sequence of characters that is treated as single data item. Any group of characters
(except double quote sign) defined between double-quotation marks is a string constant.
Characters string are Often used to build meaningful and readable programs the common
operations performed on character strings include: Reading and writing strings

Combining strings together Copying one string to another

OOPL

OOP is a type of computer programming in which programmers characterize not just the
information structure, yet in addition the type of operation that can be connected to the data
structure. Object oriented programing is the style of programming which is connected with the
thoughts of class, objects and a few of other data related with this two like encapsulation,
inheritance, and polymorphism.

Characteristics

A. Class
Lots of languages offer private data types like int , long, and float. Their data
representation and response to arithmetic, assignment and relational operator are defined
as the part of language. However, the language does not know user defined data types.
The programmers define its format and behavior by defining a class. A class can be
described as a set of sample objects. In different works, it’s a well-known call for all
comparable item statistics of programming language.
B. Data encapsulation
In object-oriented programming, binding of information and function into single class
type variable is called encapsulation. The number of member data and number functions
relies upon needs. The protection of the information from direct access by the program is
the way toward hiding Figueres and data.
C. Inheritance
In object oriented programming, inheritance is the idea that when a class of object is
characterized, any subclass that is characterized can acquire the meaning of a least in or
more general classes. This implies for the programmers that a object in a subclass require
not convey its own particular meaning of information and methods that are generic to the
class (or class) of which it is apart. This not just accelerates program improvement, it
additionally guarantees an inherent validity to the characterized subclass object. There are
different types of inheritance like single inheritance, multiple inheritance , multilevel
inheritance, hierarchical inheritance and hybrid inheritance.
In oop, we have 5 different types of inheritance:
 1. Single Inheritance

In this type of inheritance one derived class inherits from only one base class. It is the most

simplest form of Inheritance.

2. Multiple Inheritance

In this type of inheritance a single derived class may inherit from two or more than two basc

classes.

3. Hierarchical Inheritance

In this type Of inheritance, multiple derived classes inherits from a single base class

4. Multilevel Inheritance

In this type Of inheritance the derived class inherits from a class, which in turn inherits from

some other class. The Super class for one, is sub class for the other.

5. Hybrid Inheritance (also known as Virtual Inheritance)

Hybrid Inheritance is combination Of Hierarchical and Multi-level Inheritance.

D) Abstraction

Abstraction is an idea which encourages to extract out the basic data of an object. In OOP,

Abstraction Facilitates the simple conceptualization Of real world Objects into the software

program. It is the best approach to speak to the information in an applied level without any

details.

E) Polymorphism

The expression "poly" implies many and "morphs" implies forms. It relates various objects

using a similar technique and plays out the task. In this way, it has brought the element of

reusability. Real life example of polymorphism, a person at a same time can have different

characteristic. Like a man at a same time is a father, a husband, a employee. so a same person
posses have different behavior in different situations. This is called polymorphism. Function
overloading and operator overloading are the different polymorphish.

There are two types of :

1. Compile time polymorphism

This type of function is achieved by function overloading or operator overloading .
2. Run time polymorphism
This type of polymorphism is achieved by operator overriding.

F. object: they are the basic unit of object orirnted programming. They are identified by its
unique name. An object represents a particular instance of a class. These can be emore than one
instance of an object. Each instance of an object can hold its own relevant data.

Limitations

. Object oriented programming are slower than other programming programs because of its
size. Increasingly the size the speed Of the projects isn't run rapidly so that program requests
more system so run the system quicker.
. It requires a lot of effort to create object-oriented program which is large in size because
programmer should spend more time in Writing code.
Event Driven Programming

Event driven programming

(Anon., 20 17) Event driven programming is a PC programming worldview in which control stream
of the program is controlled by the occurrence Of event. An event driven application is intended to
distinguish events as they happen, and after that arrangement with them utilizing a proper event
handling technique. In principle, all programming languages support the event-driven style of
programming, although some language features, such as closures, make it easier to implement.

Characteristics and features

Event handler
Event handlers is a kind of function Or Strategy that run a particular activity When a particular event is
activated. For example, it could be a button that when user click it, it Will show a message, and it will
close the message when user tap it once more, this is an event handler.

Event Ioops
Event loops are the program which arc incorporated with the environment. It continues testing to
distinguish in the Case Of anything in the program.

Time driven
Event driven programming. time driven is a paradigm, it's a code that keeps running on a period trigger,
time driven can be a particular code that keeps running on a particular time, Which could be once per
hour. Once per week Or Once every month. this implies it's a pre-set to do task. For example, windows
refresh is the ease of time driven, which user can set when to refresh or when to check and download
the refresh.

forms
Form contains all the different controls Which the user permits to interface With the program in
different courses for example buttons, boxes and menus.
Flexibility, in each protest it has a decent selection Of occasions in Which the program can react to.
Programmers have control over place code and begin it.
Disadvantages or event driven paradigm

The disadvantages of event driven paradigm arc as follows:-

Classes are often not reusable or hard to implement in other applications.
It is generally useful in GUI programming.
It is complex to master.
It is often not portable to other operating systems,

Relationship between Procedural Programming. Object Oriented Programming and Even driven
Programming
The procedural programming works step by step, approach top-bottom based concept relaying on
subroutines to perform instructions. While Object Oriented Programming is based on the concept Of
objects and data fields, approach bottom-up based forming the attributes and codes in a single unit.
Event-driven programming works on the occurrence of the event which the event handler specifies
what to do after the event has occurred. All three-programming paradigm is orthogonal, which means
they all can be used all together. In procedural programming, it is just the bunch of instructions,
where as in OOP, it is some blocks Of code defined to do the certain task. In event-driven
programming paradigm, it is also the blocks of code to do something after the event occurs. In
procedural programming, functions are given more priority but data are given more priority in OOP
paradigm. Unlike other paradigm, OOP needs deeper understanding before implementing it and even
though it is complex to under, it makes complex problem easier. But, in event-driven programming,
it is easy to implement this paradigm unlike the other paradigm and can be easily tracked the flow of
control. Procedural programming is only useful in back-end programming, event-driven in only
front-end programming or GUI designing but object-oriented programming paradigm is useful for
both front-end as well as back-end programming

introduction to IDE

IDE is the software or tools where the program written on algorithm form is applied. While
saying so it does not mean algorithm is mandatory in order to write any program on IDE. IDE
has been really fruitful for every developer or programmer since they do not require several tools
for writing a single program. Without IDE a developer must deploy, integrate, select and manage
all the tools separately. In general it is the platform where the design for building an application
and its coding is done in one place. While coding or writing any program on IDE it's somehow
obvious to face the problem Of bug.

Microsoft Visual Studio is a suite Of devices for making programming, from the planning Stage
through UI design, coding, testing, troubleshooting, analyzing code quality and execution,
conveying to clients, and gathering telemetry on utilization. These tools are designed to
cooperate as consistently as could reasonably be expected, and are altogether exposed through
the Visual Studio Integrated Development Environment (IDE).

You can utilize Visual Studio to make numerous type of application, from basic store
applications and games for versatile customers, to extensive, complex frameworks that power
enterprises and data center. You can make applications and games that run on Windows, as well
as Android and iOS, sites and web service based on ASP.NET, JQuery, AngularJS, and other
prevalent systems, applications for stages and gadgets as various as Azure, Office, Share point,
Hololens, Kinect, and Internet of Things, to give some examples cases, diversions and designs
serious applications for an assortment of Windows devices, including Xbox, utilizing DirectX.

The advantages of integrated development environment are given below:-

The tools and features available here are supposed to help to organize resources,

prevent mistakes and provide shortcuts.

It enforces company project and standards.

It is good in project management.

The disadvantages of integrated development environment are given below:-

A sophisticated IDE may not be a good tool for beginner programmers.

IDES are complicated tools. Maximizing their benefit will require time and patience.

It do not fixes the bad code practices or design.

It do not eliminate the efficiency or performance problems of our application.

Features of visual studio

Visual studio is an that the learning of system. O deco learning can utilized through open
architecture_ Visual tool leverages existing code C. C# there are various tools which are

1.testbox

A Text Box control is utilized to show, or acknowledge as input, a single line of

content. This control has extra usefulness that isn't found in the standard Windows

text box control, including multiline altering and password character masking. A text

box is utilized to show text on a form or to get client input while a C# program is

running. In a text box, a user can type data.

2. button

A button is a control. Which IS an intelligent segment that empowers users and

application to communicate with each other.

3. Group box

In a Group Box different controls can be placed. When outlining user interface in

Windows Forms. you can utilize this control to make a square shape where you can

put different controls.

4. Combo BOX
C# controls are situated in the Toolbox Of the Visual Studio Which are utilize to make Objects
on form. A Combo Box shows a content box joined With a List Box, Which empowers the user
to choose things from the list or enter a new value.

5. label

Labels are C# control which are used frequently. We can utilize the Label control to show
message in a set area on the page. Label controls can be utilized to add descriptive text to a Form
to provide the user with supportive data.

 Role of complier
A compiler is a program that processes statements written in a specific programming
language and transforms them into machine language or "code" that a PC's processor
uses. Its not true that the computer understand code. The computer understands only
machine code. A few programs come in both 32-bit and 64-bit variants, and those
utilizing a 32-bit working framework can't run 64-bit programs. Compilers transform the
code that the programmer composes into machine code.
 Database connectivity option
You can create, fabricate, test and distribute your database from a source-controlled
undertaking, much the same as you build up your application code. Begin without any
preparation with another Database task or import a current database. You can use table
designer to design another table, change existing table, or rapidly include new or alter
existing columns, requirements and files. You don't have to compose the difficult code to
modify influenced indexes, views, procedures and functions. Visual Studio composes the
change content for you. It focuses on what your table ought to be. The most frequent task
done by programmer or developer is to view and edit the data in a table but yet it requires
queries to be written. But visual studio view and edit data in a tabular grid, filter the grid
using a simple UI and save changes to your database.

 Option available in solution explorer

 Solution Explorer is a tool window in the Visual Studio integrated development
environment (IDE) that shows the contents of solution, which incorporates the solution's
project and each project's things. Like other apparatus windows in Visual Studio, you can
control its physical parameters, for example, size, location, and whether it is docked or
free-floating. For data about how to control this tool window and additionally other
Visual Studio tool windows. The easiest approach to make a new project is to begin with
a pre-characterized project template, which consists of a fundamental arrangement of pre-
produced code files, config files, resources, and settings that get you started making a
specific kind of application or site in a specific programming language. These templates
are what you find in the New Project Dialog when you pick File New I Project or File
New Web Site from the main menu, and after that navigate. After you create a new
project, you utilize Solution Explorer to see and manage project and solution and their
related items.
 Debugging
Visual Studio gives an amazing debugging experience regardless of what language we
utilize — from C#/VB and C++, to JavaScript and Python, to XAML and HTML, every
single language has debugging support. Visual studio can debug code wherever our code
runs from launching a local Windows app on the desktop or in the Android emulator, to
attaching a remote Azure instance, iOS device, or gaming console; or to any web
browser. We can debug issues offline by using capabilities such as IntelliTrace and dccp
analysis of dump files. The Visual Studio debugger gives us a chance to control
execution, that is, choose precisely where we need to stop every one of the strings in the
process, and investigate state by then.We can break all at any time. step over statement.
steps into and out of functions, run to click, edit and continue. and the widely adored. set
breakpoints.

When we stop the application where you need it, Visual Studio offers numerous courses
for us to review the estimation of variable, to shape or check a theory. We can monitor a
value while venturing through our code; look at nearby variable and assess complex
expression without leaving the debugger,
  Form builder
Form is a platform for user to interact with an application. Control is an individual object
which is added to the form for allowing interaction. Controls like textbox, combobox,
label and so on are added to the form by using toolbox. Toolbox can be accessed by
clicking on the Toolbox tab to the left of the Visual Studio main window. Controls are
dragged and dropped in the required location. The positioning of form is maintained and
size are adjusted. In this way forms are made in Visual Studi02013.
 Window console
Windows Console is one of the first Windows NT GUI apps. and is one of the oldest
Windows apps in use. Windows console accept the inputs from keyboard. mouse, touch,
pen etc. It also translates input to relevant characters, Windows accept output from a
connected Command-Line app or tool. It helps to update the display as required. based on
the received output like output text. Move the cursor, Set text color etc. it handles the
system interaction like launching when requested, Manage resources, resizing like
minimizing maximizing and terminate when required.

Steps for connectivity between .net and database:

.Net has the ability to work with a majority of databases. The most common being Oracle and
Microsoft SQL Server. But with every database, the logic behind working with all of them is
mostly the same. While working with databases, the following concepts which are common
across all databases.

1. Connection:

To work with the data in a database, the first step is the connection. The connection to a database
I normally consists of the below-mentioned parameters.

Database name or Data Source:

Database name is the first important parameters. Each connection can only work with one
database at a time.
Credentials:

'user name' and 'password' is the second important aspects. This is used to establish a connection
to the database.

Optional parameters:

We can specify optional parameters on how .net should handle the connection to the database.
For example, one can specify a parameter for how long the connection should stay active.

2. Selecting data from the database:

Once the connection is established, data is extracted from the database. .Net has the
ability to execute 'SQL' select command against the database. The 'SQL' statement can be
used to fetch data from a specific table in the databases.
 Auto completion
It helps us to finish the auto code completion. It is useful to complete the name of classes,
methods and keywords. It is available within code editors.
 External libraries
During program developing we may face lots of steps where the feature we want may not
be available. In order to avoid that case external libraries function is available on visual
studio so that developer may not lack any source of file. The example of collection of
external libraries is shown below: -

Conclusion

In this task I have described about procedural. object oriented and event driven paradigm. The
relationship and difference between them is also shown. Also I have analyze the common
features like visual studio tools, database connectivity options, Options available in solution
explorer and debugging option.

Algorithm for login data

I. Start

2.1nput the username and password

3.Click login
4.1fusername or password is incorrect, display

"Invalid username or password" and go to second step.

5.1fusername and password is correct, Display from Main/dash board.

6. Stop

Algorithm for cancel data

1.Start

2.Click cancel

3.Close login user form

4.Stop

Algorithm for creating new login user

1.Start

2.Click create a new login user account

3.Display user form

4.Input UserName, UserAddress, UserTelephone, password and Remarks

5.Click save

6.If validation true. Display the confirmation

I; if yes button Clicked, display ' 'Login successful"

ii; If no button clicked. load user entry form

Else alert for valid data

7.Stop
Algorithm for save data

1.start

2.click new

3.Input the data required

4.Click save

If validation true, Display the confirmation

I; If yes button clicked, display " saved successfully"

ii; If no button clicked, reset the data

Else alert for valid data

6.Stop

Algorithm for update data

1.Start

2.Double click in data to be updated in Data Grid View

3.click update

4.Update the data required

5.Click Save

6.If validation true, Display the confirmation

I; I f yes button clicked, display "updated successfully"

ii; If no button clicked, reset the data

Else alert for valid data

7.Stop

Algorithm for delete data

1.Start

2.Input the id to be deleted

3.Click delete

4.If validation true, Display the confirmation

I; If yes button clicked, display "deleted successfully"

ii; If no button clicked, reset the data

Else alert for valid data

5.Stop

Algorithm for reset data

1.Start

2.Click reset

3.Clears the input which in going input in the form

4.Stop

Algorithm for search data

1.Start

2.Choose the data to be search in combo box

3.Click search

4.If validation true, Display the required information in Data Grid View

Else alert for valid data

5.Stop
Part 3

Implementation of Application

This part includes all the application's code as well as a summary of the design, implementation,
and development process.

Design and code view of the application

Every page created for the application's design and code views are presented here.

Login form and view of the application

Dashboard Interface and code
Category setup window Interface and code
Insert, update, and Delete category code.
Unit setup window Interface code:
Product setup window Interface and (with Insert, Update, and delete) code:
Customer and suppliers setup window Interface and(with Insert, update, and Delete) code:
Purchase and sales transactions window Interface and code:
Purchase and sales report window Interface and code: