PHILIPPINE HISTORY g.

Hagiography – writing of the lives

of the saints
Historia – Greek word which means learning by 2. Diplomatic Sources – document/record
inquiry of an existing legal situation or create a
Aristotle – looked upon history as the new one; it is the kind of source that
systematic accounting of a set of natural professional historians once treated as
phenomena the purest, the “best” source
3. Social Documents – information
Factual History – present readers the plain and pertaining to economic, social, political,
basic information (what, when, who) or judicial significance; records kept by
Speculative History – goes beyond facts bureaucracies (e.g., government reports,
because it is concerned about the reasons for research findings, civil registry records,
which events happened (why) and the way they records of census)
happened (how); speculate cause and effect of NON – WRITTEN SOURCES
an event
1. Material evidence – also known as
Historical Analysis archaeological evidence; include artistic
1. Select the subject to investigate creations such as pottery, jewelry,
2. Collect probable sources of dwellings, graves, churches, etc.
information on the subject 2. Oral Evidence - told by tales or sagas of
3. Examine sources genuineness ancient people and the folksongs or
4. Extract credible particulars popular rituals; interviews

WRITTEN SOURCES PRIMARY vs SECONDARY SOURCES

1. Narrative or literature – chronicles or Primary Source – original, first-hand account of

tracts presented in narrative form, written an event or period that are usually written or
to impart a message made during or close to the event or period;
a. Scientific tract – composed to original, factual, not interpretive; key function is
inform contemporaries or to provide facts
succeeding generations Secondary Source – material made by people
b. Newspaper article – intended to long after the events being described had taken
shape opinion place to provide valuable interpretations of
c. Ego document – or personal historical events; analyzes and interprets
narrative; such as diary or memoir primary sources
might be composed in order to
persuade readers of the justice of INTERNAL vs EXTERNAL CRITICISM
author’s actions Internal Criticism – examination of the
d. Novel or film – to entertain; to truthfulness and factuality of the evidence by
deliver a moral teaching, or to looking at the author of the source, its context,
further a religious cause the agenda behind the creation, the knowledge
e. Biography – written in praise of which informed it, and its intended purpose
the subject’s worth and
achievement External Criticism – practice of verifying the
f. Panegyric – public speech or authenticity of the evidence by examining its
published in text in praise of physical characteristics; consistency with the
someone/something historical characteristic of the time when it was
produced; and the materials used for the C. Education
evidence Baybayin – writing system
➢ Informal education through
apprenticeship
I. PRE – COLONIAL PERIOD ➢ Survival, conformity, enculturation

A. Government II. SPANISH COLONIAL PERIOD

BARANGAY - is the pre-colonial political unit 3Gs – goals of the Europeans for their
which is composed of 30 to 100 families; tribal expansion: GOD, GOLD, GLORY
gathering
Spanish Expedition:
Datu or Raja - chieftain ruler of the Barangay or
A. Ferdinand Magellan
in the Muslim Community; the datu exercise
o Portuguese explorer who led an expedition
executive, legislative and judicial powers.
for Spain that started in the year 1519
Trial by Ordeal – judicial process o He sailed west to Mollucas
o With him were Antonio Pigafetta – the
Umalohokan - town criers of precolonial
chronicler who wrote his experiences of the
barangays in the Philippines; responsible for
expedition
going around and making people aware of new
o Fr. Pedro de Valderrama – the fleet
laws and policies enacted by the Datu or
chaplain
chieftain.
o Duarte de Barbosa – Magellan’s brother –
B. Social Class in – law
o Enrique of Malacca - interpreter
The social ranks were as follows:
o Spain supported the expedition and gave
(1) the datu class or the ruling class Magellan five ships namely: Trinidad,
➢ only men were qualified for the title Concepcion, Victoria, San Antonio,
according to Boxer Codex Santiago
(2) the maharlika or the aristocracy; o Trinidad was the flagship and Victoria was
➢ descendants of mixed marriages the only ship that circumnavigated the world
(3) the timagua (pronounced timawa) of the with Juan Sebastian del Cano as its captain
common class; o They returned in Spain by September 6,
➢ enjoyed their rights to a portion of 1522
barangay land o March 16, 1521 – saw the island of Samar
(4) alipin (also known as uripon among the o Had blood compact with Rajah Kolambu
Visayans) or the dependent class. o He called the group of islands in the
➢ Aliping Namamahay – alipin with Philippines as Archipelago of St. Lazarus
land rights, owned a house, and then it was renamed Philippines after King
comes at his master’s call Philip II
➢ Aliping Sagigilid (servant in the o Celebrated the First Catholic Mass on March
corners of the masters’ house) – 31, 1521
unmarried alipin without a house o Died in the Battle of Mactan on April 27,
whose existence was completely 1521
dependent on the graces of their
masters B. Spanish Government
Government was centralized and the
King’s official representative to the colony
was the Governor – General
 Reduccion – implemented by Fr. Juan iii.Visitador-general - investigator sent
de Plasencia; required natives to live in the by the King or an official dispatched
areas near the church called cabeceras by the Council of Indies in Spain to
a) Miguel Lopez de Legazpi check the behavior of the high officials
✓ First Spanish Governor – General in in the colony.
the Philippines who arrived in 1565 d) Provincial Governments
✓ He performed blood compact with i. Started with Encomiendas – rewards
Sikatuna, given by the Spanish crown for the
✓ Cebu was the first Spanish loyal Spaniards who helped pacify the
settlement (San Miguel) that was areas. Encomienderos were
established. It was later renamed empowered to collect taxes, protect,
Santissimo Nombre de Jesus (City and convert the natives to
of the Most Holy Name of Jesus). Catholicism. Encomiendas were later
✓ Further colonization was made in the abolished due to abuse of power by
Visayas and up north. De Goite the encomienderos.
fortified Manila which was under ii. Alcadia – provinces headed by an
Sulayman, a Muslim cheiftain. Alcalde Mayor for pacified areas
✓ In 1571, Legaspi established Manila iii. Corregimentos – provinces headed
as capital of the Philippines. by a Corregidor for unpacified areas
b) Functions of Governor – General iv. Ayuntamiento – cities headed by 2
i. Issues superior decrees alcalde
ii. President of the Audiencia which is v. Pueblos – towns headed by
the highest court on the colony gobernadorcillo
iii. Vice royal patron in the Philippines vi. Barangays – retained and headed by
which means that he can appoint a cabeza de barangay
minor officials and parish priests e) Economic Policies
iv. Commander-in-Chief of the armed i. Taxation – started as tribute of 8
forces reales (about one peso); abolished in
v. CUMPLASE – The right of the 1884 and was replaced by cedula poll
governor to suspend the operation of tax based on income and charged to
a Royal Decree coming from the King, residents 18 years and above
if in his opinion said order would not ii. Forced labor/Polo y Servicio – male
be beneficial to the colony. from 16 to 60 years were required to
c) Checks to Gubernatorial Power render service to government for 40
i. Audiencia Real or Royal Audiencia days supposedly with daily allowance
- established in 1583 to act as the and food ration, but the polistas
Supreme Court of the colony, served (laborers) were made to work without
as advisory body to the governor, and daily allowances and meager food
audited the expenditures of the ration.
government iii. Galleon Trade of Manila – Acapulco
ii. Residencia - judicial institution Trade- products coming from Manila
headed by the incoming governor were shipped to Acapulco, Mexico on
general and other Spanish officials for trade vessels called galleons with
the purpose of punishing those guilty regular performance of forced labor.
of corruption, but the case may be iv. Bandala System - required native
appealed to the King for clemency Filipino farmers to sell their goods to
the government in lower prices
 v. Tobacco Monopoly - Started by h) Racial Hierarchy
Jose Basco E. Vargas; the colonial
Penisulares – full-blooded Spaniards
government controlled every aspect
born in Spain.
of tobacco in the Philippines. The
government determined the Insulares – full-blooded Spaniards born
plantation site, set a quota on the in the Philippines.
quantity to be planted and harvested
Tornatras – person of mixed Spanish,
by the farmers, and the amount to be
Chinese and Austronesian descent
paid from them. It lasted for 100
years. Mestizo de Espaǹol – person of mixed
f) Early Missionaries Spanish and Austronesian descent.
Religion was the greatest legacy
Mestizo de Sangley – person of mixed
of Spain to the Philippines. This was
Chinese and Austronesian ancestry.
made possible by the work of the early
missionaries: Sangley – full-blooded Chinese
1. Augustinians
Indio – full-blooded Austronesian
2. Franciscans
(Filipino natives)
3. Jesuits
4. Dominicans
5. Recollects
IMPORTANT EVENTS
6. Benedictines
g) Education
1. CAVITE MUTINY
Medium of instruction:
One of the factors that ignited the
• Spanish with indigenous
Filipino nationalism that eventually
language
led to the Philippine Revolution of
• Doctrina Christiana 1896. It prompted to the martyrdom of
Other Techniques: the three priests namely Mariano
Gomez, Jose Burgos, and Jacinto
• Dictation and Zamora.
memorization There are three versions:
• Moro –moro and Cenakulo a. Spaniards’ version written by
Educational Decree of 1863 Spanish historian Jose Montero y
Vidal
✓ introduced a system of public b. Filipino version written by Dr.
education that opened Trinidad H. Pardo de Tavera
opportunities to Filipinos for c. Official report of Governor
higher learning. General Rafael Izquierdo
Fr. Manuel Blanco January 20, 1872 – rebellion of the
First scientist in the Philippines. Cavite arsenal workers and soldiers
The Prince of Botanist, wrote Flora de against Governor General Rafael
Filipinas which was published in 1837. Izquierdo under the leadership of
This book identified 1,200 kinds of plants Sergeant La Madrid
in the country. February 17, 1872 – execution of
GomBurZa at Bagumbayan;
executed through a garrote
2. PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT iv. Encouragement of instruction,
Peaceful campaign for reforms agriculture, and commerce; and
geared towards changing the political v. Study the application of reforms.
and social order on the country under
the Spanish rule.
4. KKK (Kataastaasang
Aims of the Propaganda
Kagalanggalangang Katipunan ng
i. Assimilation of Philippines to mga Anak ng Bayan)
Spain
A secret society of Filipinos
ii. Equality of Filipinos and
founded by Andres Bonifacio on July
Spaniards
7, 1892.
iii. Representation in the Spanish
Cortes Aims of KKK
Triumvirate of the Propaganda i. Political
Movement ii. Moral
iii. Civic
i. Jose Rizal – Dakilang Manunulat
ii. Graciano Lopez Jaena – the Andres Bonifacio
great orator; first editor of La
▪ Supremo ng Katipunan; Father
Solidaridad
of the Revolution; and the Great
iii. Marcelo H. del Pilar – second
Plebeian
editor of La Solidaridad
▪ Wrote the Decalogue or the Ten
La Solidaridad – organ/official Commandments titled
newspaper of the propaganda movement Katungkulang Gagawin ng mga
Anak ng Bayan to lay down the
• Established on February
guidelines for good citizenship.
15, 1889
Emilio Jacinto
Diariong Tagalog – nationalistic
newspaper edited by Marcel H. del Pilar ▪ Brain of the Katipunan
▪ Wrote the Kartilya
Katipunan Membership
3. LA LIGA FILIPINA
Category Password
A civic society of Filipino patriots
First Grade Katipun Anak ng
organized by Rizal when he arrived in
(member) Bayan
Manila from Europe.
Second Kawal GomBurZa
Established on July 3, 1892 Grade (soldier)
Aims of the Organization Third Bayani Rizal
Grade (Patriot)
i. To unite the whole archipelago
into one vigorous and
homogenous organization 5. THE FIRST CRY
ii. Mutual protection in every want The Katipuneros tore their cedula
and necessity; as an official declaration of their
iii. Defense against all violence and severance from the Spanish rule.
injustice
 The site and date of the Cry was a outcome was a decision that the
subject for debate. There are four Katipunan should be dissolved and a
versions of the event: revolutionary government established
▪ Pio Valenzuela’s Version
o He was an eyewitness of
the event. 7. DECLARATION OF
o In his first version, he said INDEPENDENCE
it happened on August 26, o Proclaimed by Emilio Aguinaldo
1896 at Balintawak. on June 12, 1898 at Kawit,
o Later in his life, he said it Cavite
happened on August 23, o The Philippine National Flag was
1896 at Pugad Lawin made in Hongkong by Marcela
▪ Santiago Alvarez’ Version Agoncillo, Lorenzo Agoncillo, and
o Son of Mariano Alvarez Delfina de Natividad Herbosa
o Not an eyewitness of the o Julian Felipe composed the March
event Nacional Filipina (Philippine
o Said that the Cry National March)
happened on August 24,
1896 in Sampalukan, 8. TREATY OF PARIS
barrio of Bahay Toro o The Spanish-American War
▪ Gregoria de Jesus’ Version ended with the signing of the
o Lakambini ng Katipunan Treaty of Paris on December 10,
and wife of Andres 1898. It established the
Bonifacio independence of Cuba, ceded
o said that the First Cry Puerto Rico and Guam to the
happened on August 25, United States, and allowed the
1896 victorious power to purchase the
▪ Katipunan General Guillermo Philippines Islands from Spain for
Masangkay $20 million.
o Eyewitness of the event
and a childhood friend of
Bonifacio
o Said it happened on
III. AMERICAN COLONIAL PERIOD
August 26, 1896
o The date and site William McKinley – proclaimed the policy of
presented were accepted Benevolent Assimilation on December 21,
by the American 1898 and emphasized that Filipinos should
government be trained for self – government.

6. TEJEROS CONVENTION
1. PHILIPPINE – AMERICAN WAR (1899 –
Was held on March 22, 1897 in 1902)
order to reconcile the differences Started on February 4, 1899
between the two factions of the when Private William Grayson shot a
Katipunan: The Magdalo, which Filipino soldier at the bridge of San Juan,
viewed Emilio Aguinaldo as its leader, Manila. This marked the beginning of the
and the Magdiwang, which gravitated Philippine-American War, which lasted
towards Andres Bonifacio. The for three years and resulted in the death
 of over 4,200 American and over 20,000 Philippine Bill/Organic Act of 1902 – popularly
Filipino combatants. known as the Cooper Act
✓ provided a Bill of Rights for the Filipinos
that protected their rights: to live, to
2. EMILIO AGUINALDO’s CAPTURE acquire property, to practice their religion,
to be subjected to due process, to
As ordered by General Arthur exercise their obligations, to enjoy
McArthur, General Frederick Funston compensations due to them, and freedom
and his troops captured Aguinaldo in of expression
Palanan, Isabela on March 23, 1901, with ✓ created the Philippine Assembly (lower
the help of some Filipinos called the legislative branch) which has Filipinos
Macabebe Scouts who had joined the representatives as legislator
Americans' side.
o Sergio Osmeña – first Speaker of
the Philippine Assembly
3. GOVERNMENT DURING AMERICAN o Gabaldon Act – first legislation
COLONIAL PERIOD enacted by the Philippine
Assembly which allocated one
M - Military million pesos for the
C - Civil establishment of barrio schools
throughout the Philippines
C – Commonwealth
Philippine Autonomy Act of 1916 – popularly
I. MILITARY GOVERNMENT known as the Jones Law

Military governors in the country: ✓ sponsored by William Atkinson

1. Wesley Merrit Jones
2. Elwell Otis ✓ contained a preamble declaring
3. Arthur MacArthur that independence would be
granted to the Filipino people as
The First Philippine Commission (Schurman soon as stable government could
Commission) be established in the Philippines
➢ Headed by Dr. Jacob Schurman ✓ provided bicameral Philippine
➢ Conduct fact – finding survey and make Legislature with Upper house
recommendations called Senate and Lower House
called House of Representatives
The Second Philippine Commission (Taft
Commission) Tydings McDuffie Law – also known as the
Philippine Independence Act of 1934
➢ Chaired by William Howard Taft
➢ Tasked to establish a civil government in ✓ provided for a 10-year transition
the country and train Filipinos in self- period to independence under
government. which the Commonwealth of the
Philippines would be established,
II. CIVIL GOVERNMENT preparatory to the granting of
complete independence on July 4,
William Howard Taft - first civil governor 1946.
general ✓ Commonwealth would have its
Frank Murphy – last civil governor own constitution
 ✓ Claro M. Recto – Chairman of the ▪ Declared Independence in Kawit,
1934 Constitutional Convention Cavite on June 12, 1898
✓ The 1935 Constitution – ratified 2. Manuel L. Quezon (1935-1944)
on May 14, 1935 ▪ 2nd president of the Philippines
o President – Manuel L. and the first president of the
Quezon Philippine Commonwealth
o V – President – Sergio ▪ “Father of National Language”
Osmeña (Ama ng Wikang Pambansa)
▪ died of tuberculosis in Saranac
III. COMMONWEALTH GOVERNMENT Lake, New York.
▪ Initiated women’s suffrage in the
Inaugurated on November 15, 1935 Philippines during the
President Manuel Quezon – Father of Commonwealth
Social Justice ▪ Ranked 4th in the Philippine Bar
Exam (1903)
▪ He fought for the passage of the
IV. JAPANESE PERIOD Tydings-McDuffie Act (1934)
3. Jose P. Laurel (October 14, 1943 –
December 7, 1941 - Japan attacked the
August 17, 1945)
American naval base in Pearl Harbor in Hawaii.
▪ 3rd president of the Philippines
The following day, December 8, 1941 US
and the president of the Second
declared war against Japan.
Philippine Republic
General Masaharu Homma – the Commander ▪ only Philippine president who
– in – Chief of the Japanese Imperial forces served the three branches of
government – he became a
General Edward King – commander of Bataan
senator-congressman, associate
forces surrendered to Japanese on April 9, 1942
justice, and president
General Jonathan Wainright – commander of ▪ Founder of the Lyceum of the
Corregidor forces surrendered to Japanese Philippines
▪ ranked 2nd in the Philippine Bar
Resistance against Japanese:
Exam in 1915
Hukbong Bayan Laban sa Hapon 4. Sergio Osmeña Sr. (August 1, 1944 –
May 28, 1946)
Communist and socialist guerilla unit
▪ 4th president of the Philippines
founded on March 29, 1942 and led by Luis
and the 2nd president of the
Taruc and Castro Alejandrino.
Commonwealth
▪ first Visayan to become president,
born in Cebu City
V. PRESIDENTS of the PHILIPPINES
▪ Founder of the Nacionalista Party
▪ 2nd placer in the 1903 Philippine
1. Emilio Aguinaldo (January 23, 1899 –
Bar Exam
March 23, 1901)
5. Manuel A. Roxas (May 28, 1946 – April
▪ President of the Malolos Republic
15, 1948)
▪ Youngest President at 28 years
▪ 5th president of the Philippines,
old
the 3rd (and last) president under
▪ Longest - lived president who died
the Commonwealth, and the first
at 94 years old
 president of the Third Republic of ▪ first president to have his remains
the Philippines. buried at the Libingan ng mga
▪ Ranked 1st Place in the Philippine Bayani
Bar Exam (1913) ▪ 7th placer in the Philippine Bar
6. Elpidio R. Quirino (April 17, 1948 – Exam in 1923
December 30, 1953) 9. Diosdado P. Macapagal (December 30,
▪ 6th president of the Philippines 1961 – December 30, 1965)
and the 2nd president of the Third ▪ Topped the Bar Exam, 1st place in
Republic 1936
▪ created the Social Security ▪ established the first Land Reform
Commission Law, allowing for the purchase of
▪ Ranked 2nd placer in the private farmland to be distributed
Philippine Bar Exam in 1915 in inexpensive, small lots to the
7. Ramon Magsaysay Sr. (December 30, landless
1953 – March 17, 1957) ▪ placed the Philippine peso on the
▪ 7th president of the Philippines free currency exchange market
and the 3rd president of the Third and encouraged exports
Republic. 10. Ferdinand E. Marcos (December 30,
▪ first president who sworn into the 1965 – February 25, 1986)
office wearing Barong Tagalog ▪ tenth president of the
during the inauguration Philippines and the last
▪ died in an aircraft disaster while president of the Third Republic
boarding the presidential plane. ▪ ruled the Philippines for 21
▪ “Golden Years” for its lack of years and was removed from
corruption office after the People Power
▪ Philippines was ranked second in Revolution.
Asia’s clean and well-governed ▪ first president to win a second
countries during his presidency term
▪ established the National ▪ topped 1st place in the Bar
Resettlement and Rehabilitation Exam in 1939
Administration (NARRA) among 11. Corazon C. Aquino (February 25, 1986
other agrarian reforms – June 30, 1992)
8. Carlos P. Garcia (March 18, 1957 – ▪ first woman president of the
December 30, 1961) Philippines and the first woman to
▪ 8th president of the Philippines become president of an Asian
and fourth president of the Third country
Republic ▪ 11th president and a democracy
▪ “Filipino First Policy,” which icon, one of the 100 Women Who
favored Filipino businesses over Shaped World History and 20
foreign investors Most Influential Asians of the 20th
▪ stablished the Austerity Program Century.
focusing on Filipino trade and ▪ signed the Family Code of 1987
commerce 12. Fidel V. Ramos (June 30, 1992 – June
▪ He became a famous poet and 30, 1998)
known as the “Prince of Visayan ▪ also lived longer than the other
Poets” and the “Bard from Bohol.” presidents, FVR was 94 years old
when he died
 ▪ Philippines 2000 ▪ also known as Digong, is a Filipino
▪ Philippine Stock Exchange politician and jurist who is the 16th
became an international favorite and current President of the
during his presidency Philippines, and Chairman of the
▪ 8th Place in the Philippine Civil Association of the South East
Engineering Licensure Exam Asian Nations for 2017.
(1953) ▪ He is the First Mindanaoan to hold
▪ the only military officer who the office, and the fourth of
reached the rank of five-star Visayan descent. At 71 years old,
general/admiral de jure who rose Duterte is the oldest person to
from second lieutenant up to assume the Philippine presidency,
commander-in-chief of the armed superseding Sergio Osmeña and
forces Fidel Ramos, respectively.
13. Joseph E. Estrada (June 30, 1998 – ▪ Duterte was among the longest-
January 20, 2001) serving mayor in the Philippines,
▪ the first film actor to become a serving seven terms totaling more
president in the country than 22 years in office.
▪ became the first president in Asia ▪ Flagship – Change is Coming!
to be impeached from an ▪ Battle of Marawi also known as
executive role the Marawi was a five-month-long
▪ became a Mayor of the City of armed conflict in Marawi, Lanao
Manila, the county’s capital del Sur, that started on 23 May
14. Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (January 20, 2017
2001 – June 30, 2010) ▪ RA 10963- Tax Reform for
▪ 14th president of the Philippines, Acceleration and Inclusion
the 2nd female president, and the 17. Ferdinand R. Marcos Jr. (June 30, 2022
first Filipino president whose – present)
parent was a former president ▪ campaign is focused on unity
▪ Strong Republic ▪ served as a senator,
▪ oversaw higher economic growth congressman, governor, and vice-
than the past three presidents governor
before her ▪ advocate of renewable energy
▪ Philippine Peso became the best- and sustainable development, the
performing currency of the year in Bangui Windmill Farm was one of
Asia in 2007 during her term his astonishing energy
▪ eVAT Law was implemented development projects
under her term
15. Benigno Aquino III (June 30, 2010 –
June 30, 2016)
▪ first bachelor president
▪ reated the no “wang-wang” (street
siren) policy
▪ initiated shifting to K-12 education
in the Philippines
16. Rodrigo Roa Duterte (June 30, 2016 –
June 30, 2022)