A Report on

Project Title
for

Mini Project 1A (REV- 2019 ‘C’ Scheme) of Second Year, (SE Sem-III)

in

Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering

by

1. Tanay Lotlikar
2. Karthik Iyer
3. Kulsum Khan
4. Saachi Koli

Under the guidance of

Prof. Jyoti Gurav

 Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering
Atharva College of Engineering
Malad West Mumbai
University of Mumbai
2024-25

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project entitled Project Title is a bonafide work of

1. Tanay Lotlikar
2. Karthik Iyer
3. Kulsum Khan
4. Saachi Koli

submitted to the University of Mumbai in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award
of Mini Project 1A (REV- 2019 ‘C’ Scheme) of Second Year, (SE Sem-III) in Electronics
& Telecommunication Engineering as laid down by University of Mumbai during
academic year 2024-25.

Project Guide H.O.D Project Coordinator

(Prof. Jyoti Gurav

 INDEX

Sr. No. Name of Topic Page Number

1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Need ………………………………………………………… 1
1.2 Definition …………………………………………………………
2. Comparative study. (Similar projects done previously)............................
3. PROBLEM STATEMENT ..........................................................
4. Mini Project DESIGN (PRINCIPLE AND WORKING)
4.1 Block Diagram ………………………………………………
4.2 Block Diagram Description……………………………………
4.3 Circuit diagram and Working ………………………………………………
5. COMPONENTS/TOOL TO BE USED
5.1 Components (with features related to project ……………………………..
5.2 Software …………………………………………………..
6. PROPOSED EXECUTIONS STEPS
6.1 Implemented Steps for PCB ……………………………………….
6.2 PCB layout and soldering (actual photos of project from front and back view)----
7. Troubleshooting
7.1 Problems/Faults in project ……………………………………….
7.2 Steps to solve problems/faults in project …………………………………..

REFERENCES ………………………………………………….

Appendix: Data sheets of components

INTRODUCTION

A Battery Management System (BMS) is critical for ensuring the safe, reliable, and efficient
operation of modern battery-powered applications, ranging from electric vehicles (EVs) to
renewable energy storage systems. This study presents an overview of key functionalities,
design considerations in BMS development. A BMS monitors and manages the battery's state
of charge, state of health, voltage, and current to optimize performance and extend battery
life. It also implements protection mechanisms to prevent overcharging deep-discharging,
overheating, and short circuits, which are vital for safety and battery longevity. Advanced
algorithms for state estimation, cell balancing, thermal management, and fault detection are
reviewed, with a focus on their role in enhancing system reliability and efficiency. This study
concludes by discussing the future directions of BMS technology, particularly in the context
of fast-evolving battery chemistries and the increasing demand for energy-dense, long-lasting
batteries in a sustainable energy ecosystem

COMPARATIVE STUDY

This study compares the homemade 3S BMS charger using LM317 regulators with
alternative battery charging solutions. The focus is on efficiency, design complexity,
scalability, and thermal management.

PROBLEM STATEMENT

The main issue addressed in this project is to create a reliable yet straight forward BMS for a
3S LiPo battery pack that prevents overcharging , deep-charging ,overheating of individual
cells while balancing their voltage levels. The circuit must also be able to regulate the
charging current and provide a visual indication of cell balancing

DESIGN (PRINCIPLE AND WORKING)

`
The circuit consists of three identical voltage monitoring units, each using a TL431, a BD140
transistor, and four 1N4007 diodes. Each unit is connected across an individual cell. When a
cell reaches 4.2V, the TL431 activates, turning on the transistor and bypassing the excess
charge through the diodes. This prevents the cell from overcharging and balances the voltage
with the other cells in the series. The LM317 regulators are used for current limiting (first
stage) and overall voltage regulation (second stage).

COMPONENTS/TOOLS TO BE USED

SR no. NAME OF COMPONENTS QUANTITY

1 TL431 Precision Reference 3

Diodes

2 BD140 PNP Transistors 3

3 LM317 Voltage Regulators 2

4 1N4007 Diodes 12

5 Resistors: 20K, 330R, 4.7K, 5

517R, and 2R (as per design)

6 Potentiometers: 20K (for 1

voltage adjustment)

7 3.7V LiPo Batteries 3

8 LEDs: 5mm for visual 3

indicators

9 Capacitors: 100uF 2

SOFTWARE USED –KiCad

TROUBLE SHOOTING

PROBLEMS IN PROJECTS

1) LOW EFFICIENCY DUE TO POWER LOSS IN DIODES AND TRANSISTORS \

To solve the problem of low efficiency due to power loss in diodes and transistors,
consider using Schottky diodes for their lower forward voltage drop, and opt for low-
Ron MOSFETs to minimize conduction losses. Optimize switching frequencies to
reduce transition time losses and explore active rectification for better performance.
Implement efficient circuit topologies and feedback systems to maintain optimal
operating conditions, and utilize thermal management techniques to dissipate heat
 effectively. Additionally, choose high-quality components and consider operating at
higher voltage levels to decrease current-related losses. These strategies collectively
enhance efficiency in electronic circuits

2) HEAT DISSIPATION CAN BE A CONCERN IN HIGH CURRENT

APPLICATIOPNS-

In high-current applications, effective heat dissipation is essential for reliability. Solutions

include using heat sinks to increase surface area, implementing active cooling with fans,
and applying thermal pads or compounds to enhance contact. Designing PCBs with
thicker copper layers improves heat management, while integrating temperature sensors
allows for real-time monitoring and adaptive cooling. Consider forced convection through
well-ventilated enclosures or liquid cooling systems for superior heat removal.
Additionally, employing power management techniques can help reduce heat generation
during low-demand periods. These strategies collectively ensure efficient heat dissipation
and system stability.

3) LIMITED SCALABILITY FOR LARGER PACKS WITHOUT REDESIGN

To enhance scalability for larger packs without redesign, consider adopting a modular
design that allows easy addition or replacement of components. Use standardized parts
and connectors to simplify integration, and employ flexible circuit designs that
accommodate various configurations. Implement scalable power management solutions
for efficient operation across sizes, and leverage software configurability to optimize
performance dynamically. Additionally, design interchangeable modules that can be
easily swapped to facilitate upgrades. These strategies collectively enable effective
scaling while minimizing redesign efforts.

REFERENCES
 Design and Implementation of a Battery Management System" - IEEE Journals.

 "TL431 Precision Reference Diode Datasheet" - Texas Instruments.

 "LM317 Voltage Regulator Datasheet" - ON Semiconductor.

 "Basic Concepts of Battery Management Systems" - ResearchGate

 Articles.

 Online resources and tutorials on LiPo battery safety and protection