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    ENZYMES Intro

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    Zerica John

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    ENZYMES Intro

    Uploaded by

    Zerica John
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    ENZYMES Intro_a26d6c36cbe8167ca3806c23eb1327e5

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    2 views29 pages

    ENZYMES Intro

    Uploaded by

    Zerica John

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pdf or txt
    of 29

    Enzymes

    At the end of this class, students


    should be able to
    • explain that enzymes are globular proteins
    that catalyse metabolic reactions;
    – Definition of metabolism, anabolism, catabolism
    required.
    • explain the mode of action of enzymes in
    terms of an active site, enzyme and/or
    substrate complex, lowering of activation
    energy and enzyme specificity;
    – Properties of enzymes. Induced-fit hypothesis.
    What is an Enzyme
    • An Enzymes is a macromolecular biological
    catalyst.
    A catalyst is a substance that increases the rate of
    a chemical reaction without itself undergoing any
    permanent chemical change.
    • Enzymes are mainly globular proteins - protein
    molecules where the tertiary structure has given
    the molecule a generally rounded, ball shaped.
    These globular proteins can be amazingly active
    catalysts.
    Globular Proteins
    Globular proteins,
    or spheroproteins, are
    spherical ("globe-
    like") proteins and are one of the
    common protein types (the others
    being fibrous, disordered
    and membrane proteins). Globular
    proteins are somewhat water-
    soluble (forming colloids in water),
    unlike the fibrous or membrane
    proteins. There are multiple fold
    classes of globular proteins, since
    there are many different
    architectures than can fold into a
    roughly spherical shape.
    Enzymes
    • The chemical (chemicals) which an enzyme
    works on is called a substrate.
    • An enzyme combines with its substrate to
    form a “short-lived” enzyme-substrate
    complex.
    • The proximity of the enzyme with the
    substrate in the complex greatly increases the
    chances of a reaction occurring.
    Enzymes –
    Globular Proteins
    ENZYMES
    • Once a reaction has occurred, the complex
    breaks up into products and enzyme.
    • The enzyme remains unchanged at the end of
    the reaction and is free to interact again with
    more substrate.
    E + S ⇌ ES ⇌ EP ⇌ E + P
    The sum of all the chemical reactions taking place in cells
    Metabolic Pathways
    • Commonly, a number of enzymes are used in
    sequence to convert one substance into one
    or several products via a series of
    intermediate compounds.
    • The chain of reactions is referred to as
    metabolic pathway.
    Metabolic Pathways
    • Many metabolic pathways are occurring all at
    once in a cell.
    • The reactions proceed in a controlled manner
    due to the specific nature of enzymes.
    • A single enzyme will generally catalyse only a
    single reaction.
    Types of Enzymes
    • Carbohydrase or amylase enzymes break
    down starch into sugar

    • Protease enzymes break


    down proteins into amino acids.

    • Lipase enzymes break down fats into fatty


    acids and glycerol.
    Properties of Enzymes
    • They are all globular proteins.
    • Being proteins, they are coded for by DNA.
    • They are all biological catalysts. They speed up a
    reaction without being used up; this means they
    can be used over and over again.
    • Their presence does not alter the nature or
    properties of the end product(s) of the reaction.
    • They are very efficient- A small amount of
    enzyme can effect the change of a large amount
    of chemical.
    Properties of Enzymes
    • Their activity is affected by temperature, pH,
    substrate concentration and enzyme
    concentration.
    • The reactions are reversible.
    • Enzymes are specific that is they control only one
    reaction. So maltase only acts on maltose,
    sucrase on sucrose etc.
    • Enzymes lower the activation energy of the
    reactions they catalyse.
    • They possess active sites where the reaction
    takes place—these sites have specific shapes
    ACTIVATION ENERGY, Ea
    • The energy required to make substances/
    reactants react.
    • Enzymes, by functioning as catalysts, serve to
    reduce the activation energy required for a
    chemical reaction to take place.
    • They speed up the overall rate without
    altering the temperature at which it occurs.
    Fischer 1890 HYPOTHESIS
    KOSHLAND HYPOTHESIS 1959

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