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Analog IC Unit 4 Notes

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56 views12 pages

Analog IC Unit 4 Notes

Uploaded by

Anandakumar A
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Unit – IV

Multipole Systems:
Multipole systems in operational amplifiers (op-amps) refer to the internal
circuitry and components that contribute to the overall behavior and performance of
the op-amp. Op-amps are complex electronic devices composed of multiple stages,
each serving a specific function in amplifying and processing signals.

Here's a breakdown of some key components and stages typically found in op-amp
multipole systems:

1. Input Stage:
• This is usually a differential amplifier stage that provides high input
impedance, low input offset voltage, and high common-mode rejection
ratio (CMRR).
• The input stage is critical for ensuring that the op-amp accurately
amplifies the difference between its two input terminals while rejecting
common-mode signals.
2. Gain Stage:
• Op-amps typically have one or more gain stages that amplify the
differential signal obtained from the input stage.
• These stages provide the main amplification of the signal. The gain of
each stage can be fixed or adjustable, depending on the op-amp's design.
3. Compensation Network:
• Op-amps often include a compensation network to stabilize their
performance and prevent oscillations.
• This network typically includes capacitors and sometimes resistors
configured in a specific manner to provide stability across a range of
operating conditions and frequencies.
4. Output Stage:
• The output stage of an op-amp is responsible for providing the amplified
signal to the load while maintaining a low output impedance.
• It often includes one or more transistors configured in a push-pull or
complementary configuration to drive both positive and negative swings
of the output signal.
5. Feedback Network:
• Feedback is a fundamental aspect of op-amp operation, crucial for
controlling gain, bandwidth, and other parameters.
• Feedback networks typically involve resistors and sometimes capacitors
configured in various configurations to achieve the desired functionality.
6. Protection Circuitry:
• Op-amps may include protection circuitry to safeguard the device
against overvoltage, overcurrent, and other potentially damaging
conditions
• This circuitry can include diodes, current limiters, and other components
designed to limit the stress on internal components during abnormal
operating conditions.

Phase Margin:

• Phase margin is defined as the amount of change in open-loop phase


needed to make a closed-loop system unstable.
• Phase margin is the amount of phase shift when the amplifier’s gain
passes through 0dB.
• It is basically a measure of how close the second pole of the system is to
causing instability.
• It indicates relative stability.
• The phase Margin is the 180° - the actual phase shift of the amplifier.
• The higher phase margin, the more stable of system.
• Capacitive loading will reduce the phase margin.

The phase margin parameter, (Φm) is defined as the absolute value of the
difference in the phase shift of 180° and the phase shift at unity gain.

Gain Margin:
• It is defined as the amount of change in open-loop gain needed to make a
closed-loop system unstable.
• The gain margin is the difference between 0dB and the gain at the phase
cross-over frequency.
Frequency Compensation:
• Frequency compensation is implemented by modifying the gain and phase
characteristics of the amplifier’s open loop output in such a way to avoid the
conditions leading to oscillation.
• Let's see the below amplifier circuit. It is a simple negative feedback non-
inverting Op-Amp circuit. The circuit is connected as a unity-gain
follower configuration.

Types of Frequency Compensation:


✓ External Frequency compensation
✓ Internal Frequency compensation
External Frequency Compensation:
✓ External compensation techniques vary depending on the application, type of
amplifier used and many other things.
✓ The easiest way is to use out-of loop compensation technique or in-loop
compensation technique.
✓ One of the popular ways of out of the loop frequency compensation techniques
is to use Dominant pole compensation technique.

Dominant Pole Compensation technique:


• This technique uses a simple RC network connected across the output of the
operational amplifier circuit. A sample dominant pole compensation
circuit is shown below.

• The transfer function of dominant pole configuration is:

Miller Compensation:
• Another effective compensation technique is the miller compensation technique
and it is an in-loop compensation technique where a simple capacitor is used
with or without load isolation resistor

Internal Frequency Compensation:


• Modern operational amplifiers have internal compensation technique. In the
internal compensation technique, a small feedback capacitor is connected inside
of the op-amp IC between the second stages Common emitter transistor.
Compensation of Two stage Op Amps:

• A two-stage operational amplifier consists of a differential amplifier at the input


stage, while the second stage is a high gain stage biased by the output of the
differential amplifier.
• Two-stage operational amplifier exhibits two poles below the unity open loop
again.
Miller Compensation technique:
• The miller effects makes one pole more dominant by moving the pole down in
frequency.
• The Miller compensation technique consists on a compensation capacitor
placed between the output of first stage and the output of operational amplifier.

• This is a common method used to stabilize op-amps.


• It involves adding a capacitor in parallel with a feedback resistor in the second
stage of amplifier.

Slewing in Two-stage op-amps:


• Slewing in operational amplifier refers to the phenomenon where the
output voltage of the amplifier cannot respond fast enough to changes in input
voltage.
• Slew rate should depend on load capacitor and not compensation
capacitor.
Slewing can occur due to several reasons:
1. Limited Bandwidth: The bandwidth of an op-amps determines the range of
frequencies over which it can operate effectively.
2. Slew rate limitation: Slew rate is the maximum rate of change of the output
voltage of an op-amp. Two-stage op-amps like other op-amp configurations,
have a finite slew rate.
3. Compensation Effects: Compensation techniques, such as Miller
compensation, used to stabilize the op-Amp can affect its slew rate. Over
compensation can reduce the op-amp’s ability
4. Load Effects: The load connected to the output of the op-amp can also affect
slewing. If the load impedance is large, it can slow down the response of the
op-amp and contribute to slewing behavior.
To mitigate slewing in two-stage op-amps, designers typically consider,
• Selecting op-amps with higher slew rate or using compensation
techniques that minimize the impact on slew rate.
• Ensuring that the op-amp’s bandwidth matches the requirements of the
application.
• Considering the characteristics of the load and its impact on the op-
amp’s ability to respond to input changes.

Other Compensation Techniques:

• Optimal compensation of Op-Amps may be one of the most difficult parts of


design.
• Two most popular approaches are Dominant-Pole compensation and Leed
compensation.

Dominant-Pole compensation:

✓ Dominant pole compensation is a widely used technique in op-amp design to


ensure stability.
✓ In this, the transfer function of op-amp is primarily determined by a single
dominant pole. This pole is typically positioned at frequency much lower than
the unity gain frequency of op-amps.

Advantages:

✓ Simplicity
✓ Stability
✓ Robustness
Disadvantages:

✓ Bandwidth Limitation
✓ Trade-off

Application:

✓ Audio amplifiers
✓ Control system
✓ Sensor signal conditioning

Lead Compensation:

✓ It is also known as Lead-Lag compensation.


✓ It is a technique used in the design of operational amplifiers to improve
stability.
✓ It consists of both phase lead and phase leg network within op-amp’s
feedback loop.
✓ It is achieved using RC
Advantages:

✓ Improved Stability
✓ Frequency Response Control
✓ Robustness

Disadvantages:

✓ Complexity

Applications:

✓ High-speed Applications
✓ Signal Processing
✓ Control Systems

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