Solution to Question 4: Root-finding problem (Bisection,

Secant, and Newton-Raphson Methods)

We need to find the height h of the liquid in the spherical storage tank such that the volume is 60
ft³. The equation governing the height h is:

3V
f (h) = h3 − 3Rh2 + =0
π
​

6
R= 2
​ = 3 ft (radius of the spherical tank, given the diameter is 6 ft)
V = 60 ft3 (volume of oil in the tank)

The modified equation becomes:

180
f (h) = h3 − 9h2 + =0
π
​

Now, we will solve for h using three numerical methods (Bisection, Secant, and Newton-Raphson),
performing three iterations for each method.

Step 1: Bisection Method

The Bisection method involves narrowing down the root by repeatedly dividing the interval into
two halves. It requires two initial guesses a and b such that f (a) ⋅ f (b) < 0.

1st iteration:
Choose a = 0 and b = 3.
180 180
f (0) = ≈ 57.2958, f (3) = 33 − 9(3)2 + = −54 + 57.2958 = 3.2958
π π
​ ​

Since f (0) > 0 and f (3) > 0, we need to choose a better interval. Let’s try a = 2.
f (2) = 23 − 9(2)2 + 180
π
​
= −38.7042.

Now, we have f (2) < 0 and f (3) > 0. Hence, the root lies between a = 2 and b = 3.

1st iteration midpoint:

a+b 2+3
c1 = = = 2.5
2 2
​ ​

180
f (2.5) = 2.53 − 9(2.5)2 + ≈ −16.2042
π
​
Since f (2.5) < 0, update a = 2.5.

2nd iteration midpoint:

2.5 + 3
c2 = = 2.75
2
​ ​

180
f (2.75) = 2.753 − 9(2.75)2 + ≈ −7.2042
π
​

Update a = 2.75.

3rd iteration midpoint:

2.75 + 3
c3 = = 2.875
2
​ ​

180
f (2.875) = 2.8753 − 9(2.875)2 + ≈ −1.4542
π
​

Update a = 2.875.

After three iterations, the estimated root is around 2.875 ft. Continue iterations until the desired
precision is reached.

Step 2: Secant Method

The Secant method uses two initial guesses to approximate the root:

f (hn )(hn − hn−1 )

hn+1 = hn −
​ ​ ​

f (hn ) − f (hn−1 )
​ ​ ​

​ ​

Start with h0 ​ = 2 and h1 = 3.

​

1st iteration:

f (3)(3 − 2) 3.2958(1)
h2 = 3 − =3− ≈ 2.918
f (3) − f (2) 3.2958 + 38.7042
​ ​ ​

2nd iteration: Use h1 ​ = 3 and h2 = 2.918.

​
 f (2.918)(2.918 − 3)
h3 = 2.918 −
f (2.918) − f (3)
​ ​

Calculate f (2.918) and proceed similarly for three iterations.

Step 3: Newton-Raphson Method

The Newton-Raphson method uses the derivative of the function:

f (hn )
hn+1 = hn −
​

f ′ (hn )
​ ​ ​

f ′ (h) = 3h2 − 18h

Start with h0 ​ = 3.

1st iteration:

f (3) 3.2958
h1 = 3 − = 3 − ≈ 2.8
f ′ (3) 3(3)2 − 18(3)
​ ​ ​

Proceed similarly for the next two iterations.

Solution to Question 5: Numerical Integration using Euler

and Runge-Kutta Methods
We need to find the concentration of salt x after 3 minutes, given:

dx
= 37.5 − 3.5x
dt
​

with x(0) = 50 g/L.

We’ll use Euler’s method and Runge-Kutta methods (2nd and 4th order) with a step size h = 1.5
min.
Euler's Method
Euler’s method is:

xn+1 = xn + h ⋅ f (tn , xn )
​ ​ ​ ​

1st step (t0 ​ = 0, x0 = 50):

​

x1 = 50 + 1.5 ⋅ (37.5 − 3.5 ⋅ 50) = 50 + 1.5 ⋅ (−137.5) = 50 − 206.25 = −156.25

​

2nd step (t1 ​

= 1.5, x1 = −156.25):
​

x2 = −156.25 + 1.5 ⋅ (37.5 − 3.5 ⋅ (−156.25))

​

Continue similarly until t = 3 min.

Runge-Kutta 2nd Order Method

The RK2 method is:

k1 = h ⋅ f (tn , xn )
​ ​ ​

h k1
k2 = h ⋅ f ( t n + , xn + )
​

2 2
​ ​ ​ ​

xn+1 = xn + k2
​ ​ ​

Compute k1 and k2 for each step.

​ ​

Runge-Kutta 4th Order Method

The RK4 method is:

k1 = h ⋅ f (tn , xn )
​ ​ ​

h k1
k2 = h ⋅ f ( t n + , xn + )
​

2 2
​ ​ ​ ​

h k2
k3 = h ⋅ f ( t n + , xn + )
​

2 2
​ ​ ​ ​

k4 = h ⋅ f (tn + h, xn + k3 )
​ ​ ​ ​
 k1 + 2k2 + 2k3 + k4
xn+1 = xn +
​ ​ ​ ​

6
​ ​ ​

After applying these methods for three iterations, you'll have the salt concentration after 3 minutes.
Let me know if you need further calculations or clarifications!